SETTING AMBIENT AIR QUALITY AND VEHICULAR EMISSION STANDARDS: DHAKA’S EXPERIENCE

Mohammed NasiruddinMohammed NasiruddinProject Director Project Director

Air Quality Management ProjectAir Quality Management ProjectDhaka, BangladeshDhaka, Bangladesh

Dhaka is the eighth largest megacity of the world and home to Dhaka is the eighth largest megacity of the world and home to 12.75 million people living in an area of 1353km12.75 million people living in an area of 1353km22..

Air pollution is emerging as a major problem in Dhaka and Air pollution is emerging as a major problem in Dhaka and other cities of Bangladesh. other cities of Bangladesh.

The main sources of air pollution in Dhaka are vehicles, The main sources of air pollution in Dhaka are vehicles, industries particularly brick kilns, resuspended dust and industries particularly brick kilns, resuspended dust and biomass burning biomass burning

Being the 8Being the 8thth largest mega city of the world it witnessed a very largest mega city of the world it witnessed a very fast growth of urban population in recent times which fast growth of urban population in recent times which contributed to rising demand for transport services, mainly the contributed to rising demand for transport services, mainly the road transport.road transport.

There has been a steep rise in the heterogeneous mix of old There has been a steep rise in the heterogeneous mix of old technology vehicles on the city roads despite that the road technology vehicles on the city roads despite that the road space is narrowing and traffic congestion reached to an space is narrowing and traffic congestion reached to an unmanageable proportion. unmanageable proportion.

Nearly 4,00,000 vehicles now ply on Dhaka city roads Nearly 4,00,000 vehicles now ply on Dhaka city roads everyday of which about 3,00,000 are motorized everyday of which about 3,00,000 are motorized vehicles that contribute most to deteriorating Dhaka’s vehicles that contribute most to deteriorating Dhaka’s air quality.air quality.

Contributing factors for vehicular emission in Dhaka Contributing factors for vehicular emission in Dhaka are: poor fuel quality, poorly maintained vehicles, are: poor fuel quality, poorly maintained vehicles, inadequate transport infrastructure, lack of proper inadequate transport infrastructure, lack of proper transport planning and managementtransport planning and management

PM 2.5 is the controlling pollutant of Dhaka’s air PM 2.5 is the controlling pollutant of Dhaka’s air quality during 90% days of the year.quality during 90% days of the year.

A World Bank study says nearly 2x10A World Bank study says nearly 2x105 5 tons air tons air pollutants are emitted from motor vehicles alone. pollutants are emitted from motor vehicles alone.

Another World Bank study says as many as 15000 Another World Bank study says as many as 15000 deaths, a million cases of major illness and 8.5 million deaths, a million cases of major illness and 8.5 million cases of minor illness are caused by air pollution in cases of minor illness are caused by air pollution in Dhaka and three other cities of Bangladesh. Dhaka and three other cities of Bangladesh.

Dhaka city’s traffic problems and ambient air Dhaka city’s traffic problems and ambient air quality condition had reached such a crisis quality condition had reached such a crisis proportion that the challenge of sustaining proportion that the challenge of sustaining economic growth and ensuring reasonable economic growth and ensuring reasonable quality of life has become tougher.quality of life has become tougher.

Deteriorating traffic and air pollution conditions Deteriorating traffic and air pollution conditions had prompted the government to find urgent had prompted the government to find urgent solutions. solutions.

At this backdrop the government in 2000 At this backdrop the government in 2000 undertook the Air Quality Management Project undertook the Air Quality Management Project with financial assistance of the World Bank.with financial assistance of the World Bank.

The primary objective of the project is to The primary objective of the project is to develop components of an air quality develop components of an air quality management system and to reduce human management system and to reduce human exposure to vehicular air pollution in Dhaka exposure to vehicular air pollution in Dhaka city only. The project activities subsequently city only. The project activities subsequently extended to five Divisional towns under an extended to five Divisional towns under an extended monitoring programme.extended monitoring programme.

The key components of the projects are:The key components of the projects are:

improved enforcement, setting appropriate improved enforcement, setting appropriate standards, piloting of pollution control standards, piloting of pollution control technologies for diesel vehicles, better technologies for diesel vehicles, better monitoring and dissemination of information, monitoring and dissemination of information, and air quality management assessment and and air quality management assessment and strategy formulation. strategy formulation.

Air Quality In Dhaka

AQMP’s CAM Station results for Particulate Matter AQMP’s CAM Station results for Particulate Matter monitoring significantly exceed US EPA guidelines monitoring significantly exceed US EPA guidelines and other international standards.and other international standards.

BAEC has estimated that the transport related BAEC has estimated that the transport related fraction of PM10 is around 27% on a yearly fraction of PM10 is around 27% on a yearly average, rising to as much as 41% in the dry average, rising to as much as 41% in the dry months.months.

Diesel exhaust emissions are now considered a Diesel exhaust emissions are now considered a probable human carcinogen.probable human carcinogen.

If not managed, gaseous pollutant concentrations If not managed, gaseous pollutant concentrations (CO, NOx, etc) could become a problem in the (CO, NOx, etc) could become a problem in the future. future.

Contribution of Vehicle Types to Emissions in Dhaka

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Cars/Vans Auto-Rick Bus/Truck Others

COHCNOxPM

%

Contribution of various types of vehicle to emissions in Dhaka

Petrol-driven light duty vehicles and auto-rickshaws Petrol-driven light duty vehicles and auto-rickshaws contributes 85% COcontributes 85% CO

Diesel buses and trucks contribute about 84% of total Diesel buses and trucks contribute about 84% of total NOxNOx

TTW auto rickshaws contribute about half of total TTW auto rickshaws contribute about half of total unburned HC from all vehiclesunburned HC from all vehicles

Diesel buses and trucks contribute about 45% and Diesel buses and trucks contribute about 45% and auto-rickshaws 40% of total PM emissionsauto-rickshaws 40% of total PM emissions

SO2 emissions from vehicles are not very significant SO2 emissions from vehicles are not very significant compared to other pollutants.compared to other pollutants.

