Session 1.4 design & devp of agroforestry systems
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Transcript of Session 1.4 design & devp of agroforestry systems
Design and Development of Agroforestry Systems in Low Rainfall Regions of India for
Combating Climate Change
M. M. RoyCentral Arid Zone Research Institute,
Jodhpur (Raj.) 342003 INDIA
Low Rainfall Regions in India
Challenges before arid lands
Over-cultivation
Overgrazing
Bad irrigation
practices
Deforestation
DESERIFICATION
• Soil Erosion (Wind & Water)• Vegetation Degradation• Salinization• Mined Spoiled Degradation
THE CHALLENGES
Over-cultivation
Overgrazing
Bad irrigation practices
Deforestation
DESERIFICATION
Periodic droughts debilitate and destabilize poor societies, and contribute to desertification by reducing vegetative cover and water supplies, triggering a desperate exploitation of the remaining resources in order to survive
Map showing ground water withdrawals as percentage of ground water recharge based on state level estimates of annual withdrawals (Source NASA/Matt Rodell)
Depletion of ground water 203
135
49
2510
342127
1126
80 82
12
41
86102
0
50
100
150
200
Safe Semi-critical Critical Over exploited
Year 1984
Year 1998
Year 2002
Year 2004
Drawl as % of Recharge
<= 70% 70-90% 90-100% >100%
Climatic Risks
Increase in temperatures, hot days, hot nights, and heat wavesIncreasing frequency of heavy precipitation events - more droughts and floods
Light to moderate rainfall events (5-100 mm)
Heavy rainfall events (>10cm)
Very heavy rainfall events (>15cm)
Rajasthan: Land use and water resources
Traditional Agro forestry Systems in Hot Arid Regions
Rainfall Zone (mm) Agro Forestry System
Trees / Shrubs (no. / ha)
% Density of Prominent
Species
>400P. cineraria - A. nilotica based (11)* 31.40 81
300 - 400 P. cineraria based (8) 14.20 80
200 - 300Ziziphus spp. - P. cineraria based (6) 91.70 91
<200Ziziphus spp. - P. cineraria - Salvadora spp. based (7) 12.70 87*Values in parentheses are total number of trees &/or shrub species in the
system
Extent of distribution - 60% area of arid western Rajasthan
Prosopis cineraria based traditional agroforestry system
Economics of Traditional Agroforestry Systems of Arid Western Rajasthan
AF system Expenditure (Rs/ha)
Returns (Rs/ha) Grossreturns (Rs/ha)
NetReturns(Rs/ha)
NetB:C ratioCrops
Fuel wood
Leaf fodder
P. cineraria-A. nilotica based
1850 4103 1230 870 6203 4353 2.3
P. cineraria based 1550 3670 600 420 4690 3140 2.0Z. spp. - P. cineraria based
1550 1506 620 600 2726 1176 0.7
Z. spp. - P. cineraria - Salvadora spp. based
1500 1400 500 500 2400 900 0.6
(Base year 2000)
Designing agroforestry systems for multiple benefits in hot arid regions of India
Type Example Benefits
Row Wind break This may be for protecting farm or field, livestock and farmsteads. Carefully designed field windbreaks reduce wind velocity for controlling wind erosion, increase crop quality and production, and improve water use efficiency, control energy loss and feed intake by livestock, protect and improve human habitat
Contour strips
Plantings consisting of tree/shrub rows on the contour or cross-slopes. This reduces sheet and rill water erosion, increase sediment deposition and convey excess water at a controlled grade.
Multi-storey Cropping
System consisting of an over-story of trees or shrubs with an understory of crops or pastures. Well-designed systems yield additional tree based products, improve microclimatic conditions, improve recycling of soil nutrients, reduce excess sub-surface water.
Designing agroforestry systems for multiple benefits in hot arid regions of India
Type Example Benefits
Block Energy plantation
Trees are planted in a block as a separate field within an agricultural or livestock-production operating unit. The tree to tree distance is decided based on product (wood, firewood, top feed etc.) and rotation cycle (generally less than 10-15 years). The primary purpose is to get tree products in close proximity to agricultural or pasture areas to diversify the farm products.
