Serguei L. Katrechko Moscow, Russia, s ss s kkkk aaaa tttt rrrr eeee cccc hhhh kkkk oooo @@@@ gggg...

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Transcendentalism as a Special Transcendentalism as a Special Type of Philosophizing Type of Philosophizing Serguei L. Katrechko Serguei L. Katrechko Moscow, Russia, [email protected] http://www.facebook.com/skatrechko «… The revival of transcendentalism can be the [possible] ‘get-out’ (resolve, output) for the contemporary philosophy» Alexander Ogurtsov (2011)

Transcript of Serguei L. Katrechko Moscow, Russia, s ss s kkkk aaaa tttt rrrr eeee cccc hhhh kkkk oooo @@@@ gggg...

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Transcendentalism as a Transcendentalism as a Special Type of Special Type of PhilosophizingPhilosophizing

Serguei L. KatrechkoSerguei L. Katrechko

Moscow, Russia, [email protected] http://www.facebook.com/skatrechko

«… The revival of transcendentalism can be the [possible] ‘get-out’ (resolve, output) for the contemporary philosophy»

Alexander Ogurtsov (2011)

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In the second half of the XX-th century the second (after Neo-Kantianism) ‘discovery’ of Kant, associated with conceptual change in the understanding of transcendentalism — the transition from the traditional ontological theory (interpretation) of “two objects/worlds” to the theory of “two aspects” (** Rohlf, 2010)

based on epistemic or/and semantic reading of Critique, arises.

** Rohlf, M. 2010, Immanuel Kant: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant/

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In this regard, R.Hanna writes that the development of contemporary

philosophy (in the face of two major traditions: analytic and continental ones) is largely predetermined by Kant’s transcendentalism, and the ХХ-th century may be named as the post-Kantian century (** Hanna, 2007).

** Hanna, R. 2007, Kant in the twentieth century (http://spot.colorado.edu/~rhanna/kant_in_the_twentieth_century_proofs_dec07.pdf).

M.Foucault says that Kant “stands at the beginning of a new method of philosophizing" (inaugural lecture of 1970).

Alexander Ogurtsov (known Russian philosopher) emphasize that only the revival of transcendentalism ([as "removal" of alternative of naturalism («Back to things!») and constructivism («All is our construction!”) can be the ‘get-out’ for the contemporary philosophy/philosophy of science (see epigraph).

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This allows me to consider Kant's

transcendentalism not just as one of the particular philosophical theory, but as the basis of a new — transcendental — paradigm of philosophy (philosophizing).

(The following discussion board (in Russian) is devoted to development of the contemporary transcendentalism: http://transcendental.ucoz.ru/forum/)

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Transcendental shift: first phase/stageTranscendental shift: first phase/stage

Part 1. Part 1. Transcendental shift: first phase/stageTranscendental shift: first phase/stage

As the starting point for our interpretation of the As the starting point for our interpretation of the transcendentalism we take the classical paradigm of transcendentalism we take the classical paradigm of epistemology, for which the main question is the relation epistemology, for which the main question is the relation of a subject to an object what can be represented in of a subject to an object what can be represented in binary scheme binary scheme SS(ubject) – (ubject) – OO(bject). On this scale we also (bject). On this scale we also mark the result of our knowledge or of the interaction mark the result of our knowledge or of the interaction between the subject (between the subject (SS) and the object () and the object (OO) in the ) in the process of cognition – the process of cognition – the experienceexperience (or (or experienced experienced knowledge; germ. knowledge; germ. ErfahrungErfahrung) ) [1][1] , which is located in the , which is located in the middle of the scale. In this case the original binary middle of the scale. In this case the original binary scheme turns into a ternary one: scheme turns into a ternary one: SS — — ErfahrungErfahrung — — ОО..

[1][1] Kant equates Kant equates ErfahrungErfahrung and and Empirische ErkenntnisEmpirische Erkenntnis [ [ВВ147–8].147–8].

