DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 071 783 RC 003 202.

AUTHOR Pryor, Thomas M.; ,ad Others

TITLE Proceedings: Town and Country Church Institute (38th,Urbana, Illinois, January 29-31, 1968). The Church

and Community Development.

INSTITUTION Illinois Univ., Urbana. Cooperative Extension

Service.

SPONS AGENCY Department of Agriculture, Washiagton, D. C.

REPORT NO RSE-121

PUB DATE 31 Jan 68

NOTE 46p.

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29

DESCRIPTORS Church Role; *Clergymen; *Community Development;Community Resources; *Conference Reports; ExtensionEducation; *Inservice Education; Leadership; *RuralAreas; Speeches

IDENTIFIERS *Illinois

ABSTRACTThis thirty-eighth inservice training conference for

clergymen and lay leaders in the rural areas of Illinois focuses onproviding information in order that rural clergy might have a betterbasis for an understanding cf the context of the rural community, ofcurrent developments and trends taking place, of the impact of thesetrends on people and organizations, and the implications of thesetrends for organizations and agencies which serve the community.

"Church Or Museum" was the opening topic. The theme foi the firstsession was "Implications of Cultural and Socio-Economic Change" andincluded papers on "The Individual in a Changing World" aad"Implications for the Church." The theme for the second session was

"Implication Jf Change in Technology and Communication" and in-Audedpapers on "Business and Industrial Developments in Illinois,""Developments in Agribusiness," "Developments as Viewed by a LaborRepresentative," and "Developments as Viewed by an Industrialist.""The Changing Educational Scene in Illinois," "The nevelonment ofJunior Colleges," and "The Growth of Town and Country Church Work inIllinois" were topics included under the third heading, " Implications

of the Changing Educational Climate.' (HBC)

jvc

rtf

2 0

2

Coo

pera

tive

Ext

ensi

onW

ork

Uni

vers

ity ofIll

inoi

s

Col

lege of

Agr

icul

ture

and

the

U.S

.D

epar

tmen

t ofA

gric

ultu

reC

oope

ratin

g

John

B. C

lear

Dire

ctor

Act

sA

ppro

ved by

Con

gres

sM

ay 8

and

June

30

1914

Urb

ana

Illin

ois

Dec

embe

r19

68

UN

IVE

RS

ITY

OF

ILLI

NO

IS

CO

LLE

GE

OF

AG

RIC

ULT

UR

E

CO

OP

ER

AT

IVE

EX

TE

NS

ION

SE

RV

ICE

AN

DT

HE

ILLI

NO

IST

OW

N

CO

UN

TR

YC

HU

RC

HIN

ST

ITU

TE

CO

MM

ITT

EE

CO

OP

ER

AT

IVE

EX

TE

NS

ION

SE

RV

ICE

UN

IVE

RS

ITY

OF

ILLI

NO

IS

CO

LLE

GE

OF

AG

RIC

ULT

UR

E

ILLI

NO

IS

-1 I m

3m

C z .71

m

fTI <C

M°

3 Zm z

C. "

VD z D

mm

in.<

0NZ

(00

44.

co

TH

IRT

Y-E

IGH

TH

I 0 ri Cf) r-.

ch 0 0

FOREWORDAttendance at the 1968 Town and Country Church In-stitute was a new experience for many ministers andLayman. One minister told me that this was thefirst "secular" conference related to his work asa clergyman that he had ever attended, also thatth;s was the first time he had ever been on thecampus of a state university.

It is natural that ministers should raise questionsregarding the sponsorship and the purpose of thisannual Institute. The remarks by D.E. LindstromiL this publication provide a brief background onour Illinois program. Throughout the United States,approximately 25 land-grant universities, of whichthe University of Illinois is one, sponsor in-service training conferences and workshops forclergymen and lay leaders. Overall guidance tothese efforts is provided by the national Committeeon Continuing Education for Town and CountyPastors at Land-Grant Universities. The Committeeis composed of representatives from land-grantuniversities and church bodies.

The following quotations are taken from the publi-cation Planning Inservice Training for Rural Clergyby Land-Grant Colleges, which sets forth the guide-lines used by most universities:

"Inservice training conferences planned with ruralministers and conducted by the land-grant collegescan perform a unique function. They should notduplicate what the various denominations can dosingly or together. Here in these inservice train-ing conferences, emphasis should be on providinginformation,in order that rural clergy have a bet-ter basis for an understanding of the context ofthe rural community; of current developments andtrends taking place; of the impact of these onpeople'and organizations; and the implications ofthese for organizations and agencies which servethe community. Emphasis should also be placed onproviding for ministers an acquaintance with theresources available; a knowledge of the servicesand programs of the land-grant colleges; of theresources in the community which the clergy can

call on for assistance and with which they can"team up" in serving the rural .:ommunity,

"There must be a clearcut understanding of therespective roles of the university and the churchgroups. . . . it must be recognized by all con-cerned that this is not a church conference underthe auspices of the university. Rather, the uni-versity is making its resources available to animportant community institution--the rural church- -to better equip its leaders to more effectivelycarry out their leadership role."

In recent years, the committee planning the In-stitute at the University of Illinois has broadenedthe original concept of "rural" to include allchurches and pastors in nonmetronolitan areas, an:has made a greater effo-t to en,..ourage the parti_i-pation of lav men and women. It should be under-stood that ae at the University through our re-source leaders are not suggesting a theologi,_alposition nor are we inferring what minister, oughtto believe or preach. Our role is to provide min-isters and laymen with opportunities to tap theresources of this state university, to examinesocio-economic changes in Illinois and the nation,and to discuss what implications the changes havefor the church and the community. Ode regard this

activity as a supplement to, not a substi-ute for,other types of training programs provided by sem-inaries and denominational boards and de:artments.

The Cooperative Extension Service of the College ofAgriculture, University of Illinois, is pleased to.e able to sponsor the Thirty-Eighth Annual Townand Country Church Institute, in cooperation withthe Institute Committee, and to publish these pro-ceedings as a part of its educational program forthe people of Illinois. I personally want to thankthe Institute Committee for their fine leadershipand cooperation in helping to make our 1968 In-stitute a success.

H.J. SchweitzerExtension SpecialistRural Scciology

1968 INSTITUTE COMMITTEEAMERICAN BAPTIST Rev. Charles K. Hartman, Route 1, Centralia

Rev. Roy H, Smith, Jr., Deer Creek

AMERICAN LUTHERAN Rev. Willis A. Yarian, Golden, Vice-Chairman

CHURCH OF THE BRETHERN Rev. Raymer Coy, Route 1, Oakley

DISCIPLES OF CHRIST Rev. J. Mason Hopkins, Box 154, New Bedford

EPISCOPAL Fr Peter Surrey, 115 North Fourth Street, Savanna

EVANGELICAL UNITED BRETHREN Rev. Ira Wilson, 510 North Cherry, Mt. Carmel

LUTHERAN CHURCH IN AMERICA Rev. William L. We!k, Box 352, Milledgeville

LUTHERAN CHURCH MISSOURI SYNOD Rev. Martin H. Rothe, 116 South Vine Street, Mt. Pulaski

MENNONITE Rev. Donald Nester, Flanagan

METHODIST Rev. Joseph Gibuons, 205 South Bench, GalenaRev. Robert Treat, CisneRev. Walter Kerch, Washburn, Chairman

ROMAN CATHOLIC, Pr Paul Hettinger, Box 44, MendotaMrs. Jerome Stremlau, Route 2, Mendota, Registrar

UNITED CHURCH OF CHRIST Rev. Charles Callahan, 115 South Street, WoodstockRev. Paul A. Wobus, Route 3, EdwardsvilleMr. Henry A. Bock, Route 1, Lincoln

UNITED PRESBYTERIAN Rev. Alfred Noakes, HerrinRev. Lewis Andrew, 2101 West Lawrence, SpringfieldRev, Ika Meyers, Danvers

ILLINOIS COUNCIL OF CHURCHES Rev. Charles E. F. Howe, 534 Iles Park Place, Springfield,Secretary- Treasurer

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Harvey J. Schweitzer, 408 Mumford Hall, Urbana

STATEMENT OF PURPOSEThe resources of the University of Illinois and of the Cooperative Extension Service and the efforts of

the leaders of many church bodies in Illinois are joined it. the Town and Country Church Institute to pro-vide continuing education and inservice training for pastors and laymen,

TOWN & COUNTRY CHURCH INSTITUTE

MONDAY, JANUARY 29, 1968Luncheon Speaker: Bishop Thomas M. PryorTopic., CHURCH OR MUSEUM

Afternoon theme: IMPLICATIONS OF CULTURAL A OCIO-ECONOMIC CHANGE"The Individual in a Changing World"Professor Gene F. Summers

Response--"Implications for the Church"Reverend Gordon R. DyckReverend Henry J. EggoldFather Paul HettingerReverend Clifford T. Parke

Evening elective classesCommunity Planning and DevelopmentProfessors J.A. Quinn and J.R. Van MeterLeadership, Communication, and Social ActionProfessors E.W. Anderson and Gertrude KaiserLand Ownership, Value, and ControlProfessor F.J. ReissPastoral CounselingProfessor O.S. Walters, M.D.

TUESDAY, JANUARY 30, 1968Theme: IMPLICATIONS OF CHANGE IN TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION

Morning session

"Business and Industrial Developments in Illinois"Mr. Gene H., Graves

"Developments in Agribusiness"Br. Dale E. Butz

Afternoon session"Developments as Viewed by a Labor Representative"Mr. Frank Mingo"Developments as Viewed by an Industrialist"Mr. Herbert Johnson

EveningFilm "Hosts of Earnest Men"Elective classes continued

WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 31, 1968Theme: IMPLICATIONS OF THE CHANGING EDUCATIONAL CLIMATE

"The Changing Educational Scene in Illinois"Dr. Richard G. Browne"The Development of Junior Colleges"Mr. Gerald W. Smith"The Growth of Town and Country Church Work in Illinois"Professor David E. Lindstrom (represented by Professor E.H. Regnier)

CONTENTSPage

CHURCH OR MUSEUMThomas M. Pryor 1

THE INDIVIDUAL IN A CHANGING WORLDGene F. Summers 5

IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CHURCHGordon R. Dyck 10

Henry J. Eggold 12

Paul Hettinger 13

Clifford T. Parke 15

BUSINESS AND ECONOM:C DEVELOPMENTS IN ILLINOISGene H. Graves 17

DEVELOPMENTS IN AGRIBUSINESSDale E. Butz 21

DEVELOPMENTS AS VIEWED BY A LABOR REPRESENTATIVEFrank Mingo .5

DEVELOPMENTS AS VIEWED BY AN INDUSTRIALISTHerbert Johnson 27

THE CHANGING EDUCATIONAL SCENE IN ILLINOISRichard G. Browne 33

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC JUNIOR COLLEGESGerald W. Smith 39

THE GROWTH OF TOWN AND COUNTRYCHURCH WORK IN ILLINOISDavid E. Lindstrom 43

SOTHOMAS M. PRYOR*

One of the most shocking experiences I have everhad in my life was in the Soviet Union, when theguide pointed to what was obviously a churchbuilding and said, with a kind of scornful pride:"That is a museum." There was no doubt in my mindthat it was a church. It had all the equipment- -stained glass windows, a large belfry with a crossor top, but the guide still insisted that it was a"museum." And in the literal Russian sense theguide wasellght, because, to a Russian, a museumis a building that formerly had a purpose, a con-gregation, and a mission, where historically some-thing happened--once--but does not happen non. It

had been a church, but now it was a museum becauseit was only a monument to an historical past, TheSoviets had declared war on the church and hadtried, unsuccessfully I might add, to destroy theChurch and religion.

Our churches can becomemuseums

One of the encouraging features of Soviet life wasto see how the Church, forced to struggle for itslife, had survied and had actually prospered- -

stronger today than in the time of the Czars.The road back was a hard and difficult one, andyou could see, if you looked, the marks of thestruggle on the faces of the faithful. The im-portant point to remember is that at a criticalpoint in the history of Russia, the Church failedthe people. It foiled to interpret the Gospeladequately or to make its message relative to theday. In time of crisis, people deserted theChurch; they abandoned it, and ultimately declaredwar on it so that today, Russia is strewn withmuseums instead of churches. But it can happenhere! Our churches can become museums--not neces-sarily by an act of the government, but by theneglect of the people, by relegating to the pastthe role of religion, by recalling it as a placewhere something happened once, and by expectingnothing to happen there now. I am saying that oarchurches can become museums- -where God is dead- -

but they need not; indeed, they shall not, if weare true to our Christian conviction and make theGospel relevant to our age.

Each age must interpret the faith anew. Withcogency and conviction, it must be able to state

* Resident Bishop, Methodist Church, Chicago Area.,

ChurchorMuseumits beliefs in a comprehensive fashion. It must beable to articulate its convictions in a logical andconvincing manner, or else it will become a museum.It cannot take its faith for granted or live inthe past. It must be always dealing with currentproblems and current situations in the light ofGod's will for this day and age. It does not speakto man in a vacuum. It speaks to man at tne pointof his deepest need. If the Church does not dothis, it will become a museum--and deserves to be.

Questions facing thechurch todayWhat are the questions facing the Church today? r

will list four:

The whole problem of internatiGnalaffairs. Vietnam with its anguish and heart-break, its confilsion and frustrations, its mountingcasualty figures throws a great pall over every com-munity and every city. Few international issueshave ever so perplexed our statesmen or so dividedour people. Everyone seems to agree on one thing,however. They wish we had never gotten into thestruggle in the first place. But now that we arein it, what shall we do2 Escalate Withdraw?Negotiate No simple answer will do because it is

not a simple problem. But for the Christian, cer-tain guidelines are apparent. War in all of itshorror is but an extension and incident in ourinternational policy. In part, American foreignpolicy is determined by the moral and politicalcontext of public understandings and attitudes inthis country. If our government is to actcreatively to move the world away from war, wemust work to provide a proper context. The mosturgent and critical problem facing mankind todayis the mushrooming monstrosity of war. China nowhas the bomb; weapons research and development con-tinues in many nations. Unless a change is wroughtin both Communist and Western attitudes, we are allapt to destroy ourselves.

This is where the Church comes in--by bringing tobear its moral judgments on those who see no otheralternative for settling international problemsbut recourse to war. By working together with menof goodwill everywhere to bring about a disarmedworld under the law within which free societiescan grow and flourish, it can help stop war. Surely

the minds of men can work out a better settlementthan war. As the Preamble to the Constitution ofUNESCO says, "Since wars begin in the minds of men,it is in the minds of men that the defenses ofpeace must be constructed." And the Chuich mustcapture the minds of men with the biblical messageof God's love for all men, and his taking uponhimself of human nature and history in Jesus Christ,which impels the churches to be of service to man-kind in every aspect of life, including interna-tional relations.

Make no mistake about it. If war, such as thatraging in Vietnam, with its potential for destruc-tion of innocent populations, with its napalm bombs,poison gases, atomic and hydrogen bombs, is notchallenged by Christian morality in the name of acompassionate Christ, we will forfeit all right tospeak to the conscience of the world! And theChurch will become a museum!

The problem of urbanization. At abouteleven o'clock on November 20, 1967, the two-hundred millionth American was born in the UnitedStates, according to the big clock that is keptin the Bureau of Census in Washington, D.C, Thus,

the United States became the fourth great nation toexceed 200 million persons in population. But

those 200 million people are increasingly packedinto less and less area in these United States.Late in the 19th Century, the trek towards thecity began. It reached its climax in this century.But the trend has continued, until today one of ourserious problems is the whole matter of urbaniza-tion. It is not just the density of populaticr inmetropolitan areas or the fact that some peopl,live in the country and some in the city, Theproblem is that in 200 of these cities last sum-mer alone, we had riots and disturbances thatkilled hundreds of people and did millions ofdollars worth of damage, From what I gather, theend is not yet, unless we--particularly theChristian community--find solutions to the urbanproblem. Three things stand out:

1. RACE. Although the riots last summer were notiecessarily and ex,:lusively race riots, race wasinvolved, and it is one of our chief urban problems.Wh3le we have made some progress, we have not gonenearly far enough, Several years ago, Dr. JamesConant, former president of Harvard University,warned us that we were permitting "social dynamite"to accumulate in our cities. Its ingredients wereovercrowded ghettos; educational drop-outs; un-employment of Negro youths far out of proportionto that of white youths; filthy streets; andmiserable housing, infested with rats. What afertile soil in which to grow a demagogue! No

wonder we got our Stokeley Carmichaels and ourRap Browns. We deserted them! But there is morethan just the Negro and Puerto Rican ghettos.There is the failure of the white community tohear the Negro demands. As the New fork Times'Supplement said recently, "Whitey hasn't got themessage," Selma, Watts, Detroit have only beenvaguely understood by the vast white community,We have not heard the cry of the dispossessed. It

is not simply that we have ignored his cry forhelp, we have acted as if it did not exist. Like

the priest and the Levite, we have walked by onthe other side - -of town. There is hardly a Negro

2

anywhere that does not have a deep grievance. But,

unlike a few years ago, the situation is nowchanged. Never again will the man of color, anywhere, willingly accept second-class citizenship.He will be heard, and his grievances will be aired.

There can be no progress in race relations unlessand until the white man changes his attitudes.Many are showing an obstinancy that is unbelievable,and an attitude so totally selfish that it fails tocomprehend at all the love of God that finds itsexpression in the love of man--all men--which mustbe demonstrated before one's claim to the love ofGod can be accepted.

Race is a moral problem! It was one that concernedJesus greatly, and it is one that must concern usif the Ch'irch is to be the Church and not a museum.

2. ECONOMIC JUSTICE. Closely related to race, butdefinitely a part of our urban problem,, is thewhole matter cf economic justice. Most people donot want the uaderprivileged to enjoy advantagesthat may lead them to want the over-privilegesmost of us enjoy and think we are entitled to.This is at the base of many of our urban problems.So we spend four times as much per pupil in somesuburban areas as ue do in the slums. We con-sistently move our best teachers from the bightedareas to the areas of affluence. We make it in-creasingly difficult for the ghetto dweller toexist. Many of the sociological problems we nowface in our cities, with all their moral con-comitants, find their basis in economic justice,

3, ATTITUDES. The third thing that stands out inour complex urban civilization is the fact that theplace of residence alone does not help solve theproblem. It is not farm versus city, ghetto versussuburbs, or shades of residence in between. It isa matter of an attitude and a point of view, Mostof us read the same papers, listen to the sametelevision programs, subscribe to the same maga-zines, and develop what the sociologists call the" urban mind." Some of us give no thought to theformation of opinions. We accept them blindly,letting others do our thinking and deciding forus. Consequently, moral and religious attitudescan and frequently are completely ignored. "Leavewar to the generals." "The Church should stay outof politics." "Let the government take care ofour social problems." Do these statements soundfamiliar? There are many more, but they all addup to one thing:, namely, that the Church hasalready forfeited its God-given right to be theconscience of the age, and to confront thegeneration with God's will for this moment in time.It has already become a museum!

