Research ArticleSeroprevalence and Risk Factors Associated withContagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia in Western AmharaNorthwest Ethiopia

Askale Abrhaley 12 Mebrat Ejo 1 and Tsegaw Fentie3

1Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences University of GondarPO Box 196 Gondar Ethiopia2Centre for Innovative Drug Development andTherapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa) College of Medicine amp Health SciencesAddis Ababa University PO Box 9086 Addis Ababa Ethiopia3Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal SciencesUniversity of Gondar PO Box 196 Gondar Ethiopia

Correspondence should be addressed to Askale Abrhaley abrhaleyaskivet2015gmailcom andMebrat Ejo drmebratyahoocom

Received 21 February 2019 Revised 4 May 2019 Accepted 17 June 2019 Published 3 July 2019

Academic Editor Nora Mestorino

Copyright copy 2019 Askale Abrhaley et alThis is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) has been identified as a significant problem in goat production especially in thearid and semiarid lowland areas of Ethiopia Even though CCPP was reported in most of the goat rearing areas of the countrythere is no adequate information on the disease in the Amhara Region Cross-sectional study was conducted from November2016 to April 2017 in the districts of Western Amhara to estimate the seroprevalence and identify the associated risk factors foroccurrence of the CCPP The risk factors considered included age sex agroclimate and districts A competitive enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay (cELISA) was carried out on a total of 400 goat sera samples out of which 34 samples were found seropositivefor specific antibodies against CCPP with the overall seroprevalence of 85 (95 confidence interval (CI) =58 112) Among theepidemiological factors considered age and sex of the goats were not significantly associated with CCPP seroprevalence (pgt005)However the seropositivity was slightly higher in adults (99) and female goats (90) compared to young (63) andmale (75)goats respectivelyThe analysis of seroprevalence by district shows that the seroprevalence of CCPP inMetema (OR=1434 95CI=180 11409 p=0012) and Fogera (OR=999 95CI= 110 9116 p= 0041) was significantly higher compared to other study districtsMultivariable logistic regression analysis also identified the district as a risk factor for the occurrence of a high seroprevalenceof CCPP The present study revealed the seroprevalence and the distribution of CCPP in Western Amhara districts and henceappropriate control measures including regular investigation and vaccination should be implemented to alleviate the problem

1 Introduction

Goats are amongst the chief economically essential live-stock sector in Ethiopia and they are vital sources of cashincome meat and milk for smallholder farmers in variousagroecological areas of the country [1] Even though goatsrepresent an abundant national resource of the countrytheir productivity is lowered by numerous factors includingfeed shortage low genetic potential and infectious diseases[2ndash4] Among infectious diseases contagious caprine pleu-ropneumonia (CCPP) caused by Mycoplasma capricolum

subspecies (subsp) capripneumoniae (Mccp) is one of themajor constraints of goat production [5] This disease ishighly contagious and characterized by severe fibrinouspleuropneumonia with high morbidity and mortality [6 7]According to the World Organization for Animal Health [8]CCPP is reported as prevalent inmore than 30 countries pre-dominantly in Africa the Middle East andWest Asia whichcontained more than half of the worldrsquos goat population InAfrican countries including Ethiopia the disease is observedsince 1980s and considered as OIE notifiable diseases [910] It has a high economic relevance within the context

HindawiJournal of Veterinary MedicineVolume 2019 Article ID 9878365 7 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520199878365

2 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

N

25 0 25 50 75100 km

Figure 1 Map of the study area

of goat farming as it directly affects goat productivity andalso influences international trade of goats and goat products[5 11] The lack of appropriate facilities is a major constraintfor the diagnosis of Mccp from prevalent CCPP cases in thegoat population as this disease is not easily differentiatedfrom other unobservedmycoplasmas infections and also it isdifficult to evaluate the prevalence and its influence globally[9 10] Yet the occurrence and distribution of the disease areunknown and itmight bemorewidespread than the countrieswhere Mccp has been identified and characterized [12ndash14]

In Ethiopia various studies in different localities havereported the prevalence of CCPP it ranges from 10 to43 in different regional states of the country [15ndash18]These studies showed that factors such as insufficiency ofaccurate diagnostic services shortage of vaccination againstCCPP poor management weather conditions and concur-rent infections contribute to a widespread occurrence of thedisease in rural and different agroecological areas of thecountry [19] As reported by African Unionrsquos Inter-AfricanBureau of Animal Resources Ethiopia is among the countriesconsistently reporting the disease [20 21] the occurrence ofthe disease follows the introduction of an infected animalinto a group of susceptible goats [5] and the disease isusually complicated along with other microorganisms suchasMannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida [11 1922] In different areas of the country the CCPP outbreak hasbeen documented [20 21 23] however the epidemiologicalsurveillance of the disease has not yet been well recognizedEven though CCPP was reported in some of the goat rearingareas of Ethiopia [16 24 25] there is no adequate information

about CCPP in the Amhara region Therefore this study wasplanned to study the seroepidemiological status of CCPP andassociated risk factors in Western Amhara districts

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Location The study was conducted in selectedzones of Western Amhara subregion namely Awi WestGojam East Gojam and South and North Gondar (Figure 1)Northwest EthiopiaThe subregion is situated between 1000-1400∘ north latitude and 3510-3835∘ east longitude with thetotal annual rainfall ranging from 878mm to 2100mm andthe annual average maximum and minimum temperature of307∘C and 22∘C respectively Western Amhara subregionis characterized by different agroclimates with subsistencecrop-livestock production [26] and ranked first in its smallruminant population in the Amhara regional state EthiopiaIn the subregion a number of people are involved in theagricultural system including smallholder farming supplyingfood animals and animal products to the communitiesand the slaughterhouses The subregion is surrounded byBenshangul Gumuz Oromia and Tigray regional states ofEthiopia and border cities of Sudan with transboundarylivestock movement among the nearby geographic areas

22 Study Design and Sampling A cross-sectional studywas conducted between November 2016 and July 2017 toassess the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of CCPPin districts of Western Amhara subregion A combinationof multistage and systematic random sampling was used

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 3

Multistage sampling technique was applied for selecting thestudy districts and villages Depending on the number ofgoat population and the agroecology of the area a total of10 districts (one from Awi zone two from West Gojam onefrom East Gojam four from North Gondar and two fromSouthGondar) and three villages per district were selected forthis study Systematic random sampling techniques were usedto select participant households and study goats for bloodsample collectionHouseholders owning goats and individualgoat were primary sampling units for generating data andsamples

23 Study Animals A total of 400 goats kept under tradi-tional extensive farming system were included based on theformula given by Thrusfield [27] with 95 confidence level5 desired absolute precision and considering 50 expectedprevalenceGoats considered for samplingwere thosewith nohistory of vaccination against CCPP greater than 6 monthsold and both sex groups Age of study goats was determinedbased on ownerrsquos information and dental eruptionThe goatswere classified as young and adult ie young if 1-15 years oldand having up to four permanent teeth and adult if gt15 yearsand having greater than four permanent teeth

24 Serum Sample Collection Five milliliter (5ml) of bloodsamples was collected from the jugular vein of each studygoat in sterile nonheparinized Vacutainer Collected bloodsamples were kept at room temperature in slant position for1-2 hours and allowed to clot overnight at +4∘C for serumseparation The separated serum samples were harvestedinto 5ml sterile cryovial tubes and stored at minus20∘C in theLaboratory of College of Veterinary Medicine and AnimalSciences University of Gondar until serological analysisCorresponding to each sample the age sex and georeferenceinformation was collected and recorded on a separate pre-designed recording sheet

25 Serological Test Competitive enzyme-linked immunos-orbent assay (C-ELISA) [28] recommended by the Inter-national Organization for Animal Health [8] and CIRAD-UMR15 (France) was carried out for detection of CCPP Theassay was conducted by using the C-ELISA test kit (CIRAD-Montpellier France) containing a monoclonal anti-Mccpantibody named MAb 452 precoated plates and ready-made reagents The assay was accomplished following themanufacturerrsquos instructions Briefly serum samples to betested were diluted and mixed with a specific monoclonalanti-Mccp antibody (Mab 452) in a preplate (uncoated plate)and then the homogenized contents of the preplate weretransferred into the Mccp antigen coated microplates andincubated for one hour at 37∘C with a gentle agitation Allof the wells were washed two times with washing solutionAnti-mouse IgG horseradish peroxidase conjugate was addedto each well and the plates were incubated for 30min at37∘C Following three times of washing substrate solution331015840551015840-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was added to each welland incubated for 20min at 37∘C in a dark place Finallystop solution was added into each well with a gentle agitationallowing a color reaction to develop and then the optical

density (OD) of individual reaction was measured at 450 nmwith an ELISA plate reader Results were interpreted as perthe manufacturerrsquos instruction using the following formulapercentage of inhibition (PI)= ((OD Mab - test serum)(ODMab ndash OD conjugate))times100 That is those sera with the PIgreater than or equal to 55 were considered as positive forthe presence of Mccp infection and those sera with PI lessthan 55 were negative

26 Statistical Analysis The collected data and serologyresults were recorded in aMicrosoftOffice Excel spreadsheetStatistical analyses were performed using STATA version 12statistical software package (StataCorp USA) Descriptivestatistics such as frequency percentage or proportion wereused to calculate the collected data The overall seropreva-lence was measured by dividing the number of seropositivegoats by the total number of goats tested Odds ratios(OR) and 95 confidence levels (CIs) were computed tomeasure the association of the seroprevalence of CCPP andthe potential risk factors using binary logistic regressionThe univariable and multivariable logistic regression wereused to determine the association between risk factors andthe serological status of goats In the analyses a confidenceinterval of 95 and a p-value of lt005 were applied todetermine statistical significance

3 Results

31 Seroprevalence A total of 400 sera samples of goats wereincluded in this analysis Of these 43 sera samples werecollected from Awi 59 from West Gojam 37 from EastGojam 68 from south Gondar and 193 from North Gondarzones Among the total 400 sera samples tested by C-ELISA34 samples were found seropositive for specific antibodiesagainst CCPP Table 1 with the overall seroprevalence of 85(95 CI=58 112) Among the districts the highest seroposi-tivity for CCPP was detected in Metema district of the NorthGondar zone (255) and followed by Fogera district ofSouth Gondar zone (192) while lower seropositivity forCCPP was observed in Guangua district of Awi zone (23)However serum samples fromMecha district of West Gojamzone were found to be seronegative for CCPP Table 1

Among the zones included for sera sample collectionCCPP seroprevalence was higher in North Gondar zone(109) followed by South Gondar (103) East Gojjam(81) and West Gojjam (34) respectively The leastprevalence was reported in Awi zone (23)

32 Association of Risk Factors and CCPP SeroprevalenceThe univariable logistic regression analysis was computed toidentify the effects of host and environment-related factorson the seroprevalence of CCPP Table 2 The results of theunivariate analysis showed that host-related factors such asage and sex of the goats were not significantly associated withCCPP seroprevalence (pgt005) However the seropositivitywas slightly higher in adults (99) and female goats (90)compared to young (63) and male goats (75) respec-tively In addition the odds ratios (OR) of seropositivity in

4 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Table 1 Seroprevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) by study districts in Western Amhara subregion NorthwestEthiopia

Zone District Number of sera tested Number of positives Prevalence ()Awi Guangua 43 1 23

West Gojam Mecha 26 0 0Jabi-Tehnan 33 2 61

East Gojam Debre Elias 37 3 81

South Gondar Fogera 26 5 192Simada 42 2 48

North Gondar

Lay Armachiho 67 3 45Metema 55 14 255

West Belessa 21 1 48Gondar Zuria 50 3 60

Table 2 Univariable analysis of risk factors for CCPP seropositivity classified by host- and environment-related factors

Variables Tested samples Prevalence () Odds Ratio (OR) 95 Confidence interval (CI) p-valueAge Young 158 63 Ref - -

Adult 242 99 163 076 351 0212Sex Male 134 75 Ref - -

Female 266 90 123 057 265 0598Agro-climate Lowland 295 85 Ref - -

Midland 105 86 101 046 225 0976

District

Guangua 43 23 Ref - -Lay-Armachiho 67 45 197 020 1957 0563

Metema 55 255 1434 180 11409 0012Gondar Zuria 50 60 268 027 2677 0401WestBelesa 21 48 210 012 3532 0606Fogera 26 192 999 110 9116 0041Simada 42 48 210 018 2407 0551Mecha 26 0 - - -

Jabi-Tehnan 33 61 271 024 3124 0424Debre-Elias 37 81 371 037 3725 0266

CCPP= contagious caprine pleuropneumonia CI= confidence interval OR= odds ratio Ref= reference

Table 3 Multivariable logistic regression analysis of risk factors of CCPP seropositivity by host- and environment-related risk factors

Variables Odds Ratio (OR) 95 Confidence interval (CI) P-valueAge 161 074 346 0231District 089 080 099 0045CCPP= contagious caprine leuropneumonia CI= confidence interval OR= odds ratio

adult and female goats were 163 (95CI= 076 351 p= 0212)and 123 (95CI= 057 265 p=0598) times higher thanyoung and male goats respectively

The environment-related risk factors agroclimates anddistricts were also analyzed by the univariable logistic regres-sionThe seroprevalence was not significantly associated withthe agroclimates (OR= 101 95CI= 046 225 pgt 005)The analysis of seroprevalence in districts shows that theseroprevalence of CCPP inMetema (OR=1434 95CI= 18011409 p= 0012) and Fogera (OR=999 95CI= 110 9116p= 0041) was significantly higher as compared to other studydistricts Table 2

Among host and environmental-related factors age anddistrict were significant in the univariable analysis and werefitted to the finalmultivariable logistic regressionmodel (datanot shown) As a result only the district was identified asa risk factor for the occurrence of a high seroprevalence ofCCPP Table 3

4 Discussion

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a disease ofhigh economic relevance within the context of goat farmingas it directly affects the productivity most importantly in