Waste water utilization
A block planting of closely spaced trees and/or shrubs placed downslope from agricultural water or waste sources. The primary purpose is to use excess water by plant uptake, and/or intercept and utilize or sequester waste and other pollutants transported in specific situations.
WINDBREAK-SHELTERBELT A windbreak or shelterbelt is a plantation usually made up of one or more rows of trees or shrubs planted in such a manner as to provide shelter from the wind and to protect soil from erosion. They are commonly planted around the edges of fields on farms. Five-row and three-row shelterbelts with staggered planting and in pyramidal shape across the wind direction. Suitable trees and shrubs are Acacia nilotica, Acacia tortilis, Cassia siamea and Prosopis juliflora. Windbreak reduces the wind velocity by 20-40% and soil loss by 76%.
Khejri + Bajra + Mung
Khejri +Mung
TC= 20.31 t C/ha(depth 1 m)
After 10 years
Agroforestry systems(10 year rotation)
Ber + Mung
TC = 18.28 t C/ha (depth 1 m)(after 10 years)
Horti-agri system
Khejri + Cenchrus ciliaris
Carbon assimilation
Tree : 12.37 t C/ha
TC : 35.68 t C/ha (depth 1 m)
Above ground : 19.56 t C/ha
Silvopastoral system (12 year rotation)
Mopane + Cenchrus ciliaris
Carbon assimilation
Tree : 7.96 t C/ha
TC : 28.59 t C/ha (depth 1 m)
Above ground : 18.24 t C/ha
Silvopastoral system (12 year rotation)
Hardwickia binata + C. ciliaris
Carbon assimilation
Tree : 8.78 t C/ha
TC : 32.14 t C/ha (depth 1 m)
Above ground : 21.36 t C/ha
Silvopastoral system (12 year rotation)
Ziziphus based horti-pastures
Dry Grass : 1.55 t/ha
Fuel wood : 2.64 t/ha
Leaf Fodder : 1.87 t/ha
Fruit : 2.77 t/ha
Net return: 15,000/ha
B:C ratio: 2:1
(Spread on 90,000 ha in 350-450 mm rainfall) )))
Ber + Cenchrus ciliaris
TC=24.41 t C/ha(after 10 years) (depth 1 m)
Economics of Improved Horti-pasture (Ziziphus mauritiana + Cenchrus ciliaris)
Product Expenditure (Rs/ha)
Gross returns (Rs/ha)
Net returns (Rs/ha)
Grass 1500 3102 1600Fuel wood 1000 6400 1640Leaf fodder 2250 5610 3360
Ber fruits 13500 22160 8660Total 18250 37272 15260
(Base year 2000)
System/Crop Diversification Models
• Arable cropping (15%), Agroforestry (35%), Agri-horticulture (20%), Agri-pasture (10%), Silvi-pasture (20%)
• Crop Diversification: – Pearl millet (40%), Pulses (30%), oilseed (10%),
cluster bean (20%)• Farm size (Aarea) - 7 ha• Family size - 4-5 adults• Livestock - 2 Cows + 2 Calf
+ 8 Sheep + 8 Goat = 7ACU
The Returns (per ha)
Component Gross returns Expenditure Net income B.C. ratio
Plant 1,85,550 63,000 1,22,550 -
Animal 1,57,700 35,000 1,22,700 -
Other 50,000 - 50,000 -
Total 3,93,250 98,000 2,95,250 4.01
(Base year 2011); WPI = 212.72 (2000)
Northern India
Western India
Central India Southern India
Eastern India0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
Potential (Mg C ha-1)Rate (Mg C ha-1 Yr-1)
C s
eque
stra
tion
Pot
enti
al a
nd R
ate
C Sequestration Potential and Rate in different regions of India under crop production with INM
After Pathak et al (2011)
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
665.00 400.00 360.00 327.00 232.90 200.00
Org
an
ic C
(to
ns
ha-1
)
Rainfall (mm)
Carbon status in arid zone soils
Organic carbon up to 45 cm deep soil profile was estimated in crop land + natural rangeland + forest area with long term average rainfall from 665 mm to 200 mm yr-1(Average of all three systems).