The problem of secularization. I must

briefly mention the other two problems that our agemust solve if it is to be a Church and not a museum.One of these is secularization, or the increasingdependence upon man, rather than God, It isignorance--or mistrust--or downright disbelief inthe transcendent God; or, to put it more pointedly,as our age does, it is the "Death of God."

Robert Adolph has a book entitled The Grave of God.He does not make the Church a museum; he makes ita sepulcher. And it will be, unless we come to

grips with the new theology and develop within ourcongregations not only a theological adequacyamong our laymen, so that they know what theirfaith mans and why, but a personal experient_e withGod thrc.,gh Jesus Christ. Not a second hand faithor a traditional point of view toward religion ora cultural involvement, but a personal faith builton a solid intellectual and experiential basis.ibis means study. It means worship. It meansdedication But this is what it will take to keepthe Church alive in a secular age that does not evenknow the religious vocabulary or care about it.

Our Gospel has to be put in plain terms; notheological jargon will do. Bit it has to beillustrated by the witness of consecrated lives.

The problem of ecumenical involvem ent. There is a fourth area, one to whichcan only allude, but one that cannot be omitted ifwe are to save our c%urches in this day. fliit is

the whole ecumenical involvement, our entire re-lationship with othe. Christians. Pope John"opened the windows" at Vatican 11 and "gave theCatholic Church back to the people," as oneauthority has put it. The authority and controlwere taken away from a small group that had seenthe Church as their exclusive property. The re-sults of this are being felt in many ways, by bothCatholics and Protestants.

The winds of ecumenism are blowing through theProtestant churches in great force, too. This

spring [19681f the Evangelical United Brethren/Methodist merger will be completed. Many othermergers have been completed, and additional onesare being discussed. It is an ecumenical age, butmost of us arc poorly prepared to face it. We donot have the theological undergirding, nor are wewilling to take the time to think through theissues that are involved. The merger of churches- -at the local level--looks like efficiency andprogress, and we rush into it only half prepared.In some instances, these mergers may be nothingmore than reducing the church to the least-common denominator. Such mergers are probablymore functional than theological, more the commonsense of dollars and cents than the common denom-inator of faith in God revealed through JesusChrist.

The task of the localchurchAll of this is to say that the heart of the matteris the local church--not a local church where some-thing happened once, where a museum-type relation-ship to the past is continued, but a congregationof faithful men and women within which the Word of

God is properly proclaimed and the Sacraments

observed. One of the real problems in religiontoday is the identification of the Christian faithwith the institutional church,, the building on aspecific corner where something happened once.

You remember that Jesus has with his disciples inJerusalem, on one occasion, when they asked Him toshow them the temple. They stood in awe of themajestic building and looked in wonder at thegreat stones. But Jesus, sensing their feelings,said, "Not one store will he left standing onanother'" He was saving that the tuilding isunimportant; the structure is of no consequence;it is the spirit and the witness and the sin-cerity that count. But the disciples misunder-stood. Ihey saw His prophecy as a prediction,and wanted to knot, the day and the time when thiswould happen.

Jesus makes it quite clear in the twenty-fourthchapter of Matthew when he says, "Be careful thatno one misleads you. You will hear of wars andrumors of wars, but don't he alarmed--there comesthe time when many will lose their faith and willbetray and hate one another, and because of thespread of wickedness the love of most men willgrow cold, but the man who holds on to the endwill be saved. This good news of the Kingdom w.11be proclaimed to men all c' er the world as a wit-ness to all nations ..."

This is the task of the local church: to developa spiritual climate in which individuals gro,o inknowledge and love of Cod, where they understandtheir faith by wrestling with the hard theologicalproblems and come to know Cod intimatclj andpersonally - -for themselves,

The road backIf you have been in the Soviet Union lately, youknow that the landscape is dotted with museumsthat used to be churches. Yet, every so often,you see a museum that has become a church. It has

gained back its congregation; it has found againits purpose awl mission and is a working church.Indeed, that is what the Russians call them- -"working churches"--churches that used to bemuseums but now are active and vital. The roadback is a hard one, and it is full of struggle, asanyone has travelled it will tell you. Never-theless, travel it we must, because God will notleave himself without a witness, and the savingremnant will always return.

This does not have to happen here. Our churchesshould he churches, not museums. Do not let ithappen to your church--by neglect or indiffer-ence or ignorance. This means that your worshipmust be vital, your participation real, and yourconsecration complete. Then, your church willnever become a museum, but will be a workingchurch.

3

The IndividualSO in a

GENE F SUMMERS Changing WorldThe individual and the world (society) are as thetwo sides of a single coin. In the early part ofthe 20th Century, Professor Charles Horton Cooleywrote, "...we can hardly think of ourselves ex-cepting with reference to a social group of somesort, or of the group except with reference to our-selves. The two things go together, and what weare really aware of is a more or less complex per-sonal or social whole, of which now the particular,now the general, aspect is emphasized." The lifeof the individual, what he thinks, the language hespeaks, the values he holds, the way he views him-self and others, are inextricably intertwined withthe society of which he is a part. Conversely, thesociety of which he is a part is a product or ag-gregate of individuals who compose it. As a beau-tiful symphony is a product of the aggregate ofmusical notes, the instruments, and the players, sosociety is a product of the individuals, their val-ues and beliefs, and their ways of living with oneanother. For the purposes of our discussion, I

shall attempt to place the emphasis on the individ-ual side of the coin, or to borrow Cooley's phrase,I shall emphasize the particular aspect.

A few years ago Professor Manford Fuhn from Iowadevised a research technique that permits one toexamine the truth of Cooley's assertion that "...wecan hardly think of ourselves excepting with reference to a social group of some sort." ProfessorKuhn's technique, known as the Twenty Statementslest, is a rather simple device, but one that pro-duces very revealing results. The test asks eachperson to provide twenty dliferent answers to thequestion, "Who Am 1?" The findings of studiesusing this method indicate that people will com-monly answer by first giving statements referringto groups or categories with which they feel iden-tified and by which they are identified. Respon-

dents will say, "I any a Christian," or "I am a:;on" or "I am a student," or " 1 am a farmer," or"I am a minister." These refer to social groupsand to social classifications to which the individ-ual has been assigned and with which he identifieshimself and others, and they him.

Frequently, persons will also answer in terms ofsome sort of self evaluation, such as "I am friend-ly," or "I am outgoing," or "1 am ugly," or "I ambossy." Such statements point up the validity ofCooley's assertion, because they indicate how ore'sself-image incorporates one's social relations.For an individual to say that he is "friendly" is

Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology,University of Illinois, Urbana.

essentially to talk about himself in terms of hisrelation to other individuals.

Several years of research with this method havealso shown that individuals generally answer firstin terms of social groups and categories and sec-ondly in term of self-cvaluatioas. This well-substantiated pattern suggests that in terms ofshaping the individual's conception of who he isand the kind of person he is, group memberships areeven more important than the quality of an individ-ual's social relations.

To understand the individual in a changing world,we must first comprehend the relationship that er-ists between the individual and his society.Shakespeare, in his typical genius, has one of hisactors in As You Like It say, "All the world's astage. Lvery man has his entrance and his exit;and each in his own time plays many roles." Thisdramaturgical Imagery can aid us in our attempt tounderstand the individual in a changing world.

What acting does to theactorThe individual "actor" is born into. an ongoing so-ciety. The importance of this is that interactionshave become patterned by the time he shows on thescene. Past actors have acted in such a fashionthat certain clusters of interactions have come tobe recognizable. Interactions haJe become pat-terned, and each cluster in the pattern is a rec-ognized position or status--father, mother, etc.Society is organized into a myriad of statuses orpositions. Associated with each is a set of pro-scriptions and prescriptions regarding the appro-priate actions of any actor playing given role.Remembering that every individual occupies a num-ber of the statuses that make up the fabric ofsociety, there are at least two consequences worthmentioning in the present context.

First, the proscriptions and prescriptions of the"roles" (each of them) the actor plays and the per-formances of other actors in their respective rolesplace a firm (but not rigid) set of restrictionson the actions of the actor. Another way of look.ing at this is to view the role as providing theactor with a relatively routine, regularized setof cues or stimuli to which he responds, as well as

qs

with a set of prescriptions as to how he should re-spond. Irom the standpoint of learning theory,this sets the conditions for t.ry effettie learn-ing or conditioning. What, he might ask, is itthat is learned? He learns hots he should respondto the world. Kith some practice, this becomeshabitual.

Second, many of the roles pliycd by others arefunctionally linked to the role played by our ac-tor. the significance of this fact is that theother, related actors respond more or less rou-tinely to the sub;cct actor. The responses theother actors make provide him hith a very impor-tant basis for evaluating his own actions; moreimportantly, these responses also provide him withthe basis for developing a conception o: image ofwho he is and that kind of person he is.

:t is also important to note that man is a role-player all of his life; the process is a never-ending one. Ibis process is referred to by socialscientists as "socialization." A great deal ofthe study and research concerning this process isdone with children. However, the socializationdoes not end when a person reaches adulthood; itcontinues right on until death ends his career asan actor.

If what "acting" does to the "actor" is to shapehis personality, his self-concept, his values andattitudes, as well as to give him a sense of sta-bility, the same process can also be .t source ofdifficulty for him. In the first place, the reg-ularity made possible through orderlin2ss and sta-bility of the status system and the role systemcan result in a kind of "dehumanization" of the

The medical profession has to work against thisprocess constantly. In that profession, the ma-jority of contacts by the doctor with the patientare very routine. We glamorize the physician'sro!.: in society almost to the point of absurdity.the truth is that in many ways, he is a body e-

chanic--bodies are all pretty much the same, andthe ailments of the body tend to be the same. If

that were ' true, there ...mild he no science of

medicine

1.dagine, if you will, ,the M.D. who is seeing hisl.;0 p.m. appointmentthe thirty-eighth pregnantwoman for the day. All of them have just aboutthe same symptoms, the same aches and pains, theSallie fears, the Sallie questions, It is not as to

maintain a rapport hith the patient which willleave her with the feeling that she is the onlypregnant homan in the world. Yet, the M.D. mustmake each patient feel that his or her welfare isof the utmost importance.

imagine the M.P. who has just seen 63Ciildren and has had more than that many phone

calls from anxious mothers. Over half the caseshave a low-grade virus with the same symptoms.the mothers ask the same anxious questions, buteach must be left with the feeling that her littleJohnnie or Susie is a very special person whosewelfare is of great importance to the M.D.--noeasy task.

6

he could dupli,:ate examples c ; the eas-ier the particular role is to program (i.e., codifythe rules), the greater the dehumani.714, tendenciesinht.ent in II. Hoheer, in some hays, the de-humanizing aspect of status-role relations is .t

very personal matter, that is, it is a matter ofpersonal taste as to whether the impersonal, zoo-tinized relations of role players is good, bad, orindifferent. If role players define these .as bidand this interferes with their ability tc performtheir on roles, then it is of cor;equence to thesociety as we,1 as to the individual.

rhe stability and orderliness of an individual'sbehavior patterns resulting from an ordered,status-role system can become a barrier to furtheradjustment. Role behavior is learned behavior; asin all learned behavior, there is an inherent de-gree of permanency and resistance to change.

Consider the person who at the time of graduationfrom high school has lived his entire life on .tfarm, having traveled more than 20 or 30 milesfrom home only two or three times in his IS yearsand never having visited a city of more than 2,000population. At graduation, he decides to go toChicago to seek a job. The consequences may betraumatic, because the 18 years of learning andconditioning have not prepared him for the Chicagoenvironment

Or consider the person who at age sixteen has livedall his life as a member of a family on welfare.He has learned the responses, attitudes, and valuesthat are compatible with his status as a welfarerecipient. These learned responses may very wellmake it difficult, if not impossible, for him towithdraw from that pare cular status-role and be-come a wage-earning, productive member of society.He has had no opportunity to learn the appropriateresponses, attitudes, values, self-view, etc. of .twage-earner. Socially and psychologically, it is

much easier to continue in the status-role he hasalready learned. Thus, another generation ofwelfare recipients may be in the making.

Or consider the Negro ghetto-dweller. lie has

learned the patterns which enable him to functionin that environment. Yet, these very devices mayprevent him from adapting a new status-role--orat least, make such a change problematic and dif-ficult. We must understand how the status-rolerelates to the learning Of individuals if we areto understand the resistance to change we observein many of the circumstances we wish to seealtered. What has been learned in one status-rolemust be unlearned or overleariled if the individual

to break out and adopt a different status-role.

Prolonged role-enactmentThat happens to an actor who plays a role for along time' Or to put it another way, what is theeffect of prolonged role-enactment? A few yearsago, Willard Waller did an analysis of teachers andasked the question, "What does teaching do tc teach-ers?" In general, he found that the speech habitsof elementary teachers and their cognitive styles(as reflected in their dreams) come to be more likethat of children than most adults.

In discussing bureaukrati: structure and person-ality, Robert Merton of Columbia University cas,"But r,, "'yr.- that increase the probabil-ity of conformance also lead to an over- concern

pith strict adherence to regulations, which inducestimidity, consematism, and technicism. Displace-ment of sentiments from goals onto means is fos-tered by the tremendous symbolic significance ofthe means !rules]." In a similar vein, KennethBurke has said, "People may be unfitted by beingfit in an unfit fitness."

In short, the acting results in the actor defininghimself in terms of the role he is playing and tovices other actors and objects in the world in termsappropriate to the roie he is enacting. rills can

be a problem if the role itself changes. lurther-more, each actor enacts several roles at any pointin his life and the presciiptions and proscriptionsof these roles he enacts may not allays be c.asis-tent. Matt happens then? Similarly, .in actor

changes roles AS his career unfolds. What happensthen?

Role cc nflictIt is also Important to note that individual actorsd: not occupy i single status-role at any given mo-ment :n time. Lvery individual "actor" occupiesseveral status-roles simultaneously. We are atonce mtle, a son, a grandson, a brother, a fa-ther, a husband, a student, a football player, etc.'ihis creates the poss:bility O..: the variousstatus-roles may he internally inconsistent. Thatis, a given actor may find himself io a situationthat confronts him with inconsistencies in the ex-pectations for behavior among the various status-roles he occupies. When this occurs, we speak of"role-conflict." The possibilities are almostinfinite.

But consider the situation of the husband who hasa job that requires him to spend four or fivenights each week away from home. How can lie ful-

fill the expectations that arc his as a husbandwhile at the same time meeting the expectationsthat are his as an employee? Or consider the con-flicts that can result from the simultaneous occu-pancy of the statuses of minister, father, andhusband. There may not be sufficient opportunityin the hours of the day to adequately perform ailthe expectations of all three roles. Somethinghas to be left undone. Something has to give.

From an analytical standpoint, such conflicts inrole expectations are a consequence of poor socialintegration. In a society in which the variousstatus-roles arc well integrated, the expectationsof one role are consistent with and complement therole expectations of others. That is an idealsituation to be sure, for in no sJciety is inte-

gration perfect. Perhaps such extreme integrationcan be found in very simple and primitive societies.Yet, it is doubtful even there. The integrationof societies is a matter of degree. And in almostall societies there is a sufficient lack of inte-gration t^ allow for the opportunity of role-conflict.

So, for an individual living in a complex societysuch as ours, there is great likelihood that

role-conflict uill he rxper.oiced at sor.e tine Ind

to some degree. alemcfoie. ,t is rathei d .er-tainty that each of us will at sone tine hilt. TOresolae role conflicts. la( must decide uh..11 'et

of expectation, ue shall honor. Perhaps wehorar both to a degree, uhile At the sime time 110-lating boill to a degree. \o matt:r hou we iesollethe role-confl.ct, its presence is like!) tc pro-

duce anxiety, uncertaint, tension, self-doug, andother forms of psacholog:cally unbalancing re-sponses. It is also possible 'hat if nough mem-bers of society face the same role-conflict aidresolve it in somewhat the same manner, one o: theroles sill become redefined. for example, the set

of expectations of hu-bands will becom. in

Such A way that the conflict betueen the role of

husband and employee will no longer exist. Hits,

one of the consce'iences of role conflict can heand often is social change.

Anticipatory socializationIf it is important to note that individuals occupymore than one status-role at an one moment intime, it is perhaps even more important to recog-nize that the individual occupies a series ofstatus-roles. At the very minimum, his age statuschanges--and that is the very minimum indeed. Most

people in a society such as ours pass through analmost-continual procession of states-roles, frombirth to death. One might profitably think of thisproc:ssion as one's "status career." In fact, in

our society, we actively and with so re &germina-tion encourage people to make an effort to pursuea "status career," as it were. There .ire impor-

tant reasons for this, to he sure. Our economy,for example, is one that depends on a mobile laborforce in two senses of the terms "geographicalmobility" and "status mobility." There -..re con-

sequences of this "status mobility process" or

"status-career phenomenon" for the individual.

To begin with, there are two types of status mobil-ity. In one case, the mobility or change of sta-tus is a matter of ascription. Age is like that.The individual does not have to make any consciousefforts to change the status. By merely living,he is moved or ;irocceds from one status to thenext. In the other type of status mobility, theindivid-11 must achieve the coange. Most statuschanges are probably of thi.. type in an "open"society such a ours.

When the status ,711,:nge is by achievement, the first

step is for the individual to seek a status change.Having decided to make such an effort, the individ-ual MU!: begin the process of learning the funda-mental requirements for induction or promotion o

the new status. The individual must begin to learnthe appropriate behaviors, attitudes, values, etc.of the status to which he ,spires before he actu-ally occupies that status. This is what sociolo-gists call "amicipatory socialization." The indi-vidual is learning the role performances requiredof a status without actually occupying the status.A great jedl of the "play" engaged in by childrenis of this nature, or at least functions in thismanner. Children and young people play at beingadults long before they are adults. They play atbeing mother or father long before they arc.

