Session 1 - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts New

7/27/2019 Session 1 - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts New

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ARTICULATORS AND

SOME BASIC CONCEPTS

1. Phonetics

2. Speech sounds

3. Articulation

4. Airstream mechanism

5. Vocal tract6. Articulators and places of articulation

7. Vowels vs. Consonants


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1. PHONETICS

The study of speech sounds is called phonetics.[Fromklin and Rodman, 1993:232]

The study of how sounds are produced and how

the position of the mouth can be changed to

produce different sounds is called phonetics.[Avery & Ehrlich, 1995:11]


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1. PHONETICS

The study of the production and perception of speech

sounds is phonetics. There are two branches of the study

of phonetics: articulary phonetics deals primarily withthe production of speech sounds; acoustic phonetics deals

with the perception of speech sounds.[Buchanan, 1963: 17]

The study of them (articulators) is called articulatory

phonetics.[Roach, 2000:8]


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1. PHONETICS

Three subfields of phonetics are:

- Articulatory phonetics deals with the waysounds are produced.

- Acousticphonetics deals with the transmission

of speech sounds through the air.

- Auditoryphonetics deals with the way speech

sounds are perceived by listeners (are heard

through the physiological organs of hearing).


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2. SPEECH SOUNDS

Vocal sounds are produced in the human body bythe organs of what is called the vocal tract. Vocal

sounds which are organized to communicate

information are called speech sounds.

[Buchanan, 1963:18]]


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The formation of discrete (individual)speech sounds is called articulation.

[Buchanan, 1963:38]]

3. ARTICULATION


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4. AIRSTREAM MECHANISIM

The production of any speech sound (or any sound at all)involves the movement of an airstream. Most speech sounds

are produced by pushing lung air out of the body through

the mouth and sometimes through the nose.

Since lung air is used, these sounds are called pulmonic

(belonging/related to the lung) sounds; since the air is

pushed out, they are call egressive (e-: out; gress: go).

The majority of sounds used in languages of the world are

thus produced bypulmonic egressive airstream mechanisms.

All the sounds in English are produced in this manner.[Fromklin and Rodman, 1993:186-187]


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7. VOWELS VS. CONSONANTS

Vowels and consonants can be distinguished thank to the two

following criteria.

1. The way they are produced (phonetically):+ All vowels are vocoidssounds in forming which the air

issues in a continuous stream from the larynx to the lips;

there is no obstruction and no narrowing that could cause

audible friction.

+ Consonants are generally contoidssounds that do

obstruct or interfere with the egressive pulmonic airflow at

some place in the vocal tract.


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VOWELS VS. CONSONANTS

Vowels and consonants can be distinguish thank to the twofollowing criteria.

2. Their distribution in English (phonologically):

Consonants usually occupy the initial position in English

words and are frequently follow by vowels.

Unfortunately, there are many cases where the decision is not

easy to make. For example, the /j/ in yet, the /w/ in wet

and the /h/ in hay do not obstruct the airflow more thansome vowels do. However, they are typically consonantal in

Englishthey usually occur in the initial position and are

always followed by vowels. Phonetically, they are like

vowels; phonologically, they function as consonants.

Session 1 - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts New

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