Session 1 - Introduction to Banking

8/19/2019 Session 1 - Introduction to Banking

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INTRODUCTION TO

BANKINGSESSION 1


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Learning Outcomes

Expain t!e roe o" t!e #an$ing s%stem& non'#an$ (nainterme)iar% s%stem an) (nancia mar$ets in t!e*a)i+es,

I)enti"% +arious institutions in t!e #an$ing s%stem& no#an$ (nancia interme)iar% s%stem an) (nancia mar

Discuss t!e roes an) "unctions o" commercia #an$s )etai


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A (nancia s%stem consists o" institutional units an)markets t!at interact& t%pica% in a compex manner& "orpurpose o" mobilizing funds "or investment an) pro+i)facilities& incu)ing pa%ment s%stems& "or t!e nancingcommercia acti+it%,

-INANCIAL S.STE*


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-INANCIAL S.STE*


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-INANCIAL S.STE*

T!e (nancia s%stem acts as a mec!anism t!at trans""un) "rom t!e part% /it! excess "un) to t!e part% t!anee)s t!e "un),

In genera& a (nancia s%stem "aciitates (nanciatransactions t!at generate economic gro/t!

-inancia s%stem structure is )i+i)e) into t!ree parts&

#an$ing s%stem&

non#an$ (nancia interme)iar% s%stem an)

(nancia mar$ets


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-INANCIAL S.STE*

FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Ban$ing s%stem

Centra Ban$

Ban$ing Institutions

Commercia #an$s

-inance companies

*erc!ant #an$s

Isamic #an$s


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FINANCIAL A!"#TS

*one% an) -oreign Exc!ange *ar$ets

*one% mar$et

-oreign Exc!ange *ar$et

Capita *ar$ets E2uit% *ar$et

Bon) *ar$et

Deri+ati+e *ar$ets

-INANCIAL S.STE*


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T!e (nancia sector in t!e *a)i+es is +er% narro/ an) is )ominate) #%#an$ing in)ustr%, T!ere are se+en #an$s current% operating in t!e *a)/!ic! incu)e one oca% o/ne) commercia #an$& #ranc!es o" "our "or#an$s& one oca% incorporate) su#si)iar% o" a "oreign #an$ an) an Isa#an$,

T!e Non'#an$ (nancia institutions in t!e countr% consist o" a (nance ecompan%& a speciai3e) !ousing (nance institution& insurance companiemone% ser+ices #usinesses an) securities mar$et interme)iaries,

A #an$s an) t!e non'#an$ (nancia institutions& except "or t!e securitmar$et interme)iaries are icense)& reguate) an) super+ise) #% t!e **onetar% Aut!orit%,

-INANCIAL S.STE* ' *ALDIES


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T ! e Ca p i t a *a r $e t De+ e o pm ent A u t !o r i t % 4 C*DA 5 i s tr eg u a t o r " o r t ! e s ec u r i t i e s m a r $ e t i n t ! e * a ) i + es , I t s t a t u t o r % p o / er s t o i c en s e s ec u r i t i e s m a r $ e ti n t e r m e) i a r i e s i n c u ) i n g # r o $ e rs & ) ea e r s & i n + es t m en ta ) + i s e r s & a s s e t m a n a g e r s & c u s t o ) i a n s & c r e) i t r a t i n ga g en c i e s a s / e a s s t o c $ ex c ! a n ges a n ) c en t r a ) ep o s i t o r i e s ,

-INANCIAL S.STE* ' *ALDIES


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BANKING S.STE*

A #an$ing s%stem is one o" t!e (nancia s%steintermediaries in$ing nancial institutionindividuals /it! e$cess funds& an) (nanciainstitutions an) in)i+i)uas /it! s%ortage offunds,


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&AN" ' An esta#is!ment aut!ori3e) #% a go+ernmenaccept )eposits& pa% interest& cear c!ec$s&ma$e oans& act as an interme)iar% in (nancia transaan) pro+i)e ot!er (nancia ser+ices to its customers,

BANKING S.STE*


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I*0ORTANCE O- BANKING

Ban$s are one o" t!e most important part o" an% countr%, In t!ismo)ern time mone% an) its necessit% is +er% important,