7

One can profitably view the status of students in

our educational institution in this manner. Whilethe status of students is a status in its ownright, it is also an institutionalization of theprocess of anticipatory socialization. The primeobjective of the student status and of the educa-tional process is that of preparing individuals formobility to new statuses. Viewed in this manner,it is interesting to note the value we place on thestudent status a.id the wiy in which we view it.Generally, we t! _f the occupancy of the studentstatus as being a privilege--one for which the oc-cupant must pay. From the standpoint of the indi-vidual attempting to plan his status career, itcertainly is a privilege. However, viewed from thestandpoint of the society, occupancy of the studentstatus is a positive contribution to the satisfac-tion of socie,y's needs. Individuals are commit-ting themselv. to the institutionalized process ofanticipatory socialization. In view of that per-spective, perhaps students ought to be paid bysociety for their efforts, rather than the otherway around (the way we normally define the situa-tion). Notice, if you will, that when individualssubmit themselves to the anticipatory socializationfor statuses that are extremely important to so-ciety and for which recruits are somewhat scarce,we do pay them while they are still students. Wepay them via fellowships, scholarships, and assis-tantships.

Marginal manIt is clear that the anticipatory socialization is

essential and functionally useful However, therecan be undesirable consequences for the individual.Statuses have meaning largely within the context ofsome group. Therefore, the person who holds a sta-tus is, by virtue of that status, a member of acertain group. The other statuses and the occu-pants of those statuses tend to be points of ref-erence for the individual. He validates his be-havior, his values, his attitudes, his perceptions,his view of himself, etc. by referring to the occu-pants of the other statuses 1:: his group. Forsuch an individual, the group in which he holds astatus is both his reference group and his mem-bership group.

But consider the individual who is undergoinganticipatory socialization for a status in a groupof which he is not a member. By the very natureof anticipatory socialization, the individual mustbegin to validate his behavior, attitudes, values,etc. by referring them to the statuses and sta-tus occupants of a group. This situation canpresent difficulties, and it is altogether possiblethat the individual will be caught in a dilemma.He may be negatively evaluated or rejected by thestatus holders of his membership group; at thesame time, he may not be accepted by the statusholders of his reference group. He may find him-self a sort of "marginal man"--a man without agroup, as it were.

The social climber is always in danger of being amarginal man, and we can bring to mind many otherexamples of this. The Negro who rejects theghetto group as his reference group and accepts

8

the values, attitudes, behaviors, etc. of the sub-urban white group as his reference group runs therisk of being rejected by other members of theghetto and of also being unacceptable to the sub-urban white group. The lower-class white who be-gins to act, think, and perceive things as amiddle-class white may be negatively evaluated byhis family and his fiends as one who is "puttingon airs." At the same time, he may be unacceptableto the members of the middle class to which heaspires. The young seminarian who begins to behavelike a professor of theology may be rejected by hisfellow seminarians, while not being accepted byprofessors as one of them; he cannot yet pass allthe tests of membership int.'that august body. Thefactory worker who aspires to be a foreman and be-gins to manifest the attitudes and values of man-agement will likely be rejected by his fellowworkers and union members, while not yet being ac-cepted in management circles either, The illustra-tions are endless.

It is here, again, that the significance of thestudent status is revealed. The student status isthe institutionalized process of anticipatory so-cialization. As such, the student can (must) be-gin to manifest the behaviors, attitudes, andvalues of his reference group, while having pub-

lically rejected his membership group. By and large,the status holders of the student's group of originwill accept the rejection. Indeed, they may rewardhim for having done so and encourage him in hisanticipatory socialization activities. In a sense,the student status is an institutionalization ofthe marginal man. It is Inc legitimate procedurefor accomplishing career mobility. .7

Role of the churchWe are indeed living in a changing world. To asociologist, this means that the status structureand the role system are changing. New statusesare being created; old statuses are disappearing;new roles are emerging; old roles are being re-formed. In my remarks to this point I haveattempted to share with you my understanding ofthe main features of the relation of the individual

to society and how changes in society affect theindividual. Now, I would like to direct your at-tention to the role of the church in a changingsociety. I warn you that I come armed with ques-tions, not answers. In my remarks, I shall en-deavor to speak sociologically, not theologically.

Men the world over, without temporal or spatialreference, face common problems. The processes ofentropy deplete the population of the group or so-ciety. New recruits must be obtained, and onceobtained, they must be trained in the ways of theirsociety or group. The physical necessities of lifemust be obtained, Internal order, as well as inter-group order, must be maintained. Individuals musthave a sense of purpose and a degree of psycho-logical well-being. In every society known tosociologists, men have evolved some sort of solu-tior to each of these needs. The solutions arenot, by and large, the products of the rationalaction of men, but the solutions are real none theless. We recognize them as basic institutions.Religion (or church) is one of them.

The primary problem that gives rise to the insti-tutional church is man's insecurity--his need fora sense.of purpose and for the alleviation of hisanxieties and fears. While man's capacity to ex-perience insecurity is universal, the particularsources of this insecurity are temporally andspatially situated. The church, as an institution-alized solution to these insecurities, is alsotemporally and spatially situated. the sources ofanxiety In Medieval Europe were riLt the same asthose today. Similarly, the solutions institution-anted as the church are different. The validityof this is essential to the historical relevanceof the church.

There are two important considerations that followfrom viewing the church as a basic institution ofsociety and as being of relevance historically.In the first instance, the prescriptions for humananxieties and insecurities that become incorporatedinto the institutionalized church tend to be com-plementary to the other institutions in the sametime and place. To be more specific, the valuesand ethical standards promulgated by the churchand its spokesmen are likely to support the politi-cal and economic values and standards of the dayand place. This is very functional for the purposeof the church. Instilling into 'ndividuals thosevalues and standards of behavior :;.at will fitthem for and sustain them in their statuses in so-ciety is surely an effective technique for reducinganxieties and for building a sense of purpose.When the church provides individuals with a senseof purpose and alleviates their anxieties, it is,indeed, historically relevant.

The second consideration emerges here, Namely, theinstitutional church is never completely relevant,As an institution, is is a response to a problem(or a set of responses to a set of problems). A

response always and inevitably follows that whichproduces it. The church, as an institutionalizedresponse, is no different. Those things in thelives of individuals that create anxieties andfrustrations and that erode a sense of purpose arealways challenging the church to become histori-cally relevant. Yet, historical relevance as anend-state of the church is eternally an elusivequery.

Historically, America has been a rural society;but it is rapidly becoming urban. Even the geo-graphically rural areas are becoming urban. Atthe moment, roughly three-fourths of the societylives in urban areas, and 8 out of 10 young peoplein rural areas will eventually live in urbanareas.

Ours is a mobile society, in terms of geographyand status. The jobs are changing at the sametime people are changing jobs. Individuals areconstan,ly learning the proscriptions and pre-scriptions for a status they have recently at-tained or to which they aspire. Role conflict,status inconsistencies, and marginal membershipire common experienc,s of the individual in a:hanging world. Thy ,:.onsequence of these experi-ences, more often than not, is confusion regardinglong-range purposes, feelings of powerlessness,meaninglessness, insecurity, and anxiety. Peopleare seeking alleviations from these discomforts- -witness the student demonstrations, the "hippy"movement, the civil rights movement. A commoncharacteristic of such actions is a rejection ofsolutions forged at another time and anotherplace, and the institutional church is often foundamong those things in the junk pile. The challengeof the changing world to the institutional churchis unmistakably and embarrassingly clear. Thepressing question is: "How shall it be met?"

9

Response:Implications

GORDON R. DUCK for the ChurchAs I prepared this response to Professor Summers'paper, all I had before me was an outline that hesent me a week ago. Now that 1 read and hear thispaper, I would like to attribute some of the irrel-evance of what I have to say in response to thefact that his paper sounds different than his out-line, but I cannot do that.

Several weeks ago, I was commissioned by the Min-isterial Committee of our Mennonite Denomination tolisten to what is going on among our hospital chap-lains who met during the annual meeting of the Amer-ican Hospital Association in Cleveland. After anexcellent dinner speech on the role of the churchin the ministry of healing, I attended a small dis-cussion group in which there was considerable refer-ence made to the spiritual ministry, as a partnerwith the medical ministries. After listening forsome time, I asked one of those "why-does-the-sun-rise" questions, and inquired: "What dc we mean byspiritual ministry?" I have been rather intriguedby their answer. Spiritual concerns, they said,had to do with the whole syndrome of "belonging"--belonging to God, and belonging to the other imr,-tant persons in our lives.

In my opinion, Professor Summers has helpfullyclarified some of the hurdles we modern individ-uals face in the big spiritual questions of belong-ing, in a society with a pattern of "mushr)oming"complexity. In the vocation to which I "belong"- -

that of listening to and encouraging the p.stors ofour denomination--I can feel this crisis of identityin the very bones of the leadership of the church.In other words, the role expectations that ourchurches project out in front of our pastors leavesmany bewildered.

This is especially true when the church falls intothe easy temptation that a fast-changing and com-plex society lays before it. Everything else ismoving--the consolidation of schools, the mechaniza-tion of agriculture, and the diverging influencesof the mass media. Let's do like Albert in thePogo comic strip when he gets all shook up--let's

run to the institutional church, nail it down firmlyto the past so it won't move, and clinch it with asecure bearhug.

I think Professor Summers has been honest with usin reflecting on the status of American society,and of the church within it. But I don't promiseto like what he says, especially about the church.

* Professor, Mennonite Biblical Seminary, Elkhart,Indiana.

10

In particular, I refer to the last part of hispaper, where he makes comments on the role andrelevance of the church in our changing society.

Our society is made up of a mad race for authenticpersonhood, in which the ladders of the statusclimbers move from one plateau of identificationto the next. These ladders create a wild maze ofcompetition and conflict, which creates anxiety,fear, rejection, insecurity--and the other hundredsof realities in the psychological dictionary. Ourhuman roles also conflict internally--the roles,for instance, of a patriotic American and a faith-ful Christian. Professor Summers implies thatrelevance for the church turns on how well thechurch can serve individuals in pronouncing apriestly benediction on whatever society does andmakes them do, thus "conning" them with a spiritualnod of blessing from the moral universe.

I reject the notion that the primary role of thechurch is that of an "anxiety-reducer" in relationto role and status conflict--that of putting the

arch's nose into the bull rings at the end of thetangled cords of society's anxieties, and thus tobe lead around by them.

While I think it is true that "the world does setthe agenda for the church," I don't think thismeans that, by definition, the church is, as Pro-fessor Summers impiies, essentially a society-responding entity.

Essentially, the church is a response to a cove-nant, community-building God, who has called thechurch to judge, transform, and provide creativeinput into the total society.

As I read the record of the history of the churchfrom Abraham on, I see the formation of a peopleof loyal covenant relationship to each other,imperfect though it was and is, who believed theywere called together by God into a new society- -

a new humanity--separate from, but in creativetension with, and directed toward total society.

What are the criteria for the relevance of thechurch in the kind of society which ProfessorSummers describes? Though I can't do it well,for I am far from qualified, I don't think we needto, nor can we, reject the sociological categoriesin favor of theological ones in exploring the rele-vance of the church. However, for me, relevancemust take into consideration the notion of "faith-fulness" to the church's covenant with a community-building God. I am not referring to any cheap,

Sunday-morning verbal or intellectual mathematicsof "God plus me equals salvation." Rather, thisfaithfulness must refer to a temporal and spatialcommunity of care and belonging, which createsdepths of personhood for each individual, withstatus and roles which "act out" that "Christ is!"rd" and that "we are brothers." It is not by ac-cident that the writers of the New Testament again

and again call upon the images of the family toclarify "who I am,"--"Father" and "brother" and"members of the household of God,"

Now, lest I deny what I am trying to say with mymethod, let me see if we can become a family ofunderstanding, a community of ivlowing, as we talktogether.

11

00Response:Implications

HENRY J EGGOLD* for the ChurchIf I were to take a text to reply to the final ques-tion by Dr. Summers, it would be Ephesians 4:11-12:"He gave some apostles and prophets, some evange-lists, and some pastors and teachers for the fittingout of the saints for the work of serving that thebody of Christ might be built up." This is the onetask of the Church--to fit people to be Christiansand to remain Christians.

The Church always faces the danger of trying to bemore or less than it is. It attempts to be morethan it is when it presumes to have churchly answersto every problem faced by mankind and that itsanswers are necessarily correct. It is less thanthe Church when it becomes a chameleon, adjustingits theology to every change. The peculiar functionof the Church is to equip individuals to be Chris-tians in the world.

How does it do that? First, it gives man identityin a dehumanizing world. It gives him status beforeGod. St. Augustine indicates how important that isfor a man when he says: "We are what we are beforeGod and nothing else." If the Bible is trying totell us anything at all, it is who we are as Chris-tians in the sight of God.

The following are only a few of the many passagesthat begin with the words "Ye are": "Ye are allthe children of God by faith in Christ Jesus, foras many of you as have been baptized into Christhave put on Christ" (Galatians 3:26-27). Paul

* Head, Department of Practical Theology, Spring-field Lutheran Seminary, Springfield.

12

writes to the Ephesian Christians: "Ye are no morestrangers and foreigners but fellow citizens withthe saints and of the household of God" (Ephesians2:19), In the power of this faith, St. Paul couldsay that nothing "shall be able to separate us fromthe love of God which is in Christ Jesus our Lord"(Romans 8:39).

Secondly, the Church endeavors to fit the Christianfor service in the world. The Christian is a manwho is to witness to his faith in Jesus Christ inthe world. Jesus once prayed to His Father: "I

pray not that Thou shouldest take them out of theworld but that Thou shouldest keep them from theevil" (John 17:15), Jesus said also: "Ye are thesalt of the earth. . .Ye are the light of theworld. . .Let your light so shine before men thatthey may see your good works and glorify your Fatherwhich is in heaven" (Matthew 5:13,14,16),

He encounters the problems in the economic, social,political, and familial worlds in which he lives.In so doing, he endeavors to bring the values ofhis Christian faith to bear upon these problems.

The Church is there to aid him--first of all, inhelping him clarify the problem that confronts himas a Christian. To do that, of course, the Churchmust have its windows open to the world. Secondly,the Church endeavors to help the Christian applythe Christian ethic of love to the problem hefaces, as outlined in 1 Corinthians .3e And theChurch trusts the Christian to act responsibly,repentant for his mistakes and humble in hissuccesses.

00Response:Implications

PAUL HET% INGER* for the ChurchIn the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in theModern World of Vatican Council II, the whole ofhumanity is engaged in conversation about its prob-lems, bringing to man light kindled from the prin-ciples found in the Gospel.

We must look at the signs of the times and under-stand the world in which we live/

1. Today, the human race is undergoing a crisisof growth,

Human experience is increasingly polarized.

a. More Knowledge, yet greater uncertainty.b, Greater .0,',alth, but also hunger and pov-

erty.c, Increasing freedon, along with social and

psychological slavery.d. A developing unity, as well as conflict

and bitter division,e. Expanding efforts in the search for a

better world, but without spiritualadvancement.

Science and technology are changing the face ofthe earth, and also probing the depths of outerspace. The human /ace has passed from a static toa dynamic concept cf reality, Contradictions andimbalances intensify--for the individual and thefamily, as well as for social groups, nations, andinternational bodies.

The changes in human structures call acceptedvalues into question. The impact on religion re-sults either in a more-vivid sense of God or inno religion at all.

An ever-increasing number of people are raisingthe most-basic questions or are recognizing themwith a new sharpness: What is man? What is thissense of sorrow, evil, and death that continues toexist--despite so much progress? What is the pur-pose of these victories purchased at so high acost? What can man offer to society? What canhe expect from it? What follows this earthly life?

The Church firmly believes that Christ through HisSpirit can offer man the light and strength tomeasure up to his supreme destiny.

* Pastor of Holy Cross Parish, Mendota, Illi-nois, Diocesan Director of Rural Life for theDiocese of Peoria; member of the Board of Di-rectors of the National Catholic Rural LifeConference.

All things on earth should be related to man, withhim as their center and crown. But what is man?Sacred Scripture teaches that man was created "inthe image of God," capable of knowing and lovingh:s Creator and created as master of all earthlycreatures. By his innermost nature, man is asocial being. But man is split within himself,He is caught in a struggle, individual as well ascollective, between good and evil.

Man shares in the light of the Divine Mind. Theroot reason for human dignity lies in man's callto communion with God. The dignity of the humanperson lays the foundation for the relationshipbetween the Church and the world, providing thebasis for dialogue between them.

The Church, living and acting in the world, has aneschatological purpose, that is, one having to dowith last things and heavenly destiny, But theChurch is also a visible society with members inthis world, where she should serve as a leavenand as a kind of soul for human society as it isto be renewed in Christ. (Who is the Church? Hasthe Church been accomplishing this task? If not,why not?) The earthly city and the heavenly cityshould penetrate each other, and the heavenlycity--the Church--should be the moving spirit ofthe earthly city.

It might be well to note that ministers of Godas well as the laity have duties to fulfill in thework of the Church. Secular duties belong prop-erly, but not exclusively, to the laity. Thelaymen may not imagine that the minister or priestcan solve, or should solve, every problem, or thathonest disagreemenLs will not arise as to theChristian solution of specific issues, for example,the race problem.

Ministers and priests, yes bishops too, shouldbring the light of the Gospel to their earthlyactivities, by their preaching and their lives.They should do their part in establishing adialogue with the world.

When all is said and done, the solutions to theproblems of mankind can be very simple. The onesSt. Paul gives us are faith, hope, and love--thegreatest of these is love. When we as individualsbegin to let others see these at work in ourlives--by the practice of them, by removing theveil from them, by showing that they work, by be-coming a leaven for others--then the solutions tothe problems of man in a changing world and society

13

k

I

will not be as difficult as we make them out to benow. We have to offer some positive solutions toman, or fold up our tents and close shop. Time isrunning out for the Church- -the People of God- -makeno mistake of that. Man will not find the solutions

14

to his problems anywhere else, but he is goingto do a lot of searching elsewhere if the Church(all of us who believe in Christ) does not havethe courage to teach and to live the answers foundin the Gospel.

SOResponse:Implications

CLIFFORD T PARKE* for the ChurchWe live and minister in a changing world. By now,this truism is so often cited that it is in dangerof losing its real significance. The questions weconfront are not related to the "whether" ofchange, nor to the "why" of social evolution. Atthis point, both are academic questions, whichserve only to further disassociate the church fromrelevancy.

Two questions, however, not only may but indeedmust be asked at this point. The first has to dowith our view of man. The psalmist's old questionis strangely relevant in a computerized and in-creasingly urbanized kind of world: What is man,anyway? Is there a particular view of man andhis relationships that will best fit him to livea meaningful life in this kind of a world?