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 5

the rural goat producing areas of developing countries [823] including Ethiopia Various studies in different settingshave reported the prevalence of CCPP with varying results[23] In the present study the seroprevalence and associatedrisk factors of CCPP were assessed The study revealedan overall seroprevalence of 85 (34 out of 400) in thestudied goat population with widespread distribution andvaried seropositivity among the study zones and districtsThe seroprevalence of CCPP in this study was lower thanthat in some zones reported by Mekuria and Asmare [29]and Bekele et al [30] in Ethiopia Atim et al [31] in Ugandaand Ingle et al [32] and Hussain et al [33] in Pakistan Incontrast the seroprevalence finding in this study was higherthan that reported by the same authors in other zones ofEthiopia [30] and in Uganda [31] Pakistan [32] and Turkey[34] The variation in seroprevalence reports might be due tothe differences in study areas agroecological systems goatmanagement and production systems population densityand the techniques used to define the seropositivity In thisstudy area where the traditional and extensive farming ispracticed CCPPmight spread when goatsmeet at communalgrazing andwatering areas As stated byThiaucourt et al [10]close contact between diseased and healthy animals is criticalfor the spread of CCPP to take place[10] and overcrowdingand confinement have also been known to favor closecontact and circulation of the disease in goat populationStress factors such as malnutrition and movement over longdistances have been also documented to enhance the spreadand morbidity of the disease [29 35] Regassa et al [15] andSherif et al [36] described that seroprevalence may also varyfrom one area to another within a country

In the present study there was a difference in the distribu-tion of CCPP seroprevalence in the districts A significantlyhigher seroprevalence of 255 (95 CI = 180 11409p=0012) and 192 (95 CI = 110 9116 p=0041) was doc-umented in Metema and Fogera districts respectively Thesefindings were consistent with the results recorded by differentresearch works conducted in different areas of Ethiopia [1516 37] Similarly higher district level seroprevalences werealso reported in Hammer and Benna-Tsemay districts ofSouthern Ethiopia [37] and Agago and Otuke districts ofUganda [31] with insignificant variation in the occurrence ofCCPP The difference in seroprevalence by districts could beexplained by the differences in animal management systemwith common browsing and watering practices the frequentanimal movement to border regions and the introductionof new animals The study districts share boundaries withBenshangul Gumuz region of Ethiopia and Gallabat zonesof Sudan both of these areas practice extensive productionsystem and common animal market route which increasesthe spread of CCPP as the disease is a transboundary diseaseand highly contagious transmitted by movement of infectedgoats [5 8 38 39] As reported by Kipronoh et al [40] CCPPmight also be predominantly prevalent in the neighboringareas with common borders and animal markets Similarsuggestions were also given by different studies conducted inEthiopia [16 24 41]

In our study host level variables such as age andsex of goats were not significantly associated with CCPP

seropositivity The study recorded slightly higher seropos-itivity in adults and female goats compared to young andmale goats respectively In addition the odds ratio (OR)of seropositivity revealed that adult and female goats wereshowing antibodies against CCPPmore than young andmalegoats respectively This finding agrees with the reports byHadush et al [16] and Kipronoh et al [42] Both age groupsand sexes of goats have been reported to be susceptiblealthough higher mortalities have been documented amongyoung animals than adults [29 43] This might be explainedby the fact that adult goats have been at risk of exposure fora longer period than young animals and not necessarily asa result of new infection It might also be due to reducedlevel of host protection mechanism and poor physiologicalcondition in adult and female goats Furthermore goats maybe exposed to adverse weather condition and malnutritionduring their lifetime which predisposes them to CCPP It hasalso been reported that CCPP is highly contagious and fatal tosusceptible goats irrespective of age and sex [19 44] Thoughall age groups are susceptible and seropositivity may be highin adult goats butmortality is higher in young animals than inadults [7 11 45 46] and thus acutely infected young animalsmay die of CCPP before developing antibodies and not beavailable for testing [30 42 47]

Although our study presented an insignificant association(p gt 005) between agroclimates and seropositivity slightlyhigher CCPP seroprevalence was recorded in both lowlandand midland areas This finding is consistent with the studyconducted in Eastern Ethiopia [48] This might be linked tothe movement of animals among the areas where the diseaseis highly prevalent for marketing watering and grazingwhich increase the contact between animals and the spread ofthe disease Additionally goats in these agroclimates aremoreconfined to browsing and watering areas which might easilytransmit CCPP to susceptible animals Environmental stressparticularly hot and humid climate favors precipitation ofthis disease [32] Moreover taking of goats to feeding andwatering areas during dry season increases the contact ofinfected and susceptible goats as well as transmission ofCCPP [40]

5 Conclusion

This study revealed that CCPP is among the most prevalentand widespread diseases of goats in the study area Variationin the seroprevalence and distribution of the disease wereobserved among the study districts with high magnitude inMetema and Fogera districts Therefore control measures byregular surveillance and vaccination against CCPP should beimplemented tomitigate the problem including properman-agement of goat especially during outbreaks and awarenesscreation among the farmers about the means of preventionand control of the disease

Data Availability

The data sets used andor analysed during the current studyare available from the corresponding author on reasonablerequest

6 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Ethical Approval

This research work was approved by the ethical reviewcommittee of the University of Gondar

Consent

Informed oral consents were obtained from goat owners whoparticipated in this research

Disclosure

Authors are veterinary medicine professionals and membersof veterinary medicine and epidemiology research theme atthe University of GondarThey are involved and interested inbiomedical sciences epidemiology of infectious diseases andpreventive medicine studies Funder was not involved in thedesign of the study collection and analysis of the data or itsinterpretation and in writing the manuscript

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

Authorsrsquo Contributions

Tsegaw Fentie and Askale Abrahaley conceived and designedthe research Askale Abrahaley and Tsegaw Fentie performedthe study Askale Abrahaley Tsegaw Fentie and Mebrat Ejoanalyzed the data Tsegaw Fentie andMebrat Ejo contributedwith reagentsmaterialsanalysis tools Askale AbrahaleyTsegaw Fentie and Mebrat Ejo wrote the paper

Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge the University of GondarEthiopia for financial support of this study We are gratefulto the staff members of National Veterinary Institute (NVI)College ofVeterinaryMedicine andAnimal Sciences Univer-sity of Gondar and study sites veterinary medicine expertsfor their laboratory and field work supports In addition weappreciated owners of livestock particularly goat owners andexperts for their cooperation and supports during field worksas well as lab works of this study

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[1] A Yami and R C Markel ldquoSheep and Goat ProductionHandbook for Ethiopiardquo Ethiopia Sheep and Goat productivityImprovement Program 2008

[2] S Gizaw S Abegaz B Rischkowsky A Haile A M Okeyoand T Dessie Review of sheep research and development projectsin Ethiopia International Livestock Research Institute NairobiKenya 2013

[3] C Ahuya A Okeyo A M Mwangi-Njuru and C PeacockldquoDevelopmental challenges and opportunities in the goat indus-try The Kenyan experiencerdquo Small Ruminant Research vol 60no 1-2 pp 197ndash206 2005

[4] J Boyazoglu I Hatziminaoglou and P Morand-Fehr ldquoThe roleof the goat in society past present and perspectives for thefuturerdquo Small Ruminant Research vol 60 no 1-2 pp 13ndash232005

[5] R Nicholas and C Churchward ldquoContagious caprine pleurop-neumonia new aspects of an old diseaserdquo Transboundary andEmerging Diseases vol 59 no 3 pp 189ndash196 2012

[6] F Thiaucourt and G Bolske ldquoContagious caprine pleurop-neumonia and other pulmonary mycoplasmoses of sheep andgoatsrdquo Revue Scientifique et Technique de lrsquoOIE vol 15 no 4pp 1397ndash1414 1996

[7] OM Radostits C C Gay KWHinchcliff and PD ConstableVeterinarymedicine A Text Book of the diseases of Cattle HorsesSheep Pigs and Goats London UK 10th edition 2007

[8] OIE Terrestrial Manual Contagious Caprine PleuropneumoniaAetiology Epidemiology Diagnosis Prevention and ControlReferences Oie 2012

[9] P C Lefevre J Blancou L Dedieu A Diallo G Libeau andF Thiaucourt ldquoField diagnostic kits a solution for developingcountriesrdquo Rev Sci Tech 1993

[10] F Thiaucourt G Bolske B LENEGUERSH D Smith andH Wesonga ldquoDiagnosis and control of contagious caprinepleuropneumoniardquoRevue Scientifique et Technique de lrsquoOIE vol15 no 4 pp 1415ndash1429 1996

[11] F Thiaucourt and G Bolske ldquoContagious caprine pleurop-neumonia and other pulmonary mycoplasmoses of sheep andgoatsrdquo Revue Scientifique et Technique de lrsquoOIE vol 15 no 4pp 1397ndash1414 1996

[12] S Lorenzon H Wesonga L Ygesu et al ldquoGenetic evolutionofMycoplasma capricolum subsp capripneumoniae strains andmolecular epidemiology of contagious caprine pleuropneumo-nia by sequencing of locus H2rdquoVeterinaryMicrobiology vol 85no 2 pp 111ndash123 2002

[13] SWoubit S LorenzonA Peyraud LManso-Silvan and FThi-aucourt ldquoA specific PCR for the identification of Mycoplasmacapricolum subsp capripneumoniae the causative agent of con-tagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP)rdquoVeterinaryMicrobi-ology vol 104 no 1-2 pp 125ndash132 2004

[14] S Woubit L Manso-Silvan S Lorenzon et al ldquoA PCR forthe detection of mycoplasmas belonging to the Mycoplasmamycoides cluster Application to the diagnosis of contagiousagalactiardquo Molecular and Cellular Probes vol 21 no 5-6 pp391ndash399 2007

[15] F Regassa M Netsere and T Tsertse ldquoSero-prevalence of con-tagious caprine pleuropneumonia in goat at selected woredas ofAfar regionrdquo Ethiopian Veterinary Journal 2010

[16] B Hadush L Eshetu W Mengistu and M HailesilassieldquoSeroprevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia inKefta Humera Alamata (Tigray) and Aba-rsquoala (Afar) NorthernEthiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health and Production vol 41 no 5pp 803ndash806 2009

[17] A Sharew C Staak F Thiaucourt and F Roger ldquoA Serolog-ical Investigation into Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia(CCPP) in Ethiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health and Productionvol 37 no 1 pp 11ndash19 2005

[18] DGizaw BGebreegziabher GAyelet andKAsmare ldquoInvesti-gation ofmycoplasma infection in goats slaughtered at ELFORAexport abattoir Ethiopiardquo Ethiopian Veterinary Journal 2009

[19] OIE World ldquoOrganization for Animal Health Contagiouscaprine pleuropneumoniardquo OIE Terr Man 2008

[20] Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources Impact of LivestockDiseases in Africa African Union 2013

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 7

[21] Pan African Animal Resources Pan African Animal ResourcesYearbook 2013

[22] O M Radostits C Gay K W Hinchcliff and P D Consta-ble ldquoDisease caused by mycoplasmardquo in Veterinary MedicineTextbook of the diseases of cattle sheep pigs goats and horsesSaunders Elsevier Edinburgh London 10th edition 2007

[23] K Asmare T Abayneh S Mekuria et al ldquoA meta-analysisof contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in EthiopiardquoActa Tropica vol 158 pp 231ndash239 2016

[24] L Eshetu L Yigezu and Y Asfaw ldquoA study on ContagiousCaprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in goats at an export ori-ented abattoir Debrezeit Ethiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health andProduction vol 39 no 6 pp 427ndash432 2007

[25] A Gelagay S TeshaleW Amsalu andG Esayas ldquoPrevalence ofcontagious caprine pleuropneumonia in the Borana pastoralareas of Ethiopiardquo Small Ruminant Research vol 70 no 2-3 pp131ndash135 2007

[26] A Adugna Amhara Demography and Health Bulletin 2014[27] M Thrusfield Veterinary Epidemiology Black well science

London UK 3rd edition 2005[28] F Thiaucourt G Bolske G Libeau C Le Goff and P Lefevre

ldquoThe use of monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis of conta-gious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP)rdquo Veterinary Microbi-ology vol 41 no 3 pp 191ndash203 1994

[29] S Mekuria and K Asmare ldquoCross-sectional study on Conta-gious Caprine Pleuro Pneumonia in selected districts of seden-tary and pastoral production systems in Southern EthiopiardquoTropical Animal Health and Production vol 42 no 1 pp 65ndash72 2010

[30] T Bekele Y Asfaw B Gebre-Egziabeher and G Abebe ldquoSero-prevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Boranaand Guji lowlands Southern Ethiopiardquo Ethiopian VeterinaryJournal vol 15 no 2 2011

[31] S A Atim C Ayebazibwe F NMwiine J Erume and R Twey-ongyere ldquoA Survey for contagious caprine pleuropneumonia inAgago and Otuke districts in Northern Ugandardquo Open Journalof Veterinary Medicine vol 06 no 01 pp 9ndash14 2016

[32] V C Ingle P Sivakumar D R Kalorey et al ldquoSeroprevalenceof contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in goats in Nagpurdistrict of Vidarbha regionrdquo Veterinary World vol 1 no 9 pp270-271 2008

[33] R Hussain M Auon A Khan M Z Khan F Mahmood andSUr-Rehman ldquoContagious caprine pleuropneumonia in BeetalgoatsrdquoTropical Animal Health and Production vol 44 no 3 pp477ndash481 2012

[34] B Cetinkaya R Kalin M Karahan et al ldquoDetection ofcontagious caprine pleuropneumonia in East Turkeyrdquo RevueScientifique et Technique de lrsquoOIE vol 28 no 3 pp 1037ndash10442009

[35] FThiaucourt C Guerin V Mady and P C Lefevre ldquoDiagnosisof caprine contagious pleuropneumonia recent improvementsrdquoRev Sci Tech 1992

[36] M Sherif M Addis and M Tefera ldquoContagious CaprinePleuropneumonia Serological Survey in Selected Districts ofJijiga Zone Ethiopiardquo Asian Journal of Animal Sciences vol 6no 6 pp 309ndash315 2012

[37] S Mekuria A Zerihun B Gebre-Egziabher and M TibboldquoParticipatory investigation of Contagious Caprine Pleurop-neumonia (CCPP) in goats in the Hammer and Benna-Tsemaydistricts of southern Ethiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health andProduction vol 40 no 8 pp 571ndash582 2008

[38] M A Awan F Abbas M Yasinzai et al ldquoPrevalence of Myco-plasma capricolum subspecies capricolum and Mycoplasmaputrefaciens in goats in Pishin district of Balochistanrdquo PakistanVeterinary Journal vol 29 no 4 pp 179ndash185 2009

[39] M A Awan F Abbas M Yasinzai et al ldquoFirst report on themolecular prevalence of Mycoplasma capricolum subspeciescapripneumoniae (Mccp) in goats the cause of contagiouscaprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in Balochistan province ofPakistanrdquo Molecular Biology Reports vol 37 no 7 pp 3401ndash3406 2010

