Session Two: Lutheranism Takes Root (1600 ~ 1800).
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Transcript of Session Two: Lutheranism Takes Root (1600 ~ 1800).
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LUTHERANISM
Session Two:Lutheranism Takes Root
(1600 ~ 1800)
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Schedule Overview
1. Moving to the New World (1600 ~ 1700)
2.Lutheranism Takes Root (1600 ~ 1800)
3. Becoming “American” (1800 ~ 1900)4. Remaining “Ethnic” (1800 ~ 1900)5. Lutherans Unite (1900 – 1962)6. Lutherans Divide (1962 – 1988)7. The ELCA: A Brief History (1988 – Today)
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Last Week in Review
Discussed two primary questionsWhat defines a Lutheran?Who is one?
Discussed legacy of Martin Luther’s theology and its impact on Lutheranism in AmericaExperiential & RealisticPietist & Orthodoxy Movements
Discussed what brought people to the New World
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Last Week in Review
Questions, comments or smart remarks
regarding last week’s class?
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This Week
A Closer Look at Four Early Lutheran
Settlements1. The Dutch in the New
Netherlands2. The Swedes in New
Sweden3. The Danes in the
Virgin Islands (not shown)
4. The Germans/Austrians in Georgia
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A CLOSER LOOK
The New Netherlands
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The “OLD” Netherlands
• About the “Old Netherlands”– Was never a center for
Lutheranism in Europe– The first “free” Lutheran
churches – independent of national government – were developed in the Netherlands• Developed their own
church administration• Instituted a pattern of
worship (borrowed from the Reformed tradition)
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The NEW Netherlands
• Dutch West India Company charter (1621) stipulated that only the Reformed religion would be given official recognition in the NEW Netherlands– Officially, the same
situation as in the “old Netherlands”
– Policies were more enforced in public than in private
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The NEW Netherlands
• In the New Netherlands, enforcement eventually became more strict– Baptisms ONLY
allowed in Reformed tradition
– No instances of public worship (or even HOUSE churches!) allowed except in Reformed tradition
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The New Netherlands
• 1649, Lutheran laypeople organize themselves into a congregation stretching from Manhattan to Albany– Not solely Dutch– Germans, Danes,
Frisians and Norwegians included
• “HELP!!! We need a pastor!”– Took 8 years to get one
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The New Netherlands
• John Ernst Gutwasser– Ordained in Amsterdam
April 10, 1657– Sent to New
Amsterdam, 1657
• Change in New Amsterdam Tolerance Policy
• Good-bye, Pastor Gutwasser!
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The New Netherlands
• British take over control of the colony in 1664– Colony changes names to New YORK– Lutherans allowed to worship in public and
have their own Lutheran pastor
• Congregation expands happily– Erects a new building– Call a pastor to preach and baptize
• Pastor Jacob Fabritius, newly arrived Pastor of the Lutheran Church of New Amsterdam in 1669.
• Congregation grows and divides into two
YORK
Not a real photograph!
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New YorkSt. Matthew Lutheran
ChurchManhattan
First Lutheran ChurchAlbany
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New York
Pastor Jacob Fabritius served the congregation well for many years, but had some vices that led to his demise…
– Strong drink– Flamboyant red clothing– Equally colorful
vocabulary
He moved on to New Sweden where he served well.
#@&^*!!!!
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New York
• Bernhard Arensius (1671- d. 1691)• Vacant (1691-1702)• Anders Rudman (1701-1702)
– Came from New Sweden
• Justus Falckner (1703- d. 1723)– Ordained at Gloria Dei Lutheran Church in Philadelphia in
1703. Great example of Lutherans coming together for a united purpose: in this case, Swedes were using Latin to set aside a German national to serve Scandinavians, Poles, Germans and others in Dutch!
ENSUING PASTORATES
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New York
Dutch?
German?
English?