I am reacting to two views of man that are impliedin the text of Dr. Summers' address:, (1) man

seems to be defined basically in Pavlovian terms,as a creature conditioned to respond in a certainway to certain social stimuli; and (2) man's rolein relationship to others is outlined by ourculture in ncreasingly socialistic terms.

I do not suggest that there is no truth in theseviews. However, I do not believe that these twoconcepts, taken together or separately, can besaid to tell the whole story of man. There is adeeper dimension to man than this, or the member-ship of this body would be well advised to closeup shop and join the Peace Corps, Perhaps if wecan't find the dimension, we would be well ad-vised to do so anyway,

It is the fundamental paradox of history thathaving created a chrome-plated, computerized, andbasically urbanized society, we have not--for allour sophistication--learned how to make our com-plex machines serve the real needs of man. Manremains, somehow, a character in search of anidentity--selling his integrity by bits and piecesto a social system that guarantees his materialsecurity and ignores his spiritual, intellectual,and cultural starvation.

The second question I wish to pose is so inter-woven with the first as to be almost inseparable:Given the wide acceptance of these views of man,

* Disciples of Christ Executive, Bellflower,Illinois.

what is the role of religious faith in generaland of the Christian faith in particular? Specif-ically, is there a meaningful role for the Churchin secular America, or must we concede to thedesignation of this as a "post-Christian era?"

Dr. Summers asserts in his text: "The primaryproblem that gives rise to the ihstitutional churchis man's insecurity- -his need for a sense of pur-pose and for the alleviation of his anxieties andfears." While this contains truth, it seems to methat careful delineation must be maae between the"alleviation of his anxieties and fears" and theMarxian concept of the Church as the "opiate ofthe people."

If the Church is to be relevant in this age, itmust do more than calm the fears of man. It mustget at the root causes of those fears and alleviatethe underlying causes of anxiety, whether these arefound in the "ghetto" or on the "Gold Coast."

Briefly stated, it comes down to this: One of thechief functions of the Church in a changing worldis to enable man to remain human - -to keep humanityand individuality both possible and meaningful.

The growing trend toward the urbanization, com-puterization, and compartmentalization of ourexistence has a high price tag, In the end, if wego far enough technologically and fail to maturespiritually, this can mean the loss of thosethings that make man human, or as the Bible putsit, "a child of God."

I see the fact of change as forcing the Church tofind a new relevancy and to develop a new patternof existence, but without cutting off the taprootthat ties us to our origins.

The fact of technological progress must be matchedby the evidence of spiritual growth and maturity.The integrity of the individual must be main-tained, and a depth of individual self-relianceimparted - -so that man, the child of God, can rejectwith vigor the phoney panaceas of political, social,and religious "opiates."

Should the Church fail to live up to this chal-lenge of sustaining and improving the human factorin society, the end may well be the chaoticdestruction of both the Church and society.

15

SOBusinessand EconomicDevelopment

GENE H GRAVES* in IllinoisI was pleased to be invited to speak here becauseI believe that this Institute and the work of theCooperative Extension Service, in general, are fineexamples of service to the public:

The general theme for this session of the Insti-tuteImplications of Change in Technology andCommunicationsis quite a challenging one, and,certainly, an extensive one, too.

We live in a period when the advances in scienceand engineering are truly creating a technologicalrevolution. It is no overstatement to say thatchange and improvement in these fields are con-stant. The same is true for the implications ofthose changes and improvements. Similarly, incommunications, the computer is overhauling oursystem of techniques and devices for tran,mittinginformation.

Strictly speaking, technology and communicationscannot be separated, because communications isitself a type of technology. But for the sake ofdiscussion, let me say that in both these areas,we are finding that as we progress toward theattainment of our goals, we learn of new informa-tion, problems, or other considerations that neces-sitate the rethinking of immediate objectives andthe forming of entirely new goals.

It is not my intent here today to deal with theoverall aspects of change in technology and com-munications. That is too vast ei topic to treatwith any degree of thoroughness in a single, one-hour session. Instead, I intend to discuss theimplications of change, as these relate to somerecent developments in Illinois and to activitiesof the Department of Business and Economic Develop-ment.

The Dept. of Business &Econc,mic DevelopmentLet me begin with the Department, particularlywith three particular areas of its operation.Perhaps the Department "s best-known activitiesare those dealing with industrial and community

* Director, Illinois Department of Business andEconomic Development, Springfield.

development. The personnel of that Division workdirectly with prospective industries looking forsites for new plants and with communities through-out the state that have indicated an active inter-est in attracting industry. On the one hand,personnel of the Division personally assist repre-sentatives of prospective new industries in obtain-ing and evaluating data on potential sites, On theother hand, they offer communities an industrialletter service that tells of an industrial pros-pect's general location preferences and of hisrequirements for a site, labor supply, transporta-tion, and utilities. Another program of the Divi-sion, one called "community development," advisescommunities on how to lay the foundation for anattractive industrial climate, thereby enhancingtheir potential for development. Division person-nel also work with community leaders in achievingthe desired results.

All programs of the Division are predicated oncooperation, and are coordinated with the activi-ties of the more than 450 community and regionalindustrial development organizations throughoutthe state.

Growth in Illinois industryLast year wa; Illinois' best ever in industrialdevelopment. New and expanded plants announcedduring the year totaled 587--an increase of 9 per-cent over the previous record high of 546 estab-lished in 1966, Of the 587 announced new projects,199 are for new plant locations and 388 are foradditions of more than 10,000 square feet to exist-ing facilities. Let me hasten to point out thatnese announced new industrial facilities will bebuilt in all sectors of the state--in both ruraland urban settings,

Some of the major new plants will be those for theUnion Oil Company of California at Lemont, GeneralElectric at Mattoon, Amax Aluminum Company at Mor-ris, and Anaconda Copper at Flora. Notable expan-sion projects announced included those for Kelly-Springfield Tire at Freeport, Velsicol ChemicalCorporation at Marshall, and Gates Rubber Companyat Galesburg. Eventually, the 587 new developmentsare expected to provide an additional 42,601 newjobs.

From the standpoint of our rural residents, thesenew plants can provide jobs for small farmers whodo not have tracts of land large enough to make

pp/ 17

farming a full-time, profitable occupation. As

more industrial facilities are located within thestate, this also means more markets, and closerones, for agricultural products.

A realistic view of what is actually happening asa result of increasing industrialization is pro-vided by the development of the Illinois RiverValley--the region that extends south and west fromChicago through Grundy, Kendall, LaSalle, Putnam,and Bureau counties. To identify it further, thisis the general area in W.;ch the Jones and LaughlinSteel Corporation is bu-lding its multi-milliondollar complex, located at 1Kminepin in PutnamCounty.

This area is teeming with industrial- developmentactivity. It is so active _hat within a few years,all prime industrial land presently available willbe under ',velopment. Auch of the land being con-verted to industrial use was once used in agricul-tural production. So, the consequence of thisdevelopment (as well as of the continued mechani-zation of farm operations) has been to reduce farmemployment in that sector of the state.

Technology--a double-edged swordBut that's not the end of the story. Technologycan be a double-edged sword. Just as the march ofindustrialization can wipe out some jobs, so itcan also generate new jobs to replace those thatare lost.

In the Illinois River Valley, workers being dis-placed from their farm jobs can look forward tothe new employment opportunities becoming availableas a result of the growth of manufacturing firmsin that region. Admittedly, they can't :ust stepright from the farm into the job of a skilledlaborer, even though there is a shortage of laborbecause of Illinois' low unemployment rate. In

the near future, we hope they will he able tomake that transition with little difficulty. Butthe long-range solution to the Iroblem lies in the

establishment of vocational training schools in thestate and in job training at every level. Bigsteps have been taken in this direction. However,Ce problem is larger than the steps,

M.D.T.A. Poverty Programs and all other availablemeans must be used if we are to attack the issuesuccessfully. A step in that direction, I am told,has already been taken in Putnam County where all

school districts were consolidated Into a single,county-wide system. The immediate outgrowth of theconsolidation was the establishment of a highschool vocational training program. It would behighly advisable, in view of what is happeningnow, if youths from farm families took advantageof this program.

But even if the ex-farm worker of today is unableto land one of the manufactuing jobs becomingavailable in the river corridor area, he still has

18

prospects of finding employment because of the gen-eral expansion of business that accompanies thelocation of a nei. industrial facility in a commu-nity.

New industry may createas well as solve problemsI would like to make a very strong poii.t here- -

that is--that a new manufacturing facility in thearea does not necessarily mean that the area sillautomatically be free of its problems. As a mat-ter of fact, if proper procedures arc not followed,new facilities of a major nature can actually causeextreme difficulty--particularly in rural or semi-rural areas. To illustrate, people folios jobopportunities. When new people move into an area,new schools must be built, churches expanded.The whole range of social, medical, in short all,services must be increased, changed, and generallyrestructured in one way or another.

Prone as we are to resist Lhapge, especially inrural areas an inordinate amount of social dis-organization takes place even if the local leadership works actively.

If, on the other hand, the leadership is not activeduring this period, the results car he chaotic,.acid quite often are. I think se could all agreethat leadership is too many times interpreted as"responsible" in direct proportion to has wellthey advocate and maintain the status quo.

I know that many of you gentlemen in your work haveoccasion to discuss or refer to the "hereafter."In a say,we are in the same line of work. All pro-grams that help the human condition, whether theyhe spiritual, economic, educational, or social,should he of interest to us all. To the extentthat we make these work well, we will provide thekind of environment we all want, one that is bothvibrant and viable.

Itie have seen what can happen if the balance is notkept. Our ghettos are an excellent example ofthis. The alternatives to this commit.aent on amassive scale are terrible to contemplate.

Tools for progressIn order to accomplish many of these goals, toolsare needed. My Deportment has some of them.. The

Lxtension Service and our universities have others.All must be used if we are to be effective to theoptimum.

I do not in any way want to leave the impression1 am opposed to new plans. Quite the contrary.I do oppose the line of reasoning that sees themas the solution to all problem . They have to beviewed in proper perspective. They can give theeconomic base from which to work for solutions toexisting problems as well as to offer the

opportunity for a "neu start," using fresh, neh,and hopefully more-horkabie programs than he havehad or have made use of in the past.

lo do this we must be introspectile and hale a hcalycommitment to action. 1 am that you all dooersonally, or you hould not be here at this meet-ing. As a lay church officer,1 believe verystrongly your boss would approve.

Planning programs1 would like now to explore briefly some of theaspects of planning, especially planning at thelocal level.

With the creation of the Department of Businessand Economic Development came the neh responsibil-ity of planning on both state and local levels.The state planning program, as being developed inIllinois, is a process designed to keep our stategovernment continually informed of Illinois' deel-opment progress, give it a clear picture of theemerging problems and opportunities, and outlineprobable advantages and disadvantages of alternatecourses the state can take. Through such a pro-cess, it is possible for the state to fashion in amore-deliberate manner the appropriate responsesto the constantly changing pattern of th'ieats andopportunities in the state's working environment.

More familiar to the layman, though, is the plan-process at the local or regional lelel. One

of the seven dilisions in my Department operatessolely to prolide assistance and encouragement forplanning programs at that lelel. Our planningstaff assists communitie throughout the state inestablishing comprehensiv, planning as an ongoing part of local government.

Planning at the local goveinmental level has tra-ditionally concerned itself Ith improving thephysical environment. Now We attempting tobroaden planning programs so that they may serleas the basis for achieving social and economicobtectives as hell. In other hords, communityplanning is beginning to be used as a means forimproving such things as educational and healthservices and job opportunities hhile simultaneouslyinsuring that the community is a pleasant place,physically, in which to live.

Since January of 1962, the Department's Local andRegional Planning Division has helped initiateplanning programs in 304 municipalities in thestate and in 47 of Illinois' 102 counties. the

total cost of the planning pork has been approxi-

mately $6 million, funded primarily by the federal701 planning assistance program hhich pays fromtho-thirds to three-fourths of the cost of theplanning work. Ihese programs are meaningful instrengthening the ability of local governments toguide growth and adapt to the man) changes--teihno-logical and otherhise--that are occurring in oursociety.

19

SODALE E. BUTZ*

DevelopmentsinAgribusiness

There have been so many developments and changesin the agribusiness sector of the economy that itis difficult to decide which ones should be singledoat for discussion at a Church Institute. Thosethat seem important to me may appear very common-place or insignificant to those whose backgroundsand job responsibilities may give them a differentperspective on agriculture--its people and itsproblems. It is usually easier to get agreementon th- changes and the problems in agribusinessthan it is to reach a meeting of the minds on thesignificance of the changes or how the problemscan and should be solved.

The tom "agribusiness" has become rather common-place. 't has grown to mean the complex of produc-tion and marketing services that evolve from andrevolve around what we used to think of as farming.This means that agribusiness includes those firmssupplying farmers with products, as well as the manyfirms involved in marketing, processing, and sell-ing the products that start with farm production.Agri business, then, includes farm firms and othersthat provide or produce some type of product(s),a., well as a host of firms that supply and sell

services.

I am not going to present a group of detailedstatistical data, but I do intend to present anumber of ideas which I believe Lan be well docu-mented with fact, if such appears to be necessary.In most cases, I will try to stick to ideas orchanges that are still in progress or appear tome to have implications for the future.

Idea number oneThe end of the decrease in the number of farms isnot in sight. Some land will be removed from pro-duction for highways and urban development, butthe relatively rapid increase in average farm sizeexperienced in recent years will continue--perhapsat even a faster rate. One needs only to look atthe relatively large number of farmers in Illinoiswith $10,000 or less cash receipts to realize thatmany of these farmers must either go up or outduring the next few years. The number of largerfarms (over 280 to 300 acres) will probablyincrease in the years immediately ahead, but manysmaller farmers will find it more remunerative to

Secretary of Marketing, Illinois AgriculturalAssociation, Bloomington.

invest their labor and capital in activities otherthan farming.

The movement out of agriculture is lamented bysome; others are conlerned that it .s not happen-ing fast enough. I suspect that it makes a dif-ference whether the point of view is sociologicalor economic. While such population movementsgenerate stress on families and local communitiesand otherwise create disruptions in the localeconomy, our efficiencies of production haveincreased rapidly enough that people can bereleased to perform productive jobs elsewhere inthe economy.

Not trying to argue the merits or demerits ofkeeping all or a part of them down on the farm,I believe it is sufficient to say that regardlessof what is done to reduce or halt the outflow ofpeople from agriculture, we will continue to havefewer and fewer farmers. A corollary of this isthat on the average, there will also be largerfarmers in terms of production per farm and theamount of resources ne-ded to operate these largerfarms.

Idea number twoWe have long since discovered that today's modernfarmer is a different breed of cat than his pre-decessor of yesteryear. lie is a businessman inevery sense of the word. lie knows where to getthe latest scientific information, and he carefullyevaluates its use on his farm. lie knows his costs,and he skillfully keeps these costs low. lie also

knows markets, and he attempts to market to hisadvantage. Those parts of agribusiness providingservices or products for these farmers recognizethat the farmer's needs for products and serviceshave changed and continue to change. Such agri-businessmen also recognize that they have tochange, in order to serve today's farmers effec-thely. I do not know about the spiritual needsinvolved, but I would suspect that a local churchalso has to change if it is to keep in step withor ahead of today's modern farmer.

Idea number threeThere is, and will be, tremendous interest in andprobably a variety of programs aimed at increasingfarm income. Much of this activity will center on

programs designed to raise product prices. Bar-gaining is the magic word of the moment, andattempts will be made to strengthen the farmer'sbargaining power. Some of this will be done on avoluntary basis through cooperative associations,and it, appears that the government may also take ahand through some type of legislative authority.Looking at the labor mcnment and the gainsoften ascribed to collec,,ve bargaining, some farmpeople conclude that the same tactics should beapplied to agriculture.

There are some important differences, such as thefact that a farmer is more than a laborer in thathe usually has his capital investea in the enter-prise. He also has fairly high fixed costs thatwould go on, should he decide to strike or holdrroduction off the market. In addition, much ofthe produce i5 relatively perishable and can beheld for only limited periods of time. Unless theproduct is destroyed or diverted solleway, it willcome back on the market at a later date. Mostagricultural products are produced over such a widegeographic territory that it is nearly impossibleto get these producers into a united and coordi-nated action organization. Even if this were pos-sible, there are producers in other areas thatstand ready to produce if the bargained-for pricebecomes attractive.

this does not mean that farmers and their organi-zations cannot or will not bargain over the termsof sale of their products. I believe they willbargain, and that bargaining will be effective.However, this effectiveness will be measured innickels, dimes, and quarters--not dollars. Unrea-sonable price goals in bargaining or goals that aresubstantially above the price that might be dic-tated by the supply of and the demand for a productcan only be achieved if the supply of the productcan be rigidly controlled. Even then, there mustbe control over the entry of substitutes and othermeasures in effect; otherwise, the success of thebargaining will quickly sow the seeds leading toits own downfall. In commodities such as grains(where exports are important), prices substantiallyabove market levels may encourage imports; thus,imports yould have to be limited in order to main-tain prices.

Governmentally sponsored bargaining may be decep-tive, since there is a conflict between high farmprices and lower prices for consumers. Becauseconsumers have many more votes, this may raise aquestion as to how farmers will fare if choicehas to be made. While cooperatives have beenactive in marketing for many years, we have notreally tested what :hey could do in the bargainingarea if really given a chance.

Idea number fourAmerican farmers have greatly increased the effi-ciency of agricultural production during the last25 years. Although much progress has been made,much remains to be accomplished. For many farmers,this avenue of endeavor still offers a greaterpossibility of increasing farm income than bargain-ing or all the other things that may be advanced

22

as possible ways of increasing inco.ne. he needonly to look at the wide variation in the cost of

production between farmers to realize that if thosewith average-or-above production costs could matathose with the lower costs 6f production, theincome per farm of the one group could be greatlyimproved.

A Ica at how the most-efficient farmers are doingthe job or how they are likely to gettirg thejob done inOicates that there is still plenty ofroom for imp: wement in the efficiency of agricul-tural production. One development that may keepthe pressure on here is the apparent Lillingnessof investors to put money into corporate farms.Apparently, they feel that they can make anadequate return on their investment in competitionwith so-called "family farms." Most people feelthat a good family farm can give them a real runfor their money. High -cost operations may hivetrouble meeting %e competition From corporatefarming operatioh.+.