Object SubjectObject Subject Thing (O)Thing (O) — — ErfahrungErfahrung — — ConsciousnessConsciousness

(S)

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Transcendental shift: first phase/stageTranscendental shift: first phase/stage

AAccording to key ccording to key [[ВВ 25] 25] of of Critique, Critique, where transcendental where transcendental philosophy (TPh) is defined as “…knowledge which is not philosophy (TPh) is defined as “…knowledge which is not so much occupied with objects as with the mode of our so much occupied with objects as with the mode of our cognition of these objects, so far as this mode of cognition of these objects, so far as this mode of cognition is possible a priori”, the transition to cognition is possible a priori”, the transition to transcendentalismtranscendentalism is based on is based on transcendental ‘shift’transcendental ‘shift’ from [empirical] studies of the from [empirical] studies of the objectsobjects (things) to the (things) to the middle of the scale in the direction to the middle of the scale in the direction to the subjectsubject, to the , to the intermediate between subject and object area of intermediate between subject and object area of experienced knowledgeexperienced knowledge, — which is the area of the , — which is the area of the transcendental-nesstranscendental-ness (or (or transcendentalitytranscendentality). ).

In this case the In this case the transcendental shifttranscendental shift does not displace does not displace the intention of study to the right limit to the analysis of the intention of study to the right limit to the analysis of the [empirical] subject, i.e. does not immerse us in the the [empirical] subject, i.e. does not immerse us in the study of the content of consciousness, but stops at the study of the content of consciousness, but stops at the middle area, area of the middle area, area of the transcendentalitytranscendentality, which Kant , which Kant calls “the mode of cognition” or “faculty of cognition”calls “the mode of cognition” or “faculty of cognition”[1][1]. .

[1][1] Also see Kant’s notes from Also see Kant’s notes from ProlegomenaProlegomena: «The word "transcendental," which with : «The word "transcendental," which with me means a reference of our cognition, i.e., not to things, but only to the cognitive me means a reference of our cognition, i.e., not to things, but only to the cognitive faculty…».faculty…».

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Transcendental shift: first phase/stageTranscendental shift: first phase/stage

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Transcendental shift: first phase/stageTranscendental shift: first phase/stage

In the beginning of my talk I noted two possible interpretations of In the beginning of my talk I noted two possible interpretations of Kant’s transcendentalism. First of them, the Kant’s transcendentalism. First of them, the theory of two objectstheory of two objects is false. In this case transcendental shift displaces transcendental is false. In this case transcendental shift displaces transcendental in the area of subjectivity. Transcendentalism of Kant turns into in the area of subjectivity. Transcendentalism of Kant turns into phenomenalism of Berkeley.phenomenalism of Berkeley.

Object Object ErfahrungErfahrung SubjectSubject transcendental shifttranscendental shift The second (modern) interpretation, the The second (modern) interpretation, the theory of two aspectstheory of two aspects [1][1]

is correct. The area of the transcendental are located in the middle is correct. The area of the transcendental are located in the middle of epistemic scale: the transcendental is not objective of epistemic scale: the transcendental is not objective (transcendent) or subjective (immanent): (transcendent) or subjective (immanent):

Object Object ErfahrungErfahrung — — SubjectSubject transcendental shifttranscendental shift

[1][1] In In two aspects-theorytwo aspects-theory Kantian thing-in-itself and thing-as-it-appears-to-us Kantian thing-in-itself and thing-as-it-appears-to-us are considered not as two distinct ontological entities, but as "two sides" are considered not as two distinct ontological entities, but as "two sides" [[ВВ XIX footnote] or "two modes of representation (the sensible and the  XIX footnote] or "two modes of representation (the sensible and the intellectual)" [intellectual)" [ВВ XXVII] of the XXVII] of the same same thing. thing.

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Transcendental shift: first phase/stageTranscendental shift: first phase/stage

Thereby Kant's characteristic of transcendentalism as Thereby Kant's characteristic of transcendentalism as the research of our “mode of cognition” should be the research of our “mode of cognition” should be understood not understood not subjective-psychologicallysubjective-psychologically, in terms of , in terms of analysis of human faculties of cognition, but analysis of human faculties of cognition, but cognitive-cognitive-semanticallysemantically as a solution of the problem of as a solution of the problem of objectivenessobjectiveness of a priori representations, i.e. the of a priori representations, i.e. the possibility of their use in human experience. Kant tells possibility of their use in human experience. Kant tells about the semantic orientation of transcendentalism in about the semantic orientation of transcendentalism in a letter to M. Herz (21.02.1772), in which he at the first a letter to M. Herz (21.02.1772), in which he at the first time explicates the idea of his time explicates the idea of his CritiqueCritique as a response to as a response to the following ‘semantic’ question: “the following ‘semantic’ question: “What is the ground What is the ground of the relation of that in us which we call of the relation of that in us which we call ‘representation’ to the object?‘representation’ to the object?” ”

Thus Kant’s transcendentalism is connected with the Thus Kant’s transcendentalism is connected with the solution of “the main transcendental question” about solution of “the main transcendental question” about the the objectivity of a priori representations.objectivity of a priori representations.