A )e+eope) (nancia s%stem o" t!e countr% ensure to attain)e+eopment, A mo)ern #an$ pro+i)es +aua#e ser+ices to a countr%, To attain )e+eopment t!ere s!ou) #e a goo) )e+eope) (nancia

s%stem to support not on% t!e economic #ut aso t!e societ%,


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Some o" t!e important roe o" #an$s in t!e )e+eopment o" a countr%are #rie7% s!o/ing #eo/8

0romote Sa+ing 9a#its Among 0eope

Capita -ormation an) 0romoting o" In)ustries

Easiness o" Tra)e an) Commerce -unctions

Generate Empo%ment Opportunities

0romote Agricutura De+eopment

Impementation o" *onitor% 0oic%

Baance) De+eopment

I*0ORTANCE O- BANKING


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BANKING IN T9E *ALDIES


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BANKING IN T9E *ALDIES

aldives &anking Act '()'*+* T!is Act is enacte) "or t!e purposes o" pro+i)ing "or licensing o" #an$

to con)uct #an$ing #usiness in *a)i+es& a s,stem "or operating #an

in *a)i+es& -olicies "or operating #an$s in a safe and -rudent

manner& su-ervision o" #an$s& a--ointment of conservators andli.uidation o" #an$s& an) "or ot!er reate) purposes,

0arts ' :

C!apters ; 1<

Sections ; 11=


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*a)i+es Ban$ing Act :>?:@1@

/art + 0 /rovision !elating to Licensing and O-eration of &anks in A -rudentanner

C!apter 1 ; Genera 0ro+ision

C!apter : ; Licensing

C!apter ; Isamic Ban$ing

C!apter > ; Capita C!apter ; *anagement o" a Ban$

C!apter = ; Rues "or t!e con)uct o" Ban$ing Acti+ities

C!apter < ; Con()entiait%

C!apter ; Accounts an) -inancia Statements

C!apter ; Au)it

C!apter 1@' Super+ision an) Examination


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C!apter 11 ; En"orcement measures an) penaties

C!apter 1:' Crimina Sanctions

C!apter 1 ; Ot!er pro+isions



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/art ' 0 A--ointment of a Conservator1 Li.uidator of &ank1 andA--ointment of a !eceiver

C!apter 1> ; Conser+ators!ip

C!apter 1 ; Recapitai3ation

C!apter 1= ; Li2ui)ation o" Ban$ C!apter 1< ; Recei+ers!ip o" Ban$



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Ban$ing Structure

*a)i+es *onetar%Aut!orit% 4Centra

Ban$5

CommerciaBan$s

IsamicBan$s

-inanceCompanies

InsuraCompa


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Centra Ban$ ' **A

*a)i+es *onetar% Aut!orit% 4**A5 ; Centra Ban$

T!e *a)i+es *onetar% Aut!orit% 4**A5 /as esta#is!e) on 1st u% 1en)o/e) /it! t!e reguar po/ers an) o#igations o" a centra #an$ un)man)ate pro+i)e) #% t!e **A Act 4115,

A secon) amen)ment to **A Act 4115 !as #een passe) #% t!e *aFis

rati(e) #% t!e 0resi)ent on t! Apri :@@


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**A ; Org, C!art


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**A ' -unctions

Issues currenc%&

Reguates t!e a+aia#iit% o" t!e *a)i+ian ru(%aa an) promotes its sta#

Licensing

Super+ises an) reguates institutions in t!e (nancia sector&

-ormuates an) impements monetar% poic%& an) A)+ises t!e Go+ernment on issues reating to t!e econom% an) (nancia

or)er to "oster an en+ironment con)uci+e to t!e or)er% an) #aance) e)e+eopment o" t!e *a)i+es,


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Commercia Ban$s


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Commercia Ban$s

An entit% t!at carries out #an$ing #usinesses /!ic! in turn are )e(ne) as8

Businesses t!at in+o+e t!e "oo/ing8

Accepting )eposits "or current accounts& )eposit accounts& sa+ings accountsot!er simiar accounts

*a$ing pa%ment to or coecting c!e2ues /ritten #% or pai) #% t!e customer

0ro+i)ing (nancing t!roug!8 Len)ing&

Leasing&

-actoring

0urc!ase o" #is o" exc!ange& promissor% notes& )eposit certi(cates& )e#entures otra)ea#e instruments an)

Acceptance o" or guarantee "or an in)i+i)uaHs ia#iities,


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Commercia Ban$s in t!e *a)i+es