Idea number fiveIn the farm-supply business,we are rapidly movingto relatively large firms that are almost com-pletely integrated. The days of the small, inde-pendent, local cooperative or the locally ownedand controlled business enterprise are limited, ifnot already gone.. Either through direct ownershipor a close working relationship with large cooper-atives, private companies exercise control overthe product all the way from the oil well or otherbasic point of production through the various pro-cessing stages to the farmer's field, tank, or feedbunk.

There are many reasons for this development. Theresearch rnd development of basic production areoften very costly. In order to protect this kindof investment, it is necessary to have access to amarket. Different organizations have arrived atthe same integrated station by different routes.Some started with the market, and found they hadto integrate backwards in order to be competitive.Others started with the basic production, andfound they needed a market, too,

This type of development makes it more difficult toget into business. There is not much use consider-ing potash proouction unless you have $50 to $60million to spend. If you want to rent a train, youwill need to be prepared to pay the $1 million orso rent per year. Most of the major suppliesneeded by farmers are handled by a relatively few,large firms--both cooperatives and ordinary busi-ness corporations. While there may still be somenew entries into the field, there appears to beevery indication that there are and will be suffi-cient participants to create a lively competitionfor the farmer's business. In fact, the competi-tion may be keen enough for some to discover thatother markets are oore lucrative for them than thefarm market.

Most local businessmen or organizations -.re goingto find it hard co operate and be competitivewithout having some kind of tie-in with a larger

organization supplying the product alio servicesmerchandised by the local firm. Since the productsof the various suppliers arc not too different in

many cases, the answer as to who will get thefarmer's business will depend on product qualityand the introduction of new products and services.

Idea number sixWI will have a gradual increase in the amount ofour major agricultural production (livestock andcrops) that are produced on some type of contract.The expansion of the futures markets to live ani-mals and a better understanding and greater useof the grain futures markets will spur developmentsin this area.

Larger farm operators will want to minimize theirrisks by contracting ahead for production at aspecified price. Some of the new crops such ashigh-lysine corn may be produced on some type ofcontract. These contracts may be between producersand marketing lgenties or processors. They mayencompass both the organizaticn supplying the pro-duction inputs as well as the marketing agencies.Perhaps one organization will be in position tocontract for production as well as for marketingproducts and services.

Idea number sevenThe use of more contracts will lead to certaintypes of bargaining on the part of nroduc -:5 andothers. It may only be individuals bargaining

over terms of the contract, or it may he groups ofproducers bargaining with marketing agencies orprocessors. Marketing agencies may also bargainwith processors.

Idea number eightTo do the most-effective job of marketing mostagricultural products, we may aced larger, more-fully integrated firms. This is particularly truein commodities with a promising export market orin those that require a considerable amountof processing before reaching the final consumer.Some such integrated organizations exist, but moremiy be needed. It would appear that large amountsof capital may be needed to modernize and developeffective marketing systems for some products.

This is especially true in grain, where we have hada revolution in corn-harvesting methods. Somewhereor somehow, sufficient capital must be provided toobtain the necessary storage and conditioningfacilities for corn. This job can best be done atthe farm or local level, since we ca-not afford tohaul the water and foreign material very far.

Local storage also permits greater flexibility inthe movement of grain and puts the farmer in theposition of having better control over what herealizes from the sale of his grain. Therefore,the needed capital (whether it be invested in farm

or local-elevator storage) is probably going tocome basically from the farmer. Such facilitiescan have a relatively short payout in years whenprices are unduly depressed at harvest time. Some-how or other, we need to do a better job of plan-ning ahead on how best to handle our crops than weare doing at present. Too many farmers are con-centrating on production, with too little thoughton how best to market their production.

Idea number nineWe need to think through and move toward a properrole for government in agriculture. There is aplace, but there is also considerable disagreementover where this place may be. Our past programshave certainly been less than successful, if theirintent and purpose is to substantially improve theprice and incomc situation in agriculture, One ofthe roadblocks is the fact that most rioposalsdesigned to achieve so-called "parity prices andincomes" have to include rather severe productioncontrols, Up to this point in time, farmers (withsome assists from favorable weather) have appar-ently been able to figure out ways to beat or toget around the production controls that have beendevised. So far, most farmers have been unwillingto give up their freedom and accept controls withcnuugh teeth in them to really bring the cuts inproduction required for substantially higherprices. This is not meant as a criticism of farm-ers.

They have coldly appraised the various proposalsand programs in terms of what they get in returnfor what they are giving up, and have made theirchoices on this basis.

Government has a role to play in oaigaining. It

needs to set and enforce the rules of the game.Legislation has been introduced to this end, andwill probably be further discussed in this sessionof the Congress. Perhaps new proposals will alsobe aired. Again, we need to think through wclestablish the proper role of government in thisarea.

Foreign trade is also a place where government canbe helpful and is, in fact, needed. In general,we seem to have the most successes in those areaswhere government is the referee, but the partiesinvolved are the main participants in deciding onthe plays aad strategy to use in playing the game.

Idea number tenAgribusiness, or any other business for that mat-ter, is often cnaracterized as being cold, cool,and calculating--only motivated by dollar consider-ations. It is true that most of our businessesare profit-oriented, and I doubt that we would wantit otherwise. We rely on the competitive systemto keep these profits in line; in spite of a lotof talk to the contrary, we still have basicallya competitive system. However, most of businesshas long ago realized that they do have socialresponsibilities with regard to their employees,

23

their stockholders, their customers, and the com-munity at large.

It must be recognized that there are very practicallimits on how far individual businesses can go inexercising or being active in community-bettermentprojects, especially if heavy outlays of funds areinvolved. In general, however, agribusiness islikely to become more civic-minded (in terms ofloaning its people or, in other ways, contributingto community-action programs) if it appears that acontribution can be made. In some cases, agri-business firms may not volunteer, but will be gladto cooperate if asked to be a part of a project.

Idea number elevenSometimes, what seems to be a good idea onstrictly moral, social, or religious grounds may,in the long run, do the recipients a disservicefrom an economic standpoint. For example, I sus-pect that many people would agree that there aregroups in our economy who desperately need anddeserve better living quarters and a better-balanced, more-adequate diet. A question could beraised as to whether or not a law calling forhigher standards is the best way to achieve thedesired ends, if the higher costs resulting fromthe law force employers to cease operations or toreplace labor with machines. Similarly, eventhough I believe we are supposed to be our broth-er's keeper, does this mean that we are supposed

to do this by setting up programs that may encour-age him to be kept without working for his keep?

Another problem is that of feeding the hungry

world. There can be little question of the moralposition on this question, but the economics and

24

the dislocations of production of doing the Job maybe such as to overrule the moral values involved.

The mainspring of our economy over the yearshas been the profit motive and tne ability to reapthe benefits. Now far can we go in various social-action programs without running the risk of killingthe goose that has laid the golden eggs?

Some of the same questions can be asked about thevarious proposals that will be coming down the pikein agriculture and agribusiness. These will bedesigned to improve the income and the lot of agri-culture. Questions must be raised as to whetherthese things attack merely the symptoms or thecause.

I must admit that I have mixed emotions over therole that the church should play in helping moldand develop political- and social-action programs,such as those involved in agricultural policy.My personal preference would be for the church toproperly indoctrinate its members with the morallnd ethical precepts and then let the individualsexert their influence on the broad social,economic, and political questions. I realize,however, that this is not a popular concept asjudged by today's trends. If the church is to beactive in community development, then I believe ithas a responsibility to be informed on the issuesand on the pros and cons of different proposals.It also has the responsibility of analyzingproposals on an economic and political basis, aswell as on moral and religious grounds, since thisis the context in which church members must maketheir decisions. If churches are to speak fortheir members, it would seem to me they must makean attempt to find out how the members feel on theissues involved. Perhaps they need to involvethose specialists in their midst who can contributeto general understandings on various problems.

DevelopmentsSO As Viewed by a

FRANK MINGO Labor RepresentativeAll of the members of my union, the UAW, areworkers in factories. All of the factories arelocated in cities of various sizes--the bigger thecity, the bigger its problems. Everyone is dis-cussing the plight of the cities these days. In

so doing, we often forget that the continuingexodus to the big cities began with technologicalprogress on the farms.

The impact of technologyFor example, my employerInternational HarvesterCompany--developed the first widely marketed,mechanical cotton picker. This machine eliminatedthe need for most of the cheap farm laborers inthe South, sending them on a continuing hungermarch into the big cities.

This migration to the big cities was not confinedto Negro workers, White workers in Appalachia wereuprooted by mechanized coal mining and by the com-petition of the highly automated oil and gas in-dustries. So they left the mine patches and thescrub farms and began the long search for somethingbetter in the big cities..

Black or white, the migrating, up-rooted, unskilled

worker is confronted in the city with the same"devil" that drove him out of the cotton fields orthe mine patch--that is, more labor-displacingmachinery.. At least, the machines seem like adevil to the unskilled, hard-core unemployed workerwho wants a job. Of cou:se the automatic lathes,the automated engine-block lines, and the push-button electric steel furnaces are not reallydevils--not unless we let the machines master man,instead of men mastering the machines and makingthem work for all mankind.

New mechanized production methods are, of course,the most-efficient way to produce--both on thefarm and in the factory. The UAW is not opposedto automation and to new machines. The UAW simplysays that every man is entitled to a job in thismachine age.

MisconceptionsThis brings me to the point that needs a lot ofconsideration--theso-called "unemployz.bles" that

* Legislative Director, Representative Region 4,United Automobile, Aerospace, and AgriculturalImplement Workers of America (UAW).

everybody talks about getting into some city,state, or federal program so they can be trainedto become assembly-line workers or machineoperators.

I am not against job training as such, nor is theUAW. What we are against is the phoney theorythat the unskilled, and particularly the unskilledamong minority groups, cannot be hired into thefactories and trained inside those factories to dothe jcb they were hired to do.

That was the way I learned factory work. I washires' in as a laborer; I picked up other skillsunder supervision; I transferred to better jobs;and I finally became a highly classified heat-treat operator. This was the way men becameassemblers, inspectors, grinders, and lathe oper-ators. Most of the older wen on these jobs neverfinished high school,

Today, it is a different story. The big corpora-tions who have the most jobs and pay the best wantthe man or woman looking for a job to have a highschool diploma. The job that is open may be com-mon labor, but they want that diploma. With one,a prospect is tested. Whether the man passes thetest is not the yardstick used to determine em-ployment. The company wants the applicants whomade the highest scores, They are ones with the"highest potential." The job that is open may besweeping the floor, or helping in the forge shop,or driving a fork-lift truck. But the companywants the man with "potential," so that he is ableto become a foreman or even the plant manager.

This is a discriminatory gimmick, used to perpet-uate unemployment among the hard-core unemployed.In the old days, employers were not so devious.They just did not hire Negroes, unless there wassome job that they could not get anybody else totake. And they did not bother with tests.

Another popular misconception that I would like tostraighten out is the contention that new machinesand automated equipment require more skill tooperate. This simply is not true. Once such anautomatic machine is set up, the operation of thatmachine is much simpler than operating one requir-ing hand adjustment.

Promising beginningsFortunately, some companies are beginning to calla halt to the discriminatory And artificially high

25

standards set in their employment offices. Theoutstanding example is the Ford Motor Company.Faced by a shortage of workers after the laststrike, the Ford company in Detroit sent recruitingagents directly into poverty and ghetto areas- -interviewing applicants on the spot and hiring orrejec'ing them without discrimination or hocus-pocus. Over a thousand of those accepted are cur-rently working in the Ford plants in Detroit.

This is a beginning. I h, , this approach tohard-core unemployment expands among corporations.11.e newly hired Ford workers are getting theirjob training in the same way that the Ford workersgot theirs many years ago when Henry Ford estab-lished the first mass-production assembly line- -

right on the assembly line itself. They are learn-ing tc be assemblers, and are not considered vice-presidint material--the baloney about "potential"having been eliminated.

My own company, International Harvester, has takena few small steps toward a practical approach to

26

hiring the so-called unemployables. But Ili hasnot gone far enough; neither have most companies.Nor are many of them pushed by their unions. Notevery union is as interested in this problem asthe UAW.

Obligations to societyThe UAW feels that all companies profiting fromthe kind of technological progress that up-rootedthe cotton picker and the coal miner have anobligation to society, That obligation is notjust to make money; it is to use the technolog-ical tools of abundance so that the fruits areshared by all mankind. To put this simply, itmeans that man has not mastered the machine untilhe has produced a society that provides employ-ment for every man or woman who needs to work,at a wage that guarantees a decent standard ofliving.

DevelopmentsAs Viewed by an

HERBERT JOHNSON* IndustrialistMy assignment is to discuss the implications ofchanging technology, as seen from a manager's view-point. The implications of change, particularly inthe steel industry, are many and complex, and I donot pretend to be an expert on all of its facets.

Perhaps the best way for me to handle this subjectis by example: I think by discussing with you thereasons for Jones & Laughlin's decision to locatea steel mill at Hennepin in rural Illinois, many ofthe implications of the changing technology, par-ticularly as they may affect rural areas, willbecome apparent,

The decision to locate inHennepin

We announced our intentions 33 months ago. We

started to erect steel 18 months ago. Having spentabout $150 million since then, we are now on theverge of "being in business."

Considering the impressive array of our competitorswho have deep roots on the shores of Lake Michiganand considering others who have arrived more re-cently, it is reasonable for you to ask, "Was thismove by Jones & Laughlin warranted? Was it sup-ported by market study? Isn't the present needand the future growth in the area adequately pro-tected?" Indeed, those of you who are aware ofthe significant developments in competition fromabroad--especially in tonnages delivered to theMidwest--might well ask of J&L, "Haven't youheard about imports?" We will get to that sub-ject a little later.

Perhaps I should say at the outset that in ourplanning stages, no question gave us greater con-cern than the prospect that perhaps the Chicagoarea was finally overbuilt--no longer a deficitmarketplace for steel. Our market studies werenot confined to the Midwest at first, nor to flat-rolled products. We looked carefully at otherareas of the United States and at other, major,

* Vice - President, General Services, Jones &

Laughlin Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania.

steel-mill products. Our market patterns indicatedthat flat-rolled steel would continue to be themost-dynamic product line in terms of futuregrowth, even as it has been in the last two decades.

The major sheet-consuming markets are located in a"bowl," generally bounded by the southern shoresof the Great Lakes and the cities of Buffalo,Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago, and Milwaukee.This is where the tonnage goes. The figures showthat nearly three-quarters of the cold-rolledsheets and about half of the galvanized sheets pro-duced in this country are delivered to customersin this bowl. The geographic center of this con-suming market has been slowly marching westwardtoward Chicago, Our studies indicated that infuture decades, this market will continue to moveWest.

We asked ourselves--how was J&L located to servethis market? With two major plants in the Pitts-burgh district, the eastern division of the bowlwas covered. We enlarged our Cleveland plant witha new 80-inch hot strip mill, a new blast furnace,and other improvements. So, we "revved up" theCleveland plant for the middle section of the bowl.

When you put these two together, the pattern un-folds. We decided our move should be made to thewestern perimeter of the bowl.

Looking at the metalworking industry in the Chicagometropolitan area, we were immediately impressedby the number of companies, long located in thecity itself, that were modernizing and expandingtheir steel-using plants in new locations--movingwest of the city. We studied impressive statisticson the amount of obsolescent manufacturing spaceremaining in the city that needed to be replacedin the next decade. We were also aware that pop-ulation experts predicted a continuing, gradualpopulation shift to the west and south of Chicago,with the river valley between Chicago and St. Louiseventually becoming one giant concentration ofpopulation, something like Boston to Washington.

Armed with this knowledge about the market, wewere now ready to get down to the stage of findinga location for ourselves. We looked for all ofthe essential ingredients ultimately needed for anintegrated mill--rail, water, and highway trans-portation; plenty of process water; a potentiallabor force; good utility service; and a large site.

27

Our consultants described a site to us that theybelieved could be assembled promptly, one thatwould meet the criteria we had established and thatwould have certain other unique advantages. Thissite was a 6,000-acre prairie on the bend of theIllinois River at Hennepin, Illinois, about 100miles southwest of Chicago. We looked closely atthis prospect from all angles--long-range andshort-range--and arrived at our final conclusion.We would build at Hennepin.

What the Hennepin loca-tion offeredIt gave us what we were after. It fitted-in withour market coverage, in view of our existing plantlocations at Cleveland and Pittsburgh. The facil-ities of Phase One will consume hot-rolled coilsfrom Cleveland for cold-rolled and galvanized pro-duction. The site has all the ingredients requiredfor a fully integrated mill. It puts us on thewestern perimeter of the bowl, and the center ofthe bowl is moving westward.

The market area that can be served from Hennepintouches 9 Midwestern states. Our plant at Hennepinis within two hours of 7 major market cities,within four hours of 24 major markets, and withinten hours of 34 major markets for steel products.

Hennepin is well-situated in a budding industrialarea that is developing along the Illinois RiverValley, from Ottawa to Peoria. This area is al-ready proving itself as one attract've to indus-trial growth. We have seen indications thatothers also view it favorably.

As you know, the world's largest nuclear accelera-tor is to be built at Weston, just west of Chicago,Interstate Route 80 is an east-west, limited-accesshighway that offers a nonstop route from NewYork City to Omaha, Nebraska. Interstate Route180 is a north-south interstate link now underconstruction. It will have a spur and bridgeacross the river that will provide us with a non-stop truck run to 1-80. We feel certain thatother new north-south links will be coming, andthat 1-180 will be extended to Peoria and beyond.

Perhaps least understood of the many assets of thearea is the surprisingly diverse rail network.

Our site is served by both an eastern and a westernrailroad--the Penn Central and the Chicago, Milwau-kee, St. Paul, and Pacific. For the future, wehave opportunities to develop service with fourother major rail networks having junctions within33 miles of Hennepin. Included are the RockIsland main lines to Peoria and Denver, the Illi-nois Central to New Orleans, and the Santa Fe toKansas City and the far west. The Milwaukee Roadextends into the ore country of Minnesota, wherewe have substantial iron ore reserves.

Our requirement for ample water for processingpurposes, as well as access to navigabl, water, iswell met by the Illinois River. It touches our

28

site on both the north and west, giving us bargeaccess to the entire inland waterway system, fromChicago to New Orleans and east to Pittsburgh.

The Illinois Power Company plant was ready for uson our immediate north, and the New Jersey ZincCompany across the river provided a ready source ofzinc for our galvanizing line.

Raising corn is not on our official list of activ-ities, but for a time we will be much interestedin the market price of corn. The site was devotedmainly to raising that crop when we acquired it,and we still farm much of our unused acreage.

