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Transcript of Set Concepts[1]
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Set Theory
Dr. Mohammed Gulam ahamad
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Why Study Set Theory?
Understanding set theory helps people to
see things in terms of systems
organize things into groups
begin to understand logic
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Key Mathematicians
These mathematicians influenced the
development of set theory and logic:
Georg Cantor John Venn
George Boole
Augustus DeMorgan
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Georg Cantor 1845 -1918
developed set
theory
set theory was not
initially accepted
because it was
radically different
set theory today is
widely accepted
and is used in
manyareas ofmathematics
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Cantor
the concept of infinity was expanded byCantors set theory
Cantor proved there are levels of infinity
an infinitude of integers initially endingwith or
an infinitude of real numbers exist
between 1 and 2;
there are more real numbers than there are
integers
0
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John Venn 1834-1923
studied and taught
logic and probability
theory
articulated Booles
algebra of logic
devised a simple way
to diagram setoperations (Venn
Diagrams)
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George Boole 1815-1864
self-taughtmathematician with an
interest in logic
developed an algebra oflogic (Boolean Algebra)
featured the operators and
or not
nor (exclusive or)
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Augustus De Morgan 1806-1871
developed two laws of
negation
interested, like other
mathematicians, in
using mathematics to
demonstrate logic
furthered Booles work
of incorporating logic
and mathematics
formally stated the laws
of set theory
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Basic Set Theory Definitions
A set is a collection of elements
An element is an object contained in a set
If every element of SetA is also contained
in Set B, then SetA is a subset of Set B A is aproper subsetof B if B has more
elements than A does
The universal set contains all of theelements relevant to a given discussion
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Simple Set Example
the universal set isa deck of ordinary
playing cards
each card is an
element in theuniversal set
some subsets are:
face cards
numbered cards suits
poker hands
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Set Theory Notation
Symbol Meaning
Upper case designates set name
Lower case designates set elements
{ } enclose elements in set or is (or is not) an element of is a subset of (includes equal sets) is a proper subset of is not a subset of is a superset of| or : such that (if a condition is true)
| | the cardinality of a set
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Set Notation: Defining Sets
a set is a collection of objects
sets can be defined two ways:
by listing each element
by defining the rules for membership
Examples:
A = {2,4,6,8,10}
A = {x|x is a positive even integer
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Set Notation Elements
an element is a member of a set
notation: means is an element ofmeans is not an element of Examples:
A ={1, 2, 3, 4}
1 A 6 A2 A z A
B ={x | x is an even number 10}2 B 9 B4 B z B
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Subsets
a subsetexists when a sets members are
also contained in another set
notation:
means is a subset ofmeans is a proper subset ofmeans is not a subset of
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Subset Relationships
A = {x | x is a positive integer 8}set A contains: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
B = {x | x is a positive even integer 10}set B contains: 2, 4, 6, 8
C = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
set C contains: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
Subset Relationships
A A A B A CB A B B B CC A C B C C
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Set Equality
Two sets are equal if and only if they containprecisely the same elements.
The order in which the elements are listed is
unimportant.
Elements may be repeated in set definitionswithout increasing the size of the sets.
Examples:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4} B = {1, 4, 2, 3}
A B and B A; therefore, A = B and B = AA = {1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2} B = {1, 2, 3, 4}
A B and B A; therefore, A = B and B = A
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Cardinality of Sets
Cardinality refers to the number of
elements in a set
A finite set has a countable number of
elements An infinite set has at least as many
elements as the set ofnaturalnumbers
notation: |A| represents the cardinality ofSet A
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Finite Set Cardinality
Set Definition Cardinality
A = {x | x is a lower case letter} |A| = 26
B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} |B| = 6
C = {x | x is an even number
10} |C|= 4
D = {x | x is an even number 10} |D| = 5
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Infinite Set CardinalitySet Definition Cardinality
A = {1, 2, 3, } |A| =
B = {x | x is a point on a line} |B| =
C = {x| x is a point in a plane} |C| =
0
0
1
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Universal Sets
The universal set is the set of all things
pertinent to to a given discussion
and is designated by the symbol U
Example:U= {all students at IUPUI}
Some Subsets:
A = {all Computer Technology students}B = {freshmen students}
C = {sophomore students}
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The Empty Set
Any set that contains no elements is
called the empty set
the empty set is a subset of every set
including itself notation: { } or
Examples ~ both A and B are emptyA = {x | x is a Chevrolet Mustang}
B = {x | x is a positive number 0}
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The Power Set ( P ) The power set is the set of all subsets
that can be created from a given set
The cardinality of the power set is 2 tothe power of the given sets cardinality
notation: P (set name)Example:
A = {a, b, c} where |A| = 3
P (A) = {{a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c}, {a}, {b}, {c}, A, }and |P (A)| = 8
In general, if |A| = n, then |P (A) | = 2n
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Special Sets
Z represents the set of integers
Z+ is the set of positive integers and
Z- is the set of negative integers
N represents the set ofnatural numbers
represents the set of real numbers Q represents the set of rational numbers
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Venn Diagrams
Venn diagrams show relationships between
sets and their elements
Universal Set
Sets A & B
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Venn Diagram Example 1
Set Definition Elements
A = {x | x Z+ and x 8} 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
B = {x | x Z+; x is even and 10} 2 4 6 8 10
A BB A
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Venn Diagram Example 2
Set Definition Elements
A = {x | x Z+ and x 9} 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
B = {x | x Z+ ; x is even and 8} 2 4 6 8
A BB AA B
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Venn Diagram Example 3
Set Definition Elements
A = {x | x Z+ ; x is even and 10} 2 4 6 8 10
B = x Z+ ; x is odd and x 10 } 1 3 5 7 9
A BB A
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Venn Diagram Example 4
Set DefinitionU= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
A = {1, 2, 6, 7}
B = {2, 3, 4, 7}C = {4, 5, 6, 7}
A = {1, 2, 6, 7}
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Venn Diagram Example 5
Set Definition
U= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
A = {1, 2, 6, 7}
B = {2, 3, 4, 7}
C = {4, 5, 6, 7}
B = {2, 3, 4, 7}
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Venn Diagram Example 6
Set Definition
U= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
A = {1, 2, 6, 7}
B = {2, 3, 4, 7}
C = {4, 5, 6, 7}
C = {4, 5, 6, 7}