Year wise Registration of Motor Vehicles in Dhaka

Sl. No. Type of Vehicles Before 1995 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Total

1 Motor Car 36998 6923 8386 6528 4984 4330 2452 5560 5542 6163 4734 5633 98233

2

Jeep/St.Wangon/Microbus 17937 1556 1387 1492 1438 1371 910 1579 2911 1810 2114 3303 37808

3 Taxi 787 25 35 14 102 215 348 762 2101 4980 523 514 10406

4 Bus 269 145 73 58 184 224 202 453 632 374 779 728 4121

5 Minibus 2009 324 167 397 300 215 242 831 1924 1051 368 118 7946

6 Truck 9775 802 615 834 1681 855 1635 890 1127 2128 1437 1104 22883

7

Auto-rickshaw/Auto-tempo 8359 7301 4615 1902 1689 682 1881 75 2616 7996 2344 139 39599

8 Human Haller ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 673 136 20 829

9 Coverd Van * * * * * * * * * * 527 .. 527

10 Motor-Cycle 61478 4427 4027 5346 4992 5330 8768 8590 9102 7239 7872 12879 140050

11 Others 2063 878 828 310 196 1326 819 1825 1012 3257 1300 2361 16175

  Total 139675 22381 20133 16881 15566 14548 17257 20565 26967 35671 22134 26799 378577

* 26,429 Two-Stroke Three-wheeler(Auto-rickshaw/Auto-tempo) removed from Dhaka.

** Human Hallers are included in others row (Sl. No. 11)

** Covered Van are included in others row (Sl. No. 11)

Key issues identified in respect of Vehicle Emission Control

- Poor fuel quality - Poor fuel quality - Many of the vehicles ply on the road are very old, worn out, - Many of the vehicles ply on the road are very old, worn out,

poorly maintained and often overloadedpoorly maintained and often overloaded- Poor inspection and maintenancePoor inspection and maintenance- Poor enforcement of existing laws in the MV ordinancePoor enforcement of existing laws in the MV ordinance- Street congestion due to mixed trafficStreet congestion due to mixed traffic- Inadequate facilities for manually driven tricycle rickshawsInadequate facilities for manually driven tricycle rickshaws- Poor traffic managementPoor traffic management- Poor traffic signaling system Poor traffic signaling system - Lack of pavement for street walkersLack of pavement for street walkers- Preponderance of pre-Euro vehicles on the roadsPreponderance of pre-Euro vehicles on the roads- more..more..

- Bus route overlapping- Bus route overlapping

- Unscientific method of allocating route permit- Unscientific method of allocating route permit- Lack of interdepartmental coordinationLack of interdepartmental coordination- Poor urban transport governancePoor urban transport governance

Vehicle Emission Standards in place before June 2005 in Bangladesh

Parameter Unit Standard valueCarbon

Monoxide (CO)

g/km 24

volumetric 4 %

Hydrocarbons (HC)

g/km 2

volumetric 180 ppmv

Oxides of Nitrogen

(NOx)

g/km 2

volumetric 600 ppmv

Black Smoke1 Hartridge Smoke Unit

(HSU)

65

1 Measured at 2/3 of maximum rotating speed

Why VES was necessary?Why VES was necessary? The shortcomings of the existing VES were identified The shortcomings of the existing VES were identified

so as to fill in the lacunae while framing new standards so as to fill in the lacunae while framing new standards for effective pollution abatement:for effective pollution abatement:

a.a. Common emission standard irrespective of in-use, Common emission standard irrespective of in-use, newly imported, reconditioned diesel and petrol newly imported, reconditioned diesel and petrol vehicles.vehicles.

b.b. No separate emission standard for CNG vehiclesNo separate emission standard for CNG vehicles

c.c. No survey was done before framing emission standard.No survey was done before framing emission standard.

d.d. Mass emission limits and volume limits had no Mass emission limits and volume limits had no correspondence with each othercorrespondence with each other

e.e. Methods of examining emission was not mentionedMethods of examining emission was not mentioned

Objectives of VES

To reduce the adverse effects of vehicle To reduce the adverse effects of vehicle emissions on human healthemissions on human health

CO, NOx, O3, PM and SO2 management CO, NOx, O3, PM and SO2 management for sustainable environmentfor sustainable environment

Steps followed for revision of emission standards

Emission tests performed on 1500 petrol/octane and CNG and Emission tests performed on 1500 petrol/octane and CNG and 500 diesel run vehicles.500 diesel run vehicles.

Comprehensive review of vehicle emission standards in other Comprehensive review of vehicle emission standards in other countries within the region and beyondcountries within the region and beyond

Prepared draft emission standard and circulated to different Prepared draft emission standard and circulated to different stakeholders for seeking their opinion.stakeholders for seeking their opinion.

Discussions with stakeholders and regular meetings were held Discussions with stakeholders and regular meetings were held to hammer out standards to hammer out standards

Technical workshop held on draft VES.Technical workshop held on draft VES. Workshop recommendations incorporated and placed before Workshop recommendations incorporated and placed before

the DTAC meeting after refinement.the DTAC meeting after refinement. Draft VES placed before AQMAC meeting and subsequently Draft VES placed before AQMAC meeting and subsequently

to Parliamentary Standing Committee on MoEFto Parliamentary Standing Committee on MoEFContd.Contd.

A mid term review of the AQM jointly A mid term review of the AQM jointly conducted by GOB and WB. conducted by GOB and WB.

Revised VES placed before inter ministerial Revised VES placed before inter ministerial committee.committee.

Sent to the MoLPA for vetting and Sent to the MoLPA for vetting and publication in the gazette.publication in the gazette.

New VES gazetted in June 2005New VES gazetted in June 2005

How new VES is different from previous one?

The new VES came with:-The new VES came with:-

a.a. Standards for new and imported used vehiclesStandards for new and imported used vehicles

b.b. Standard for in-use vehiclesStandard for in-use vehicles

c.c. Bangladesh-1 for diesel vehiclesBangladesh-1 for diesel vehicles

d.d. Bangladesh-II for petrol and CNG vehiclesBangladesh-II for petrol and CNG vehicles

The new VES is an advancement over the old one. It was The new VES is an advancement over the old one. It was

intended with primary objective to ensure that advances in intended with primary objective to ensure that advances in

pollution control technology are implemented and pollution control technology are implemented and

progressively lower fleet vehicle emissions are achieved overprogressively lower fleet vehicle emissions are achieved over

a period of time. a period of time.

Why Emission Standards for New Vehicles?

Tightening of VES for new vehicles is necessary to Tightening of VES for new vehicles is necessary to promote induction of advanced vehicle technology as promote induction of advanced vehicle technology as a longa long--term approach to reduce vehicular air term approach to reduce vehicular air pollutionpollution

Additional benefits in terms of better fuel economyAdditional benefits in terms of better fuel economy

Standards govern vehicle technology but do not Standards govern vehicle technology but do not mandate.mandate.