From cornfield to steelcomplexConverting this cornfield to a steel mill has beena great experience. We began site grading inMarch of 1966, having encountered a slight delaydue to a construction-worker strike. One of thethings that worried the community before we startedwas the thought that we would bring in laborstrife. Ironically, on the day we originallyplanned to start grading the site, we were caughtup in a regional strike of operating engineers.The result was that the very first constructionworker to arrive on our project was a picket. Hewas, in fact, the first real live picket that thevillage of Hennepin had ever seen, and he dutifullyparaded before the trailer office of the contract-ing firm in a local trailer park while we waitedto get underway.

The plant began to take form in the summer of 1966,and the race started to pour the concrete foun-dations so that steel erection would be kept onschedule.

Phase One facilities include a five-stand tandemmill, and a two-stand temper mill, both 84 incheswide; a 60-inch galvanizing line; and relatedfacilities. Starting with outdoor, hot-rolled,coil storage, our material flow will be throughthe pickle line to the cold mill, It will flowfrom the cold mill to in-process coil storage priorto annealing. Then the product moves into in-process coil storage, prior to temper-rolling.Steel to be galvanized will move directly from the

in-process storage area to the galvanizing line.With two full bays in this unit devoted to coilstorage, we have planned that in-process coils instorage will not be stacked more than one high- -providing maximum protection for the product.

You can get some idea of the "elbow room" we havebuilt into this plant when I report that for PhaseOne alone, the main mill building has 1.2 millionsquare feet, or 30 acres under roof. You couldput all ten National League ball parks under thatroof.

The Hennepin operation will incorporate substantialcomputer usage. We are making major progress to-ward a paperless system.

With the arrival of the first trainload of hot-rolled coils from the Cleveland Works last month,we began a buildup of hot-rolled coil storage- -in preparation for the operation of the first units.

As you can imagine, these last few weeks have beenhectic ones for our construction forces and ouroperators, as break-in operations started on thepickle line, annealing line, cold mill, and gal-vanizing line. One of our goals at Hennepin hasseen to man and operate the mill with local people.This meant taking farmers, construction workers,high school graduates, returning servicemen, andothers who have never been inside a steel mill andconverting them into steelworkers.

At 4:00 a.m. on December 26, the valves were openedfrom the acid tanks, and the bath in the pickle-line tanks was changed from plain water to an acidsolution. At the start of the 8:00 a.m. shift, wewere ready to begin operations.

Push buttons and TV monitors are very much in vogueon the five-stand tandem mill. It is operatedfrom an air-conditioned "pulpit" that some of youclergy may envy. This is one of the first cold-rolled tandem mills in the industry to be operatedfrom a control pulpit.

We built up an inventory of cold-rolled coils tobe used in the initial operation :f the galvanizingline. One of the features of this galvanizing lineis its ability to produce a wide variety of prod-ucts, through technological advances.

The last bay in Phase One is the shipping bay,which is capable of handling railroad cars andtrucks simultaneously. The bay is laid out sothat any truck or railroad car can be loaded andmoved out without interfering with the spotting ofother vehicles.

In the construction of this plant, we have takengreat care to provide the most up-to-the-minutefacilities for the protection of water quality.This process-water and waste-treatment system wasbuilt at a cost of more than i8 million. Wasteacids will be pumped down a well, almost a miledeep, to a sandstone strata.

What others are doingLet us turn briefly now from what AL has beendoing to what others have been doing in the Illi-nois Valle; during these last three years of growthand change.

The announcement in April, 1965, of J8L's plans tobuild a steel mill at Hennepin touched off a flurryof speculation about the potential for dramaticchange. There was talk of hordes of new people,development of new cities, and crushing economicburdens on the present citizens of the area.

Our view was that change would be more gradual,and that properly directed and controlled, changewould be absorbed by the many surrounding, pleas-ant villages and small cities in a way thatwould enable them to share and enjoy the growthcertain to occur.

I am pleased to be able to report that, to date,this is the growth pattern that is emerging. Anaddition to a hospital at Princeton; new, small,housing subdivisions in several communities; theestablishment of a public water and sewage disposalsystem in Hennepin, which will serve both thevillage and AL; new apartment buildings inHennepin and Peru; new motels in Spring Valley andCedar Point; and the establishment of supply housesto serve expanding industry--all this activity hasbeen going on, independent of J8L, but as part ofa general pattern in which AL shares.

The challenge of foreigncompetitionThis then, is the story of our Hennepin Works, bothoutside and inside. It is an important part ofour response to the challenge of shifting markettides. In part, also, this is J8L's response tothe increasing challenge of foreign competition.We know in meeting foreign competition we cannotoffer a product that is less than the best thattoday's technology and methods can produce.

The domestic steel industry has asked Congress toconsider a system of quotas that would restrict, inmodest measure, the amount of foreign steel en-tering this country in any one year. We took thisrather drastic step of actively soliciting govern-ment support of a private industry only afterweighing all the alternatives. We did not likewhat we saw ahead if imports were allowed to con-tinue to flood the American market, free of thenatural economic restraints of fair competition.

Building steel-production facilities requires along lead-time program. Planning raw material re-sources and availability reaches into the next de-cade. Confidence is a much-needed ingredient inlong-range steel planning, when committing fundsof publicly owned corporations. We can calculatethe comsumption of steel in the United States forthe years ahead, and can plan to meet the estimateddemand. With the present excess of 55 million tonsof world steel capacity over current productionand an estimated gap of 75 to 85 million tonswithin the next five years, knowledge that importswill be subject to a quota would make forward-planning of domestic production more secure.

As we look down the road in the years ahead, what

we are really talking about, with respect to im-ports, is where the future expansion facilitiesfor steel will be built. Where will the future"Hennepins" be located? In Japan, or India, orEurope, or here in the USA? If we speak out now- -if we make clear that our country is not to be thedumping ground for excess steel capacity from allparts of the world--then the steel industry in theUnited States can continue to plan to be the "acein the hole," as in the past, when the chips aredown and steel imports sueienly fade away withchanging world conditions.

29

The $150 million cost of our Phase One facilitiesat Hennepin makes it not only the largest singledevelopment in AL history, but also, we are told,the largest single industrial plant expenditure inIllinois history. Over the years, as the Hennepinplant develops into a fully integrated steel mill,the investment will grow to at least half a billiondollars.

Community responsibilitiesWe should expect some growing pains as the productof the Hennepin prairie changes from ears of cornto coils of steel. The potential impact of thisdevelopment on every community within 50 miles ofHennepin is not easy to assess. But we know, forone thing, that it will lead to a higher averageincome. The AL payroll in Phase One alone willcome to more than $7 million annually. In ourfirst full year of production at Hennepin, we ex-pect that our bill for operating supplies and

services, not including utilities, will be in the$2 million range. Most of that money will godirectly into the business life of the area.

You can get some idea of the validity of thatstatement by examining the experience of ourgeneral contractor on the job. Hennepin Construc-tors has been trading with approximately 260 com-panies and independent businessmen, more than 200of whom are located in Illinois. Well over 100are located within a 45-mile radius of the plantsite.

We also believe that in time, a larger and youngerpopulation will result, as the young people whopreviously have left the valley in search of bettereconomic opportunities will find an attractive al-ternative closer to home.

At the community level, an enlightened leadership,both in the village of Hennepin and in PutnamCounty, with the cooperation of various state andfederal agencies, has eased many problems and hasmade clear that equitable solutions will be foundto the problems that are still pending.

To meet the increased need for potable water andsanitary sewage treatment, AL assisted the Vil-lage of Hennepin in the creation of a public waterdistrict, which will supply these services to theAL site and to an enlarged village.

The Village has annexed some 2,000 acres along theriver and to the south and east, where future com-mercial and residential growth is expected to occur,increasing its size 12 times.

Three of the county's school districts have con-solidated into one, so that they may all share inthe tax income from the county's largest taxpayer-AL. A new junior college district has been ap-proved by the voters of a folr-county area (in-cluding Putnam County) by a 10 to 1 margin--thelarges ever recorded in an Illinois junior col-lege referendum.

The Village of Hennepin and Putnam County haveenacted model zoning ordinances. They are also

30

working on master plans for the orderly develop-ment of their communities. Surrounding countiesare beginning to take similar action.

All this, we believe, demonstrates a highly devel-oped sense of community responsibility in adaptingto the changes that are certain to come withindustrialization. For our part, we are encour-aging the diffusion of the impact of this changeover the widest possible area, so that the entireIllinois Valley may reap the harvest of thisindustrial "seeding."

We are recruiting most of cur employees from amongthe present residents of the Illinois Valley,

training young high school graduates to run a steelmill. We expect that most of these employees willcontinue to live at their present places of resi-dence, at least for a few years. This, we believe,will minimite the chances of an unmanageable pop-ulation boom in Putnam County proper, despite thepredictions of some planners who project a popu-lation of 40,000 in 20 years.

Other industries are certain to follow--suppliersand various service industries, plus the steelcustomers we will be trying very hard to attractto our site. These companies, too, will be addingto the economy of the communities in which theylocate, helping to diffuse the benefits of indus-trialization over a wide area. We are taking careto avoid a concentration of suppliers clusteredclosely around our plant site and, most specifi-cally, on the site itself. That land is beingreserved almost exclusively for users of cold-rolled and galvanized steel sheets, I can assureyou.

It is interesting to us that, independently of theAL pioject, other industries have been seekingout the Illinois Valley for expansion or relocation.The variety of these industries portends well forthe future of the Valley, because diversificationhelps to assure the stability of the economy ofany industrialized area.

An area "on the move"This is an area "on the move." Its people arealert to the opportunities and challenges. Its

resources of water, economical power, and a finerail network are being supplemented by an improvedhighway network and closer markets. It wouldappear to us that within a generation, thisdevelopment will extend in a solid belt from Chi-cago to Peoria at least, perhaps on to St. Louiscreating an industrial "megalopolis" to rival anyin the United States.

This is the promise we see in Illinois. We aregoing to do our best to help bring it to fruition,by being an aggressive competitor in the steelbusiness and a model corporate citizen.

My assignment was to tell you about our Hennepinproject, and I have digressed somewhat to talkabout the entire Illinois Valley. But the two

really are inseparable. The future of the onedepends on the future of the other.

aL deeply appreciates the warm and gracious welcomewe have received here in Illinois, It has longbeen the policy of AL to bea responsible corporatecitizen in every community in which we operate, and

we have tried to demonstrate in Illinois that weintend to fully live up to that policy here.

We look forward with anticipation to many inter-esting years ahead, as the great promise of theIllinois Valley continues to unfold. We are proudto be a part of it.

31

The Changing0 Educational Scene

RICHARD G BROWNE* in IllinoisI am blessed with a very broad subject, THECHANGING EDUCATIONAL SCENE IN ILLINOIS. This couldinclude changes anywhere from the kindergarten tothe university. You will bear with me if I skimover part of this range in a very cursory fashion,in the hope that I can analyze in some depth oneor two of the current developments.

The past 20 yearsTwenty years ago, I would have dealt chiefly withthe elementary and secondary schools, because ILad just finished a research chore in that areaand was about to embark on another. In 1947,Illinois still had almost 12,000 school districts.The total distributive fund for state aid amountedto only $44 million. The state guaranteedelementary districts only $80 per pupil, $90 inhigh school districts. The state also appropriatedabout $60 million to operate its universities andcolleges There was no state scholarship programto assist private higher education, and there wasno state aid to the public junior colleges.

Today, we have only 1,340 school districts. Stateaid is set at $400 per pupil, both elementary andhigh school, and the state distributive fund forthe common schools totals $948 million. State sup-port for higher education, public and private,totals almost $1 bill.on.

At the level of the common schools, there is stillmuch to be done. There are still 500 to 600 toomany districts. Equality of educational opportu-nity is still not here. Rich districts still spendtwice as much per pupil on their generally more-favored children than poor, or even averege, dis-tricts are able to spend on their more-needypupils. Too often, the rich districts enjoy theluxury of purely fortuitous tax advantages. Toofrequently, inner-city schools are absolutelydeplorable--in Peoria, East St. Louis, and a dozenother cities in addition to Chicago. We do not yethave a state board of education and a nonpoliticalstate superintendent.

Illinois is still far short of the goals set by ourrecent Task Force on Education. The new foundctionlevel is still $200 per pupil short of the $600recommended by the Task Force. The recommenda-tions for capital aid have not been implemented.

* Former Executive Director, Illinois Board ofHigher Education.

The proposed regional structure has not beenestablished.

For the past 16 years, I have been drawn into workinvolving Illinois higher education, so I wish todevote the rest of my remarks to that field. As

you know, I was deeply involved in the creation ofthe Illinois Master Plan for Higher Education.

Planning for higher educa-tionMaster planning for higher education did not beginin Illinois, although this state was one of thefirst ten to produce a state plan. Now, virtuallyall of them have done so. The Illinois Master Plancame because of the 1961 statute creating theIllinois Board of Higher Education, which receiveda mandate by law to develop a state plan. Work onit began in May, 1962; the Provisional Plan wasreleased in March, 1964; the final Plan was adoptedin July, 1964. Legislative approval of the chieffeatures of the plan was given the following year;some 33 bills cleared both houses of the GeneralAssembly (with unanimous votes on final passage inboth houses) and were signed by the Governor onJuly 15, 1965.

But development of the Illinois plan began muchearlier. In 1943, the legislature had establisheda study commission that sponsored the preparationof a dozen scholarly monographs and, in 1945,issued the Report of the Commission to SurveyHigher Educational Facilities in Illinois.

In 1950, Governor Stevenson secured the servicesof a staff from the U.S. Office of Education,headed by Dr. John Dale Russell, which reported onStructure of State Tax-Supported System of HigherEducation in Illinois.

In 1954, Governor Stratton established a StudyCommission on Higher Education, chaired by LennoxLohr of Chicago. This body produced a comprehen-sive report entitled Illinois Looks to the Futurein Higher Education. Specific results of thisstudy were the creation of the Illinois StateScholarships and the establishing of a permanentstudy commission. Both of these moves were madein 1957.

joy 33

The permanent study commission has first chairedby Lennox Lohr, but for mos: of its existence, 1457to 1961, by Fred h. Heitman. It m.;de a series ofcomprehensive studies and produced legislation tocontrol "diploma mills." Its chief service, how-ever, was a proposal for the creation of a truecoordinating and planning hoard. While itsspecific recommendations for coordinatiqn provedto he too sweeping for university or legislativeapproval, they set the stage for the compromisethat gave Illinois its first coordinating agency,the Board of Higher Lducation.

In addition, the Heitman Commission had sought theassistance of the state university presidents inthe preparation of a state plan. Tnis led to ascholarly study of Illinois public higher educa-tion, which appeared in December, 1960, 1'u1,lir.nigher Education in This document, whileof great value in suggesting the guidelines for astate plan, was fairly general in its point ofview, and it fell short of meeting the needs forstate plan. But the foundation had been built.

Preparing the Illinois Mas-ter PlanIn preparing the Illinois Master Plan, the Boarddecided (1) that the plan would he indigenous tothe state of Illinois and would not follow thepattern used elsewhere; (2) that its formulationwould involve genulne participation by severalhundred persons representing all segments ofhigher education, as well as informed citizens;and (3) that it would be formed in an orderlyfashion over a period of two years. There weresome impatient persons who wanted to produce ahastily prepared plan, but neir views did notprevail.

One method used in some other states has been tocontract for a small army of experts to come infrom outside the state and conduct studies. Thishad been done in Illinois twice in the previous25 years, with results that were either non-existent or meager. It had been done recently inMichigan. Here, and elsewhere, this device hasyielded voluminous reports, frequently of enviablescholarship, but rarely resulting in any substantialchanges in existing patterns.

The se( aethod, which was the one used inIllinois in 1962-1964, was to have the studiesundertaken by volunteer persons organized intocommittees with specific tasks. Ten such commit-tees were created, each having 6 to 10 members. Oneach committee there were some technical special-ists recruited chiefly from college and universityfaculties, some from the public, and some from theprivate institutions. On some committees, therewere staff and board members from the two-yearcolleges.

In addition, each committee included a few citizenswho were knowledgeable about higher education.Some of these were board members of colleges-

34

pnblic and priiate. Iurthermore. there her( threeadiisory committees. One consisted of :1 di,-tinguished citizens, none of hhom here ,onncLtedpith any institution of higher education. t .ccondcommittee consisted of 22 facultx member, repre-senting 22 different campuses from all ,egments ofhigher education. he third advisor), committeeconsisted of IS college and university president,.It is important to recognize the enormous contribu-tions made by these 13 committee. In committeelueetings alone, these persons arc estimated to h.i ccontributed some 20,00') hours of uncompensateds,rvice. !.elides, there has much homehork done.One committee alone extracted from stores ofquestionnaires the data to fill over 100,000 IBMcards: two major computer installation, heresaturated for peeks in proce,sig pertinent anduseful information.

So what happened'

The Master Plan sought to strengthen all threesegments of Illinois higher education. These were,in order of their magnitude, (1) the nonpublic col-leges and universities, (2) the state universitiesand colleges, and (3) the public two-year colleges.hhile proposals to support each of these segmentscan be separately identified, albeit with someoverlapping, the 48 recommendations of the MasterPlan were interrelated and interdependent. To-gether, they were designed to achieve a degree ofsymmetry among all the diverse institutions in thestate.

Provisions of the IllinoisPlan

lor the remrnder of this paper, I shall describethe provisions of he Plan and the changes thathave occurred since, with respect to the first twoof these segments-- leaving to my friend and col-league Gerald Smith the task of discussing thethird. While the chaages he will report are themost-dramatic, there have been others worthy ofnote.

Private higher educationNumber. This oldest, and largest, segment ofhigher education has always exhibited change. Sincethe first college was established in Illinois (almost150 years ago), scores of new ones have been crc-ated,and a few of the old ones have been abandoned.One should remember that such institutions as Shurt-leff, Lombard, Redding, William and Vashti,St. Viator, Ewing, Jubilee, Albion College, andothers were once a part of Illinois higher education,but have now closed their doors, Yet, the number ofprivate colleges and universities in Illinois con-tinues to grow. When we began to write the MasterPlan, there were 90 of them; today, there are 95.In 1962, these institutions enrolled a total of111,769 students. Five years later, they enrolled139,953--an increase of 25.2 percent. This is

exactly the increase that has occurred, during thesame years, at the University of 11:nois in Urbana.