LANGUAGE CONCERNS
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New York
WHAT WENT WELL• Cooperation among
leaders of a common confession – even among different nationalities – can be beneficial
• Worship Style• Lay-Leadership
Development• Multi-cultural
environment
WHAT DIDN’T• Quick pastorates followed
by long pastorates developed a unique power structure– Laity and clergy struggle to
know their place
• Took a long time to “cut the cord” with their home country
• Lay-Leadership at time was OVERdeveloped leading to “pretenders”
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New York
Questions, comments or smart remarks?
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A CLOSER LOOK
New Sweden
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New Sweden
• Colony comprised of southwest Pennsylvania, western New Jersey and northern Delaware
• Colony formed by Sweden in 1638– LUTHERANS were in charge
of government and church!
– Sweden still held control, however
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New Sweden
• First Pastor of New Sweden
• Strict instructions for ministry
• Mission work with the Natives
Johan Campanius
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New Sweden
• Dutch assume rule of colony in 1655– Different religious toleration policy than
in New Amsterdam
• English assume rule of colony in 1664–Much more tolerant than Dutch– Flood of Anglicans (Church of England)
into colony
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New Sweden
WELCOME, PASTORS ANDERS RUDMAN, ERIC BJORK AND
JONAS AUREN!
Gloria Dei Church
Eric Bjork Holy Trinity Church
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New Sweden
WHAT WENT WELL• Saw their presence as
missionary in nature• Adapted to the culture
WHAT DIDN’T• Financial support was
low– Still came from Sweden
• Pastors were lazy and/or reluctant to be here– “Did their time” then
left for a “real” job
• Refused to let go of the Swedish language
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New Sweden
• Very few new immigrants came from Sweden–More from England, Germany, Finland and the
Netherlands
• Refusal to offer services in English led to many transfer to the Church of England
• King of Sweden withdrew all support from the American mission in 1789. By 1846, all seven congregations joined the Episcopal Church.
WHAT HAPPENED NEXT?
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New York
Questions, comments or smart remarks?
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A CLOSER LOOK
Danish Virgin Islands
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DANISH VIRGIN ISLANDS
The Danish West Indian and Guinea Company helped to secure St. Thomas for Denmark in the
mid-1660s.
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DANISH VIRGIN ISLANDS
Pastor Kjeld Jensen Slagelse founds second oldest
Lutheran congregation in the western hemisphere in 1666 - Frederick Lutheran Church in
Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas
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DANISH VIRGIN ISLANDS
DIFFICULT BEGINNINGS
• Meager supplies, disease and death = BAD
• Governor George Jorgen Iverson• A Danish Church for Danes…but
what about the Africans?
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DANISH VIRGIN ISLANDS
• A mission to the African Slaves– The German Moravians– Early Failures– Later Successes
• Development of Schools– Instruction– Language– The Way to Freedom
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DANISH VIRGIN ISLANDS
Governor Peter von Scholten proclaimed emancipation on July
3, 1848.
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DANISH VIRGIN ISLANDS
WHAT WENT WELL• Mandatory worship
brought in money• Adapted to new
languages• Adapted to new
cultures & needs• Focused on contextual
education
WHAT DIDN’T
?
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New York
Questions, comments or smart remarks?
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A CLOSER LOOK
Salzburgers in Georgia
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THE SALZBURGERS
DO YOU REMEMBER?
The Treaty of AugsburgThirty Years’ War
The Peace of Westphalia
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THE SALZBURGERS
Count Leopold Anton
Eleutherius von Firmian, Archbishop of
Salzburg(1727-1744)
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THE SALZBURGERS
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THE SALZBURGERS
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THE SALZBURGERS
Their Downfall:
SLAVERY
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THE SALZBURGERS
WHAT WENT WELL• Stuck to what they
knew was important– Worship– School/Education– Orphanage/Outreach
WHAT DIDN’T• Stuck to their identity• Adapted too much to
Southern culture (esp. in regards to slavery issue)
• Pastoral leadership led to conflict
• Intentional Lutheran Community project failed
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NEXT WEEK
Becoming “American”(1800 ~ 1900)