SirohiAnnual Rainfall (mm) 591.8Total C Stock 33.4(0-60 cm) t ha-1
PaliAnnual Rainfall (mm) 539Total C Stock 33.4(0-60 cm) t ha-1
JodhpurAnnual Rainfall (mm) 360Total C Stock 10.9(0-60 cm) t ha-1
BarmerAnnual Rainfall (mm) 277Total C Stock 10.7(0-60 cm) t ha-1
JaisalmerAnnual Rainfall (mm) 165Total C Stock 7.4(0-60 cm) t ha-1
C status of the arid soils
Soil organic carbon status of different Systems in arid region prevailing at Jodhpur (after 22 years)
Systems Carbon Sequestered in soil (0-60 cm)(t/ha/y)
Pasture Grasses 0.52
Sole trees 0.72
Silvi-pasture 0.98Continuous cropping 0.36
Trees and Microclimate ModerationModeration of air temperature beneath tree
cover: Monsoon period (07.00 hrs): 0.1ºC to 0.7ºC; Monsoon period (14.00 hrs): 0.6ºC to 2.0ºC.
Moderation of soil temperature beneath the tree cover: top soil (10ºC to 16ºC); 0-30 cm (4ºC to 5ºC).
22 per cent higher humidity under canopy of A. tortilis (agri-silviculture system involving cluster bean) in comparison to open field condition.
Feed Blocks Feeding on Feed Blocks during ScarcityFeed Block preparation and utilization of P. juliflora pods
Diversified agroforestry system designed and developed on a farmer’s fields (4.5 ha) at Village Manaklaw (Jodhpur)
Ber orchards (750 trees); Also a a ber nursery
Peripheral Trees: A. tortilis, P. juliflora and others: Inside Trees: Prosopis cineraria, Tecomella undulata and Azadirachta indica
Crop Area: one ha (Pearl millet)
Pasture Species: Three ha (Cenchrus ciliaris)
Animals: Eight goats (without purchasing any kind of fodder)
Farm waste used to prepare compost within the system
Attributes of Diversified agroforestry system(30+ years)
Ber fruits/y (10.7 t ha-1)
Dry fuel wood/y (4 t ha-1)
Fodder/y (2.4 t ha-1 )
Employment (331 man-days/ha/y)
Recognized self-contained system (also by UNCCD)
Common Land and Poor Livestock Keepers
Experiences from Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh
Source: FES 2009
Regenerated Com-mons (Avg Rajasthan)
Other Commons (Raj) Regenerated Commons (Avg
MP)
Other Commons (MP)0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
3.4
1
3.95
0.950000000000001
Comparison of Fodder availability from Regenerated and Other Commons
(t/ha)
Agroforestry based interventions (low carbon farming strategy) have promise in hot arid regions of the country for providing consistent economic returns along with and environmental benefits, including carbon sequestration.
They need promotion through various appropriate schemes in operation in this region.
Conclusion
Schemes & AF Systems
Schemes
• Wasteland development
• Watershed development
• Dry degraded soils• Salt affected soils• Water logged soils
AF Systems
Agroforestry/silvo-pasture systems
Rehabilitation & restoration of degraded lands/mine spoils
Afforestation & reforestation through planting the nitrogen fixing tree species
Plantation on field boundaries Shelterbelts/Windbreaks
Use of non-conventional sources of energy for agriculture/agroforestry
Effective management and utilization of CPRs, degraded lands, grasslands/grazing lands and agriculture lands
Adequate incentives to farmers for the cause of their environmental services
A policy to facilitate establishment of carbon markets for farmers/other stake holders for better adoption of climate friendly management practices
Future Thrusts
Thanks….