US EPA RegulationsUS EPA Regulations

ECE (Euro) RegulationsECE (Euro) Regulations

Japanese RegulationsJapanese Regulations

Commonly US or ECE (Euro) Commonly US or ECE (Euro) regulations are used outside regulations are used outside Japan.Japan.

Common standards help in an Common standards help in an easier adoption of vehicle and easier adoption of vehicle and fuel technology at a low costfuel technology at a low cost

…1

Worldwide Emission Regulations

Emission Standards for New Vehicles in Bangladesh

Euro 2 for Petrol / CNG Vehicles

To be known as “Bangladesh 1”

Euro 1 for Diesel Vehicles

To be known as “Bangladesh 2”

?

Proposed Emission Standards for New Vehicles in Bangladesh

Euro 2 for Petrol / CNG Vehicles

Euro 1 for Diesel Vehicles

Most Asian countries follow Euro standards

Euro 2 Petrol and Euro 1 Diesel are commonly manufactured in

the Asian countries like Malaysia and India. Japan manufactures even more advanced vehicles.

These standards establish a benchmark for future

improvement as maintenance and fuel

quality improves

Fuel specifications inBangladesh, like lead free petrol and sulfur content (0.05% max mass)can support Euro 2 Petrol

and Euro 1 Diesel vehicles. Cannot support more stringent

standards.

Trends in emission standards for heavy duty trucks in Asia

1998Vietnam

20001998Thailand

Taiwan

Sri Lanka

20011998Singapore

20042000PRC

2003Philippines

2000Nepal

20001997Malaysia

2007Indonesia

200520012000India

200119971995Hong Kong

Cambodia

2005Bangladesh

Euro 4Euro 3Euro 2Euro 1Country

4 cities 7 cities

Introduceded

In-Service Petrol VES in Some Countries

1200

7800

4.5

4.5

Idle4-Stroke

2-stroke

Japan

900

1200

4.5

4.5

IdleLight duty

Heavy duty

PR China

800

600

4.5

3.5

IdlePre 1997

Post 1997

Malaysia

12004.5IdleAllIndonesia

4.5

3.0

Idle

Idle

2&3 wheelers

4 wheelers

India

4.5 / 3.5

0.5

0.3

Idle

Idle

High Idle

Pre-1986/ Post 1986

All with 3-W Cat. Conv. Λ=1 ±.03

EU

HC, PPMCO, % v/vMethodDescriptionCountry

In-Service Diesel VES in Some Countries, Free Accn. Smoke

2.5/3.0 m-1 (66/72 HSU)

1.2/2.2 m-1(40/61 HSU)

Pre – ‘03, NA/TC

Post – ‘03 NA/TC

Philippines

50 HSUAllMalaysia

50 HSUAllIndonesia

2.45 m-1 (65 HSU)AllIndia

60 HSUAllHong Kong

2.5 m-1 (66 HSU)

3.0 m-1 (72 HSU)

NA

TC

EU

LimitEngine TypeCountry

In-Service Vehicle Emission Standards

Need to be based on the status of emission levels of the existing vehiclepopulation. For this, Select inspection tests that identify the gross

polluters and can be adopted in the given infrastructure environment

Carry out an emission survey on the representative sample of vehicle population

AQMP In-Service Vehicle Emission Test Program

Objectives: Carry out an Emission Survey on In-service

Vehicles at different locations Impart hands-on experience on emission

measurement to AQMP Enforcement Team Derive from the emission data realistic

emission limits for the vehicles in marketplaceto identify grossly polluting vehicles

AQMP In-Service Vehicle Emission Test Program

Emission Test Program conducted during June 2002 – Feb. 2003

Vehicle Types Inspected- Petrol vehicles- CNG vehicles- Diesel vehicles

Test Locations

Petrol and CNG Vehicles- 10 Roadside locations in the main Dhaka city where Police help was available

Diesel Vehicles- 4 BRTC Depots viz., Mirpur-12, Kalyanpur &Kamlapur,Tejgaon (Trucks)- 7 Roadside sites

Inspection Tests Petrol/CNG Vehicles

- Idle CO- Idle HC- CO2- Air Fuel Ratio- Lambda

Diesel Vehicles- Free/Snap Acceleration Smoke (Smoke density)

Vehicle Sample Size: Petrol/CNG

1150 Petrol/CNG vehicles- 765 petrol Cars, Taxis and other LDVs &

MDVs- 89 CNG Taxis & other LDVs & MDVs - 91 Petrol Auto-rickshaws- 59 CNG Auto-rickshaws- 146 Motorcycles

Vehicle Sample Size: Diesel

503 Diesel Vehicles- 141 Double-Decker Buses- 169 Single-Decker Buses- 105 Trucks- 88 Light and Medium Duty Vehicles

Information about diesel vehicle

PurposePurpose To Assure that vehicle is properly maintained and To Assure that vehicle is properly maintained and

used so that the benefits of new vehicle emission used so that the benefits of new vehicle emission technologies are not lost.technologies are not lost.

20 to 30 % of total vehicles, which are “20 to 30 % of total vehicles, which are “Gross Gross PollutersPolluters” contribute 70 to 80% of total vehicular ” contribute 70 to 80% of total vehicular emissions I&M should identify dirtiest (gross emissions I&M should identify dirtiest (gross polluters) vehicles and get them repaired polluters) vehicles and get them repaired

Linked to new vehicle emission standards.Linked to new vehicle emission standards.BenefitsBenefits Lower emissions and better fuel economyLower emissions and better fuel economy Deterrent to tampering and Deterrent to tampering and misfuellingmisfuelling

New Vehicular Emission Standards (VES)

[ Schedule – 6 (Ka) to Schedule –[ Schedule – 6 (Ka) to Schedule –6(Cha)]6(Cha)]

• Schedule-6 of the Environmental Schedule-6 of the Environmental Conservation Rules, 1997 has been replaced Conservation Rules, 1997 has been replaced by the following schedules: 6(Ka), 6(Kha), by the following schedules: 6(Ka), 6(Kha), 6(Ga), 6(Gha), 6(Uma) and 6(Cha).6(Ga), 6(Gha), 6(Uma) and 6(Cha).

