Services 2010 Student

8/8/2019 Services 2010 Student

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Chapter 11

City Spaces: Urban Structure


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Story Telling Time listen to the captivating stories your teacher is about to tell you:

Shift from Hunting and Gathering to Agriculture ( First Agricultural Revolution ). How it came to be.

How the first Urban dweller came to be Specialization,industry and manufacturing - Second Agricultural Revolution .

Religion and the Priest was one of the early non-agriculturalservices worship of the dead (Hint: necropolis).

All kinds of services were created to support the newpermanent settlement religion, transportation, defense.

The creation on money it first was a representation of food


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Types of Services:

Business Growth in truck and air, decrease in railroad(not Europe), increase in home theatre.

Consumer Growth in restaurants, specialty shops, boxstores and health care recreation and entertainment.

Public Security and Protection


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Types of Jobs or Sectors of the Economy:

Primary

Secondary -

Tertiary -

Quaternary new

Quinary new

You should know these!


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Urban city characteristics, high density, land uses likeresidential, industrial, institutional, commercial,transportational and open space

Rural low density areas, mainly physical environment,agriculture, forests, mountains and desert

Urbanization the movement from Rural to Urban. In the past100 years, especially in MDCs there has been a major shiftfrom rural to urban. Why?

In the past people that lived in a rural setting usually tookcare of everything themselves. Food, shelter, clothing etc.In todays urban environment SERVICES and JOBS areextremely important since the urban dweller depends on themfor survival. The first urban person was someone who did a

service for someone in exchange for FOOD.


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USA


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Services in Rural Settlements:

Clustered


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Dispersed

Enclosure Movement (Gavelkind Laws)


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The key to all this was the CENTER At the center of the hamlet was the common (the clustered pattern)

and at the center of the agricultural area was thehamlet (dispersed pattern) read this over a fewtimes.

This has lead to two very important models inGeography:

1. The Von Thunen Model developed by Johann von Thunen more of an agricultural model on how to maximize profits for thefarmer See separate slide show.

2. The Central Place Theory - developed by Walter Christaller relates to urban location and hierarchies and the provision of goods

and services to the surrounding area. See separate slide show.


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Print this out and read it, as the students look at the next slide.

What is the best location for a pizza-delivery service (Geo Pizza) in alinear settlement with seven potential customers, families A through G?

The optimal location for the shop is between 5 th and 6 th streets, themedian location. The delivery van would travel four blocks to deliver apizza to Family A, three blocks to Family B, two blocks to Family C,zero blocks to Family D , two to Family E, 10 to Family F and 11 toFamily G. The van would have to travel a total of 32 blocks to deliver apizza to each of the seven customers, three located to the west andthree to the east.

The above minimizes the distance your van must travel to deliver to allpotential customers. It corresponds to the median, whichmathematically is the middle point in any series of observations.

In the second example, the buildings now represent apartmentbuildings and the number in the building represents the number of families in each building (99 families). The median location is themiddle observation among these 99 families, the place w here 49families lives to the west and 49 lives to the east. Geo Pizza shouldlocate between 7 th and 8 th streets.


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Optimal Location (for Pizza Shop)

Read the bottom of Page 414 of the text book.The optimal location for a pizza delivery shop with seven potential customers ina linear settlement (top) and with 99 families in apartment buildings (bottom).


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What if a different number of customers live at each block of the city? What if the buildings are apartments, each housing adifferent number of families like in the second example.? Whatif there is a combination of houses and apartments?

To compute the optimal location in these cases, geographershave adapted the Gravity Model from physics. The Gravity

Model predicts that the optimal location of a service is directlyrelated to the number of people in the area and inverselyrelated to the distance people must travel to access it. TheGravity Model is also used to explain migration patterns(strength of spatial interaction) you will see a more detailed

explanation in the migration slide show.

Two patterns emerge: The greater the number of people, thegreater is the number of potential customers. Second thefarther people are from a service the less likely they will use it.


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Gravity Model:

I k PP

d ij i j

ij

! F

Distance and Size of places are taken into account.

I - Interaction betweentwo places i and j

P - Population of i and j

d - Distance between iand j.

For now ignore the k andthe


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Creation of Urban Settlements More story telling!

We have discussed earlier how the first urbansettlements came to be. In ancient times this occurredaround 2000BC in areas like Mesopotamia, Egypt,China and South Asia. These areas are known asHearth regions (hearth means a place of origin).

A city called UR (in modern Iraq) is considered the firstreal city. Draw a layout of the city on the board! Themain services offered to the citizens were protection(the wall), religious (the ziggurat) and of course food(farming outside the wall).

These early cities were also called City-States.


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Athens and Rome followed adding services such as Shopping(Agora and The Forum), Entertainment (Odeon and Coliseum),Education (Academies) draw these city layouts on the board .

Medieval times made walls important and the defense of thecity. Kings and Feudal Lords developed a Charter of Rights inexchange for military service.

As farming improved and people began to have more food thanthey needed ( Surplus ) Trade amongst the city states began.Some cities grew certain crops better than others(Specialization ) so trade increased variety and made life better.

The Industrial Revolution created factories and the need for people. Urbanization supplied the people and more and morefactories were created thus attracting more people ( Multiplier Effect ).


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Thus you have the shift for Rural to Urban and the importanceof the provision of services and the location of places.

Finally you can classify cities depending on the services theyperform:

World Cities

Regional Centers

Specialized Centers

Dependent Centers a. Resort/Retirement Orlandob. Manufacturing Buffaloc. Military/Industrial San Diegod. Mining Duluth, Hamilton


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Cities in order to survive need an Economic Base:

Basic Industry :

Non-Basic Industry :

Along with the Multiplier Effect we now have a B/N ratio.For example 1:3 ratio means for every one basic job 3non-basic jobs will be created to service the one basic job.

Give examples!


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In all of the cities we have mentioned in history they all hada central area of importance the Acropolis, the Forum.

Modern Cities have the C.B.D. The Central BusinessDistrict.

Visually distinctive Usually oldest part of city - North American cities vs.European cities

Very compactMost accessible Highest land value Highest daytime population density Multi-functional


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Reflects health of city Geographical center of city (in North America) Highest ThresholdHighest RangeGrowth to the west ( assimilation ) not to the east ( discard )

(due to Westerlies in North America) Had manufacturing just outside of CBD Poor and renters outside CBD as well

In the U.S.A. highest crime rate


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Is Downtown the CBD?

Is the CBD different in Canada, the US andin Europe?

As the population gets older where willpeople want to live downtown, suburbs or even further away? Price of Gas?


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Vocabulary List

The vocabulary list for Services is combined with the lists for Development, Industry and some from Urban.


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The End

Services 2010 Student

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