Set point theoryEarly studies showing that even large disturbances dont have lasting effects, criticisms, and newer ideas about modifying the set point. H. Atkinson, C. Fischer, S. Gerbase and O. Pollock

Happiness, well-being, positive psychologyThe ability to be happy and contented with life is a central criterion of positive mental health and psychological adjustment (Lyubomirksy & Abbe)Factors: life satisfaction, satisfaction with important domains, positive affect and low levels of negative affect (Diener, 2000)What if we could go through life with bad things happening to us and know that we will always return to a neutral state?Or, what if we seek increased happiness and know that we can never be happier than a certain set point?

What is set point theory?Also known as Hedonic Adaptation, Hedonic Treadmill (Brickman and Campbell, 1971)Happiness levels fluctuate around a biologically determined set point that rarely changes (Lucas, 2007)People can adapt to almost any life event (Lucas, 2007) Destined to hedonic neutralityReturn to their previous happiness baseline (Lyubomirsky & Abbe)Inborn personality factors cause an inevitable return to genetically determined happiness set points (Lucas, 2007)Happiness and unhappiness are just short-lived reactions to changes in peoples circumstances (Diener et al 2006)

Effects of set point theoryIndividual and social efforts to increase happiness are doomed to failure (Diener et al, 2006)Every desirable experience is transitory (Myers, 1992)But: Protection from potentially dangerous psychological and physiological consequences of prolonged emotional states (Lucas, 2007)And: Changes in current environment receive extra attention Empirical support

Evidence for hedonic adaptationLife-satisfaction measures are stable over up to 20 yearsLong term happiness is heritableExtraversion and Neuroticism are strong predictors of happiness Events can influence short term levels of happiness but personality-based adaption processes inevitably move people back to their genetically determined set point after a short period of timeIndividuals who have experienced important life events

ScenariosPro: Lottery winners were not happier than non-winners and people with paraplegia were not substantially less happy than those who can walk (Brickman et al, 1978) Con: Poorest diseased beggar with no family or friendsAs happy as the healthy billionaire who has a surfeit of close and supportive relationships (Diener et al, 2006)

Revisions & Criticisms includeMore specifics on neutrality and dependency of set points (Diener et al, 2006)Ability to increase happiness (Sheldon, 2002)Very serious life events do create lasting changes in subjective well-being (Lucas, 2007)Impact of individual differences on how much people adapt (Lucas, 2007)Lack of longitudinal and prospective studies (Lucas, 2007)

Early Studies

Brickman and Campbell (1971)

All people labor on "hedonic treadmill

Similar to sensory adaptation, emotion system adjusts to current life circumstances

Briefly react to good and bad events --> return to neutrality

Happiness & unhappiness = short-lived reactions to changes in circumstances

Pursuit of happiness - actually futile

As we rise in our accomplishments and possessions, expectations also rise

Habituate to new level and it no longer makes us happyIn same way, people are unhappy when first encounter misfortune, but soon adapt--it no longer makes them happy

Adaptation processes: protect people from potentially dangerous psychological/physiological consequences of prolonged emotional states

Brickman, Coats, Janoff-Bulman (1978)

Lottery winners and patients with spinal-cord injuries compared to control group

Found: Lottery winners not significantly happier than control subjects

Paraplegic subjects not substantially less happy than those without

Silver (1982)

Further work on spinal cord injury Immediately after accident = extremely unhappy, but adapted quickly

Within 8 weeks = positive emotions predominated over negative emotions

Downward trend in unpleasant emotions, upward trend in positive emotions

Return to baseline conditions of mood for most subjects

Suh, Diener, Fujita (1996)

In less than 3 months, effects of many major life events lostimpact on SWB

Cancer patient, during study informed that cancer in remission

Mood/happiness levels skyrocketed, but 2 days later returned to former baseline

Demographic VariablesCampbell, Converse, Rodgers (1976)

10 resources: income, number of friends, religious, faith, intelligence, education

All counted for only 1.5% of variance in happiness

Even physical health barely correlated with SWBDiener, Wolsic, Fujita (1995)

Objective physical attractiveness correlated at very low levels

Personality Further research (Lucas) E and N relatively strong predictors of happiness compared to external factors

While events influence short-term happiness levels, personality-based adaptation processes will inevitably move these back to genetically determined set-point

Some Criticisms of Set-Point TheoryEd Diener Dr Happiness

Diener, Lucas and Scollon (2006) believe that set-point theory [aka the hedonictreadmill, (Brickman & Campbell, 1971)] does have value, however it needsupdating.

5 main criticisms

Set-points are not hedonically neutral

Set-points differ between people, partly depending on their temperament

A person may have several set points for happiness

Well being set-points can move under some conditions.

People differ in their adaptation to certain events with some changing their set-points and others not.

1. Set-points are not hedonically neutralMost people are happy most of the time (Diener & Diener, 1996)

In the World Values Survey of 2006, 80% of respondents saidthat they were very or quite happy.