Size. the private institutions vary grcitly insize. Hie largest, Northwestern Ihmersity, en-rolls 17,356 students. and its current freshmanclass is the largest in its history. Althoughhundreds of applicants sere turned asay last fall,the plan to hold the freshman class to a total of1,700 sent awry and 1,767 freshmen actually en-rolled. Six other private universities enrollmore than 5,000 students each. lt the .:lier

extreme,there are 44 institutions, some of themtheological seminaries with fewer than 500 stu-dents. Twelve of these enroll fewer than 100students.

Affiliation. i:wo-thirds of the private collegesarc affiliated with a religious denomination--22being Roman Catholic, 6 Lutheran, 6 Presbyterian,4 Methodist, and so . 1. A number of others wereonce identified with a religious order but havesevered such connection.

Programs. There is great diversity among thenonpublic institutions with respect to their pro-grams. At least six offer full graduate programsleading to the doctor's degree. A score of othersoffer some graduate work. At the other extreme, adozen of them are junior colleges and offer onlytwo years of post-high school work. Two new onesof this type have been established recently.

While 34 of the private colleges are primarilyteaching the liberal arts, or liberal arts plusmusic, three of them are single-purpose teacherscolleges, 18 are theological seminaries, 7 aretechnical sc:iools, 9 teach chiefly the fine arts,and 7 are single-purpose profession') schools.

State scholarship program. The MasterPlan sought to foster this segment, and itsdiversity, by a number of ."commendations -- includ-ing the first three of the Pial document. Theplan proposed a massive expansion of the statescholarship program, the first to be made sincethe Plan was instituted in 1957. The Master Planalso recommended a new program of state-guaranteed loans to college students.

The state scholarship program is designed tobenefit students enrolling in private colleges.More than 83 percent of the funds provided since1957 have gone to such students. Prior to theMaster Plan, some 5,200 students were having partor all of their tuition paid as they attendedIllinois private colleges. 'line Master Plan

raised this to about 11,000. Aaster Plan- -Phase Two has increased this to between 30 and40 thousand. Because students are eligible forthese grants for four years, this latter figuremay not be reached until 1970, but it isguaranteed.

Even before these recent increases were fully ineffect, and before the Phase Two increases of 1967,the total state grants to some of the private in-stitutions were at the levels shown in the accom-panying table (see top of next column). ihe pro-gram is so devised that every accredited collegein the state is assured of some grants.

College or university Scholarship grants

North,sestern Unkersity S557,00-loyola 511,350Ill. Inst. of lechnology 389,300University of Chicago 336.294Knox College S01,6'5Bradley 77,050MacMurray :64,050PePaul 21,122Illinois heslevan 188,830Augustani 174,850National College of Iducation 100,566

Loan program. The guaranteed -loan program,initiated by the Master Plan, permits collegestudents to borrow on highly' favorable terms,from hanks, credit unions, and savings and loansocieties. Over 600 lenders are already partici-pating in the program; and in the first six monthsof its operation, this program approved over 10,00(1loans totalling almost $10 million. Phase !so ofthe Master Plan has increased this program so thatit can provide loan assistance to some 90,000 stu-dents. When these irograms are fully operative,state grants or loans may be provided for as manyas 150,000 students, a majority attending privatecolleges.

Growth. Even before this expansion has becomefully effective, the private sector has grown in ahealthy fashion. More than half of them, 47 of the90 existing when the Master Pan was sritten, havegrown at a more-rapid rate than has the Universityof Illinois in Urbana. It is clear that theMaster Plan has served to strengthen many institu-tions in the private sector, and it has done sowithout impairing in any way the treasured indepen-dence of the nonpublic institutions.

Of course, there are limiting factors on the growthof many private colleges. lbe cost to the student

1, only one of these, and the Master Plan has madehuge strides toward minimizing this. Many privatecolleges practice selective admission and set en-rollment ceilings that restrict enrollment. Some-

times this is done to implement their educationalphilosophy (the merits of small enrollments), toaugment their academic prestige, or sometimes be-cause of limited facilities for instruction and/orhousing. Others are religiously oriented, to thedegree that it is inappropriate for many studentsto apply.

While the private sector enrolls more students inIllinois than is typical throughout the nation, itis a fact of life that its share of students hasdeclined steadily, here and elsewhere. However,the chief factor in this trend has not been theincreased enrollments in the state colleges anduniversities, but in the rapid growth of the publictwo-yea-,- colleges. In any case, the private sectorin Illinois continues to enroll more students eachyear; most of the institutions enroll all the stu-dents they wish to have, as evidence: by theirrejection of applicants;, and the private segmentcontinues to grow and prosper.

35

Opposition. Despite this circumstance, thekey proposals in the Master Plan--Phase Two wereopposed by the Federation of Independent Collegesand Universities. I consider this opposition tobe misguided and unfortunate. A study group,Committee M, has proposed four additional statecolleges to be established to check the alarminggrowth of the existing state universities and toprovide for the increased numbers of collegeapplicants, especially those completing thejunior college programs. The membership of Com-mittee M included faculty members from IllinoisWesleyan, Shimcr College, the University ofChicago, Roosek 't, and Loyola. Although theLxecutive Dire, of the Federation of IndependentColleges appea. before this committee and opposedthis recommendation, no dissenting votes wererecorded on its adoption. But when the Board ofHigher Education submitted a legislative requestto plan for cnly two, not four, additional upper-division colleges, spokesmen for the private col-leges voiced bitter opposition. Although they didnot succeed in defeating the proposal, they didreach the cars of many legislators, the newspapereditors of the state, and a large number of thecitizens.

Myth or reality? In my judgment, the privatecolleges (some of them at least), are propoundinga myth--the notion that college enrollments willnot rise as much as expected, that there are largenumbers of unused spaces in existing colleges toprovide for thousands of additional students, andthat the students will choose to enroll in theseallegedly partially vacant colleges.

There is substantial evidence available to con-travene this view. It includes college-by-collegeanalyses of enrollment ceilings, their admissiorstandards, their tuition rates, their religiousorientations, their stated goals and functions,and their present space utilization. These dataare all available. They do not support the fisi-

tion taken by the spokesman for the Federation.

This myth has already been used to defeat at leastthree junior college referenda. As an alumnus offive private colleges, I must say that theiradvocacy can only hurt the orderly development ofIllinois higher education. Nor do I believe theyserve the best interests of private higher educa-tion.

For the alternative to creating additional statecolleges is allowing the inordinate growth of theexisting state universities to continue. Evidence

is easily available that they have been forced togrow too much and too fast. This has occurreddespite the higher admissions standards that arebeing used and the steady rise in student costsfor attendance. In developing Phase Two of theMaster Plan, Study Committee L agreed that nouniversity should add more than 1,000 studentsduring a single year. However, six of the stateuniversity campuses grew more than that during thepast year.

Furthermore, there is clear evidence that thelarger institutions suffer when they outgrow thecommunity in which they are located, when theiracademic campuses become too dispersed, when their

36

per-student costs rise abnormally, and when theirinstructional methods become less effective. Someor all of these developments occur in very largeinstitutions.

The only defensible way to check such rapid andunwise growth is that recommended by the MasterPlan--namely the creation of additional colleges.All segments of higher education should unite insupport of this.

State universities and col-leges

Number and enrollment. The Master Planwas also designed to strengthen the state universi-ties. In 1962, this consisted of six institutions:.the University of Illinois, operating on three cam-puses; Southern, operating on two or perhaps five;Eastern, Northern; Western; and Illinois State Uni-versity at Normal. An important achievement of theMaster Plan was to add the Chicago Teachers College,with its two, or three, branches to this system.The orderly transition to state control of this in-stitution was a notable achievement. In addition,steps were taken to enlarge its programs and to in-crease its enrollment. The Plan also proposed fundsto acquire a new site for the South Branch.

Along with this enlargement of higher education,the Master Plan provided a strong emphasis oncommuter colleges for the Chicago and East St. Louismetropolitan areas. These steps were essential ifcollege doors were to be kept open.

By 1967, the enlarged state university segment en-rolled 127,617 students, with most of the increaseoccurring at Chicago Circle, Edwardsville, and bythe addition of the two Chicago colleges to thestate system. By 1970, this may be the largestsegment of higher education in the state.

Emphasis on upper-level work. But

the Master Plan proposed that the state universi-ties devote a greater share of their resources tograduate, professional, and upper-level work andthat they begin to curtail their commitment toundergraduate education. This would upgrade the in-stitutions-- enhancing their prestige and improvingtheir quality. It would also serve the urgentneed for a farleater number of college teachers,graduate technicians, professional personnel, etc.Phase Two of the Master Plan provides that lower-division enrollments be stabilized in 1970 at theolder institutions (and a later date at the uni-versities in the metropolitan areas), so thatfuture growth would all be at the advanced levels.

Progress in this direction has already occurred.While freshman enrollments in 1967 ros.: by a totalof 10,914 in the entire state, the state universi-ties and colleges were responsible for only 193 ofthis total. Freshman enrollments fell at theUniversity of Illinois, at Southern, at Northernand at Normal. Meanwhile, these same state uni-versities increased their advanced enrollments bymore than 20 percent.

Programs. There have also been dramaticchanges in the scope of the programs at the stateuniversities and colleges. The Master Plan set outto encourage such diversity while, at the sametime, avoiding the rigidity that has hampered otherstate plans. New programs of high quality and thatare fiscally prudent have been approved for some ofthe institutions. A Commission of Scholars has

- been used to cast a knowledgeable eyc on each majorprogram proposed.

Consequently, we have now some dozen state uni-versities and collcges grcuped into four systems,albeit with sharp differences in each group. Noinstitution is relegated to second-clacs status.

Nor is any assured that it will be allowed todevelop through selfish unilateral decisions.

The hope is that this complex of colleges anduniversities--the three segments, private highereducation, the state universities and colleges,and the public junior collegeswill be able to,rovide for the tidal wave of students that issurely coming. In 1960, the Census counted 482.000youth aged 18 to 21 ye.rs. in 1970, there will he722,000. In 1980 there will - 920,000. Theseyoung people are already bot.,. provide ade-quately for their education and for the furthereducation of the thousands under 18 and over 21in need of college is Illinois' greatest challengeand its best investment.

i7

4

SOGERALD W. SMITH*

The Developmentof PublicJunior Colleges

Illinois has a long period of experience with thepublic junior college. The oldest is located atJoliet; it was founded in 1901. By 1930, Illinoishad six public junior colleges, with one of themoperating two campuses in Chicago. These collegesWCfts established as preparatory schools to furnishthe first two years of the baccalaureate program;they were closely tied-in with our secondaryschools. The need for a more-comprehensive pro-gram in the junior college began to be felt duringthe years of the depression, and it grew to fru-ition in the years following World War II. By1961, junior colleges had been established in tenor twelve other communities, and the ChicagoJunior College had added five additional branches.

The chain of eventsThe current, public junior college developmentsare the outgrowth of a chain of events dating from1961. In that year, the General Assembly createda State Board of Higher Education and charged it

with responsibility for developing a "Master Plan"for higher education in Illinois. Master Planrecommendations reported by the Board of HigherEducation in the summer of 1964 included proposalsfor a system of comprehensive junior colleges,governed by local boards, under the jurisdictionof an Illinois Junior Board as part of a statewidepattern for higher education. A Public JuniorCollege Act and companion bills implementing theMaster Plan recommendations passed the GeneralAssembly without a dissenting vote in June, 1965;these were signed by Governor Kerner on July 15,1965. An Illinois Johor College Board, appointedby the governor under authority of the act, metfor the first time on Labor Day, September 6, 1965.The Public Junior College Act is the creature ofMaster Planning and the united efforts of theBoard of Higher Education, numerous study commit-tees, the governor's office, legislators, thejunior colleges, the senior colleges, as well asprofessional and lay organizations.

Major provisionsA review of selected sections of the Public JuniorCollege Act of 1965 may help to clarify some ofthe major provisions.

* Executive Secretary, Illinois Junior CollegeBoard, Springfield, Illinois. Material:, sum-marized by H.J. Schweitzer.

1/ Illinois Revised Statutes, 1967, Chapter 122.

Article I fefinitionsli

"101-2. 'qle following terms have the aeaningsrespectively prescribed for them except as thecontext otherwise requires:

"(c) "Class I Junior Colleges": Public juniorcolleges existing in junior college districts or-ganized under tnis Act or public junior collegesexisting in districts accepted as Class I juniorcollege districts under this Act....

"(g) "Comprehensive junior college program": Aprogram offered by a junior college which includes(1) courses in liberal arts and sciences and gen-eral education; (2) adult education courses; and(3) courses in occupational, semi-technical ortechnical fields leading directly to employment.At least IS% of all courses taught Twist be infields leading directly to employment, one-halfof which courses to be in fields other than busi-ness education."

Article II State Board

"102-11. "Development of articulation procedures.2-11. The State Board in cooperation with thefour-year colleges is empowered to develop artic-ulation procedures to the en4 that maximum freedomof transfer among junior colleges and between ju-nior colleges at,d degree-granting iistitutions beavailable, and consistent with minimum admissionpolicies established by the Board of Higher Educa-tion.

"102-12. Power and duties of state board. "2-12.The State Board shall have the poaer and it shallbe its duty:

"(a) To povide statewide planning for junior col,leges as institutions of higher education and co-ordinate the programs, services and activities ofall junior colleges in the State so as to encour-age and establish a system of locally initiatedand administered comprehensive junior colleges."

Article III Clans I Junior Cclleges

103-2 (actions 103-1 through 8 outline proceduresfor organizing a Class I junior college district.)The following shcrt excerpt from 103-2 is perti-nent: ..."If approved (petition to organize adistrict) the State Board shall submit its find-ings to the Board of Higher Education for a deter-mination a- to whether or not the proposal is inconformity with a comprehensive junior collegeprogram.... '

32/ 39

"103-17. Admission of students. The Class I ju-nior college districts shall admit all studentsqualified to complete any one of their programsincluding general education, transfer, occupa-tional, technical, and terminal, as long as spacefor effective instruction is mailable. Afterentry, the college shall counsel and distributethe students among its p..grams according to theirinterests and abilities. Students allowed entryin college transfer programs must have ability anJcompetence similar to that possessed by studentsadmitti to state universities or similar pro-grams. Entry level competence to suci. collegetransfer programs may be achieved through success-ful completion of other preparatory courses offeredby the college. If space is not available for allstudents applying, the Class I junior college willaccept those best qualified, using rank in classand ability and achievement tests as guides, andshall give preference to students residing in thedistrict."

Article VI Tuition

"106-2. Attendance of junior college outside ofdistrict -- Payment of tuition. 6-2. Any graduate ofa recognized high school or student otherwise qual-ified to attend a public junior college and resid-ing outside a junior college district but in a non-high school district or school district maintaininggrades 9 through 12 which does not operate a juniorcollege who notifies the board of education of hisdistrict by July 1, or by a later date fixed by aregulation of the board of education,of any year inwhich he thereafter expects to attend a recognizedpublic junior college may, subject to Section 3-17,attend any recognized public junior college in theState of Illinois which he chooses, and the board ofeducation of that district shall pay his tuition,for any semester, quarter or term which commencesduring the 12 month period following that Julyfrom the educational fund or the proceeds of a levymade under Section 6-1 of this Act....

"I.f a resident of a junior college district or adistrict maintaining grades 9 through 12 whichoperates a junior college wishes to attend thejunior college maintained by the district of hisresidence but the prog-am in which the studentwishes to enroll is not offered by that juniorcollege the student may attend any recognizedpublic junior college in some other district, sub-ject to the provisions of Section 3-17, and havehis tuition paid by the junior college districtof his residence while enrolled in a program atthat college which is not offered by his homejunior college if he makes application to hishome board at least 30 days prior to the beginningof any semester, quarter or term in accordaace withrules, regulations and procedures established andpublished by his home board...."

Role and responsibilitiesThe above quotations from the Public Junior Col-lege Act draw attention to three significantpurposes and functions. Public junior collegesare expected:

1. To provide comprehensive programs.

40

a. The state system is mandated to offer col-lege transfer programs comparable to th-_state universities in quality, and toextent enrollments allots, in the Samfields of study for lower- di'ision tsork.

Forty to sixty percent of the full-timeenrollments will probably be accounted forin she transfer programs of cvei college.

b. It il intended that the colleges shall

offer opportunities for study in the gen-eral fields of learning for those whoseaptitudes, interests, and :ducationalpurposes may call for courses and curriculaother than the traditional freshman andsophomore years -f a four-year collegebaccalaureate-degree program.

c. Adult edue ion courses are also includedin the definition of a comprehensive pro-gram. This encompasses all continuingeducation and community service programswhich may serve the cultural, civic, rec-reational, educational, and/or vocationalinterests of the community -- either an acredit or noncredit basis.

d. Occupational education is a primary respon-sibility of the junior colleges. Occupa-tional, semitechnical, or technical cur-ricula are designed to lead directly toemployment.

2. To o:Ter programs to 'x 'r

Open-door adm.,,on is accepted as a basicprinciple for public community colleges. the

comprehensive community college is expectedto receive students of hig ability who desireto attend the school for their initial one ortwo years of liberal arts and sciences and pre-professional programs before moving to a seniorinstitution. The co'lege is expected to takethose students who would not normally be con-sidered ready for .iork in a four-year institu-tion, because of teak high school programs orslow maturity, and prepare them for transferat a later date. Special programs for theunder-educated are considered a responsibilityof the comprehensive college. High prioritiesare intended for technical, semitechnical, andoccupational curricula. The college is ex-pected to serve students who want a widevariety of short-term courses--some initial,some refesher, and others designed for up-grading skills and knowledge.

3. To be a part of a statewide system.

Junior colleges are an integral part of a st: e

system of high education. Like the publicsenior colleges and universities, they areintended to serve any of the citizens of thestate regardless of place of residence. Allpersons qualified for any program in a juniorcollege are eligible to seek admission to acollege of his or her choice. Like the seniorinstitutions, the junior colleges may adoptreasonable policies and regulations governingadmissions and tuition, so long as they arenot in conflict with the provisions of the

Canton

ILLINOIS PUBLIC JUNIOR COLLEGES

NORTH SHOREFailed 6-10-67WM. RAINEY HARPER 512ELGIN 509DUPAGE 502TRITON 504CHICAGO CITY 508MORTON 527SOUTHWEST COOK 524THORNTON 510PRAIRIE STATE 515

Pike-Scott-BrownFailed,

February 2, 1968

Status of district organization,as of March 4,, 1968

EIClass I district

Referendum stage

EDPetition in office

* Existing local public junior college

Olney

Wabash ValleyFailed,

October 28, 1967

SOUTHEASTERN

41

Public Junior College Act. The Act establishesa general principle that state and local taxesare available to support attendance in juniorcolleges by any qualified student, whether heor she lives within or outside a district. Tobest serve the statewide function for all, asystem of 40 to 43 college districts coveringthe state is envisioned.