&ank of aldives /lc2 3&L4 ' esta#is!e) in 1:& a pu#ic imite) compamaForit% o/ners!ip #% t!e Go+ernment o" *a)i+es,

State &ank of India 3S&I5 ' esta#is!e) as a "oreign #an$ #ranc! in 1,

&ank of Ce,lon 3&OC4 ' esta#is!e) as a "oreign #an$ #ranc! in 11

5abib &ank Limited 35&L4 ' esta#is!e) as a "oreign #an$ #ranc! in 1


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-UNCTIONS O- CO**ERCIAL BANKS

Creating *one%

0ro+i)ing 0a%ment *ec!anism

Coect sa+ing

0ro+i)ing cre)its

-inance Internationa Tra)e


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Creating one,

One o" t!e $e% "unctions o" commercia #an$s is t!eir capa#iit% to creaeiminate mone% t!roug! en)ing an) in+estment acti+ities /it! t!e cooperation o" t!e centra #an$,

9o/ )oes a commercia #an$ create mone%

T!is !appens #ecause commercia #an$s create mone% in t!e "orm o" )E+er% #an$ creates )eposits an) a portion o" t!e ne/ )eposits can #e rto create more )eposits, T!is process continues unti t!e ne/ )eposits times more t!an t!e origina amount,



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/roviding /a,ment ec%anism

One o" t!e important "unctions o" commercia #an$s is t!e pro+ision o"a mec!anism to pa% or mo+e "un)s,

T!is "unction !as #ecome increasing% important as t!e usage o"c!e2ues an) cre)it car)s increases "rom time to time,

A t!e c!e2ues in our countr% are ceare) t!roug! #an$ing s%stemusing computer tec!noog% t!at spee)s up c!e2ue cearance process&re)uces cearing cost an) impro+es cearing accurac%,



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Collecting Savings

Commercia #an$s pro+i)e ser+ices /!ic! are +er% important to a ecosectors #% ma$ing a+aia#e t!e "aciit% to coect sa+ings t!at can #e ueconomic an) socia purposes,

Depositors are pai) interest on t!eir sa+ings at commercia #an$s,

T!e coecte) "un)s are t!en ent to tra)ers an) consumers,

In ot!er /or)s& commercia #an$s are important (nancia interme)iarieour countr%Hs econom%,



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/roviding Credit

Anot!er $e% "unction o" commercia #an$s is its pro+ision o" cre)it to2uai(e) customers,

Ban$ cre)it !eps ee+ate output e+e& "urt!er expan) in+estmentcapita an) impro+e t!e i+ing stan)ar) o" t!e societ%,

Ban$ cre)it is important to (nance agricutura& tra)e an) in)ustriaacti+ities,

Jit!out sucient #an$ cre)it& economic acti+ities /i #e stunte),



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Financing International Trades

Basica% internationa tra)es an) )omestic tra)es are simiar, Ne+ert!et!ere are a "e/ )ierences t!at ma)e it necessar% "or #an$s to oerinternationa #an$ing ser+ices,

Suc! )ierences exist as (nancia s%stems an) economies )ier across

+arious countries, In a))ition& )icut% in securing pa%ment guarantee ma$es t!e specia

pro+i)e) #% commercia #an$s crucia,

Commercia #an$s pro+i)e (nancing "or import an) export acti+ities t!+arious tra)e (nance "aciities,



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ISLA*IC BANKS

Isamic #an$s are commercia #an$s operating in accor)ance /it!Isamic a/ or S%aria! Isam /!ic! "or#i)s t!e eement o" interest orusur%,

At present& t!ere is ONE Isamic #an$ in t!e *a)i+es ; *a)i+es IsamicBan$

Isamic #an$ oer pro)ucts an) ser+ices simiar to t!ose oere) #%or)inar% commercia #an$s except t!at t!e% "oo/ t!e s%aria! a/,


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NON'BANK -INANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

-i+e categories o" Non'Ban$ (nancia institutions8

-inance Companies

Insurance companies

0ension -un)s

*utua -un)s

Rea Estate In+estment Trusts


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-inance Companies

T!ree specia $in)s o" oans associate) /it!(nance companies8

-actoring

Leasing

-oor 0an Loans,

Balance Sheet Summary: FinanAssets Liabilities

Business Loans Capital

Consumer Loans Commercial P

Mortgages

cash


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Insurance Companies

Trans"orm Ris$,

Sprea) cost o+er aarge group o"

poic% !o)ersInsurance T%pes8

Casuat%

Li"e

T%pes o" Li"eInsurance8

Term Life - pa%mentma)e on% i" )eat!