[40] K Kipronoh J Ombui Y Binepal et al ldquoRisk factors associatedwith contagious caprine pleuro-pneumonia in goats in pastoralareas in the Rift Valley region of Kenyardquo Preventive VeterinaryMedicine vol 132 pp 107ndash112 2016

[41] B H Abera L Eshetu W Mengistu et al ldquoSeroprevalenceof contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Tigray and AfarNorthern Ethiopiardquo in Animal hygiene and sustainable livestockproduction Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of theInternational Society for Animal Hygiene vol 1 Vienna AustriaJuly 2011

[42] A K Kipronoh J N Ombui H K Kiara Y S Binepal EGitonga andH OWesonga ldquoPrevalence of contagious caprinepleuro-pneumonia in pastoral flocks of goats in the Rift Valleyregion of Kenyardquo Tropical Animal Health and Production vol48 no 1 pp 151ndash155 2016

[43] U Ozdemir E Ozdemir J B March C Churchward and R ANicholas ldquoContagious caprine pleuropneumonia in the Thraceregion of TurkeyrdquoVeterinary Record vol 156 no 9 pp 286-2872005

[44] A (APHRD) and PHRD Animal and Plant Health RegulatoryDirectorate Version 1 Ministry of Agriculture Status of MajorAnimal Diseases in Ethiopia Bulletin 2010

[45] H O Wesonga R Lindberg J K Litamoi and G Bolske ldquoLateLesions of Experimental ContagiousCaprine PleuropneumoniaCaused by Mycoplasma capricolum ssp capripneumoniaerdquoJournal of VeterinaryMedicine Series B vol 45 no 1-10 pp 105ndash114 1998

[46] H Wesonga J Litamoi M Kagumba and E WakhusamaldquoRelationship between clinical signs and early lesions of conta-gious caprine pleuropneumonia caused by Mycoplasma strainF38rdquo Small Ruminant Research vol 10 no 1 pp 45ndash54 1993

[47] L Matios S Tesfaye A Gelagay E Eyob D Gebremikaeland T Tadele ldquoSeroprevalence of contagious caprine pleu-ropneumonia and field performance of inactivated vaccine inBorana pastoral area southern Ethiopiardquo African Journal ofMicrobiology Research vol 8 no 24 pp 2344ndash2351 2014

[48] E Yousuf A Melaku and B Bogale ldquoSeroprevalence ofcontagious caprinepleuropneumonia in Dire Dawa provisionaladministrative council EasternEthiopiardquo Journal of VeterinaryMedicine and Animal Health vol 4 pp 93ndash96 2012

Veterinary MedicineJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal of

Microbiology

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

BioMed Research International

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

PsycheHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Biochemistry Research International

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2018

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Agronomy

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal of Parasitology Research

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

International Journal of

Volume 2018

Zoology

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

ArchaeaHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Advances in

Virolog y

ScienticaHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 3

Multistage sampling technique was applied for selecting thestudy districts and villages Depending on the number ofgoat population and the agroecology of the area a total of10 districts (one from Awi zone two from West Gojam onefrom East Gojam four from North Gondar and two fromSouthGondar) and three villages per district were selected forthis study Systematic random sampling techniques were usedto select participant households and study goats for bloodsample collectionHouseholders owning goats and individualgoat were primary sampling units for generating data andsamples

23 Study Animals A total of 400 goats kept under tradi-tional extensive farming system were included based on theformula given by Thrusfield [27] with 95 confidence level5 desired absolute precision and considering 50 expectedprevalenceGoats considered for samplingwere thosewith nohistory of vaccination against CCPP greater than 6 monthsold and both sex groups Age of study goats was determinedbased on ownerrsquos information and dental eruptionThe goatswere classified as young and adult ie young if 1-15 years oldand having up to four permanent teeth and adult if gt15 yearsand having greater than four permanent teeth

24 Serum Sample Collection Five milliliter (5ml) of bloodsamples was collected from the jugular vein of each studygoat in sterile nonheparinized Vacutainer Collected bloodsamples were kept at room temperature in slant position for1-2 hours and allowed to clot overnight at +4∘C for serumseparation The separated serum samples were harvestedinto 5ml sterile cryovial tubes and stored at minus20∘C in theLaboratory of College of Veterinary Medicine and AnimalSciences University of Gondar until serological analysisCorresponding to each sample the age sex and georeferenceinformation was collected and recorded on a separate pre-designed recording sheet

25 Serological Test Competitive enzyme-linked immunos-orbent assay (C-ELISA) [28] recommended by the Inter-national Organization for Animal Health [8] and CIRAD-UMR15 (France) was carried out for detection of CCPP Theassay was conducted by using the C-ELISA test kit (CIRAD-Montpellier France) containing a monoclonal anti-Mccpantibody named MAb 452 precoated plates and ready-made reagents The assay was accomplished following themanufacturerrsquos instructions Briefly serum samples to betested were diluted and mixed with a specific monoclonalanti-Mccp antibody (Mab 452) in a preplate (uncoated plate)and then the homogenized contents of the preplate weretransferred into the Mccp antigen coated microplates andincubated for one hour at 37∘C with a gentle agitation Allof the wells were washed two times with washing solutionAnti-mouse IgG horseradish peroxidase conjugate was addedto each well and the plates were incubated for 30min at37∘C Following three times of washing substrate solution331015840551015840-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was added to each welland incubated for 20min at 37∘C in a dark place Finallystop solution was added into each well with a gentle agitationallowing a color reaction to develop and then the optical

density (OD) of individual reaction was measured at 450 nmwith an ELISA plate reader Results were interpreted as perthe manufacturerrsquos instruction using the following formulapercentage of inhibition (PI)= ((OD Mab - test serum)(ODMab ndash OD conjugate))times100 That is those sera with the PIgreater than or equal to 55 were considered as positive forthe presence of Mccp infection and those sera with PI lessthan 55 were negative

26 Statistical Analysis The collected data and serologyresults were recorded in aMicrosoftOffice Excel spreadsheetStatistical analyses were performed using STATA version 12statistical software package (StataCorp USA) Descriptivestatistics such as frequency percentage or proportion wereused to calculate the collected data The overall seropreva-lence was measured by dividing the number of seropositivegoats by the total number of goats tested Odds ratios(OR) and 95 confidence levels (CIs) were computed tomeasure the association of the seroprevalence of CCPP andthe potential risk factors using binary logistic regressionThe univariable and multivariable logistic regression wereused to determine the association between risk factors andthe serological status of goats In the analyses a confidenceinterval of 95 and a p-value of lt005 were applied todetermine statistical significance

3 Results

31 Seroprevalence A total of 400 sera samples of goats wereincluded in this analysis Of these 43 sera samples werecollected from Awi 59 from West Gojam 37 from EastGojam 68 from south Gondar and 193 from North Gondarzones Among the total 400 sera samples tested by C-ELISA34 samples were found seropositive for specific antibodiesagainst CCPP Table 1 with the overall seroprevalence of 85(95 CI=58 112) Among the districts the highest seroposi-tivity for CCPP was detected in Metema district of the NorthGondar zone (255) and followed by Fogera district ofSouth Gondar zone (192) while lower seropositivity forCCPP was observed in Guangua district of Awi zone (23)However serum samples fromMecha district of West Gojamzone were found to be seronegative for CCPP Table 1

Among the zones included for sera sample collectionCCPP seroprevalence was higher in North Gondar zone(109) followed by South Gondar (103) East Gojjam(81) and West Gojjam (34) respectively The leastprevalence was reported in Awi zone (23)

32 Association of Risk Factors and CCPP SeroprevalenceThe univariable logistic regression analysis was computed toidentify the effects of host and environment-related factorson the seroprevalence of CCPP Table 2 The results of theunivariate analysis showed that host-related factors such asage and sex of the goats were not significantly associated withCCPP seroprevalence (pgt005) However the seropositivitywas slightly higher in adults (99) and female goats (90)compared to young (63) and male goats (75) respec-tively In addition the odds ratios (OR) of seropositivity in

4 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Table 1 Seroprevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) by study districts in Western Amhara subregion NorthwestEthiopia

Zone District Number of sera tested Number of positives Prevalence ()Awi Guangua 43 1 23

West Gojam Mecha 26 0 0Jabi-Tehnan 33 2 61

East Gojam Debre Elias 37 3 81

South Gondar Fogera 26 5 192Simada 42 2 48

North Gondar

Lay Armachiho 67 3 45Metema 55 14 255

West Belessa 21 1 48Gondar Zuria 50 3 60

Table 2 Univariable analysis of risk factors for CCPP seropositivity classified by host- and environment-related factors

Variables Tested samples Prevalence () Odds Ratio (OR) 95 Confidence interval (CI) p-valueAge Young 158 63 Ref - -

Adult 242 99 163 076 351 0212Sex Male 134 75 Ref - -

Female 266 90 123 057 265 0598Agro-climate Lowland 295 85 Ref - -

Midland 105 86 101 046 225 0976

District

Guangua 43 23 Ref - -Lay-Armachiho 67 45 197 020 1957 0563

Metema 55 255 1434 180 11409 0012Gondar Zuria 50 60 268 027 2677 0401WestBelesa 21 48 210 012 3532 0606Fogera 26 192 999 110 9116 0041Simada 42 48 210 018 2407 0551Mecha 26 0 - - -

Jabi-Tehnan 33 61 271 024 3124 0424Debre-Elias 37 81 371 037 3725 0266

CCPP= contagious caprine pleuropneumonia CI= confidence interval OR= odds ratio Ref= reference

Table 3 Multivariable logistic regression analysis of risk factors of CCPP seropositivity by host- and environment-related risk factors

Variables Odds Ratio (OR) 95 Confidence interval (CI) P-valueAge 161 074 346 0231District 089 080 099 0045CCPP= contagious caprine leuropneumonia CI= confidence interval OR= odds ratio

adult and female goats were 163 (95CI= 076 351 p= 0212)and 123 (95CI= 057 265 p=0598) times higher thanyoung and male goats respectively

The environment-related risk factors agroclimates anddistricts were also analyzed by the univariable logistic regres-sionThe seroprevalence was not significantly associated withthe agroclimates (OR= 101 95CI= 046 225 pgt 005)The analysis of seroprevalence in districts shows that theseroprevalence of CCPP inMetema (OR=1434 95CI= 18011409 p= 0012) and Fogera (OR=999 95CI= 110 9116p= 0041) was significantly higher as compared to other studydistricts Table 2

Among host and environmental-related factors age anddistrict were significant in the univariable analysis and werefitted to the finalmultivariable logistic regressionmodel (datanot shown) As a result only the district was identified asa risk factor for the occurrence of a high seroprevalence ofCCPP Table 3

4 Discussion

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a disease ofhigh economic relevance within the context of goat farmingas it directly affects the productivity most importantly in

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 5

the rural goat producing areas of developing countries [823] including Ethiopia Various studies in different settingshave reported the prevalence of CCPP with varying results[23] In the present study the seroprevalence and associatedrisk factors of CCPP were assessed The study revealedan overall seroprevalence of 85 (34 out of 400) in thestudied goat population with widespread distribution andvaried seropositivity among the study zones and districtsThe seroprevalence of CCPP in this study was lower thanthat in some zones reported by Mekuria and Asmare [29]and Bekele et al [30] in Ethiopia Atim et al [31] in Ugandaand Ingle et al [32] and Hussain et al [33] in Pakistan Incontrast the seroprevalence finding in this study was higherthan that reported by the same authors in other zones ofEthiopia [30] and in Uganda [31] Pakistan [32] and Turkey[34] The variation in seroprevalence reports might be due tothe differences in study areas agroecological systems goatmanagement and production systems population densityand the techniques used to define the seropositivity In thisstudy area where the traditional and extensive farming ispracticed CCPPmight spread when goatsmeet at communalgrazing andwatering areas As stated byThiaucourt et al [10]close contact between diseased and healthy animals is criticalfor the spread of CCPP to take place[10] and overcrowdingand confinement have also been known to favor closecontact and circulation of the disease in goat populationStress factors such as malnutrition and movement over longdistances have been also documented to enhance the spreadand morbidity of the disease [29 35] Regassa et al [15] andSherif et al [36] described that seroprevalence may also varyfrom one area to another within a country

In the present study there was a difference in the distribu-tion of CCPP seroprevalence in the districts A significantlyhigher seroprevalence of 255 (95 CI = 180 11409p=0012) and 192 (95 CI = 110 9116 p=0041) was doc-umented in Metema and Fogera districts respectively Thesefindings were consistent with the results recorded by differentresearch works conducted in different areas of Ethiopia [1516 37] Similarly higher district level seroprevalences werealso reported in Hammer and Benna-Tsemay districts ofSouthern Ethiopia [37] and Agago and Otuke districts ofUganda [31] with insignificant variation in the occurrence ofCCPP The difference in seroprevalence by districts could beexplained by the differences in animal management systemwith common browsing and watering practices the frequentanimal movement to border regions and the introductionof new animals The study districts share boundaries withBenshangul Gumuz region of Ethiopia and Gallabat zonesof Sudan both of these areas practice extensive productionsystem and common animal market route which increasesthe spread of CCPP as the disease is a transboundary diseaseand highly contagious transmitted by movement of infectedgoats [5 8 38 39] As reported by Kipronoh et al [40] CCPPmight also be predominantly prevalent in the neighboringareas with common borders and animal markets Similarsuggestions were also given by different studies conducted inEthiopia [16 24 41]

In our study host level variables such as age andsex of goats were not significantly associated with CCPP

seropositivity The study recorded slightly higher seropos-itivity in adults and female goats compared to young andmale goats respectively In addition the odds ratio (OR)of seropositivity revealed that adult and female goats wereshowing antibodies against CCPPmore than young andmalegoats respectively This finding agrees with the reports byHadush et al [16] and Kipronoh et al [42] Both age groupsand sexes of goats have been reported to be susceptiblealthough higher mortalities have been documented amongyoung animals than adults [29 43] This might be explainedby the fact that adult goats have been at risk of exposure fora longer period than young animals and not necessarily asa result of new infection It might also be due to reducedlevel of host protection mechanism and poor physiologicalcondition in adult and female goats Furthermore goats maybe exposed to adverse weather condition and malnutritionduring their lifetime which predisposes them to CCPP It hasalso been reported that CCPP is highly contagious and fatal tosusceptible goats irrespective of age and sex [19 44] Thoughall age groups are susceptible and seropositivity may be highin adult goats butmortality is higher in young animals than inadults [7 11 45 46] and thus acutely infected young animalsmay die of CCPP before developing antibodies and not beavailable for testing [30 42 47]