SummaryThe genius of the junior college is its potentialfor flexibility, adaptability, and variety. Itsprogram can be designed to meet the highest stan-dards of traditional college-level work, to offerbasic education in technology, to include a widevariety of vocational education, and/or to estab-lish special courses for specific needs--eitheron a continuing or short-time basis: The talueand dignity of the community college is enhancedwhen its student body includes high schoolgraduates representing the widest possible rangeof abilities and interests. It is a true com-munity college when it attracts adults rangingfrom the non-high school graduate to the collegegraduate. Those responsible for the administra-tion and development of junior colleges should beencouraged to accept the full challenge inherentin this remarkable educational institution.

These projections are based on the current, limitedfacilities in the junior college districts. Newfacilities now under construction and to be start.d

42

within the next 12 months will be occupied begin-ning In the fall of 1969 and 1970.

Selected Statiet4,cal fata, May fL, 1968

llaso I districts 34(Liss II ;hornets 1 (haKish lanes mt I wm,11

rOlAr Tc

Operating districts 1967.1968 27Mather of campuses 3

St, districts -- opened fall, 1,4,"

Se% districtsplanning to open tall, 1968 6Sew districts - -to open fall, 1969

77tFt7/77,Y4,1

Fall, 195' 81,814 51,746Fall, 1966 66,00 43,368Fall, 1965 62.1/4 39,940fall, 1964 52.518 30,021

Lnwcted enrolLmrNts Head angst

Fall, 1968-1969 95,000Fall, 1969.1970 111,000Fall, 1970-1971 150,000

e7.J11:let )

61,6;971,031

84,17;

LbstraTiti;n of etZ;nt-1:.ns-..77,..:J27:. typ7.0f7a777777777::::h,read count)tateaoa_

(numSer) (percent)

Junior colleges.Universities

Colleges

r. ate

Universities . 18,202Colleges , 18,414Professional, technical 2.819Junior colleges 7,740Proprieta-e

. 3 969TOTAL 194,062

8',81856,920

4,171

42 2

29 3

2I

(number) (percent)

44 ,1

40: 0

100-1

a/ Computed - Tabulated- Reported by ts J (roenlich, Director, bureau ut Institu-tional Research, llniversit) of Illinois, for all Illinois institutions ofhigher education

The Growth ofTown & CountryChurch Work

DAVID E LINDSTROM* in IllinoisWhen Dr. Schweitzer (representing the Town andand Country Institute Committee) asked me to speakat the 1968 session of the Institute, I has glau toaccept for I felt it shoved the deep warmth of af-fection you have felt for me. This request camebefore I was given the opportunity to go to Vir-ginia Polytechnic Institute. Upon taking the Vir-ginia assignment, and trying to be fair to VPI, toyou, and the University of Illinois, I begged off,reluctantly. However, I want you to know that I

really wanted to come back. But I cannot get awayfor the time it would take to come and be with youonce more.

How we learned fromWisconsin

The topic assigned to me is a broad one and wouldinvolve finding out from each denomination what ithas done and is doing in the state relative to Townand Country work. I was assured, however, that I

need to cover only that development in the statein which the College of Agriculture was involved.Lven this will be incomplete, as I must limit whatI say to that which I, representing the College,know about and in which I was involved.Dr. Schweitzer indicated he wished me to do some-thing like that done by my life-long friend Dr. A.I.Wileden of the University of Wisconsin, with whomI worked to my first years of graduate work and as

a budding professional in the field of rural soci-ology.

Now, if you wish to look through Wileden's paper,I/

you will see some similarities, but many differ-

ences in the things that went on in Wisconsin andin Illinois. I refer to Wileden's paper now andagain partly to correlate with national movementsin which we were involved or knew about and whichthus influenced what wa: done in Illinois. I alsowant you to know that I has in Wisconsin as a

* Professor imeritus, Rural Soc,:ology, Universityof Illinois, and Research Professor and VisitingProfessor of Sociology, Virginia Polytechnicinstitute, Blacksburg, Virginia. Paper pre-sented by Professor L.H. Regnier, University ofIllinois,. Urbana.

1/ 45 Years of Church Leaders ConfgPences in Wis-consin, Town and Country Leaders Conference,Madison, Wisconsin, July 27, 1966, Mimeo.

student and assistant to the man to whom he refers,Dr. J.H. Kolb, my beloved teacher and counselor.Dr. Kolb followed Professor C.J. Galpin, and Kolbrevived and kept going a strong program for in-service training for rural pastors. It is notsurprising that the recognition of and enthusiasmfor such work to be done in Illinois rubbed off abit on me before I came to this University in Sep-tember of 1929.

As you follow what I have to say, you will agreewith me, I think, that the development in Illinoishas somewhat uniquenot as good in some respectsas that in hisconsin, hut, hC feel, better inothers. Those differencesespecially those for thebetter- -were due, I believe, to the guidance anddevotion given by the rural church leaders them-selves. The real stimulation to start and continuethose sessions came largely from those leaders.For one thing, you will note that the developmentin Wiscotisin was a bit sporadic; whereas in Illi-nois, the work started in 1931 has continuedthrough the years on the same time schedule.

Another difference between Illinois and Wisconsindevelopment was in the attitude of the College andUniversity administration itself. lo my knowledge,for example, the question of violating church andstate relations, principles, or prerogatives hasnever raised. In my experience, the administrativeleaders in Illinois have, without fail, encouragedthe developmenteven to supporting the expansion,now and again, of holding regional, district, andcounty meetings. The prevailing attitude has tolook upon the rural church pastor and minister asa rural community leader who, by coming to under-stand agricultural and rural problems, could be anessential element in aiding rural life development.from the very first, Dean Mumford of the College ofAgriculture and such leaders in Cooperative Lxten-sion as Director Smith and his associate, Profes-sor J.C. Spitler, gave unqualified sanction andsupport to our effc .s. This has been the caseever since. Later, when rural sociology came intothe Department of Agricultural Lconomics, Dr. H.C.M.Case, Dr. L.J. Norton, and now Dr. H.G. Ualcrow,have given encouragement and support to the ideathat it was a good thing for the church and for theUniversity to bring rural pastors in at least oncea year to study together under their own leadersand resource people from the University community.

From the first, also, it was the rural sociologistwho was responsible for working with rural pastorsand their leaders in planning programs, promotingattendance, and holding the sessions. the result

41

has been that we were able to continue, year afteryear, to plan the kinds of programs the rural pas-tors wanted and from which, I am sure, they bene-fited. For they have been coming in increasingnumbers each year.

Illinois beginsThe start was made, in 1931, to add a session forrural pastors to the annual Farm and Home Weekprogram. The thought was that rural pastors couldand would come with their parishioners to attendthese sessions., We called it a Rural Pastor's andLay Leader's Short Course. It always has been atwo-and-a-half to three-day meeting. Some effortswere made to set the sessions at another time andfor longer periods, as was done in Wisconsin; butthese efforts did not succeed, even after the oldFarm and Home Week was discontinued.

So you see stimulation to keep up those sessionscame not only from within the College and Univer-sty. The rural pastors wanted them, and theirleaders backed them up. This was especially trueof their national leaders. More will be said aboutthis later.

The significant fact about the stimulation fromrural pastors and their leaders was that it camefrom across denominational lines. Never, to myknowledge, have the Illinois sessions been domi-nated by any one denomination. Hence, the move-ment has always been interdenominational, and thisaspect has strengthened the program over the years.This was because of th' way in which actual plan-ning and promotion were organized. Let me dwell onthis a moment.

The influence of earlyleaders

Some activity had been carried on before 1931.Much of it was under the leadership of Dr. R.E.

Hieronymus, then Community Advisor for the Univer-sity of Illinois, who went from community to com-munity over the state, meeting with town and coun-try leaders, discussing and helping to findsolutions to their problems. So when he was ap-proached with the idea of meeting with rural pas-tors during Farm and Home Week, he was delighted,enthusiastic, and very helpful. Through him, someof the College and University staff were involved,free of charge, a practice which has been followedever since. I may say at this juncture, that neverhave we had a member from our staff, on being askedto take part, raise the question of remuneration.It was through Dr. Hieronymus, and others such asProfessor Spitler, that I became acquainted withkey rural pastors in the state.

The stimulation from rural pastors was, of course,an essential element, insuring the continuance ofthe movement over the years. I would like to men-tion all their names, but I cannot. Yet I do want

44

to mention two, Mho over the years have been stal-wart supporters of the movement. The one was thelate Reverend George Nell--a Catholic parish priestwho for many years lived and served the IslandGrove Parish, an open country church near Teutop-olis in Effingham County. I remember well my firstcontact with Father Nell. It was in ane of thecommunity le;(ers' sessions held in connection withdistrict Agricultural Adjustment Conferen..es ini-tiated by Dean Mumford, He had invited Dr. Kolbof Wisconsin to meet with these committees the yearbefore I came, so the groundwork for rural com-munity extension work was laid in Illinois at thistime. Rural pastors were included, and rather Nellwas in the session held at Effingham in 1930.

Father Nell was recognized at that time as an out-standing neighborhood and community leader. Thoseattending were not surprised when he brought outhis slides and projected them on a day,oght screento illustrate his work in Island Grove, and thisimpressed me. The idea of a rural pastor's sessionat Farm and Home Week was discur;ed. At the nextFarm and Home Week, he was there. He continuedhis support all through the years, involving theCatholics and bringing support from Diocesian au-thorities for Catholic participation. Later, whenthe committee plan for the Short Course wasadopted, he was the person selected to representhis denomination, and his suggestions for programswere always timely and pertinent.

Another leader also became a warm personal friend.He was Dr. Ralph Cummins, the Presbyter for theUnited Presbyterian Church in Illinois. His of-fice was in Champaign. It was through him that I

became involved in the work of the Illinois Coun-cil of Churches (then called the Illinois ChurchCouncil). It was through Dr. Cummins largely tha,the Council came to support the Pastor's ShortCourse. It has provided solid backing for themovement ever since, which meant of course, supportfrom ali denominations with membership in the Coun-cil..

We did not stop there, of course. If time per-mitted, I could recount the fine leadership fromthe Lutheran, Episcopal, Disciples, Brethren, Men-nonite, Baptist, EUB, and other denominations whostood behind and promoted the movement.

It was through such leaders as Father Nell,Dr. Cum-mins, and others that leaders in the national andinterdenominational area became involved. I willspeak more about this later.

The pattern of develop-mentThe way was laid open, then, for any denomina-tion to cooperate, and we made it known that anyand all rural pastors were welcome to attend thesessions. One of the means agreed on for denom-inational participation was the setting up ofthe committee, made up of denominational leadersand rural pastors. I am not sure where

this idea started, but I think it came from thepastors themselves. Names of persons proposed formembership were given by those attending the ses-sions. Two important principles were involved:(1) to have pastors on the committee who were wellacquainted with rural affairs and (2) to have theselection sanctioned by the denomination's govern-ing body. Thus, the members of the committee werevested with authority from the denominational le-gitimizers to act on the committee. The Univer-sity, strangely enough, was content to select onlyone representative to sit on the committee. As

already indicated, this person has always been andis now a rural sociologist from the College of Ag-riculture.

You may discern, from what I have said, that a pat-tern of operation developed early la the movement,one that has continued through the years. The com-mittees, getting their cue from attendance in de-nominational meetings held during the annual ses-sions, were entrusted to make policy and programplans, to find speakers and leaders for the ses-sions, to encourage attendance, and to urge otherdenominations to join them in this ecumenical andcooperative effort. From time to time, the com-mittee saw fit to provide continuing education inthe form of district or county meetings, but thishas not been done continucusly over a very longperiod of time.

One of the significant series was the one held withthe cooperation of the Soil Conservation Serviceand the Cooperative Lxtension Service. This activ-ity grew out of a widespread realization on thepart of pastors and their lay leaders that farmerswere custodians of the fertility of the soil andwere entrusted with a stewardship that should beguarded, built up, and nurtured.

Interdenominational cooperation made possible well-planned programs as well as the means of bringingin leadership. An agreement was reached, ratherinformally, that leaders selected from the agri-cultural or rural life area of competence shouldbe provided by the University and/or the Collegeof Agriculture and that leaders selected to discussthe rural church problems should be provided by thedenominations. In the latter case, it was signifi-Lant that agreement was easily reached, and suit-able arrangements were made so that no one denom-ination would be called on repeatedly to supplysuch resources. They took turns, with the denom-ination accepting the task of getting the speakerbore the expense of bringing him to the campus.

It was at this point that the denominational lead-ership was brought in. As you all know (and asrecounted by Dr. Wileden), national cooperationhad developed. Not only were there rural life de-partments of national bodies, such as that con-nected with the National Lutheran Council or thatrelated to the Catholic Rural Welfare Conference,but there was the interdenominational Town andCountry Committee of the National Council ofChurches. Through the cooperation of such groups,

1/ Now called the Town and Country Church Insti-tute.

2/ Now called the Office of Agricultural Communi-cations.

we were able to enlist and bring in such leadersas Dr. Da%ber, Dr. Rich, Dr. Snyder, Dr. Schroeder,Dr. Hager, Dr. Samuelson, Dr. Randolph, andMsgr. Ligutti during our first years of activity.Others came in later. Most of you know and revereone of our own men who lived in Champaign,Msgr. O'Rourke; and an Iowa rural minister now ele-vated to broader responsibilities, Dr.L.h. Mueller.

We did not stop, however, at this point. Knowingof the fine work being done for the rural churchby the Farm Foundation and by agriculture journal-ists, we called on such men as Dr. Joseph Acker-man and Paul Johnston.

The committee's roleThe continuance of the Rural Pastors and Lay Lead-ers Short Course!/ depended in large part on pro-motion. Here, too, the committee took major re-sponsibility. In some cases, committee memberssought and secured scholarships from their nationalrural departments, enabling many rural pastors whootherwise could not have done so to attend the ses-sions. They also used their denominational and in-terdenominational channels to send notices of theprogram to all rural pastors.

Thus, the committee was effective in bringing ruralpastors to the sessions. The Cooperative ExtensionService, too, )al played an important part. Forexample, the Agri-ul L'A Editors Office?/ helpedreach news agencies, radio, and TV. The countyExtension offi,;es helped to enlist the advisers'efforts in publicizing the event.

Philosophical backgroundThe philosophy back of the whole movement origi-nated, I feel, with the Theodore Roosevelt CountryLife Commission. It was expanded and elaboratedby discussions in th, sessions of the AmericanCountry Life Association--in meetings called forrural church leaders by the Town and Country De-partments of the National Council of Churches,through the work of the Farm Foundation, and by theexcellent contributions made by such denominationalgroups as the Methodist National Rural Life Confer-ence and the National Catholic Rural Life Confer-ence.

At this point, it may be well to note the basic"findings" of the Country Life Commission, that is,that the country church is intimately related tothe agricultural industry, that the great spiritualneeds are higher personal and community ideals, andthat the rural church has an indispensable functionto perform as the conservator of morals. Theseideals emerged in the year 1910. Today, as part ofour concern with rural development and the ruralchurch, we see the need to look at the "state ofour society" if we are to get the whole picture ofproblems impinging upon rural life. In view of theincreasingly complex problems facing rural life,it is wonderful that church and state leaders havecome together--as they di.: State of Society Con-ferences in Lincoln, Nebraska, and more recently at

45

the University of Illinois--in an effort to helpchurch administrators see the total picture. Theseconferences have given great encc,ragement to therural church movements and to the Town and CountryChurch Institute in Illinois.

A look aheadliDr. Lindstrom has sketched for us the origin anddevelopment of Town and Country church work at theUniversity of Illinois. The record is enviable.We are indebted to many rural church leaders inIllinois and throughout the nation for their con-tribution to the University's program.

Looking back over the years, one is impres3ed bythe improvements that have come in Town and Countrychurch work. Rural ministers today are bettertrained, numerous mergers of small congregationshave occurred, the number of small churches hasbeen reduced, programs in the remaining churcheshave been improved, and the various denominationshave done a good job of bringing their resourcesto bear on the problems of the rural church.

We may logically ask whether there continues to bea need for the land-grant university to carry onin-service training programs for rural ministers.I believe there is. While it is true that many oldrural-urban differences are rapidly disappearing,we are witnessing a growing concern over conditionsin our rural communities. The Report of the Presi-dent's Advisory Committee on Rural Poverty and pub-lic interest in achieving a more-favorable rural-urban balance have contributed to this concern.The adjustments taking place in agriculture, thechanging economic base in many communities, theproblems of both rapid population growth and popu-lation stagnation or decline continue to challengethe church as well as other social and economicinstitutions in the rural community.:

1/ By R.J. Schweitzer, Associate Professor, RuralSociology Extension, University of Illinois,Urbana.

46

As a public institution, the land-grant universitywith its reservoir of resources is in a unique po-sition to help the leaders of community institu-tions understand the changes that are taking place.It can bring to church leaders the study and re-search finlings, and it can offer them opportuni-ties for group study and discussion. It can alsoprovide a forum on rural problems for pastors andlay leaders of every denomination and faith, bring-ing about greater understanding between churchleaders and the University community.

Undoubtedly the format and the program of futureInstitutes will change as the task changes. Ruraland urban problems will be viewed together ratherthan separately. This does not mean that ruralcommunities and rural churches will receive lessemphasis, bit that their problems and opportunitieswill be considered in the light of our growing ur-banization and industrialtzation. I hope that inthe years ahead, we will attract more lay churchmenand community leaders; also, that we can have a"Church and Community Institute"--in fact as wellas in name.

The Institute Committee has been a vital interde-nominational force in planning our programs, and I

trust we will be able to get even more denomina-tional representation on this committee. It isessential that we continue to get the interestsand concerns of both pastors and laymen incorpo-rated into our program-planning process.

Finally, in the years ahead I hope we can get aneven-greater involvement of the University staffin both the planning and the implementation phasesof our Town and Country Church Institute. We havemany staff members in all of our departments whoare intereste1 in the Church and in the nonmetro-politan community. They are willing to help us.We need only t( devise better ways of involvingthem.

In conclusion, I feel the task of building bettercommunities is a continuous one. Both the Univer-sity and the ChurLh have vast resources to contrib-ute to this effort. I am confident that together,we can continue the effort that Dr. Lindstrom hasjust described.