Session 1 nils brandt

Nils Brandt, 14 March 2013

Climate Neutral Urban Districts – approaches for benchmarking and accounting? Nils Brandt, Associates Professor, Industrial Ecology Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm


Cities in a leading role! City Climate mitigation – a lot of world wide support initiatives on going !

• ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability; http://www.iclei.org

• Covenant of Mayors ; www.eumayors.eu

• C40; http://www.c40cities.org

• Clinton Climate initiative; http://www.clintonfoundation.org

• UNEP, Campaign on Cities and Climate Change; http://www.unep.org/urban_environment/issues/climate_change.asp

• UN – Habitat , Cities and Climate Change initiative ; http://www.unhabitat.org

• World Mayor council of Climate Change: http://www.worldmayorscouncil.org

• Cities alliance; http://www.citiesalliance.org

• ...............

http://www.eumayors.eu

http://www.worldmayorscouncil.org

http://www.citiesalliance.org


Cities in a leading role! City Climate mitigation programs – a lot of world wide support initiatives on going !

• ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability; http://www.iclei.org

• Covenant of Mayors ; www.eumayors.eu

• C40; http://www.c40cities.org

• Clinton Climate initiative; http://www.clintonfoundation.org

• UNEP, Campaign on Cities and Climate Change; http://www.unep.org/urban_environment/issues/climate_change.asp

• UN – Habitat , Cities and Climate Change initiative ; http://www.unhabitat.org

• World Mayor council of Climate Change: http://www.worldmayorscouncil.org

• Cities alliance; http://www.citiesalliance.org

• ...............

http://www.eumayors.eu

http://www.worldmayorscouncil.org

http://www.citiesalliance.org


Cities and climate mitigation actions – needs of methods ?

1. Baseline (inventory, benchmarking)

2. Policy (goals and ambitions, processes, scenarios)

3. Program and actions plans (road mapping and scenarios, processes)

4. Implementation (processes and indicators)

5. Evaluation ( inventory, indicators and benchmarking)


Energy/CO2 flow analysis on City level : Two approaches

”Bubble”- model (Production) “End-user”-model (Consumption)


Heating = red Transport= blue Electricity = yellow

CO2/cap in City of Stockholm from a production perspective

Source: Miljöbarometern, City Stockholm


Total carbon footprint of the average household in Stockholm

Motor vehicle fuel

Fuel Indirect

Vehicle manufacturing

Vehicle maintenance

Public transportation

Air travel

Miscellaneous

Energy Energy Indirect

Electricity

Home constructing

Maintenance

Bread & cereals

Meat

Fish & seafood

Dairy

Oils & fats

Fruits & vegetables

Other food

Eating out

Clothing

Household goods

Entertainment

Reading Medical

Personal care

Entertainment

Info & communication Personal business

Miscellaneous

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Transportation Housing Food Goods Services

Ton

CO

2e

/ y

ear

Average Stockholm household (2 persons): 16,2 ton CO2e/year

Anders Nilsson 2013

Consumption-based Carbon Accounting for Households in Sweden and Stockholm using EIO-LCA Anders Nilsson

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

4,5

5

To

n C

O2

e /

year

Average Stockholm household (2 persons): 16,2 ton CO2e/year

Abroad

emissions(Total: 9,4 ton

CO2e)

Domestic

emissions(Total: 6,8 ton

CO2e)

Comparison of abroad and domestic emissions of an average Stockholm household.

KTH Industriell Ekologi

Consumption perspective.


Fig. 1. Changes in annual per capita greenhouse gas emissions for the six cities C. Kennedy et al. /

Energy Policy 49 (2012) 774–777

Need of methods for benchmarking and accounting?


Scope 1—Internal Emissions; Scope 2—Core External Emissions Scope 3—Non-core Emissions.

S. Kennedy, S. Sgouridis / Energy Policy 39 (2011) 5259–5268

Climate change and cities – what´s in and what´s out? How to define emissions? What type of city ?

CONSUMPTION CITY – PRODUCTION CITY


International frameworks for GHG emissions inventory on City level

• The GHG Protocol: A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard by the World Resources Institute and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development(WRI/WBCSD 2004)

• Greenhouse Gases ISO 14064:2006. Specification with Guidance at the Organization Level for Quantification and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 2006)

• ICLEI. 2009. International local government GHG emissions analysis protocol. Global reporting standard in the international local government GHG emissions analysis protocol (IEAP) Version 1.0 (ICLEI 2009)

• Covenant of Mayors. 2009. (EC-CoM),Baseline emissions inventory guidelines. European commission, Part II In: How to develop a sustainable energy action plan (SEAP) baseline emissions inventory, (BEI).

• UNEP, International Standard for Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Cities and Regions by UNEP, UN-HABITAT and the World Bank (2010)

• Greenhouse Gas Regional Inventory Protocol (GRIP) developed by Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Manchester and UK Environmental Agency (GRIP 2008),

• Bilan Carbone – Methodological Guide for Companies and Local Authorities developed by the Age`nce de l’Environnement et de la Maıˆtrise de l’Energie (ADEME 2007),

• ICLEI, 2011. Community- Scale GHG Emissions Accounting and Reporting Protocol.


Latest developed framework

• GLOBAL PROTOCOL FOR COMMUNITY-SCALE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GPC) Pilot Version 1.0 – May 2012

(http://www.ghgprotocol.org/about-ghgp)


N. Ibrahim et al. Local Environment Vol. 17, No. 2, February 2012, 223–241


City/cities Included activities

Copenhagen, Stockholm Energy (heating, cooling, electricity),

Transports

Oslo Energy (heating, cooling, electricity),

Transports, Waste

Hamburg, Münster Household emissions (heating, cooling, electricity, gas),

Small & medium businesses (heating, cooling, electricity, gas), Industry, Transportation

Malmö Energy, Industry, Transportation, Work machines

Freiburg Heating, Electricity, Transportation, Food

Kramers, A. et al 2012 submitted Energy policy

The activities included in cities’ GHG emission inventories


Climate neutral cities? – no generic definitions?

1. Strictly Zero Carbon: No carbon is emitted within Scopes1 and 2; it follows that neither balancing nor offsets are allowed.

2. Net Zero Carbon: All carbon emissions with in emissions Scope 1 are eliminated, and emissions within scope 2 are balanced through export of low or zero carbon goods, internal or external sequestration, or import substitution (purchase offsets)

3. Carbon Neutral: Any and all emissions for which the city is responsible under Scopes 1 and 2 can be managed through the purchase of offsets from third parties that lie outside the city’s boundaries:

(S. Kennedy, S. Sgouridis / Energy Policy 39 (2011) 5259–5268)


Urban district for Climate neutrality – possibilities or problems?

- Strong holistic vision – sustain?

- System borders; activity contra geographical

- Responsibility for rest of the city emissions (hospitals, traffic, traffic etc

+ local stakeholder processes - local innovations and actions

+ Processes - Who is carrying the vision in the next step?

+ Credits driving force? Green Washing ?

+ Data quality for benchmarking/indicators/evaluation– real-time data ?

? scale – scope 1,2, 3 ?

? - Relation to Sustainability

City

Climate

Neutral

Urban

district


The Climate Positive (neutral)urban districts process, action driven approach CCI – framework:

Thank you !

Session 1 nils brandt

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