Although our study presented an insignificant association(p gt 005) between agroclimates and seropositivity slightlyhigher CCPP seroprevalence was recorded in both lowlandand midland areas This finding is consistent with the studyconducted in Eastern Ethiopia [48] This might be linked tothe movement of animals among the areas where the diseaseis highly prevalent for marketing watering and grazingwhich increase the contact between animals and the spread ofthe disease Additionally goats in these agroclimates aremoreconfined to browsing and watering areas which might easilytransmit CCPP to susceptible animals Environmental stressparticularly hot and humid climate favors precipitation ofthis disease [32] Moreover taking of goats to feeding andwatering areas during dry season increases the contact ofinfected and susceptible goats as well as transmission ofCCPP [40]

5 Conclusion

This study revealed that CCPP is among the most prevalentand widespread diseases of goats in the study area Variationin the seroprevalence and distribution of the disease wereobserved among the study districts with high magnitude inMetema and Fogera districts Therefore control measures byregular surveillance and vaccination against CCPP should beimplemented tomitigate the problem including properman-agement of goat especially during outbreaks and awarenesscreation among the farmers about the means of preventionand control of the disease

Data Availability

The data sets used andor analysed during the current studyare available from the corresponding author on reasonablerequest

6 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Ethical Approval

This research work was approved by the ethical reviewcommittee of the University of Gondar

Consent

Informed oral consents were obtained from goat owners whoparticipated in this research

Disclosure

Authors are veterinary medicine professionals and membersof veterinary medicine and epidemiology research theme atthe University of GondarThey are involved and interested inbiomedical sciences epidemiology of infectious diseases andpreventive medicine studies Funder was not involved in thedesign of the study collection and analysis of the data or itsinterpretation and in writing the manuscript

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

Authorsrsquo Contributions

Tsegaw Fentie and Askale Abrahaley conceived and designedthe research Askale Abrahaley and Tsegaw Fentie performedthe study Askale Abrahaley Tsegaw Fentie and Mebrat Ejoanalyzed the data Tsegaw Fentie andMebrat Ejo contributedwith reagentsmaterialsanalysis tools Askale AbrahaleyTsegaw Fentie and Mebrat Ejo wrote the paper

Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge the University of GondarEthiopia for financial support of this study We are gratefulto the staff members of National Veterinary Institute (NVI)College ofVeterinaryMedicine andAnimal Sciences Univer-sity of Gondar and study sites veterinary medicine expertsfor their laboratory and field work supports In addition weappreciated owners of livestock particularly goat owners andexperts for their cooperation and supports during field worksas well as lab works of this study

References

[1] A Yami and R C Markel ldquoSheep and Goat ProductionHandbook for Ethiopiardquo Ethiopia Sheep and Goat productivityImprovement Program 2008

[2] S Gizaw S Abegaz B Rischkowsky A Haile A M Okeyoand T Dessie Review of sheep research and development projectsin Ethiopia International Livestock Research Institute NairobiKenya 2013

[3] C Ahuya A Okeyo A M Mwangi-Njuru and C PeacockldquoDevelopmental challenges and opportunities in the goat indus-try The Kenyan experiencerdquo Small Ruminant Research vol 60no 1-2 pp 197ndash206 2005

[4] J Boyazoglu I Hatziminaoglou and P Morand-Fehr ldquoThe roleof the goat in society past present and perspectives for thefuturerdquo Small Ruminant Research vol 60 no 1-2 pp 13ndash232005

[5] R Nicholas and C Churchward ldquoContagious caprine pleurop-neumonia new aspects of an old diseaserdquo Transboundary andEmerging Diseases vol 59 no 3 pp 189ndash196 2012

[6] F Thiaucourt and G Bolske ldquoContagious caprine pleurop-neumonia and other pulmonary mycoplasmoses of sheep andgoatsrdquo Revue Scientifique et Technique de lrsquoOIE vol 15 no 4pp 1397ndash1414 1996

[7] OM Radostits C C Gay KWHinchcliff and PD ConstableVeterinarymedicine A Text Book of the diseases of Cattle HorsesSheep Pigs and Goats London UK 10th edition 2007

[8] OIE Terrestrial Manual Contagious Caprine PleuropneumoniaAetiology Epidemiology Diagnosis Prevention and ControlReferences Oie 2012

[9] P C Lefevre J Blancou L Dedieu A Diallo G Libeau andF Thiaucourt ldquoField diagnostic kits a solution for developingcountriesrdquo Rev Sci Tech 1993

[10] F Thiaucourt G Bolske B LENEGUERSH D Smith andH Wesonga ldquoDiagnosis and control of contagious caprinepleuropneumoniardquoRevue Scientifique et Technique de lrsquoOIE vol15 no 4 pp 1415ndash1429 1996

[11] F Thiaucourt and G Bolske ldquoContagious caprine pleurop-neumonia and other pulmonary mycoplasmoses of sheep andgoatsrdquo Revue Scientifique et Technique de lrsquoOIE vol 15 no 4pp 1397ndash1414 1996

[12] S Lorenzon H Wesonga L Ygesu et al ldquoGenetic evolutionofMycoplasma capricolum subsp capripneumoniae strains andmolecular epidemiology of contagious caprine pleuropneumo-nia by sequencing of locus H2rdquoVeterinaryMicrobiology vol 85no 2 pp 111ndash123 2002

[13] SWoubit S LorenzonA Peyraud LManso-Silvan and FThi-aucourt ldquoA specific PCR for the identification of Mycoplasmacapricolum subsp capripneumoniae the causative agent of con-tagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP)rdquoVeterinaryMicrobi-ology vol 104 no 1-2 pp 125ndash132 2004

[14] S Woubit L Manso-Silvan S Lorenzon et al ldquoA PCR forthe detection of mycoplasmas belonging to the Mycoplasmamycoides cluster Application to the diagnosis of contagiousagalactiardquo Molecular and Cellular Probes vol 21 no 5-6 pp391ndash399 2007

[15] F Regassa M Netsere and T Tsertse ldquoSero-prevalence of con-tagious caprine pleuropneumonia in goat at selected woredas ofAfar regionrdquo Ethiopian Veterinary Journal 2010

[16] B Hadush L Eshetu W Mengistu and M HailesilassieldquoSeroprevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia inKefta Humera Alamata (Tigray) and Aba-rsquoala (Afar) NorthernEthiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health and Production vol 41 no 5pp 803ndash806 2009

[17] A Sharew C Staak F Thiaucourt and F Roger ldquoA Serolog-ical Investigation into Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia(CCPP) in Ethiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health and Productionvol 37 no 1 pp 11ndash19 2005

[18] DGizaw BGebreegziabher GAyelet andKAsmare ldquoInvesti-gation ofmycoplasma infection in goats slaughtered at ELFORAexport abattoir Ethiopiardquo Ethiopian Veterinary Journal 2009

[19] OIE World ldquoOrganization for Animal Health Contagiouscaprine pleuropneumoniardquo OIE Terr Man 2008

[20] Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources Impact of LivestockDiseases in Africa African Union 2013

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 7

[21] Pan African Animal Resources Pan African Animal ResourcesYearbook 2013

[22] O M Radostits C Gay K W Hinchcliff and P D Consta-ble ldquoDisease caused by mycoplasmardquo in Veterinary MedicineTextbook of the diseases of cattle sheep pigs goats and horsesSaunders Elsevier Edinburgh London 10th edition 2007

[23] K Asmare T Abayneh S Mekuria et al ldquoA meta-analysisof contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in EthiopiardquoActa Tropica vol 158 pp 231ndash239 2016

[24] L Eshetu L Yigezu and Y Asfaw ldquoA study on ContagiousCaprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in goats at an export ori-ented abattoir Debrezeit Ethiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health andProduction vol 39 no 6 pp 427ndash432 2007

[25] A Gelagay S TeshaleW Amsalu andG Esayas ldquoPrevalence ofcontagious caprine pleuropneumonia in the Borana pastoralareas of Ethiopiardquo Small Ruminant Research vol 70 no 2-3 pp131ndash135 2007

[26] A Adugna Amhara Demography and Health Bulletin 2014[27] M Thrusfield Veterinary Epidemiology Black well science

London UK 3rd edition 2005[28] F Thiaucourt G Bolske G Libeau C Le Goff and P Lefevre

ldquoThe use of monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis of conta-gious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP)rdquo Veterinary Microbi-ology vol 41 no 3 pp 191ndash203 1994

[29] S Mekuria and K Asmare ldquoCross-sectional study on Conta-gious Caprine Pleuro Pneumonia in selected districts of seden-tary and pastoral production systems in Southern EthiopiardquoTropical Animal Health and Production vol 42 no 1 pp 65ndash72 2010

[30] T Bekele Y Asfaw B Gebre-Egziabeher and G Abebe ldquoSero-prevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Boranaand Guji lowlands Southern Ethiopiardquo Ethiopian VeterinaryJournal vol 15 no 2 2011

[31] S A Atim C Ayebazibwe F NMwiine J Erume and R Twey-ongyere ldquoA Survey for contagious caprine pleuropneumonia inAgago and Otuke districts in Northern Ugandardquo Open Journalof Veterinary Medicine vol 06 no 01 pp 9ndash14 2016

[32] V C Ingle P Sivakumar D R Kalorey et al ldquoSeroprevalenceof contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in goats in Nagpurdistrict of Vidarbha regionrdquo Veterinary World vol 1 no 9 pp270-271 2008

[33] R Hussain M Auon A Khan M Z Khan F Mahmood andSUr-Rehman ldquoContagious caprine pleuropneumonia in BeetalgoatsrdquoTropical Animal Health and Production vol 44 no 3 pp477ndash481 2012

[34] B Cetinkaya R Kalin M Karahan et al ldquoDetection ofcontagious caprine pleuropneumonia in East Turkeyrdquo RevueScientifique et Technique de lrsquoOIE vol 28 no 3 pp 1037ndash10442009

[35] FThiaucourt C Guerin V Mady and P C Lefevre ldquoDiagnosisof caprine contagious pleuropneumonia recent improvementsrdquoRev Sci Tech 1992

[36] M Sherif M Addis and M Tefera ldquoContagious CaprinePleuropneumonia Serological Survey in Selected Districts ofJijiga Zone Ethiopiardquo Asian Journal of Animal Sciences vol 6no 6 pp 309ndash315 2012

[37] S Mekuria A Zerihun B Gebre-Egziabher and M TibboldquoParticipatory investigation of Contagious Caprine Pleurop-neumonia (CCPP) in goats in the Hammer and Benna-Tsemaydistricts of southern Ethiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health andProduction vol 40 no 8 pp 571ndash582 2008

[38] M A Awan F Abbas M Yasinzai et al ldquoPrevalence of Myco-plasma capricolum subspecies capricolum and Mycoplasmaputrefaciens in goats in Pishin district of Balochistanrdquo PakistanVeterinary Journal vol 29 no 4 pp 179ndash185 2009

[39] M A Awan F Abbas M Yasinzai et al ldquoFirst report on themolecular prevalence of Mycoplasma capricolum subspeciescapripneumoniae (Mccp) in goats the cause of contagiouscaprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in Balochistan province ofPakistanrdquo Molecular Biology Reports vol 37 no 7 pp 3401ndash3406 2010

[40] K Kipronoh J Ombui Y Binepal et al ldquoRisk factors associatedwith contagious caprine pleuro-pneumonia in goats in pastoralareas in the Rift Valley region of Kenyardquo Preventive VeterinaryMedicine vol 132 pp 107ndash112 2016

[41] B H Abera L Eshetu W Mengistu et al ldquoSeroprevalenceof contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Tigray and AfarNorthern Ethiopiardquo in Animal hygiene and sustainable livestockproduction Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of theInternational Society for Animal Hygiene vol 1 Vienna AustriaJuly 2011

[42] A K Kipronoh J N Ombui H K Kiara Y S Binepal EGitonga andH OWesonga ldquoPrevalence of contagious caprinepleuro-pneumonia in pastoral flocks of goats in the Rift Valleyregion of Kenyardquo Tropical Animal Health and Production vol48 no 1 pp 151ndash155 2016

[43] U Ozdemir E Ozdemir J B March C Churchward and R ANicholas ldquoContagious caprine pleuropneumonia in the Thraceregion of TurkeyrdquoVeterinary Record vol 156 no 9 pp 286-2872005

[44] A (APHRD) and PHRD Animal and Plant Health RegulatoryDirectorate Version 1 Ministry of Agriculture Status of MajorAnimal Diseases in Ethiopia Bulletin 2010

[45] H O Wesonga R Lindberg J K Litamoi and G Bolske ldquoLateLesions of Experimental ContagiousCaprine PleuropneumoniaCaused by Mycoplasma capricolum ssp capripneumoniaerdquoJournal of VeterinaryMedicine Series B vol 45 no 1-10 pp 105ndash114 1998

[46] H Wesonga J Litamoi M Kagumba and E WakhusamaldquoRelationship between clinical signs and early lesions of conta-gious caprine pleuropneumonia caused by Mycoplasma strainF38rdquo Small Ruminant Research vol 10 no 1 pp 45ndash54 1993

[47] L Matios S Tesfaye A Gelagay E Eyob D Gebremikaeland T Tadele ldquoSeroprevalence of contagious caprine pleu-ropneumonia and field performance of inactivated vaccine inBorana pastoral area southern Ethiopiardquo African Journal ofMicrobiology Research vol 8 no 24 pp 2344ndash2351 2014

[48] E Yousuf A Melaku and B Bogale ldquoSeroprevalence ofcontagious caprinepleuropneumonia in Dire Dawa provisionaladministrative council EasternEthiopiardquo Journal of VeterinaryMedicine and Animal Health vol 4 pp 93ndash96 2012

Veterinary MedicineJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal of

Microbiology

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

BioMed Research International

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

PsycheHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Biochemistry Research International

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2018

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Agronomy

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal of Parasitology Research

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

International Journal of

Volume 2018

Zoology

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

ArchaeaHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Advances in

Virolog y

ScienticaHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom

4 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Table 1 Seroprevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) by study districts in Western Amhara subregion NorthwestEthiopia

Zone District Number of sera tested Number of positives Prevalence ()Awi Guangua 43 1 23

West Gojam Mecha 26 0 0Jabi-Tehnan 33 2 61

East Gojam Debre Elias 37 3 81

South Gondar Fogera 26 5 192Simada 42 2 48

North Gondar

Lay Armachiho 67 3 45Metema 55 14 255

West Belessa 21 1 48Gondar Zuria 50 3 60

Table 2 Univariable analysis of risk factors for CCPP seropositivity classified by host- and environment-related factors