Schedule -6(Ka):Emission standards for new locally

made and new and imported used diesel driven vehicles. ( Refer to Rules 4 & 12)

(Bangladesh-1)

Vehicle type Emission Standards (g/km) Test Procedure

CO HC + NOx PM*

Light duty vehicles (Not more than 8 seats in addition to driver & max. GVW 2.5 tons)

New Type Approval (TA)Conformity of Production (COP)

2.72 0.97 0.14

91/441/EEC91/441/EEC3.16 1.13 0.18

Imported used diesel 3.16 1.13 0.18

Medium duty Vehicles (More than 8 seats in addition to driver but less than 15 seats & GVW more than 2.5 tons but max. 3.5 tons)

New TA

COP

6.9 1.7 0.25

93/59/EC93/59/EC

 

8.0 2.0 0.29

Imported used diesel 8.0 2.0 0.29

Schedule -6(Ka): Emission standards for new locally made and new and imported used diesel driven vehicles.

(Continued)

Heavy Duty Vehicles (More than 15 seats in addition to driver & GVW more than 3.5 ton)

Vehicle type Emission Standards (g/kWh) Test Procedure

  CO HC NOx PM*

New TA 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36 91/542/EEC

and ECE R 49.02New COP 4.9 1.23 9.0 0.4

Imported used 4.9 1.23 9.0 0.4

For the diesel engines with 85kW or less power the limit is to be increased by a factor of to 1.7.

Schedule -6(Kha): Emission standards for new locally made and new and imported used petrol and CNG driven vehicles.

(Refer to Rules 4 & 12)

(Bangladesh -2) Vehicle type Emission Standards (g/km) Evaporatio

n emissions (g/test)

Test Procedure

CO HC + NOx

2 and 3 wheelers

4stroke petrol/CNG 4.5 3.0 -ECE-40

 

Light duty vehicles (Not more than 8 seats in addition to driver & max. GVW 2.5 tons)

Petrol/CNG 2.2 0.5 2.0

94/12/EC

Imported used petrol /CNG

2.2 0.5 2.094/12/EC

 

Medium duty Vehicles (More than 8 seats in addition to driver but less than 15 seats & GVW more than 2.5 tons but max. 3.5 tons)

New and imported used Petrol/CNG

5.0 0.7 

2.0 96/69/EC

Schedule -6(Kha): Emission standards for new locally made and new and imported used petrol and CNG driven vehicles.(Continued)Heavy Duty Vehicles (More than 15 seats in addition to driver

& GVW more than 3.5 ton)

Vehicle type Emission Standards (g/kWh)

Evaporation emissions

(g/test)

Test Procedure

CO HC/NMHC*

NOx

New TA (Petrol/ CNG) 4.5 1.1 8.0 2.0 91/542/EECand ECE R 49.02 and 13- mode test cycle*

New COP(Petrol/ CNG) 4.9 1.23 9.0 2.0

Imported used (Petrol/ CNG)

4.9 1.23 9.0 2.0

* Applicable for CNG driven vehicles

Schedule – 6 (Ga): Emission inspection standards for new locally made and new and imported used light, Medium duty and heavy duty (Petrol, Diesel and CNG driven) Vehicles (during registration)

(Refer to Rules 4 & 12) Vehicle type Parameter Emission Standard

4 wheeled Petrol and CNG driven vehicles

Idle COIdle HC

0.5 %v/v1200 ppm

No load, >2500< RPM <3000

COHC

Lambda

 

0.3 %v/v300 ppm1± 0.03

Visual check 3-Way catalytic converter fitted in the exhaust

Diesel Naturally aspirated

Free acceleration smoke

1.2 m-1 smoke density (40 HSU)

Diesel Turbo-charged Free acceleration smoke 2.2 m-1 smoke density(61 HSU)

Schedule- 6(Gha): Emission Standards for In-Service Vehicles registered after 1st July 2004.

(Refer to Rules 4 & 12)

Vehicle Type Test CO (% by volume)

HC(ppm)

Lambda()

Smoke

All 4-wheeled Petrol and CNG vehicles.

Idle Speed 1.0 1200 - -

No load, > 2500 <RPM

< 3000

0.5 300 1.0 ± 0.03 -

4 Stroke Engine Petrol Two and Three Wheelers

Idle Speed 

4.5 

1200 

- 

- 

All CNG Three Wheelers

Idle Speed 3.0 - - -

All naturally aspirated diesel vehicles

Free acceleration

- - - 65 HSU or 2.5 m-1

All turbocharged diesel vehicles

Free acceleration

- - - 72 HSU or 3.0 m-1

Note: Idle Speed RPM specified by the manufacturer.

Schedule- 6(Uma): Emission Standards for In-Service

Petrol and CNG Vehicles registered after July 1, 2004. ( Refer to Rules 4 & 12)

Vehicle Type Test CO (% by volume)

HC (ppm)

All 4-wheeled Petrol Vehicles

Idle Speed 4.5 1,200

All CNG driven Vehicles

Idle Speed 3.0 -

2 Stroke Engine Petrol Two and Three Wheelers

Idle Speed 7.0 12,000

4 Stroke Engine Petrol Two and Three Wheelers

Idle Speed 7.0 3,000

Note: Idle Speed RPM specified by the manufacturer.

Schedule – 6(Cha): Emission Standards for In-Service

Diesel Vehicle registered after July 1,2004. (Refer to Rules 4 & 12)

Vehicle Type

Test Smoke Opacity

Commencing January, 2004

Commencing January, 2007

Commencing January, 2009

Buses Free acceleration

80 HSUor

3.7 m-1

70 HSUor

2.8 m-1

65 HSUor

2.4 m-1

Trucks and all other diesel

vehicles

Free acceleration

90 HSUor

5.3 m-1

80 HSUor

3.7 m-1

65 HSUor

2.4 m-1

General instruction:

Importer must submit Emission Compliance Certificate from an internationally recognized independent agency at the time of clearance of the imported vehicles under schedule 6 (Ka) or 6(Kha) as relevant to the vehicle type.