So Diener believes that if people do adapt and return to abaseline then its a positive one, not a neutral one.

Diener, Lucas and Scollon (2006) believe that set-point theory [aka the hedonictreadmill, (Brickman & Campbell, 1971)] does have value, however it needsupdating.

5 main criticisms

Set-points are not hedonically neutral

Set-points differ between people, partly depending on their temperament

A person may have several set points for happiness

Well being set-points can move under some conditions.

People differ in their adaptation to certain events with some changing their set-points and others not.

2. Set-points differ between people, partly depending on their temperamentSet points vary considerably between individuals. This is partly due to inherent, personality-based influences (Diener and Lucas, 1999; )

Personality factors are strong correlates of well being variables This may be because traits and I quote Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, and Schkade (2005)...

are cognitive, affective and behavioural complexes that are consistent across situations and across life span*

and hence may be able to account for some of the stability of the set point.

McCrae and Costa (1990) have shown impressive long term stability for all big 5 traits especially those which are most related to well beingEnough said here lets move on!*Terms and Conditions apply

Diener, Lucas and Scollon (2006) believe that set-point theory [aka the hedonictreadmill, (Brickman & Campbell, 1971)] does have value, however it needsupdating.

5 main criticisms

Set-points are not hedonically neutral

Set-points differ between people, partly depending on their temperament

A person may have several set points for happiness

Well being set-points can move under some conditions.

People differ in their adaptation to certain events with some changing their set-points and others not.

3. A person may have several set points for happiness

Diener, Lucas, & Scollon, 2006, pp.307)Different forms of well-being can move in different directions.

Diener, Lucas and Scollon (2006) believe that set-point theory [aka the hedonictreadmill, (Brickman & Campbell, 1971)] does have value, however it needsupdating.

5 main criticisms

Set-points are not hedonically neutral

Set-points differ between people, partly depending on their temperament

A person may have several set points for happiness

Well being set-points can move under some conditions.

People differ in their adaptation to certain events with some changing their set-points and others not.

4. Well being set-points can move under some conditions. There are strong national differences in well being. These differences can be predicted by objective characteristics of these nations. This allows us to assume that the stable external circumstances can have a lasting impact on happiness.

Diener, Diener and Diener (1995) found that wealth and human rights of nations were strong predictors of average national well being.

European Values Study Group and World Survey Association (2005) yielded data showing life satisfaction differences:Canada - 7.85, US - 7.66 Turkey - 5.61, Russia - 4.65

Fujita and Diener (2005) conducted a 17 year longitudinal study using a large representative sample in Germany. They found that 24% of respondents changed significantly from their baseline.

Diener, Lucas and Scollon (2006) believe that set-point theory [aka the hedonictreadmill, (Brickman & Campbell, 1971)] does have value, however it needsupdating.

5 main criticisms

Set-points are not hedonically neutral

Set-points differ between people, partly depending on their temperament

A person may have several set points for happiness

Well being set-points can move under some conditions.

People differ in their adaptation to certain events with some changing their set-points and others not.

5. People differ in their adaptation to certain events with some changing their set-points and others not.

Study on adaptation to marriage revealed that less satisfied individuals were more likely to benefit from marriage, and for longer (Lucas et al., 2003).

For any individual, events that deviate from their typical life experiences cause most change.

Future Research

MethodologyMostly panels used so far: limits psychological variables assessed

Better methodology will allow:Investigation of moderator variables and their potential effectsIdentification of events to which people cannot adapt

Processes Underlying Hedonic AdaptationWhat psychological processes does adaptation result from?Reduced emotional reactivity?Change in the way we think about life events?How much control does one have over adaptation?Do some components of well-being adapt more easily than others?

Individual-Level CharacteristicsClarify characteristics that promote/prevent adaptationPersonalityDemographic characteristicsPersonality x gene interaction?Why do adaptation effects vary accross different events and circumstances?

Happiness-Increasing Interventions?Many questions to be answered before effective interventions can be designedDiscover factors that control adaptation processLyubomirsky, Sheldon & Schkade (2005)Intentional activity as the most promising means of altering ones happiness level?

Oh, and dont forgetIf any ladies fancy some lunchJust Call.+1(001)-773-338-7786

Ed x

Criticisms: Key References

Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Scollon, C. (2006). Beyond the hedonic treadmill: Revising the adaptation theory of well-being. American Psychologist, 61, 305-314.

Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing Happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9 (2), 111131

Criticisms: Other Reading

Lykken, D., & Tellegen, A. (1996). Happiness is a stochastic phenomenon. Psychological Science, 7, 186-189.

Headey, B., Muffels, R., & Wagner, G. G. (2010). Long-running German panel survey shows that personal and economic choices, not just genes, matter for happiness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,107 (42), 17922-17926.

*I dont know if you mention these things? If so, Im happy for you to delete it :) *