Variables Tested samples Prevalence () Odds Ratio (OR) 95 Confidence interval (CI) p-valueAge Young 158 63 Ref - -

Adult 242 99 163 076 351 0212Sex Male 134 75 Ref - -

Female 266 90 123 057 265 0598Agro-climate Lowland 295 85 Ref - -

Midland 105 86 101 046 225 0976

District

Guangua 43 23 Ref - -Lay-Armachiho 67 45 197 020 1957 0563

Metema 55 255 1434 180 11409 0012Gondar Zuria 50 60 268 027 2677 0401WestBelesa 21 48 210 012 3532 0606Fogera 26 192 999 110 9116 0041Simada 42 48 210 018 2407 0551Mecha 26 0 - - -

Jabi-Tehnan 33 61 271 024 3124 0424Debre-Elias 37 81 371 037 3725 0266

CCPP= contagious caprine pleuropneumonia CI= confidence interval OR= odds ratio Ref= reference

Table 3 Multivariable logistic regression analysis of risk factors of CCPP seropositivity by host- and environment-related risk factors

Variables Odds Ratio (OR) 95 Confidence interval (CI) P-valueAge 161 074 346 0231District 089 080 099 0045CCPP= contagious caprine leuropneumonia CI= confidence interval OR= odds ratio

adult and female goats were 163 (95CI= 076 351 p= 0212)and 123 (95CI= 057 265 p=0598) times higher thanyoung and male goats respectively

The environment-related risk factors agroclimates anddistricts were also analyzed by the univariable logistic regres-sionThe seroprevalence was not significantly associated withthe agroclimates (OR= 101 95CI= 046 225 pgt 005)The analysis of seroprevalence in districts shows that theseroprevalence of CCPP inMetema (OR=1434 95CI= 18011409 p= 0012) and Fogera (OR=999 95CI= 110 9116p= 0041) was significantly higher as compared to other studydistricts Table 2

Among host and environmental-related factors age anddistrict were significant in the univariable analysis and werefitted to the finalmultivariable logistic regressionmodel (datanot shown) As a result only the district was identified asa risk factor for the occurrence of a high seroprevalence ofCCPP Table 3

4 Discussion

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a disease ofhigh economic relevance within the context of goat farmingas it directly affects the productivity most importantly in

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 5

the rural goat producing areas of developing countries [823] including Ethiopia Various studies in different settingshave reported the prevalence of CCPP with varying results[23] In the present study the seroprevalence and associatedrisk factors of CCPP were assessed The study revealedan overall seroprevalence of 85 (34 out of 400) in thestudied goat population with widespread distribution andvaried seropositivity among the study zones and districtsThe seroprevalence of CCPP in this study was lower thanthat in some zones reported by Mekuria and Asmare [29]and Bekele et al [30] in Ethiopia Atim et al [31] in Ugandaand Ingle et al [32] and Hussain et al [33] in Pakistan Incontrast the seroprevalence finding in this study was higherthan that reported by the same authors in other zones ofEthiopia [30] and in Uganda [31] Pakistan [32] and Turkey[34] The variation in seroprevalence reports might be due tothe differences in study areas agroecological systems goatmanagement and production systems population densityand the techniques used to define the seropositivity In thisstudy area where the traditional and extensive farming ispracticed CCPPmight spread when goatsmeet at communalgrazing andwatering areas As stated byThiaucourt et al [10]close contact between diseased and healthy animals is criticalfor the spread of CCPP to take place[10] and overcrowdingand confinement have also been known to favor closecontact and circulation of the disease in goat populationStress factors such as malnutrition and movement over longdistances have been also documented to enhance the spreadand morbidity of the disease [29 35] Regassa et al [15] andSherif et al [36] described that seroprevalence may also varyfrom one area to another within a country

In the present study there was a difference in the distribu-tion of CCPP seroprevalence in the districts A significantlyhigher seroprevalence of 255 (95 CI = 180 11409p=0012) and 192 (95 CI = 110 9116 p=0041) was doc-umented in Metema and Fogera districts respectively Thesefindings were consistent with the results recorded by differentresearch works conducted in different areas of Ethiopia [1516 37] Similarly higher district level seroprevalences werealso reported in Hammer and Benna-Tsemay districts ofSouthern Ethiopia [37] and Agago and Otuke districts ofUganda [31] with insignificant variation in the occurrence ofCCPP The difference in seroprevalence by districts could beexplained by the differences in animal management systemwith common browsing and watering practices the frequentanimal movement to border regions and the introductionof new animals The study districts share boundaries withBenshangul Gumuz region of Ethiopia and Gallabat zonesof Sudan both of these areas practice extensive productionsystem and common animal market route which increasesthe spread of CCPP as the disease is a transboundary diseaseand highly contagious transmitted by movement of infectedgoats [5 8 38 39] As reported by Kipronoh et al [40] CCPPmight also be predominantly prevalent in the neighboringareas with common borders and animal markets Similarsuggestions were also given by different studies conducted inEthiopia [16 24 41]

In our study host level variables such as age andsex of goats were not significantly associated with CCPP

seropositivity The study recorded slightly higher seropos-itivity in adults and female goats compared to young andmale goats respectively In addition the odds ratio (OR)of seropositivity revealed that adult and female goats wereshowing antibodies against CCPPmore than young andmalegoats respectively This finding agrees with the reports byHadush et al [16] and Kipronoh et al [42] Both age groupsand sexes of goats have been reported to be susceptiblealthough higher mortalities have been documented amongyoung animals than adults [29 43] This might be explainedby the fact that adult goats have been at risk of exposure fora longer period than young animals and not necessarily asa result of new infection It might also be due to reducedlevel of host protection mechanism and poor physiologicalcondition in adult and female goats Furthermore goats maybe exposed to adverse weather condition and malnutritionduring their lifetime which predisposes them to CCPP It hasalso been reported that CCPP is highly contagious and fatal tosusceptible goats irrespective of age and sex [19 44] Thoughall age groups are susceptible and seropositivity may be highin adult goats butmortality is higher in young animals than inadults [7 11 45 46] and thus acutely infected young animalsmay die of CCPP before developing antibodies and not beavailable for testing [30 42 47]

Although our study presented an insignificant association(p gt 005) between agroclimates and seropositivity slightlyhigher CCPP seroprevalence was recorded in both lowlandand midland areas This finding is consistent with the studyconducted in Eastern Ethiopia [48] This might be linked tothe movement of animals among the areas where the diseaseis highly prevalent for marketing watering and grazingwhich increase the contact between animals and the spread ofthe disease Additionally goats in these agroclimates aremoreconfined to browsing and watering areas which might easilytransmit CCPP to susceptible animals Environmental stressparticularly hot and humid climate favors precipitation ofthis disease [32] Moreover taking of goats to feeding andwatering areas during dry season increases the contact ofinfected and susceptible goats as well as transmission ofCCPP [40]

5 Conclusion

This study revealed that CCPP is among the most prevalentand widespread diseases of goats in the study area Variationin the seroprevalence and distribution of the disease wereobserved among the study districts with high magnitude inMetema and Fogera districts Therefore control measures byregular surveillance and vaccination against CCPP should beimplemented tomitigate the problem including properman-agement of goat especially during outbreaks and awarenesscreation among the farmers about the means of preventionand control of the disease

Data Availability

The data sets used andor analysed during the current studyare available from the corresponding author on reasonablerequest

6 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Ethical Approval

This research work was approved by the ethical reviewcommittee of the University of Gondar

Consent

Informed oral consents were obtained from goat owners whoparticipated in this research

Disclosure

Authors are veterinary medicine professionals and membersof veterinary medicine and epidemiology research theme atthe University of GondarThey are involved and interested inbiomedical sciences epidemiology of infectious diseases andpreventive medicine studies Funder was not involved in thedesign of the study collection and analysis of the data or itsinterpretation and in writing the manuscript

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

Authorsrsquo Contributions

Tsegaw Fentie and Askale Abrahaley conceived and designedthe research Askale Abrahaley and Tsegaw Fentie performedthe study Askale Abrahaley Tsegaw Fentie and Mebrat Ejoanalyzed the data Tsegaw Fentie andMebrat Ejo contributedwith reagentsmaterialsanalysis tools Askale AbrahaleyTsegaw Fentie and Mebrat Ejo wrote the paper

Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge the University of GondarEthiopia for financial support of this study We are gratefulto the staff members of National Veterinary Institute (NVI)College ofVeterinaryMedicine andAnimal Sciences Univer-sity of Gondar and study sites veterinary medicine expertsfor their laboratory and field work supports In addition weappreciated owners of livestock particularly goat owners andexperts for their cooperation and supports during field worksas well as lab works of this study

References

[1] A Yami and R C Markel ldquoSheep and Goat ProductionHandbook for Ethiopiardquo Ethiopia Sheep and Goat productivityImprovement Program 2008

[2] S Gizaw S Abegaz B Rischkowsky A Haile A M Okeyoand T Dessie Review of sheep research and development projectsin Ethiopia International Livestock Research Institute NairobiKenya 2013

[3] C Ahuya A Okeyo A M Mwangi-Njuru and C PeacockldquoDevelopmental challenges and opportunities in the goat indus-try The Kenyan experiencerdquo Small Ruminant Research vol 60no 1-2 pp 197ndash206 2005

[4] J Boyazoglu I Hatziminaoglou and P Morand-Fehr ldquoThe roleof the goat in society past present and perspectives for thefuturerdquo Small Ruminant Research vol 60 no 1-2 pp 13ndash232005

[5] R Nicholas and C Churchward ldquoContagious caprine pleurop-neumonia new aspects of an old diseaserdquo Transboundary andEmerging Diseases vol 59 no 3 pp 189ndash196 2012

[6] F Thiaucourt and G Bolske ldquoContagious caprine pleurop-neumonia and other pulmonary mycoplasmoses of sheep andgoatsrdquo Revue Scientifique et Technique de lrsquoOIE vol 15 no 4pp 1397ndash1414 1996

[7] OM Radostits C C Gay KWHinchcliff and PD ConstableVeterinarymedicine A Text Book of the diseases of Cattle HorsesSheep Pigs and Goats London UK 10th edition 2007

[8] OIE Terrestrial Manual Contagious Caprine PleuropneumoniaAetiology Epidemiology Diagnosis Prevention and ControlReferences Oie 2012

[9] P C Lefevre J Blancou L Dedieu A Diallo G Libeau andF Thiaucourt ldquoField diagnostic kits a solution for developingcountriesrdquo Rev Sci Tech 1993

[10] F Thiaucourt G Bolske B LENEGUERSH D Smith andH Wesonga ldquoDiagnosis and control of contagious caprinepleuropneumoniardquoRevue Scientifique et Technique de lrsquoOIE vol15 no 4 pp 1415ndash1429 1996

[11] F Thiaucourt and G Bolske ldquoContagious caprine pleurop-neumonia and other pulmonary mycoplasmoses of sheep andgoatsrdquo Revue Scientifique et Technique de lrsquoOIE vol 15 no 4pp 1397ndash1414 1996

[12] S Lorenzon H Wesonga L Ygesu et al ldquoGenetic evolutionofMycoplasma capricolum subsp capripneumoniae strains andmolecular epidemiology of contagious caprine pleuropneumo-nia by sequencing of locus H2rdquoVeterinaryMicrobiology vol 85no 2 pp 111ndash123 2002

[13] SWoubit S LorenzonA Peyraud LManso-Silvan and FThi-aucourt ldquoA specific PCR for the identification of Mycoplasmacapricolum subsp capripneumoniae the causative agent of con-tagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP)rdquoVeterinaryMicrobi-ology vol 104 no 1-2 pp 125ndash132 2004

[14] S Woubit L Manso-Silvan S Lorenzon et al ldquoA PCR forthe detection of mycoplasmas belonging to the Mycoplasmamycoides cluster Application to the diagnosis of contagiousagalactiardquo Molecular and Cellular Probes vol 21 no 5-6 pp391ndash399 2007

[15] F Regassa M Netsere and T Tsertse ldquoSero-prevalence of con-tagious caprine pleuropneumonia in goat at selected woredas ofAfar regionrdquo Ethiopian Veterinary Journal 2010

[16] B Hadush L Eshetu W Mengistu and M HailesilassieldquoSeroprevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia inKefta Humera Alamata (Tigray) and Aba-rsquoala (Afar) NorthernEthiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health and Production vol 41 no 5pp 803ndash806 2009

[17] A Sharew C Staak F Thiaucourt and F Roger ldquoA Serolog-ical Investigation into Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia(CCPP) in Ethiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health and Productionvol 37 no 1 pp 11ndash19 2005

[18] DGizaw BGebreegziabher GAyelet andKAsmare ldquoInvesti-gation ofmycoplasma infection in goats slaughtered at ELFORAexport abattoir Ethiopiardquo Ethiopian Veterinary Journal 2009

[19] OIE World ldquoOrganization for Animal Health Contagiouscaprine pleuropneumoniardquo OIE Terr Man 2008

[20] Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources Impact of LivestockDiseases in Africa African Union 2013

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 7

[21] Pan African Animal Resources Pan African Animal ResourcesYearbook 2013

[22] O M Radostits C Gay K W Hinchcliff and P D Consta-ble ldquoDisease caused by mycoplasmardquo in Veterinary MedicineTextbook of the diseases of cattle sheep pigs goats and horsesSaunders Elsevier Edinburgh London 10th edition 2007

[23] K Asmare T Abayneh S Mekuria et al ldquoA meta-analysisof contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in EthiopiardquoActa Tropica vol 158 pp 231ndash239 2016

[24] L Eshetu L Yigezu and Y Asfaw ldquoA study on ContagiousCaprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in goats at an export ori-ented abattoir Debrezeit Ethiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health andProduction vol 39 no 6 pp 427ndash432 2007

[25] A Gelagay S TeshaleW Amsalu andG Esayas ldquoPrevalence ofcontagious caprine pleuropneumonia in the Borana pastoralareas of Ethiopiardquo Small Ruminant Research vol 70 no 2-3 pp131ndash135 2007

[26] A Adugna Amhara Demography and Health Bulletin 2014[27] M Thrusfield Veterinary Epidemiology Black well science

London UK 3rd edition 2005[28] F Thiaucourt G Bolske G Libeau C Le Goff and P Lefevre

ldquoThe use of monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis of conta-gious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP)rdquo Veterinary Microbi-ology vol 41 no 3 pp 191ndash203 1994

[29] S Mekuria and K Asmare ldquoCross-sectional study on Conta-gious Caprine Pleuro Pneumonia in selected districts of seden-tary and pastoral production systems in Southern EthiopiardquoTropical Animal Health and Production vol 42 no 1 pp 65ndash72 2010