Implementation of VES for New Registration Vehicles Government regulations/motor vehicle rulesGovernment regulations/motor vehicle rules

notifying Standards and Test Procedure notifying Standards and Test Procedure Emission Certification by an Approved Emission Certification by an Approved

Laboratory for a vehicle modelLaboratory for a vehicle model Periodic testing for conformity of Periodic testing for conformity of

production vehiclesproduction vehicles

View of an Emission Test Facility

In – Service Vehicles Emission Inspection & Maintenance 20 to 30 % of total vehicles, which are 20 to 30 % of total vehicles, which are

““Gross PollutersGross Polluters” contribute 70 to 80% of ” contribute 70 to 80% of total vehicular emissionstotal vehicular emissions

For real reduction in pollution In-Service For real reduction in pollution In-Service Vehicle Emission Inspection and Vehicle Emission Inspection and Maintenance (I & M) is essentialMaintenance (I & M) is essential

Most countries have mandatory I & MMost countries have mandatory I & M

In–Service Vehicles Emission Inspection & Maintenance (contd)

PurposePurpose To Assure that vehicle is properly To Assure that vehicle is properly

maintained and usedmaintained and used Identify dirtiest (gross polluters) vehicles Identify dirtiest (gross polluters) vehicles

and get them repaired and get them repaired BenefitsBenefits Lower emissions and better fuel economyLower emissions and better fuel economy Deterrent to tampering and misfuellingDeterrent to tampering and misfuelling

In-Service Vehicles I & M

Inspection & Maintenance are two Separate Inspection & Maintenance are two Separate Functions to be done by Different AgenciesFunctions to be done by Different Agencies

Government to conduct Inspection onlyGovernment to conduct Inspection only Maintenance in private ownershipMaintenance in private ownership Simple and low cost inspection tests Simple and low cost inspection tests

requiredrequired

Inspection Tests ( No Load Tests) Petrol VehiclesPetrol Vehicles

- Idle CO mostly- Idle CO mostly

- Idle HC also in some countries- Idle HC also in some countries

Idle NOx is negligible, hence not measuredIdle NOx is negligible, hence not measured Diesel VehiclesDiesel Vehicles

- Free Acceleration Test for black Smoke- Free Acceleration Test for black Smoke

No LoadNo Load CO&HC are too low for diesel, not CO&HC are too low for diesel, not measuredmeasured

Bangladesh Emission Standards for In-Service Vehicles AQMP started collection of emission data AQMP started collection of emission data

from different types of vehiclesfrom different types of vehicles Emission measurement from about 1500 Emission measurement from about 1500

Petrol and 500 Diesel vehicles planned all Petrol and 500 Diesel vehicles planned all over Dhakaover Dhaka

Emission standards to be fixed to allow Emission standards to be fixed to allow failure of only about 20 % vehiclesfailure of only about 20 % vehicles

Standards expected by Dec. 2002Standards expected by Dec. 2002

Measurement of in-use vehicle emissions

Diesel vehicles

Smoke

Petrol Vehicles

CO and HC

Implementation of VES for In-Service Vehicles Government issue gazette notificationGovernment issue gazette notification Mandatory Annual/Half Yearly Inspection Mandatory Annual/Half Yearly Inspection

by BRTA Test Lanesby BRTA Test Lanes Roadside emission inspection as spot Roadside emission inspection as spot

checks at DOE Check Postschecks at DOE Check Posts Failed Vehicles to be re-inspected after Failed Vehicles to be re-inspected after

repairs by the operator – procedure/system repairs by the operator – procedure/system to be developedto be developed

Emissions and Fuel Quality

Engine

Fuel Emissions

MatchingEngine & Fuel

Automotive Fuel Consumption in Bangladesh, MT

FuelFuel IndigenousIndigenous ImportedImported TotalTotal

PetrolPetrol 100,000100,000 200,000200,000 300,000300,000

DieselDiesel 380,000380,000 1,700,0001,700,000 2,080,0002,080,000

Fuel Quality Issues

Enable efficient functioning and durability Enable efficient functioning and durability of emission control devices viz. Cat. Conv.of emission control devices viz. Cat. Conv.Petrol: Lead free, low sulphurPetrol: Lead free, low sulphurDiesel: Low sulfur for Cat convertorDiesel: Low sulfur for Cat convertor

Reduce direct contribution to pollutants Reduce direct contribution to pollutants e.g., benzene, Evap. HC, sulfates (PM)e.g., benzene, Evap. HC, sulfates (PM)Petrol: Benzene, RVP (Evaporative HC)Petrol: Benzene, RVP (Evaporative HC)Diesel: Sulfur (Increases PM)Diesel: Sulfur (Increases PM)

Fuel Quality Issues (contd.)

Ensure efficient combustionEnsure efficient combustionPetrol: Volatility, Octane NumberPetrol: Volatility, Octane NumberDiesel: Volatility, Cetane NumberDiesel: Volatility, Cetane Number

Keep fuel system clean for efficient engine Keep fuel system clean for efficient engine operation and less maintenanceoperation and less maintenanceDeposit control additives, Oxidation and storage Deposit control additives, Oxidation and storage stabilitystability

Reduce Air Toxics (Benzene,1-3 Buta-diene, Reduce Air Toxics (Benzene,1-3 Buta-diene, Aldehydes, POM)Aldehydes, POM)

Fuel Quality in Bangladesh

PetrolPetrol--Already Lead Free: Euro1 cars employ Already Lead Free: Euro1 cars employ

Cat.ConvertersCat.Converters- - Sulfur( Specs. 0.1 % max) may be reduced Sulfur( Specs. 0.1 % max) may be reduced furtherfurther

DieselDiesel- - Sulfur (Specs. 0.5 % max) to be reduced to :Sulfur (Specs. 0.5 % max) to be reduced to : 0.25% max for Euro1 vehicles0.25% max for Euro1 vehicles 0.05% max for Euro2 vehicles0.05% max for Euro2 vehicles

Auto-Clinic Program by AQMP

First Clinic held from Dec. 23, 2001 to March First Clinic held from Dec. 23, 2001 to March 21,200221,2002

Program conducted by the Society for Urban Program conducted by the Society for Urban Environment Protection (SUEP)Environment Protection (SUEP)

2000 Auto- Rickshaw and Drivers participated 2000 Auto- Rickshaw and Drivers participated - Free carburettor and minor maintenanceFree carburettor and minor maintenance- Idle CO &HC emission measurement before and Idle CO &HC emission measurement before and

after maintenanceafter maintenance- Smoke measurement under acceleration with normal Smoke measurement under acceleration with normal

oil and 2T oil.oil and 2T oil.

Auto-Clinic Programme by AQMP (contd.) Demonstration of effect of maintenance on CO & Demonstration of effect of maintenance on CO &

HC emissionsHC emissions Demonstration of effect of 2T oil in right quantity Demonstration of effect of 2T oil in right quantity

on reduction of blue smokeon reduction of blue smoke Health check – up of driversHealth check – up of drivers Creating awareness on Creating awareness on - Bad effect of poor maintenance and oil qualty Bad effect of poor maintenance and oil qualty

emissions from baby taxisemissions from baby taxis- Bad effect of smoke and other pollutants on healthBad effect of smoke and other pollutants on health

Pilot Control Programs AQMP has completed following three pilot programs; 1. Auto Clinic training program was held on 22 December, 2001 to 27

February, 2002. Objective: Training for drivers and mechanics on vehicle

maintenance and their health impacts. No. of trainee: 2000,Two stroke three wheeler baby taxies

drivers/mechanics. 2. Diesel engine maintenance improvement clinic from February 22 to

March 28 ,2004. Objective: Training for driver/ mechanics on inspection and

maintenance of the diesel vehicles to reduce vehicular air pollution. No. of trainee: 120 drivers/ mechanics from BRTC,

Bangladesh Sarak Paribahan Fedaration, and others Government organizations.