occurre) )uring t!e termpoic%

Whole Life - premiums #ui)'up a#aance to #e pai) upon)eat!& or #orro/e) prior,


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Insurance Companies

0remiums pai) #% poic%!o)ers are in+este) in a port"oInsurance companies ma$e mone% #% getting a greater

o" return on t!eir in+estment t!an /!at t!e% nee) to pout in caims,Cas! -o/s re2uire) #% i"e insurance companies are m

pre)icta#e t!an t!ose "or casuat% insurance companieBalance Sheet Summary: Insurance CompanyAssets Liabilities

Corporate Bonds Insurance Policies

Government Bonds Capital

Corporate Stocks

Commercial Mortgages

Cash


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0ension -un)s

Exist to pa% retirementan) )eat! #ene(ts tomem#ers,

T%pica% create) #%arge

empo%ers?empo%ergroups,

0an creator is cae)t!e sponsor,

Income an) capitagains "or t!e pension

"un) are tax')e"erre),

0ension 0an T%pes8

De(ne) Bene(t 0an

De(ne) Contri#ution0an


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0ension -un)s

Sponsors can manage t!e "un) t!emse+es or !ireexterna manger 4commercia #an$s an) insuranccompanies5,

Balance Sheet Summary: Pension FundsAssets Liabilities

Stocks Reserves

Bonds

Real Estate

Cash


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*utua -un)s

Se s!ares toin+estors& useprocee)s to purc!asesecurities in

accor)ance /it! t!e(rmHs prospectus,

*utua -un)a)+antages areespecia% importantto sma in+estors,

*utua -un)A)+antages8

ProfessionalManagement

Diversication Low Transaction

Fees


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*utua -un)s

*utua -un)s )o not pa% taxes& #ut t!e s!are!o)ers ptaxes on t!eir s!are o" earnings an) reai3e) capita ga

T!e "un)s purpose?"ocus is a/a%s state) in t!eprospectus& /!ic! must #e "oo/e),


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INSURANCE CO*0ANIES

T!e insurance mar$et !as #een +irtua% unreguate) unti Septem#er:@@>& /!en a ne/ set o" reguations /as intro)uce) /it! t!e o#Fecti+eo" "aciitating t!e or)er% )e+eopment o" t!e insurance sector,

Insurance Companies in t!e *a)i+es8

Aie) Insurance Compan% o" *a)i+es 0+t Lt)

Amana Ta$a"u 4*a)i+es5 0+t Lt)

C%inco Insurance compan% 0+t Lt)


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-INANCE LEASING CO*0AN.

T!e *a)i+es -inance Leasing Compan% 0+t, Lt),& esta#is!e) in *a% :@t!e on% pa%er in t!e (nance easing mar$et,

T!e compan% /as setup as a coa#orati+e +enture #et/een (+e )omepu#ic an) pri+ate sector entities an) t/o internationa parties& in or)era))ress t!e )eman) "or me)ium to ong'term e2uipment (nancing "romsectors o" t!e econom%,


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9OUSING -INANCE CO*0AN.

T!e 9ousing De+eopment -inance Corporation Lt) 49D-C5& setup in *arc! :@@>& is aninitiati+e o" t!e go+ernment o" *a)i+es to pro+i)e t!e muc! nee)e) (nancing in t!eresi)entia an) commercia !ousing sector to a))ress t!e pressing )eman) "or !ousing&particuar% in t!e *aM region,

9D-C 0c /as registere) as a pu#ic compan% on t!e t! o" -e#ruar% :@@=, T!e s!are!o)agreement "or pri+ati3ation #et/een t!e go+ernment& ADB& I-C& an) 9D-C'In)ia /as signeon u% :& :@@,

T!e initiati+e to restructure t!e capita an) restart t!e #usiness o" 9D-C 0c #ecame eec

on -e#ruar% 1@& :@@ /it! t!e (rst e2uit% )is#ursement #% t!e internationa s!are!o)ers/!ose commitment aso comprises o" a muti'atera oan component #% I-C an) ADB,