[30] T Bekele Y Asfaw B Gebre-Egziabeher and G Abebe ldquoSero-prevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Boranaand Guji lowlands Southern Ethiopiardquo Ethiopian VeterinaryJournal vol 15 no 2 2011

[31] S A Atim C Ayebazibwe F NMwiine J Erume and R Twey-ongyere ldquoA Survey for contagious caprine pleuropneumonia inAgago and Otuke districts in Northern Ugandardquo Open Journalof Veterinary Medicine vol 06 no 01 pp 9ndash14 2016

[32] V C Ingle P Sivakumar D R Kalorey et al ldquoSeroprevalenceof contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in goats in Nagpurdistrict of Vidarbha regionrdquo Veterinary World vol 1 no 9 pp270-271 2008

[33] R Hussain M Auon A Khan M Z Khan F Mahmood andSUr-Rehman ldquoContagious caprine pleuropneumonia in BeetalgoatsrdquoTropical Animal Health and Production vol 44 no 3 pp477ndash481 2012

[34] B Cetinkaya R Kalin M Karahan et al ldquoDetection ofcontagious caprine pleuropneumonia in East Turkeyrdquo RevueScientifique et Technique de lrsquoOIE vol 28 no 3 pp 1037ndash10442009

[35] FThiaucourt C Guerin V Mady and P C Lefevre ldquoDiagnosisof caprine contagious pleuropneumonia recent improvementsrdquoRev Sci Tech 1992

[36] M Sherif M Addis and M Tefera ldquoContagious CaprinePleuropneumonia Serological Survey in Selected Districts ofJijiga Zone Ethiopiardquo Asian Journal of Animal Sciences vol 6no 6 pp 309ndash315 2012

[37] S Mekuria A Zerihun B Gebre-Egziabher and M TibboldquoParticipatory investigation of Contagious Caprine Pleurop-neumonia (CCPP) in goats in the Hammer and Benna-Tsemaydistricts of southern Ethiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health andProduction vol 40 no 8 pp 571ndash582 2008

[38] M A Awan F Abbas M Yasinzai et al ldquoPrevalence of Myco-plasma capricolum subspecies capricolum and Mycoplasmaputrefaciens in goats in Pishin district of Balochistanrdquo PakistanVeterinary Journal vol 29 no 4 pp 179ndash185 2009

[39] M A Awan F Abbas M Yasinzai et al ldquoFirst report on themolecular prevalence of Mycoplasma capricolum subspeciescapripneumoniae (Mccp) in goats the cause of contagiouscaprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in Balochistan province ofPakistanrdquo Molecular Biology Reports vol 37 no 7 pp 3401ndash3406 2010

[40] K Kipronoh J Ombui Y Binepal et al ldquoRisk factors associatedwith contagious caprine pleuro-pneumonia in goats in pastoralareas in the Rift Valley region of Kenyardquo Preventive VeterinaryMedicine vol 132 pp 107ndash112 2016

[41] B H Abera L Eshetu W Mengistu et al ldquoSeroprevalenceof contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Tigray and AfarNorthern Ethiopiardquo in Animal hygiene and sustainable livestockproduction Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of theInternational Society for Animal Hygiene vol 1 Vienna AustriaJuly 2011

[42] A K Kipronoh J N Ombui H K Kiara Y S Binepal EGitonga andH OWesonga ldquoPrevalence of contagious caprinepleuro-pneumonia in pastoral flocks of goats in the Rift Valleyregion of Kenyardquo Tropical Animal Health and Production vol48 no 1 pp 151ndash155 2016

[43] U Ozdemir E Ozdemir J B March C Churchward and R ANicholas ldquoContagious caprine pleuropneumonia in the Thraceregion of TurkeyrdquoVeterinary Record vol 156 no 9 pp 286-2872005

[44] A (APHRD) and PHRD Animal and Plant Health RegulatoryDirectorate Version 1 Ministry of Agriculture Status of MajorAnimal Diseases in Ethiopia Bulletin 2010

[45] H O Wesonga R Lindberg J K Litamoi and G Bolske ldquoLateLesions of Experimental ContagiousCaprine PleuropneumoniaCaused by Mycoplasma capricolum ssp capripneumoniaerdquoJournal of VeterinaryMedicine Series B vol 45 no 1-10 pp 105ndash114 1998

[46] H Wesonga J Litamoi M Kagumba and E WakhusamaldquoRelationship between clinical signs and early lesions of conta-gious caprine pleuropneumonia caused by Mycoplasma strainF38rdquo Small Ruminant Research vol 10 no 1 pp 45ndash54 1993

[47] L Matios S Tesfaye A Gelagay E Eyob D Gebremikaeland T Tadele ldquoSeroprevalence of contagious caprine pleu-ropneumonia and field performance of inactivated vaccine inBorana pastoral area southern Ethiopiardquo African Journal ofMicrobiology Research vol 8 no 24 pp 2344ndash2351 2014

[48] E Yousuf A Melaku and B Bogale ldquoSeroprevalence ofcontagious caprinepleuropneumonia in Dire Dawa provisionaladministrative council EasternEthiopiardquo Journal of VeterinaryMedicine and Animal Health vol 4 pp 93ndash96 2012

Veterinary MedicineJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal of

Microbiology

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

BioMed Research International

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

PsycheHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Biochemistry Research International

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2018

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Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Agronomy

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal of

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International Journal of

Volume 2018

Zoology

GenomicsInternational Journal of

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ArchaeaHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

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Volume 2018

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Advances in

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Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

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Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 5

the rural goat producing areas of developing countries [823] including Ethiopia Various studies in different settingshave reported the prevalence of CCPP with varying results[23] In the present study the seroprevalence and associatedrisk factors of CCPP were assessed The study revealedan overall seroprevalence of 85 (34 out of 400) in thestudied goat population with widespread distribution andvaried seropositivity among the study zones and districtsThe seroprevalence of CCPP in this study was lower thanthat in some zones reported by Mekuria and Asmare [29]and Bekele et al [30] in Ethiopia Atim et al [31] in Ugandaand Ingle et al [32] and Hussain et al [33] in Pakistan Incontrast the seroprevalence finding in this study was higherthan that reported by the same authors in other zones ofEthiopia [30] and in Uganda [31] Pakistan [32] and Turkey[34] The variation in seroprevalence reports might be due tothe differences in study areas agroecological systems goatmanagement and production systems population densityand the techniques used to define the seropositivity In thisstudy area where the traditional and extensive farming ispracticed CCPPmight spread when goatsmeet at communalgrazing andwatering areas As stated byThiaucourt et al [10]close contact between diseased and healthy animals is criticalfor the spread of CCPP to take place[10] and overcrowdingand confinement have also been known to favor closecontact and circulation of the disease in goat populationStress factors such as malnutrition and movement over longdistances have been also documented to enhance the spreadand morbidity of the disease [29 35] Regassa et al [15] andSherif et al [36] described that seroprevalence may also varyfrom one area to another within a country

In the present study there was a difference in the distribu-tion of CCPP seroprevalence in the districts A significantlyhigher seroprevalence of 255 (95 CI = 180 11409p=0012) and 192 (95 CI = 110 9116 p=0041) was doc-umented in Metema and Fogera districts respectively Thesefindings were consistent with the results recorded by differentresearch works conducted in different areas of Ethiopia [1516 37] Similarly higher district level seroprevalences werealso reported in Hammer and Benna-Tsemay districts ofSouthern Ethiopia [37] and Agago and Otuke districts ofUganda [31] with insignificant variation in the occurrence ofCCPP The difference in seroprevalence by districts could beexplained by the differences in animal management systemwith common browsing and watering practices the frequentanimal movement to border regions and the introductionof new animals The study districts share boundaries withBenshangul Gumuz region of Ethiopia and Gallabat zonesof Sudan both of these areas practice extensive productionsystem and common animal market route which increasesthe spread of CCPP as the disease is a transboundary diseaseand highly contagious transmitted by movement of infectedgoats [5 8 38 39] As reported by Kipronoh et al [40] CCPPmight also be predominantly prevalent in the neighboringareas with common borders and animal markets Similarsuggestions were also given by different studies conducted inEthiopia [16 24 41]

In our study host level variables such as age andsex of goats were not significantly associated with CCPP

seropositivity The study recorded slightly higher seropos-itivity in adults and female goats compared to young andmale goats respectively In addition the odds ratio (OR)of seropositivity revealed that adult and female goats wereshowing antibodies against CCPPmore than young andmalegoats respectively This finding agrees with the reports byHadush et al [16] and Kipronoh et al [42] Both age groupsand sexes of goats have been reported to be susceptiblealthough higher mortalities have been documented amongyoung animals than adults [29 43] This might be explainedby the fact that adult goats have been at risk of exposure fora longer period than young animals and not necessarily asa result of new infection It might also be due to reducedlevel of host protection mechanism and poor physiologicalcondition in adult and female goats Furthermore goats maybe exposed to adverse weather condition and malnutritionduring their lifetime which predisposes them to CCPP It hasalso been reported that CCPP is highly contagious and fatal tosusceptible goats irrespective of age and sex [19 44] Thoughall age groups are susceptible and seropositivity may be highin adult goats butmortality is higher in young animals than inadults [7 11 45 46] and thus acutely infected young animalsmay die of CCPP before developing antibodies and not beavailable for testing [30 42 47]

Although our study presented an insignificant association(p gt 005) between agroclimates and seropositivity slightlyhigher CCPP seroprevalence was recorded in both lowlandand midland areas This finding is consistent with the studyconducted in Eastern Ethiopia [48] This might be linked tothe movement of animals among the areas where the diseaseis highly prevalent for marketing watering and grazingwhich increase the contact between animals and the spread ofthe disease Additionally goats in these agroclimates aremoreconfined to browsing and watering areas which might easilytransmit CCPP to susceptible animals Environmental stressparticularly hot and humid climate favors precipitation ofthis disease [32] Moreover taking of goats to feeding andwatering areas during dry season increases the contact ofinfected and susceptible goats as well as transmission ofCCPP [40]

5 Conclusion

This study revealed that CCPP is among the most prevalentand widespread diseases of goats in the study area Variationin the seroprevalence and distribution of the disease wereobserved among the study districts with high magnitude inMetema and Fogera districts Therefore control measures byregular surveillance and vaccination against CCPP should beimplemented tomitigate the problem including properman-agement of goat especially during outbreaks and awarenesscreation among the farmers about the means of preventionand control of the disease

Data Availability

The data sets used andor analysed during the current studyare available from the corresponding author on reasonablerequest

6 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Ethical Approval

This research work was approved by the ethical reviewcommittee of the University of Gondar

Consent

Informed oral consents were obtained from goat owners whoparticipated in this research

Disclosure

Authors are veterinary medicine professionals and membersof veterinary medicine and epidemiology research theme atthe University of GondarThey are involved and interested inbiomedical sciences epidemiology of infectious diseases andpreventive medicine studies Funder was not involved in thedesign of the study collection and analysis of the data or itsinterpretation and in writing the manuscript

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

Authorsrsquo Contributions

Tsegaw Fentie and Askale Abrahaley conceived and designedthe research Askale Abrahaley and Tsegaw Fentie performedthe study Askale Abrahaley Tsegaw Fentie and Mebrat Ejoanalyzed the data Tsegaw Fentie andMebrat Ejo contributedwith reagentsmaterialsanalysis tools Askale AbrahaleyTsegaw Fentie and Mebrat Ejo wrote the paper

Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge the University of GondarEthiopia for financial support of this study We are gratefulto the staff members of National Veterinary Institute (NVI)College ofVeterinaryMedicine andAnimal Sciences Univer-sity of Gondar and study sites veterinary medicine expertsfor their laboratory and field work supports In addition weappreciated owners of livestock particularly goat owners andexperts for their cooperation and supports during field worksas well as lab works of this study

References

[1] A Yami and R C Markel ldquoSheep and Goat ProductionHandbook for Ethiopiardquo Ethiopia Sheep and Goat productivityImprovement Program 2008

[2] S Gizaw S Abegaz B Rischkowsky A Haile A M Okeyoand T Dessie Review of sheep research and development projectsin Ethiopia International Livestock Research Institute NairobiKenya 2013

[3] C Ahuya A Okeyo A M Mwangi-Njuru and C PeacockldquoDevelopmental challenges and opportunities in the goat indus-try The Kenyan experiencerdquo Small Ruminant Research vol 60no 1-2 pp 197ndash206 2005

[4] J Boyazoglu I Hatziminaoglou and P Morand-Fehr ldquoThe roleof the goat in society past present and perspectives for thefuturerdquo Small Ruminant Research vol 60 no 1-2 pp 13ndash232005

[5] R Nicholas and C Churchward ldquoContagious caprine pleurop-neumonia new aspects of an old diseaserdquo Transboundary andEmerging Diseases vol 59 no 3 pp 189ndash196 2012

[6] F Thiaucourt and G Bolske ldquoContagious caprine pleurop-neumonia and other pulmonary mycoplasmoses of sheep andgoatsrdquo Revue Scientifique et Technique de lrsquoOIE vol 15 no 4pp 1397ndash1414 1996

[7] OM Radostits C C Gay KWHinchcliff and PD ConstableVeterinarymedicine A Text Book of the diseases of Cattle HorsesSheep Pigs and Goats London UK 10th edition 2007

[8] OIE Terrestrial Manual Contagious Caprine PleuropneumoniaAetiology Epidemiology Diagnosis Prevention and ControlReferences Oie 2012

[9] P C Lefevre J Blancou L Dedieu A Diallo G Libeau andF Thiaucourt ldquoField diagnostic kits a solution for developingcountriesrdquo Rev Sci Tech 1993

[10] F Thiaucourt G Bolske B LENEGUERSH D Smith andH Wesonga ldquoDiagnosis and control of contagious caprinepleuropneumoniardquoRevue Scientifique et Technique de lrsquoOIE vol15 no 4 pp 1415ndash1429 1996

[11] F Thiaucourt and G Bolske ldquoContagious caprine pleurop-neumonia and other pulmonary mycoplasmoses of sheep andgoatsrdquo Revue Scientifique et Technique de lrsquoOIE vol 15 no 4pp 1397ndash1414 1996

[12] S Lorenzon H Wesonga L Ygesu et al ldquoGenetic evolutionofMycoplasma capricolum subsp capripneumoniae strains andmolecular epidemiology of contagious caprine pleuropneumo-nia by sequencing of locus H2rdquoVeterinaryMicrobiology vol 85no 2 pp 111ndash123 2002