Pilot Control Programs (Cont’d)

Under Diesel engine maintenance Under Diesel engine maintenance improvement clinic 420 drivers and improvement clinic 420 drivers and mechanics were imparted training during mechanics were imparted training during 19 June- 17 August 200619 June- 17 August 2006

Similar clinic programs will be undertaken Similar clinic programs will be undertaken for Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, Sylhet for Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, Sylhet and Barisal.and Barisal.

Ambient Air Quality Standards Air quality standards are the foundation upon which Air quality standards are the foundation upon which

emission control strategies are based.emission control strategies are based. Standards can be adopted as enforceable laws, Standards can be adopted as enforceable laws,

typically (but not always) with deadlines and typically (but not always) with deadlines and schedules for attainmentschedules for attainment

Air quality standards are a meaningful way to report Air quality standards are a meaningful way to report the frequency with which pollutant concentrations the frequency with which pollutant concentrations exceed healthful levels.exceed healthful levels.

They also form the basis of air quality index (AQI) They also form the basis of air quality index (AQI) calculations. calculations.

AAQS are not just limits for each pollutantAAQS are not just limits for each pollutant The standards also need to specify monitoring The standards also need to specify monitoring

methods, locations and frequencies; average time and methods, locations and frequencies; average time and assessment procedures.assessment procedures.

Bangladesh Standards for Ambient Air (mg/m3)

Sl. No. Area SPM SO2 CO NOx

1 Industrial and mixed

500 120 5000 100

2 Commercial and mixed

400 100 5000 100

3 Residential and rural

200 80 2000 80

4 Sensitive 100 30 1000 30

Why revision of AAQS was necessitated The previous standards do not specify The previous standards do not specify

monitoring methods and frequency, monitoring methods and frequency, averaging times, compliance requirements averaging times, compliance requirements and other necessary factors.and other necessary factors.

Therefore, it was recognized that these Therefore, it was recognized that these standards require review.standards require review.

Why AAQS needed?

AQS are legal limits placed on levels of air AQS are legal limits placed on levels of air pollutants in the ambient air during a given pollutants in the ambient air during a given period of time.period of time.

They characterize permissible level of a They characterize permissible level of a pollutant or a class of pollutants in the pollutant or a class of pollutants in the atmosphere and define the amount of atmosphere and define the amount of exposure permitted to the population and/or exposure permitted to the population and/or to ecological systems. to ecological systems.

AQS are not based solely on air quality AQS are not based solely on air quality criteria but are also based on a broad range criteria but are also based on a broad range of economic, social, technical and political of economic, social, technical and political considerations.considerations.

Steps followed for revision of AAQS Reviewed ambient air quality standards in other Reviewed ambient air quality standards in other

countries within the regioncountries within the region Analyzed the air quality monitoring data from the Analyzed the air quality monitoring data from the

AQMP CAMS and found that concentrations of AQMP CAMS and found that concentrations of pollutants in the ambient air are generally within pollutants in the ambient air are generally within the USEPA standardsthe USEPA standards

The AQMP proposed the adoption of USEPA The AQMP proposed the adoption of USEPA standardsstandards

For Pb in ambient air the WHO standard For Pb in ambient air the WHO standard recommended due to most appropriate degree of recommended due to most appropriate degree of protection of public healthprotection of public health

Contd.Contd.

Concentration of PM10 and 2.5 significantly exceeded the Concentration of PM10 and 2.5 significantly exceeded the standards during the non monsoon periodsstandards during the non monsoon periods

Action plan suggested for reducing PM concentrations in the Action plan suggested for reducing PM concentrations in the ambient air to meet the proposed standardsambient air to meet the proposed standards

Draft proposals pertaining to AAQS put to stakeholders Draft proposals pertaining to AAQS put to stakeholders consultationconsultation

Placed before DTAC meeting in Feb 2003Placed before DTAC meeting in Feb 2003 Presented to a stakeholder workshop in March 2003Presented to a stakeholder workshop in March 2003 Again presented to AQMAC meeting in March 2003Again presented to AQMAC meeting in March 2003 Proposal submitted to Inter-ministerial Committee for Proposal submitted to Inter-ministerial Committee for

considerationconsideration Sent to law Ministry for vetting and publication in the Sent to law Ministry for vetting and publication in the

gazettegazette New AAQS gazetted in June 2005New AAQS gazetted in June 2005

Revised Ambient Air Quality Standards for Bangladesh

Pollutant Objective Averaging

Time 10 mg/m3 (9 ppm)

8-hour CO

40 mg/m3 (35 ppm)

1-hour

Lead 0.5 µg/m3 Annual

NO2 100 µg/m3

(0.053 ppm) Annual

50 µg/m3 Annual PM-10

150 µg/m3 24-hour 15 µg/m3 Annual

PM-2.5 65 µg/m3 24-hour 235 µg/m3 (0.12 ppm)

1-hour Ozone (O3) 157 µg/m3

(0.08 ppm) 8-hour

80 µg/m3 (0.03 ppm)

Annual SO2

365 µg/m3 (0.14 ppm)

24-hour

SPM 200 µg/m3 8 hour

Particulate Matter (PMParticulate Matter (PM10 10 and and PMPM2.52.5))

Sulphur Dioxides (SOSulphur Dioxides (SO22))

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOOxides of Nitrogen (NOxx))

Ozone (OOzone (O33))

Carbon mono oxide (CO)Carbon mono oxide (CO) Lead (Pb)Lead (Pb)

Principal Air Pollutants in Dhaka City

Vehicle Emission Inventory for Dhaka: >85% of PM10 from Diesel Vehicles

PM10 share by Vehicle Type

Taxis-CNG1%

3W Taxis-CNG1%

Cars8%Motorcycles

5%

LD Diesel19%

Buses38%

Trucks28%

Principal pollutants and sources of air pollution in Dhaka City

Principal pollutantsPrincipal pollutants SourcesSources

Particulate Matter (PMParticulate Matter (PM1010, PM, PM2.52.5)) Vehicle, Brick Kiln, Cooking, Vehicle, Brick Kiln, Cooking, CombustionCombustion