As regar)s t!e structure o" ne/ s!are!o)ing& > percent is o/ne) #% t!e go+ernment& /it!e #aance #eing s!are) #et/een I-C 41 percent5& ADB 41 percent5& an) 9D-C 41percent5& respecti+e%, A"ter !a+ing re'structure) its capita an) /it! ne/ ines o" ong'termcre)it& 9D-C 0c !as re'entere) t!e mar$et "or mortgage oans "or !ousing nee)s o"in)i+i)uas an) "amiies,


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*ONE. TRANS-ER CO*0ANIES

*one% ser+ices #usinesses in t!e countr% incu)e t!ree ocacompanies operating as agents o" internationa mone% trans"ercompanies, T!e ser+ices o" t!ese companies are arge% targete)to/ar)s t!e expatriates in t!e countr% /!o utii3e t!eir ser+ices "orout/ar) remittances "rom *aM,

Jestern Union

Express *one%


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UNIT AND BRANC9 BANKING

*eaning

C!aracteristics


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Unit banking re"ers to a #an$ t!at is a singe& usua% sma #an$ t!atpro+i)es (nancia ser+ices to its oca communit%, A unit #an$ is in)epean) )oes not !a+e an% connecting #an$s #ranc!es in ot!er areas,

&ranc% banking re"ers to a #an$ t!at is connecte) to one or more ot!

#an$s in an area or outsi)e o" it to its customers& t!is #an$ pro+i)es ausua (nancia ser+ices #ut is #ac$e) an) utimate% controe) #% a ar(nancia institution,

UNIT AND BRANC9 BANKING '*eaning


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&!ANC5 &AN"IN9 UNIT &AN"IN9

About A #an$ t!at is connecte) to oneor more ot!er #an$s in an areaor outsi)e o" it, 0ro+i)es a t!eusua (nancia ser+ices #ut is#ac$e) an) utimate% controe)#% a arger (nancia institution,

Singe& usua% smat!at pro+i)es (nanser+ices to its ocacommunit%, Does not!er #an$ #ranc!eese/!ere,

Stabilit, T%pica% +er% resiient& a#e to/it!stan) oca recessions 4e,g,&a #a) !ar+est season in a"arming communit%5 t!an$s tot!e #ac$ing o" ot!er #ranc!es,

Extreme% prone to/!en oca economstrugges,

UNIT AND BRANC9 BANKING 'C!aracteristics


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O-erationalFreedom

Less *ore

Loans andadvances

Loans an) a)+ances are #ase)on merit& irrespecti+e o" t!estatus,

Loans an) a)+ancein7uence) #% aut!opo/er,

Financialresources

Larger (nancia resources ineac! #ranc!,

Larger (nancia resone #ranc!

7ecision6making Dea% in Decision'ma$ing ast!e% !a+e to )epen) on t!e!ea) oce,

Time is sa+e) as Dma$ing is in t!e sa#ranc!



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Funds -un)s are trans"erre) "rom one#ranc! to anot!er,Un)erutii3ation o" "un)s #% a#ranc! /ou) ea) to regionaim#aances

-un)s are aocate#ranc! an) no suot!er #ranc!es, D(nancia crisis& unto cose )o/n& !e

regiona im#aanc#aance gro/t!

Cost ofsu-ervision

9ig! Less

Concentration of-o:er in t%e%and of fe:-eo-le

.es No



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S-ecialisation Di+ision o" a#our is possi#e an)!ence speciaisation possi#e

Speciaisation not p)ue to ac$ o" trainan) $no/e)ge

Com-etition 9ig! competiton /it! t!e#ranc!es

Less competition /#an$

/rots S!are) #% t!e #an$ /it! its#ranc!es

Use) "or t!e )e+eot!e #an$

S-ecialisedkno:ledge oft%e localborro:ers

Not possi#e an) !ence #a))e#its are !ig!

