Taye Zewdu

LecturerSchool of Chemical & Bio Engineering

Addis Ababa Institute of TechnologyAddis Ababa University

08-Oct-2015 Taye Z

Energy- Units and Conversions

ChEg 5193 Sustainable Energy TechnologyCHAPTER ONE- ENERGY BASICS

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Contents

• Energy, Power

• Units and conversions

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Power and Energy

• Energy = Power x Time

• Energy (E) is the ability to do work.

• Power (P) is the rate at which work is performed.

• Analogies: Energy is a measurable quantity like distance. Poweris a rate like speed.

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Units Conversions

1 lb = 0.454 kg

1 US gallon = 3.79 litre

1 barrel of oil (1 bbl) = 42 US gallon = 159 litre

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Multiples

Prefix Abbreviation Scientific

Notation

*Number

Kilo k 103 Thousand

Mega M 106 Million

Giga G 109 Billion

Tera T 1012 TrillionTera T 1012 Trillion

Peta P 1015 Quadrillion

Exa E 1018 Quintillion

* The system used in the U.S. is not the same as that used in other countries (like Great Britain, France, and Germany). In these other countries, a billion (bi meaning two) has twice as many zeros as a million, and a trillion (tri meaning three) has three times as many zeros as a million, etc. But the scientific community seems to use the American system.

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Energy Units

• Calorie, Joule, BTU, Fuel equivalent, watt-hour

• 1 cal = 4.184 J

• 1 BTU = 1055 J

• 1 unit of electricity = 1 kWh

• The tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of energy: theamount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil,equals 42.6 GJ

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Power Units

• W, kW, MW, GW, hp, ton of refrigeration

• 1 hp = 740 W

• 1 ton of refrigeration = 50 kcal/min = 1200 BTU/h

• Watt = volt x ampere

= volt x ampere x power factor

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Magnitudes of Power

Kitchen appliances : 50 – 500 W

Passenger cars : 50 – 100 kW

Wind turbine : 0.2 – 1 MW

Large steam and

water driven turbo turbines : 500 – 800 MW

Modern fossil-fuel based

thermal power plant : 1000 MW

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Power and Energy

• Many people violate the definitions of power and energy. Somepeople do it publicly, thereby misleading unfortunate readers.

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Units Conversion - example problem

• If you turn on 4 light bulbs, each rated at 40 W, how long canthey be on before you reach 1 kWh?

4 bulbs x 40W/bulb = 160 W

E=P x t => t=E/P = 1 kWh/160W = 1kWh/0.16 W = 6.25 h

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Units Conversion - exercise problems

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2. In 2014, Ethiopia had 3 GW of installed electric capacity and generated 7 billion kWh. What is the percent capacity utilization of electric power stations?

1. In 2014, for the World-wide generation of about 24,000terawatt hours of electricity, 12 billion tons of oil equivalentwas used. Calculate the efficiency of thermal energy conversion to electricity. (1 toe = 42 GJ)

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ChEg 5193 Sustainable Energy TechnologyCHAPTER ONE- ENERGY BASICS

Global Energy Reserves and Sustainability

Taye ZewduLecturer

School of Chemical & Bio Engineering

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

08-Oct-2015 Taye Z

Addis Ababa University

08-Oct-2015 Taye Z

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Contents

• Classification of energy sources

• World’s primary energy consumption

• Fossil fuel – reserves, energy content, reserves distribution

• Renewable energy potential

• Sustainability

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Classification of Energy Sources

• Primary and secondary energy

– Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in

nature (coal, oil, natural gas, biomass, nuclear, geothermal, wind,solar, etc.)

– Secondary energy sources such as steam and electricity are

obtained from conversion of primary energy sources in industrial

utilities.

• Commercial and non-commercial energy

– Commercial energy: the sources that are available in the market for

a definite price (electricity, lignite, coal, oil, etc.)

– Non commercial energy: firewood, cattle-dung, agricultural wastes,etc.

• Renewable and non-renewable energy

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Source Extraction Processing Primary energy Secondary

Coal

Hydro

Nuclear

Petroleum

Mi11ing

Gas Well

Oil Well

Energy ---- Steam Preparation 1-----• Coal

Treatment

Cracking •ucJRelining

Stu ti on

Natural gas

LPG

-:::::----- Petrol � Diesel/fuel oils

Petrochemical

Thermal

Electricity

Thermal

Steam

Figure 1.1 Major Prin1ary and Secondary Sources

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Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability

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Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability

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Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability

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Electricity generation by fuel (world)

20,000,000

15,000,000

10,000,000

5,000,000

1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

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Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability

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Share of Various Sources for Primary Energy

As of 2006

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Fossil Fuel Reserves

• Oil - 0.2 trillion m3 (in 2003)