Nitrogen Dioxide and Carbon Nitrogen Dioxide and Carbon MonoxideMonoxide

Fuel burningFuel burning

Sulphur DioxideSulphur Dioxide Coal burningCoal burning

OzoneOzone Photochemical ReactionPhotochemical Reaction

Sites for PM Sampling in Dhaka City

LALBAG

MOTIJHEEL

TEJGAON

TONGI

Location of sampling sites in Bangladesh

RajshahiDhaka

Chittagong

Barisal

Khulna

Sylhet

Narayangonj

Trends Analysis of SO2 in Dhaka City

24- Hour Average Sulfur Dioxide at CAMS, Sangsad BhabanMonthly Average, Maximum and Minimum Concentration

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

April,

02

June, 02

August, 0

2

Octo

ber,

02

Decem

ber,

02

Febru

ary

, 03

April,

03

June, 03

August, 0

3

Octo

ber,

03

Decem

ber,

03

Febru

ary

, 04

April,

04

June, 04

August, 0

4

Octo

ber,

04

Decem

ber,

04

Febru

ary

, 05

Month

Co

ncen

trati

on

of

SO

2 in

pp

b

Maximum Average Minimum

Annual average standard 30 ppb

8- Hour Average Carbon Monoxide at CAMS, Sangsad BhabanMonthly Average, Maximum and Minimum Concentration

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

April,

02

June, 02

August, 0

2

Octo

ber,

02

Decem

ber,

02

Febru

ary

, 03

April,

03

June, 03

August, 0

3

Octo

ber,

03

Decem

ber,

03

Febru

ary

, 04

April,

04

June, 04

August, 0

4

Octo

ber,

04

Decem

ber,

04

Febru

ary

, 05

Month

Co

ncen

trati

on

of

8-h

ou

r C

O in

pp

m

Maximum Average Minimum

8-hour average standard 9 ppm

Trends Analysis of CO in Dhaka City

Trends Analysis of O3 in Dhaka City1- Hour Average Ozone at CAMS, Sangsad Bhaban

Monthwise 1-hour Average, Maximum and Minimum O3

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

April,

02

June, 02

August, 0

2

Octo

ber,

02

Decem

ber,

02

Febru

ary

, 03

April,

03

June,0

3

August, 0

3

Octo

ber,

03

Decem

ber,

03

Febru

ary

, 04

April,

04

June, 04

August, 0

4

Octo

ber,

04

Decem

ber,

04

Febru

ary

, 05

Month

Co

ncen

trati

on

of

O 3 in

pp

b

Maximum Average Minimum

One hour average standard 120 ppb

Trends Analysis of NOx in Dhaka City

24 Hours Average Oxides of Nitrogen at CAMS, Sangsad BhabanMonthly Maximum, Average and Minimum NOx

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

April,

02

June, 02

August, 0

2

Octo

ber,

02

Decem

ber,

02

Febru

ary

, 03

April,

03

June, 03

August, 0

3

Octo

ber,

03

Decem

ber,

03

Febru

ary

, 04

April,

04

June, 04

August, 0

4

Octo

ber,

04

Decem

ber,

04

Febru

ary

, 05

Month

Co

ncen

trati

on

of

NO

x in

pp

b

Maximum Average Minimum

Annual average standard 53 ppb

Trends Analysis of Particulate Matter in Dhaka City

Air Quality Management ProjectDepartment of Environment

Monthly Average of PM Concentration at CAMS, Sangsad Bhaban April, 2002 to July, 2006

9187

56

88

6684

131

161

252

271

244

202

10497

68

465065

93

183168

192

236

165

104103

695554

65

107

177

248252

205

136124

8370

47515369

139

199

249242248

132

106

80

594442

23322833

90

138

192196

151

88

4636

271923

35

59

117108

130119

103

50

29

70

121136

166

116101

80

3627222734

50

98

117

160158

109

5644

3630

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Apr

il,02

June

,02

Aug

ust,

02

Oct

ober

,02

Dec

embe

r, 0

2

Feb

ruar

y, 0

3

Apr

il, 0

3

June

, 03

Aug

ust,

03

Oct

ober

,03

Dec

embe

r, 0

3

Feb

ruar

y, 0

4

Apr

il, 0

4

June

, 04

Aug

ust,

04

Oct

ober

, 04

Dec

embe

r,04

Feb

ruar

y,05

Apr

il,05

June

,05

Aug

ust,0

5

Oct

ober

, 05

Dec

embe

r, 0

5

Feb

ruar

y, 0

6

Apr

il, 0

6

June

, 06

Month

24 h

ou

r av

erag

e co

nce

ntr

atio

n o

f P

M in

m

icro

gra

ms

per

cu

bic

met

er

PM10 PM2.5

65 µg/m3 24 Hour Standard for PM2.5

150 µg/m3 24 Hour Standard for PM10

Seasonal Variation of Particulate Matter in Dhaka City

PM2.5 Trends in Dhaka CityContinuous Air Quality Monitoring Station

Sangsad Bhaban, DhakaPeriod: April, 2002 to July, 2006

0

65

130

195

260

325

390

455

4/3/

2002

5/3/

2002

6/3/

2002

7/3/

2002

8/3/

2002

9/3/

2002

10/3

/200

211

/3/2

002

12/3

/200

21/

3/20

032/

3/20

033/

3/20

034/

3/20

035/

3/20

036/

3/20

037/

3/20

038/

3/20

039/

3/20

0310

/3/2

003

11/3

/200

312

/3/2

003

1/3/

2004

2/3/

2004

3/3/

2004

4/3/

2004

5/3/

2004

6/3/

2004

7/3/

2004

8/3/

2004

9/3/

2004

10/3

/200

411

/3/2

004

12/3

/200

41/

3/20

052/

3/20

053/

3/20

054/

3/20

055/

3/20

056/

3/20

057/

3/20

058/

3/20

059/

3/20

0510

/3/2

005

11/3

/200

512

/3/2

005

1/3/

2006

2/3/

2006

3/3/

2006

4/3/

2006

5/3/

2006

6/3/

2006

7/3/

2006

8/3/

2006

Date

24-h

ou

r av

erag

e P

M2.