0ossi#e an) ess ri)e#ts


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7istribution ofCa-ital

0roper )istri#ution o" capita an)po/er,

No proper )istri#utcapita an) po/er

!ate of interest Rate o" interest is uni"orme) an)speci(e) #% t!e !ea) oce or#ase) on instructions "rom RBI

Rate o" interest is nuni"orme) as t!e #o/n poicies an) ra

7e-osits andassets

Deposits an) assets are)i+ersi(e)&scattere) an) !enceris$ is spea) at +arious paces

Deposits an) asset)i+ersi(e) an) are pace&!ence ris$ is sprea)


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ADANTAGES O- BRANC9 BANKING

!educe t%e /o-ulation /er &ranc% !atio

Branc! #an$ing re)uces t!e popuation per #ranc! ratio, T!ere"ore& t!e morea #an$ !as means t!e more capa#iit% it !as to pro+i)e #an$ing ser+ices to t

Use t%e &ank;s !esources ore #


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7iversif, t%e Assets and 7e-osits of &anks

B% !a+ing customer #ase an) geograp!ic )i+ersi(cation& a #an$ isa#e to !a+e a mixe) port"oio o" oans an) mixe) port"oio o" )eposits,Suc! )i+ersi(cation o" assets an) )eposits can re)uce t!e #an$Hs ris$,

-or exampe& a #an$ /it! man% #ranc!es can sprea) out its cre)it ris$#% procuring customers o" )ierent pro"essions& nee)s etc, compare) toa #an$ t!at !as to "ocus on certain speci(c groups o" customers on%)ue to its imitation in t!e num#er o" #ranc!es an) ocations o" itsoperation,



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obilize Funds ore #


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/rovide &etter Services

Jit! a)e2uate #ranc! net/or$& customers nee) not c!ange #an$ or oaccount in anot!er #an$ upon c!anging Fo# or mo+ing !ouse, *oreo+e

customers nee) not /orr% /!en /or$ing outsi)e t!eir areas as #an$ing acan #e con)ucte) an%/!ere,

/rovide Com-etitive #dge

A #an$ /it! man% #ranc!es !as a competiti+e e)ge o+er t!ose /it! "e#ecause #an$ #ranc!es are pro(t generating centers "or #an$s, -urt!ero#ustness o" a #an$ is associate) /it! t!e si3e o" its #ranc! net/or$, T!e+i)ent "rom t!e "act t!at t!e maForit% o" t!e arge commercia #an$s in!a+e arge #ranc! net/or$s,


DISADANTAGES O- BRANC9


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DISADANTAGES O- BRANC9BANKING

T!e "un)amenta "eature o" #ranc! #an$ing is t!at t!e operations o"#ranc!es are controlled b, t%e %ead o=ce,

T!ere are man% )ierences in terms o" -o:er gi+en to #ranc! managers,

T!ese )ierences can cause +arious pro#ems in t!e management o" #ranc!#an$ing,

T!e imbalance in -o:er #et/een t!e #an$ ocers at !ea) oce an)t!ose at #ranc!es aso contri#utes to management -roblems,

T!e exceence an) 2uait% o" #an$ing ser+ices oere) to customers)epen)s on t!e soution to t!ese pro#ems,


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0ROBLE*S O- BRANC9 BANKING

Operationa pro#em

Sta pro#ems

Reations!ip pro#ems #et/een !ea) oce an) #ranc!es

0ro#ems pertaining to #usiness promotion

0ro#ems pertaining to #ranc!esH per"ormance


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O0ERATIONAL 0ROBLE*

Sta


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Customer6related /roblems

Customer'reate) pro#ems re+o+e aroun) customersH )issatis"action /it! t!ser+ices pro+i)e) #% t!e #ranc!

customers a/a%s compain a#out t!e so/ ser+ice )uring unc! time& pa% )a"esti+e seasons,

customers are not satis(e) as t!eir re2uests or appeas "or exemption "rom

gui)eines& rues an) con)itions get reFecte) #% t!e management

O0ERATIONAL 0ROBLE*


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STA-- 0ROBLE*

A#senteeism

*oti+ation

Inexperience) sta

RELATIONS9I0 0ROBLE*S BETJEEN


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RELATIONS9I0 0ROBLE*S BETJEEN9EAD O--ICE AND BRANC9ES

S!aring o" resources

Dierent goas

Inter)epen)ent /or$ acti+ities

Dierences in +aue an) perception

Communication pro#ems

0ROBLE*S 0ERTAINING TO BUSINESS


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0ROBLE*S 0ERTAINING TO BUSINESS0RO*OTION

*anpo/er S!ortage

Competition

0ro)uctHs A#iit% to Compete

0oicies an) Rues

0ROBLE*S 0ERTAINING TO


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0ROBLE*S 0ERTAINING TOBRANC9ESH 0ER-OR*ANCE

E+auation Criteria

0er"ormance *easurement

Session 1 - Introduction to Banking

Documents

Transcript of Session 1 - Introduction to Banking