[13] SWoubit S LorenzonA Peyraud LManso-Silvan and FThi-aucourt ldquoA specific PCR for the identification of Mycoplasmacapricolum subsp capripneumoniae the causative agent of con-tagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP)rdquoVeterinaryMicrobi-ology vol 104 no 1-2 pp 125ndash132 2004

[14] S Woubit L Manso-Silvan S Lorenzon et al ldquoA PCR forthe detection of mycoplasmas belonging to the Mycoplasmamycoides cluster Application to the diagnosis of contagiousagalactiardquo Molecular and Cellular Probes vol 21 no 5-6 pp391ndash399 2007

[15] F Regassa M Netsere and T Tsertse ldquoSero-prevalence of con-tagious caprine pleuropneumonia in goat at selected woredas ofAfar regionrdquo Ethiopian Veterinary Journal 2010

[16] B Hadush L Eshetu W Mengistu and M HailesilassieldquoSeroprevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia inKefta Humera Alamata (Tigray) and Aba-rsquoala (Afar) NorthernEthiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health and Production vol 41 no 5pp 803ndash806 2009

[17] A Sharew C Staak F Thiaucourt and F Roger ldquoA Serolog-ical Investigation into Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia(CCPP) in Ethiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health and Productionvol 37 no 1 pp 11ndash19 2005

[18] DGizaw BGebreegziabher GAyelet andKAsmare ldquoInvesti-gation ofmycoplasma infection in goats slaughtered at ELFORAexport abattoir Ethiopiardquo Ethiopian Veterinary Journal 2009

[19] OIE World ldquoOrganization for Animal Health Contagiouscaprine pleuropneumoniardquo OIE Terr Man 2008

[20] Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources Impact of LivestockDiseases in Africa African Union 2013

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 7

[21] Pan African Animal Resources Pan African Animal ResourcesYearbook 2013

[22] O M Radostits C Gay K W Hinchcliff and P D Consta-ble ldquoDisease caused by mycoplasmardquo in Veterinary MedicineTextbook of the diseases of cattle sheep pigs goats and horsesSaunders Elsevier Edinburgh London 10th edition 2007

[23] K Asmare T Abayneh S Mekuria et al ldquoA meta-analysisof contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in EthiopiardquoActa Tropica vol 158 pp 231ndash239 2016

[24] L Eshetu L Yigezu and Y Asfaw ldquoA study on ContagiousCaprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in goats at an export ori-ented abattoir Debrezeit Ethiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health andProduction vol 39 no 6 pp 427ndash432 2007

[25] A Gelagay S TeshaleW Amsalu andG Esayas ldquoPrevalence ofcontagious caprine pleuropneumonia in the Borana pastoralareas of Ethiopiardquo Small Ruminant Research vol 70 no 2-3 pp131ndash135 2007

[26] A Adugna Amhara Demography and Health Bulletin 2014[27] M Thrusfield Veterinary Epidemiology Black well science

London UK 3rd edition 2005[28] F Thiaucourt G Bolske G Libeau C Le Goff and P Lefevre

ldquoThe use of monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis of conta-gious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP)rdquo Veterinary Microbi-ology vol 41 no 3 pp 191ndash203 1994

[29] S Mekuria and K Asmare ldquoCross-sectional study on Conta-gious Caprine Pleuro Pneumonia in selected districts of seden-tary and pastoral production systems in Southern EthiopiardquoTropical Animal Health and Production vol 42 no 1 pp 65ndash72 2010

[30] T Bekele Y Asfaw B Gebre-Egziabeher and G Abebe ldquoSero-prevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Boranaand Guji lowlands Southern Ethiopiardquo Ethiopian VeterinaryJournal vol 15 no 2 2011

[31] S A Atim C Ayebazibwe F NMwiine J Erume and R Twey-ongyere ldquoA Survey for contagious caprine pleuropneumonia inAgago and Otuke districts in Northern Ugandardquo Open Journalof Veterinary Medicine vol 06 no 01 pp 9ndash14 2016

[32] V C Ingle P Sivakumar D R Kalorey et al ldquoSeroprevalenceof contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in goats in Nagpurdistrict of Vidarbha regionrdquo Veterinary World vol 1 no 9 pp270-271 2008

[33] R Hussain M Auon A Khan M Z Khan F Mahmood andSUr-Rehman ldquoContagious caprine pleuropneumonia in BeetalgoatsrdquoTropical Animal Health and Production vol 44 no 3 pp477ndash481 2012

[34] B Cetinkaya R Kalin M Karahan et al ldquoDetection ofcontagious caprine pleuropneumonia in East Turkeyrdquo RevueScientifique et Technique de lrsquoOIE vol 28 no 3 pp 1037ndash10442009

[35] FThiaucourt C Guerin V Mady and P C Lefevre ldquoDiagnosisof caprine contagious pleuropneumonia recent improvementsrdquoRev Sci Tech 1992

[36] M Sherif M Addis and M Tefera ldquoContagious CaprinePleuropneumonia Serological Survey in Selected Districts ofJijiga Zone Ethiopiardquo Asian Journal of Animal Sciences vol 6no 6 pp 309ndash315 2012

[37] S Mekuria A Zerihun B Gebre-Egziabher and M TibboldquoParticipatory investigation of Contagious Caprine Pleurop-neumonia (CCPP) in goats in the Hammer and Benna-Tsemaydistricts of southern Ethiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health andProduction vol 40 no 8 pp 571ndash582 2008

[38] M A Awan F Abbas M Yasinzai et al ldquoPrevalence of Myco-plasma capricolum subspecies capricolum and Mycoplasmaputrefaciens in goats in Pishin district of Balochistanrdquo PakistanVeterinary Journal vol 29 no 4 pp 179ndash185 2009

[39] M A Awan F Abbas M Yasinzai et al ldquoFirst report on themolecular prevalence of Mycoplasma capricolum subspeciescapripneumoniae (Mccp) in goats the cause of contagiouscaprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in Balochistan province ofPakistanrdquo Molecular Biology Reports vol 37 no 7 pp 3401ndash3406 2010

[40] K Kipronoh J Ombui Y Binepal et al ldquoRisk factors associatedwith contagious caprine pleuro-pneumonia in goats in pastoralareas in the Rift Valley region of Kenyardquo Preventive VeterinaryMedicine vol 132 pp 107ndash112 2016

[41] B H Abera L Eshetu W Mengistu et al ldquoSeroprevalenceof contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Tigray and AfarNorthern Ethiopiardquo in Animal hygiene and sustainable livestockproduction Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of theInternational Society for Animal Hygiene vol 1 Vienna AustriaJuly 2011

[42] A K Kipronoh J N Ombui H K Kiara Y S Binepal EGitonga andH OWesonga ldquoPrevalence of contagious caprinepleuro-pneumonia in pastoral flocks of goats in the Rift Valleyregion of Kenyardquo Tropical Animal Health and Production vol48 no 1 pp 151ndash155 2016

[43] U Ozdemir E Ozdemir J B March C Churchward and R ANicholas ldquoContagious caprine pleuropneumonia in the Thraceregion of TurkeyrdquoVeterinary Record vol 156 no 9 pp 286-2872005

[44] A (APHRD) and PHRD Animal and Plant Health RegulatoryDirectorate Version 1 Ministry of Agriculture Status of MajorAnimal Diseases in Ethiopia Bulletin 2010

[45] H O Wesonga R Lindberg J K Litamoi and G Bolske ldquoLateLesions of Experimental ContagiousCaprine PleuropneumoniaCaused by Mycoplasma capricolum ssp capripneumoniaerdquoJournal of VeterinaryMedicine Series B vol 45 no 1-10 pp 105ndash114 1998

[46] H Wesonga J Litamoi M Kagumba and E WakhusamaldquoRelationship between clinical signs and early lesions of conta-gious caprine pleuropneumonia caused by Mycoplasma strainF38rdquo Small Ruminant Research vol 10 no 1 pp 45ndash54 1993

[47] L Matios S Tesfaye A Gelagay E Eyob D Gebremikaeland T Tadele ldquoSeroprevalence of contagious caprine pleu-ropneumonia and field performance of inactivated vaccine inBorana pastoral area southern Ethiopiardquo African Journal ofMicrobiology Research vol 8 no 24 pp 2344ndash2351 2014

[48] E Yousuf A Melaku and B Bogale ldquoSeroprevalence ofcontagious caprinepleuropneumonia in Dire Dawa provisionaladministrative council EasternEthiopiardquo Journal of VeterinaryMedicine and Animal Health vol 4 pp 93ndash96 2012

Veterinary MedicineJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal of

Microbiology

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

BioMed Research International

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

PsycheHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Biochemistry Research International

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2018

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Agronomy

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal of Parasitology Research

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

International Journal of

Volume 2018

Zoology

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

ArchaeaHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Advances in

Virolog y

ScienticaHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom

6 Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Ethical Approval

This research work was approved by the ethical reviewcommittee of the University of Gondar

Consent

Informed oral consents were obtained from goat owners whoparticipated in this research

Disclosure

Authors are veterinary medicine professionals and membersof veterinary medicine and epidemiology research theme atthe University of GondarThey are involved and interested inbiomedical sciences epidemiology of infectious diseases andpreventive medicine studies Funder was not involved in thedesign of the study collection and analysis of the data or itsinterpretation and in writing the manuscript

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

Authorsrsquo Contributions

Tsegaw Fentie and Askale Abrahaley conceived and designedthe research Askale Abrahaley and Tsegaw Fentie performedthe study Askale Abrahaley Tsegaw Fentie and Mebrat Ejoanalyzed the data Tsegaw Fentie andMebrat Ejo contributedwith reagentsmaterialsanalysis tools Askale AbrahaleyTsegaw Fentie and Mebrat Ejo wrote the paper

Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge the University of GondarEthiopia for financial support of this study We are gratefulto the staff members of National Veterinary Institute (NVI)College ofVeterinaryMedicine andAnimal Sciences Univer-sity of Gondar and study sites veterinary medicine expertsfor their laboratory and field work supports In addition weappreciated owners of livestock particularly goat owners andexperts for their cooperation and supports during field worksas well as lab works of this study

References

[1] A Yami and R C Markel ldquoSheep and Goat ProductionHandbook for Ethiopiardquo Ethiopia Sheep and Goat productivityImprovement Program 2008

[2] S Gizaw S Abegaz B Rischkowsky A Haile A M Okeyoand T Dessie Review of sheep research and development projectsin Ethiopia International Livestock Research Institute NairobiKenya 2013

[3] C Ahuya A Okeyo A M Mwangi-Njuru and C PeacockldquoDevelopmental challenges and opportunities in the goat indus-try The Kenyan experiencerdquo Small Ruminant Research vol 60no 1-2 pp 197ndash206 2005

[4] J Boyazoglu I Hatziminaoglou and P Morand-Fehr ldquoThe roleof the goat in society past present and perspectives for thefuturerdquo Small Ruminant Research vol 60 no 1-2 pp 13ndash232005

[5] R Nicholas and C Churchward ldquoContagious caprine pleurop-neumonia new aspects of an old diseaserdquo Transboundary andEmerging Diseases vol 59 no 3 pp 189ndash196 2012

[6] F Thiaucourt and G Bolske ldquoContagious caprine pleurop-neumonia and other pulmonary mycoplasmoses of sheep andgoatsrdquo Revue Scientifique et Technique de lrsquoOIE vol 15 no 4pp 1397ndash1414 1996

[7] OM Radostits C C Gay KWHinchcliff and PD ConstableVeterinarymedicine A Text Book of the diseases of Cattle HorsesSheep Pigs and Goats London UK 10th edition 2007

[8] OIE Terrestrial Manual Contagious Caprine PleuropneumoniaAetiology Epidemiology Diagnosis Prevention and ControlReferences Oie 2012

[9] P C Lefevre J Blancou L Dedieu A Diallo G Libeau andF Thiaucourt ldquoField diagnostic kits a solution for developingcountriesrdquo Rev Sci Tech 1993

[10] F Thiaucourt G Bolske B LENEGUERSH D Smith andH Wesonga ldquoDiagnosis and control of contagious caprinepleuropneumoniardquoRevue Scientifique et Technique de lrsquoOIE vol15 no 4 pp 1415ndash1429 1996

[11] F Thiaucourt and G Bolske ldquoContagious caprine pleurop-neumonia and other pulmonary mycoplasmoses of sheep andgoatsrdquo Revue Scientifique et Technique de lrsquoOIE vol 15 no 4pp 1397ndash1414 1996

[12] S Lorenzon H Wesonga L Ygesu et al ldquoGenetic evolutionofMycoplasma capricolum subsp capripneumoniae strains andmolecular epidemiology of contagious caprine pleuropneumo-nia by sequencing of locus H2rdquoVeterinaryMicrobiology vol 85no 2 pp 111ndash123 2002

[13] SWoubit S LorenzonA Peyraud LManso-Silvan and FThi-aucourt ldquoA specific PCR for the identification of Mycoplasmacapricolum subsp capripneumoniae the causative agent of con-tagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP)rdquoVeterinaryMicrobi-ology vol 104 no 1-2 pp 125ndash132 2004

[14] S Woubit L Manso-Silvan S Lorenzon et al ldquoA PCR forthe detection of mycoplasmas belonging to the Mycoplasmamycoides cluster Application to the diagnosis of contagiousagalactiardquo Molecular and Cellular Probes vol 21 no 5-6 pp391ndash399 2007

[15] F Regassa M Netsere and T Tsertse ldquoSero-prevalence of con-tagious caprine pleuropneumonia in goat at selected woredas ofAfar regionrdquo Ethiopian Veterinary Journal 2010

[16] B Hadush L Eshetu W Mengistu and M HailesilassieldquoSeroprevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia inKefta Humera Alamata (Tigray) and Aba-rsquoala (Afar) NorthernEthiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health and Production vol 41 no 5pp 803ndash806 2009

[17] A Sharew C Staak F Thiaucourt and F Roger ldquoA Serolog-ical Investigation into Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia(CCPP) in Ethiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health and Productionvol 37 no 1 pp 11ndash19 2005

[18] DGizaw BGebreegziabher GAyelet andKAsmare ldquoInvesti-gation ofmycoplasma infection in goats slaughtered at ELFORAexport abattoir Ethiopiardquo Ethiopian Veterinary Journal 2009

[19] OIE World ldquoOrganization for Animal Health Contagiouscaprine pleuropneumoniardquo OIE Terr Man 2008

[20] Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources Impact of LivestockDiseases in Africa African Union 2013