5 C

on

cen

trat

ion

in m

icro

gra

ms

per

cu

bic

met

er

24-Hour Average Standard65 micrograms per cubic

Dry Season

Rainy SeasonAnnual Average Standard15 micrograms per cubic

Seasonal Variation of Particulate Matter in Dhaka City

PM10 Trends in Dhaka City Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Station

Sangsad Bhaban, Dhaka

Period: April, 2002 to J uly, 2006

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

Date

24-Hour Aver age Standar d 150

micr ogr ams per cubic meter Rainy Season

Dr y Season Annual Aver age Standar d 50

micr ogr ams per cubic meter

Levels of PM10 before and after removal of Baby Taxis (Phase-II)

0

100

200

300

400

500

60012

/25/

2002

12/2

6/20

02

12/2

7/20

02

12/2

8/20

02

12/2

9/20

02

12/3

0/20

02

12/3

1/20

02

01/0

1/20

03

01/0

2/20

03

01/0

3/20

03

01/0

4/20

03

01/0

5/20

03

01/0

6/20

03

01/0

7/20

03

(mic

rogr

am/ m

3)

PM10

Average

Cost benefit of Air Quality Improvement in Dhaka For Baby Taxi Ban: More than 900 For Baby Taxi Ban: More than 900

premature death avoided and $ 25 million premature death avoided and $ 25 million saved in health cost per year. saved in health cost per year.

By 20% reduction: Premature mortality By 20% reduction: Premature mortality could be reduced by about 1100 and health could be reduced by about 1100 and health cost could be saved is $152 million cost could be saved is $152 million

By reduction to proposed national standard: By reduction to proposed national standard: Premature mortality could be reduced by Premature mortality could be reduced by about 3300 and $474 million per year.about 3300 and $474 million per year.

Source: World Bank, Dhaka

What is AQI?

The Air Quality Index (AQI) is a public information The Air Quality Index (AQI) is a public information tool to express the air pollution level for a particular tool to express the air pollution level for a particular area on a certain periodarea on a certain period

This is a simple way of describing the quality of air This is a simple way of describing the quality of air from human health point of view from human health point of view

The AQI is linked to the National Ambient Air Quality The AQI is linked to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) which is set based on health Standards (NAAQS) which is set based on health impactsimpacts

Purpose of AQI

To give complex information about the air pollution level To give complex information about the air pollution level and the quality of air in a simple way that people can and the quality of air in a simple way that people can easily understand;easily understand;

To inform how clean or polluted air you are breathing in To inform how clean or polluted air you are breathing in relation to health based objectives; andrelation to health based objectives; and

To advise the people about the general health effects To advise the people about the general health effects associated with different pollution levels.associated with different pollution levels.

CLASSIFICATION OF AQI

AQI RangeAQI Range ColourColour CategoryCategory

0-1000-100 GreenGreen Very GoodVery Good

101-200101-200 OrangeOrange GoodGood

201-300201-300 VioletViolet MediumMedium

>300>300 RedRed BadBad

Air Quality in Dhaka: Seasonal

…86

Seasonal AQI Trends in Dhaka

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1/0

4/2

002

13/0

4/2

002

25/0

4/2

002

7/0

5/2

002

19/0

5/2

002

31/0

5/2

002

12/0

6/2

002

24/0

6/2

002

6/0

7/2

002

18/0

7/2

002

30/0

7/2

002

11/0

8/2

002

23/0

8/2

002

4/0

9/2

002

16/0

9/2

002

28/0

9/2

002

10/1

0/2

002

22/1

0/2

002

11/3

/202

15/1

1/2

002

27/1

1/2

002

8/1

2/2

002

20/1

2/2

002

Date

AQ

I

Air quality objective Monsoon period – Air

Quality OK

Non-monsoon period – Air Quality is poor

Note: PM is the major pollutant of concern in Dhaka.

% of Days in Air Quality Index Category Air Quality Management Project

Department of EnvironmentContinuous Air Monitoring Station (CAMS)

% of Days in Air Quality Index Category Period: 2005

48%45%

7% 0%

Very Good Good Medium Bad

Reporting Format (English)

Today’s Air Quality Index for Dhaka provided by Department of Environment was 67 based on pollutants monitored in CAMS, Sangsad Bhaban, The AQI category was “Very Good” and the colour code was Green. The Responsible pollutant was PM2.5.

Air Quality Index (AQI) for 23Air Quality Index (AQI) for 23rdrd August, 2006 August, 2006 AQI ValueAQI Value CategoryCategory ResponsibleResponsible Pollutant Pollutant

6767 Very GoodVery Good PMPM2.52.5

Department of Environment

Interventions benefited air pollution abatement Phase out leaded petrol in 1999Phase out leaded petrol in 1999 Jan 2001 setting standards for lubricantsJan 2001 setting standards for lubricants Phase out of two stroke 3-wheeler from January 2003.Phase out of two stroke 3-wheeler from January 2003. Ban on the plying of trucks older than 25 years and Ban on the plying of trucks older than 25 years and

buses older than 20 years.buses older than 20 years. Introduction of ambient air quality standards.Introduction of ambient air quality standards. Introduction of emission standards EURO I for new Introduction of emission standards EURO I for new

diesel and EURO II petrol vehicles from 2005.diesel and EURO II petrol vehicles from 2005. Introduction of in use vehicle emission standards from Introduction of in use vehicle emission standards from

2005. 2005.

Implications for adopting VES and AAQS Public awareness of air quality may increasePublic awareness of air quality may increase Reporting exceedences of the standards may cause adverse Reporting exceedences of the standards may cause adverse

reactions from within and outside of Bangladeshreactions from within and outside of Bangladesh An AQI system that is consistent with the standards can be An AQI system that is consistent with the standards can be

developeddeveloped An immediate need to develop emission inventories and An immediate need to develop emission inventories and

control strategies to reduce dominant pollutant emissionscontrol strategies to reduce dominant pollutant emissions The need to develop an industrial permitting program to The need to develop an industrial permitting program to

foster improved environmental planning.foster improved environmental planning.

Lessons learned

It is easy to implement revised VES and AAQS if It is easy to implement revised VES and AAQS if people’s participation is ensured.people’s participation is ensured.

Phasing out of gross polluting two stroke three Phasing out of gross polluting two stroke three wheelers was possible due to overwhelming wheelers was possible due to overwhelming peoples supportpeoples support

Gross polluting diesel vehicles are being phased Gross polluting diesel vehicles are being phased out under a 5-year road map came into force in out under a 5-year road map came into force in 2004. 2004.

Awareness of people about air pollution is Awareness of people about air pollution is necessary to enforce standards.necessary to enforce standards.

Thank youThank you