– Saudi Arabia – the largestshare of 23%

• Gas - 176 trillion m3 (2003)~ 0.16 trillion ton

– Russia has the largestshare of 27%

Coal reserves

Rank Country % share

1 USA 25.4

2 Russia 15.9

3 China 11.6

4 India 8.6

• Coal - 1 trillion ton (as of

2003)

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Fossil Fuel Reserves

Coal 122 years

Oil 42 years

Gas 60 years

Proven reserves, expected to last for:

As on 2003

GlobalReserves

(trillion

toe)

India’sReserves

(% of

global)

Coal 0.5 10%

Oil 0.18 0.41%

Gas 0.15 0.61%

TotalFossil

fuels

0.83 7.4%

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Oil Usage

Hard Truths , National Petroleum Council, July 2007, Washington08-Oct-2015 Taye Z

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Energy Content of Fuels

• Coal: energy content ~ 24 GJ/Ton

• Oil: 42 GJ/Ton

• Natural Gas: 54 GJ/Ton

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Coal

• Readily combustible material, black or brownish-black material

• Coal was formed from layer upon layer of annual plant remainsaccumulating slowly that were protected from biodegradation byusually acidic covering waters that gave a natural antisepticeffect combating microorganisms and then later mud depositsprotecting against oxidization

• Coal, a fossil fuel, is the largest source of energy for thegeneration of electricity worldwide, as well as one of the largestworldwide anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide emissions

• Approximately 40% of the world electricity production uses coal

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Coal

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Stages in Formation of Coal

• Heavy growth of vegetation

• Burial of debris, and compression

• There are four stages in coal formation: peat, lignite, bituminousand anthracite. The stage depends upon the conditions to whichthe plant remains are subjected after they were buried - thegreater the pressure and heat, the higher the rank of coal.Higher-ranking coal is denser and contains less moisture andgases and has a higher heat value than lower-ranking coal.

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Stages in Formation of Coal

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Types of Coal

• Peat – a precursor of coal

• Lignite – brown coal, the lowest rank of coal, exclusively used forelectricity generation

• Sub-bituminous coal – used as fuel for electricity generation,

synthesis of light aromatic hydrocarbons

• Bituminous – fuel for electricity, coke

• Anthracite – residential and commercial space heating

• Graphite – difficult to ignite, used for producing lubricants

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Coal Reserves

2004 Survey of World Energy Resources, World Energy Council

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World Oil Reserves by Region

Asia & Oceana

3%

Middle East

56°/o

Data source: US Energy Information Adminstration from Oil and Gas Journal {2007)

Oil includes crud� oil and condensate

Europe

1%

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Countries with Largest Oil Reserves

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OPEC

OPEC - Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.

OPEC is a cartel of twelve countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.

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Renewable Energy Potential

Theoretical potential (global)

2007

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Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability

Carrying Capacity

Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals (humans, forexample) that can be sustained indefinitely by an ecosystem withoutcausing irreparable damage.

One way to gauge Earths carrying capacity and our impact on ourecosystem is to look at our ecological footprint, a measure of ourdemands on nature.

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Human demands (1960-2007)

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Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability

Sustainability

The word is often bantered about with little thought to its concreteconnotation.

Sustainable energy solutions must consider the earth and itsinhabitants.

Sustainable energy is the sustainable provision of energy that meetsthe needs of the present without compromising the ability of futuregenerations to meet their needs.Sustainable energy is replenishable within a human lifetime andcauses no long-term damage to the environment.

Technologies that promote sustainable energy include renewableenergy sources, such as hydroelectricity, solar energy, wind energy,wave power, geothermal energy, and tidal power, and alsotechnologies designed to improve energy efficiency.

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Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability

Key Benefits of Sustainable Energy

Environmental: it can avoid and reduce air emissions as well as waterconsumption, waste, noise and adverse land use impacts

Energy for future generations: Renewables avoid the rapid depletionof fossil fuel reserves and will empower future generations to deal withthe environmental impact over-dependence on fossil fuels

Energy security lessons our dependence on fossil and imported fuels.

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Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability

Resource Availability

Cost versus availability of materials important in the solar photovoltaicindustry

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Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability

Resource Availability

Critical or near-critical elements: Lanthanum, Neodymium,Dysprosium, Platinium

Endangered: ruthenium, osmium, iridium, silver, etcProducts must be designed with recovery in mind!

Unsustainably used: Phosphorus-Recycling or recovery of wastephosphorus is currently limited at best, and large amounts ofphosphorus are lost in runoff from agricultural fields, contributing toeutrification in reservoirs and the infamous dead zone of the Gulf ofMexico

Limited and dwindling availability: fossil fuel contributed to climatechange

The new Oil- water

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Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability

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Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability

The Inconvenient Truth

Once Vice President of the USA, Algor had this documentary onGlobal Warming and Climate Change

Please find this movie and write a one page review of the message inthis film.

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