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 7

[21] Pan African Animal Resources Pan African Animal ResourcesYearbook 2013

[22] O M Radostits C Gay K W Hinchcliff and P D Consta-ble ldquoDisease caused by mycoplasmardquo in Veterinary MedicineTextbook of the diseases of cattle sheep pigs goats and horsesSaunders Elsevier Edinburgh London 10th edition 2007

[23] K Asmare T Abayneh S Mekuria et al ldquoA meta-analysisof contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in EthiopiardquoActa Tropica vol 158 pp 231ndash239 2016

[24] L Eshetu L Yigezu and Y Asfaw ldquoA study on ContagiousCaprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in goats at an export ori-ented abattoir Debrezeit Ethiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health andProduction vol 39 no 6 pp 427ndash432 2007

[25] A Gelagay S TeshaleW Amsalu andG Esayas ldquoPrevalence ofcontagious caprine pleuropneumonia in the Borana pastoralareas of Ethiopiardquo Small Ruminant Research vol 70 no 2-3 pp131ndash135 2007

[26] A Adugna Amhara Demography and Health Bulletin 2014[27] M Thrusfield Veterinary Epidemiology Black well science

London UK 3rd edition 2005[28] F Thiaucourt G Bolske G Libeau C Le Goff and P Lefevre

ldquoThe use of monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis of conta-gious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP)rdquo Veterinary Microbi-ology vol 41 no 3 pp 191ndash203 1994

[29] S Mekuria and K Asmare ldquoCross-sectional study on Conta-gious Caprine Pleuro Pneumonia in selected districts of seden-tary and pastoral production systems in Southern EthiopiardquoTropical Animal Health and Production vol 42 no 1 pp 65ndash72 2010

[30] T Bekele Y Asfaw B Gebre-Egziabeher and G Abebe ldquoSero-prevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Boranaand Guji lowlands Southern Ethiopiardquo Ethiopian VeterinaryJournal vol 15 no 2 2011

[31] S A Atim C Ayebazibwe F NMwiine J Erume and R Twey-ongyere ldquoA Survey for contagious caprine pleuropneumonia inAgago and Otuke districts in Northern Ugandardquo Open Journalof Veterinary Medicine vol 06 no 01 pp 9ndash14 2016

[32] V C Ingle P Sivakumar D R Kalorey et al ldquoSeroprevalenceof contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in goats in Nagpurdistrict of Vidarbha regionrdquo Veterinary World vol 1 no 9 pp270-271 2008

[33] R Hussain M Auon A Khan M Z Khan F Mahmood andSUr-Rehman ldquoContagious caprine pleuropneumonia in BeetalgoatsrdquoTropical Animal Health and Production vol 44 no 3 pp477ndash481 2012

[34] B Cetinkaya R Kalin M Karahan et al ldquoDetection ofcontagious caprine pleuropneumonia in East Turkeyrdquo RevueScientifique et Technique de lrsquoOIE vol 28 no 3 pp 1037ndash10442009

[35] FThiaucourt C Guerin V Mady and P C Lefevre ldquoDiagnosisof caprine contagious pleuropneumonia recent improvementsrdquoRev Sci Tech 1992

[36] M Sherif M Addis and M Tefera ldquoContagious CaprinePleuropneumonia Serological Survey in Selected Districts ofJijiga Zone Ethiopiardquo Asian Journal of Animal Sciences vol 6no 6 pp 309ndash315 2012

[37] S Mekuria A Zerihun B Gebre-Egziabher and M TibboldquoParticipatory investigation of Contagious Caprine Pleurop-neumonia (CCPP) in goats in the Hammer and Benna-Tsemaydistricts of southern Ethiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health andProduction vol 40 no 8 pp 571ndash582 2008

[38] M A Awan F Abbas M Yasinzai et al ldquoPrevalence of Myco-plasma capricolum subspecies capricolum and Mycoplasmaputrefaciens in goats in Pishin district of Balochistanrdquo PakistanVeterinary Journal vol 29 no 4 pp 179ndash185 2009

[39] M A Awan F Abbas M Yasinzai et al ldquoFirst report on themolecular prevalence of Mycoplasma capricolum subspeciescapripneumoniae (Mccp) in goats the cause of contagiouscaprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in Balochistan province ofPakistanrdquo Molecular Biology Reports vol 37 no 7 pp 3401ndash3406 2010

[40] K Kipronoh J Ombui Y Binepal et al ldquoRisk factors associatedwith contagious caprine pleuro-pneumonia in goats in pastoralareas in the Rift Valley region of Kenyardquo Preventive VeterinaryMedicine vol 132 pp 107ndash112 2016

[41] B H Abera L Eshetu W Mengistu et al ldquoSeroprevalenceof contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Tigray and AfarNorthern Ethiopiardquo in Animal hygiene and sustainable livestockproduction Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of theInternational Society for Animal Hygiene vol 1 Vienna AustriaJuly 2011

[42] A K Kipronoh J N Ombui H K Kiara Y S Binepal EGitonga andH OWesonga ldquoPrevalence of contagious caprinepleuro-pneumonia in pastoral flocks of goats in the Rift Valleyregion of Kenyardquo Tropical Animal Health and Production vol48 no 1 pp 151ndash155 2016

[43] U Ozdemir E Ozdemir J B March C Churchward and R ANicholas ldquoContagious caprine pleuropneumonia in the Thraceregion of TurkeyrdquoVeterinary Record vol 156 no 9 pp 286-2872005

[44] A (APHRD) and PHRD Animal and Plant Health RegulatoryDirectorate Version 1 Ministry of Agriculture Status of MajorAnimal Diseases in Ethiopia Bulletin 2010

[45] H O Wesonga R Lindberg J K Litamoi and G Bolske ldquoLateLesions of Experimental ContagiousCaprine PleuropneumoniaCaused by Mycoplasma capricolum ssp capripneumoniaerdquoJournal of VeterinaryMedicine Series B vol 45 no 1-10 pp 105ndash114 1998

[46] H Wesonga J Litamoi M Kagumba and E WakhusamaldquoRelationship between clinical signs and early lesions of conta-gious caprine pleuropneumonia caused by Mycoplasma strainF38rdquo Small Ruminant Research vol 10 no 1 pp 45ndash54 1993

[47] L Matios S Tesfaye A Gelagay E Eyob D Gebremikaeland T Tadele ldquoSeroprevalence of contagious caprine pleu-ropneumonia and field performance of inactivated vaccine inBorana pastoral area southern Ethiopiardquo African Journal ofMicrobiology Research vol 8 no 24 pp 2344ndash2351 2014

[48] E Yousuf A Melaku and B Bogale ldquoSeroprevalence ofcontagious caprinepleuropneumonia in Dire Dawa provisionaladministrative council EasternEthiopiardquo Journal of VeterinaryMedicine and Animal Health vol 4 pp 93ndash96 2012

Veterinary MedicineJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal of

Microbiology

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

BioMed Research International

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

PsycheHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Biochemistry Research International

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2018

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Agronomy

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal of Parasitology Research

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

International Journal of

Volume 2018

Zoology

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

ArchaeaHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Advances in

Virolog y

ScienticaHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom

Journal of Veterinary Medicine 7

[21] Pan African Animal Resources Pan African Animal ResourcesYearbook 2013

[22] O M Radostits C Gay K W Hinchcliff and P D Consta-ble ldquoDisease caused by mycoplasmardquo in Veterinary MedicineTextbook of the diseases of cattle sheep pigs goats and horsesSaunders Elsevier Edinburgh London 10th edition 2007

[23] K Asmare T Abayneh S Mekuria et al ldquoA meta-analysisof contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in EthiopiardquoActa Tropica vol 158 pp 231ndash239 2016

[24] L Eshetu L Yigezu and Y Asfaw ldquoA study on ContagiousCaprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in goats at an export ori-ented abattoir Debrezeit Ethiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health andProduction vol 39 no 6 pp 427ndash432 2007

[25] A Gelagay S TeshaleW Amsalu andG Esayas ldquoPrevalence ofcontagious caprine pleuropneumonia in the Borana pastoralareas of Ethiopiardquo Small Ruminant Research vol 70 no 2-3 pp131ndash135 2007

[26] A Adugna Amhara Demography and Health Bulletin 2014[27] M Thrusfield Veterinary Epidemiology Black well science

London UK 3rd edition 2005[28] F Thiaucourt G Bolske G Libeau C Le Goff and P Lefevre

ldquoThe use of monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis of conta-gious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP)rdquo Veterinary Microbi-ology vol 41 no 3 pp 191ndash203 1994

[29] S Mekuria and K Asmare ldquoCross-sectional study on Conta-gious Caprine Pleuro Pneumonia in selected districts of seden-tary and pastoral production systems in Southern EthiopiardquoTropical Animal Health and Production vol 42 no 1 pp 65ndash72 2010

[30] T Bekele Y Asfaw B Gebre-Egziabeher and G Abebe ldquoSero-prevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Boranaand Guji lowlands Southern Ethiopiardquo Ethiopian VeterinaryJournal vol 15 no 2 2011

[31] S A Atim C Ayebazibwe F NMwiine J Erume and R Twey-ongyere ldquoA Survey for contagious caprine pleuropneumonia inAgago and Otuke districts in Northern Ugandardquo Open Journalof Veterinary Medicine vol 06 no 01 pp 9ndash14 2016

[32] V C Ingle P Sivakumar D R Kalorey et al ldquoSeroprevalenceof contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in goats in Nagpurdistrict of Vidarbha regionrdquo Veterinary World vol 1 no 9 pp270-271 2008

[33] R Hussain M Auon A Khan M Z Khan F Mahmood andSUr-Rehman ldquoContagious caprine pleuropneumonia in BeetalgoatsrdquoTropical Animal Health and Production vol 44 no 3 pp477ndash481 2012

[34] B Cetinkaya R Kalin M Karahan et al ldquoDetection ofcontagious caprine pleuropneumonia in East Turkeyrdquo RevueScientifique et Technique de lrsquoOIE vol 28 no 3 pp 1037ndash10442009

[35] FThiaucourt C Guerin V Mady and P C Lefevre ldquoDiagnosisof caprine contagious pleuropneumonia recent improvementsrdquoRev Sci Tech 1992

[36] M Sherif M Addis and M Tefera ldquoContagious CaprinePleuropneumonia Serological Survey in Selected Districts ofJijiga Zone Ethiopiardquo Asian Journal of Animal Sciences vol 6no 6 pp 309ndash315 2012

[37] S Mekuria A Zerihun B Gebre-Egziabher and M TibboldquoParticipatory investigation of Contagious Caprine Pleurop-neumonia (CCPP) in goats in the Hammer and Benna-Tsemaydistricts of southern Ethiopiardquo Tropical Animal Health andProduction vol 40 no 8 pp 571ndash582 2008

[38] M A Awan F Abbas M Yasinzai et al ldquoPrevalence of Myco-plasma capricolum subspecies capricolum and Mycoplasmaputrefaciens in goats in Pishin district of Balochistanrdquo PakistanVeterinary Journal vol 29 no 4 pp 179ndash185 2009

[39] M A Awan F Abbas M Yasinzai et al ldquoFirst report on themolecular prevalence of Mycoplasma capricolum subspeciescapripneumoniae (Mccp) in goats the cause of contagiouscaprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in Balochistan province ofPakistanrdquo Molecular Biology Reports vol 37 no 7 pp 3401ndash3406 2010

[40] K Kipronoh J Ombui Y Binepal et al ldquoRisk factors associatedwith contagious caprine pleuro-pneumonia in goats in pastoralareas in the Rift Valley region of Kenyardquo Preventive VeterinaryMedicine vol 132 pp 107ndash112 2016

[41] B H Abera L Eshetu W Mengistu et al ldquoSeroprevalenceof contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Tigray and AfarNorthern Ethiopiardquo in Animal hygiene and sustainable livestockproduction Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of theInternational Society for Animal Hygiene vol 1 Vienna AustriaJuly 2011

[42] A K Kipronoh J N Ombui H K Kiara Y S Binepal EGitonga andH OWesonga ldquoPrevalence of contagious caprinepleuro-pneumonia in pastoral flocks of goats in the Rift Valleyregion of Kenyardquo Tropical Animal Health and Production vol48 no 1 pp 151ndash155 2016

[43] U Ozdemir E Ozdemir J B March C Churchward and R ANicholas ldquoContagious caprine pleuropneumonia in the Thraceregion of TurkeyrdquoVeterinary Record vol 156 no 9 pp 286-2872005

[44] A (APHRD) and PHRD Animal and Plant Health RegulatoryDirectorate Version 1 Ministry of Agriculture Status of MajorAnimal Diseases in Ethiopia Bulletin 2010

[45] H O Wesonga R Lindberg J K Litamoi and G Bolske ldquoLateLesions of Experimental ContagiousCaprine PleuropneumoniaCaused by Mycoplasma capricolum ssp capripneumoniaerdquoJournal of VeterinaryMedicine Series B vol 45 no 1-10 pp 105ndash114 1998

[46] H Wesonga J Litamoi M Kagumba and E WakhusamaldquoRelationship between clinical signs and early lesions of conta-gious caprine pleuropneumonia caused by Mycoplasma strainF38rdquo Small Ruminant Research vol 10 no 1 pp 45ndash54 1993

[47] L Matios S Tesfaye A Gelagay E Eyob D Gebremikaeland T Tadele ldquoSeroprevalence of contagious caprine pleu-ropneumonia and field performance of inactivated vaccine inBorana pastoral area southern Ethiopiardquo African Journal ofMicrobiology Research vol 8 no 24 pp 2344ndash2351 2014

[48] E Yousuf A Melaku and B Bogale ldquoSeroprevalence ofcontagious caprinepleuropneumonia in Dire Dawa provisionaladministrative council EasternEthiopiardquo Journal of VeterinaryMedicine and Animal Health vol 4 pp 93ndash96 2012

Veterinary MedicineJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal of

Microbiology

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

BioMed Research International

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

PsycheHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Biochemistry Research International

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2018

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Agronomy

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal of Parasitology Research

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

International Journal of

Volume 2018

Zoology

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

ArchaeaHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Advances in

Virolog y

ScienticaHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Cell BiologyInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom

Veterinary MedicineJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal of

Microbiology

Veterinary Medicine International

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

BioMed Research International

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

PsycheHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Biochemistry Research International

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2018

Biotechnology Research International

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Agronomy

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal of Parasitology Research

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

International Journal of

Volume 2018

Zoology

GenomicsInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

ArchaeaHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

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