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On the way to transcendental metaphysics On the way to transcendental metaphysics (XXIII WCP )(XXIII WCP )

Part 2.Part 2. Transcendental paradigm of Transcendental paradigm of philosophizingphilosophizing

However, the first phase of the transcendental shift However, the first phase of the transcendental shift does not yet characterize the specifics of Kant's does not yet characterize the specifics of Kant's transcendentalism, but sets a range of a la transcendentalism, but sets a range of a la transcendental concepts. transcendental concepts.

Thus Kant stands at the origins of the transcendental Thus Kant stands at the origins of the transcendental paradigm of philosophizing, the transition to which is paradigm of philosophizing, the transition to which is connected with overcoming both objectal (Antiquity) connected with overcoming both objectal (Antiquity) and a subjectal (Modern Era) points of view and moving and a subjectal (Modern Era) points of view and moving of intention of research to the middle between object of intention of research to the middle between object and subject area which Kant associates with and subject area which Kant associates with experience/Erfahrung.experience/Erfahrung.

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Three paradigms o Metaphysics Three paradigms o Metaphysics (XXIII WCP)(XXIII WCP)

Three paradigms of MetaphysicsThree paradigms of Metaphysics (from my talk (from my talk ««On On the way to transcendental metaphysicsthe way to transcendental metaphysics » » on XXIII World Congress of on XXIII World Congress of Philosophy; 2013)Philosophy; 2013)

The development of philosophy includes two The development of philosophy includes two historical modes or paradigms of metaphysics. historical modes or paradigms of metaphysics.

European metaphysics begins with Parmenides’ European metaphysics begins with Parmenides’ discover of the meta-physical reality of the Unity in discover of the meta-physical reality of the Unity in its difference from the physical reality of the its difference from the physical reality of the Plurality. This fact of the birth of metaphysics Plurality. This fact of the birth of metaphysics defines its first boarder or mode. Metaphysics defines its first boarder or mode. Metaphysics becomes here research of becomes here research of UnityUnity ( (BeingBeing) intent to ) intent to investigate the first principle of being. Thus, investigate the first principle of being. Thus, Parmenid starts an Parmenid starts an ontological mode of ontological mode of metaphysicsmetaphysics which is further developed by Plato, which is further developed by Plato, Aristotle, and other great thinkers of the Antiquity Aristotle, and other great thinkers of the Antiquity and the Middle Ages. and the Middle Ages.

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Three paradigms o Metaphysics Three paradigms o Metaphysics (XXIII WCP)(XXIII WCP)

This mode of metaphysics can be called the This mode of metaphysics can be called the metaphysics of the objectmetaphysics of the object(s) or the (s) or the metaphysics of metaphysics of thingthing(s). The main subject or theme (but no “subject” (s). The main subject or theme (but no “subject” in philosophical sense) of this metaphysics is the study in philosophical sense) of this metaphysics is the study of existing things.of existing things.

But more precise this type of metaphysics can be called But more precise this type of metaphysics can be called the (ontological) the (ontological) transcendent metaphysicstranscendent metaphysics, , because it postulates the existence of a transcendent because it postulates the existence of a transcendent reality. reality.

This is metaphysics as This is metaphysics as meta--physicsmeta--physics

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Three paradigms o Metaphysics Three paradigms o Metaphysics (XXIII WCP)(XXIII WCP)

The The second mode of metaphysicssecond mode of metaphysics will be associated will be associated with the “epistemological/epistemic turn” in modern with the “epistemological/epistemic turn” in modern era, with the discovery by Descartes a new type of era, with the discovery by Descartes a new type of reality – our (human) subjective reality, reality of our reality – our (human) subjective reality, reality of our consciousness or Cogito. consciousness or Cogito.

   This mode of metaphysics is the This mode of metaphysics is the metaphysics of the metaphysics of the

(conscious)(conscious) subject subject and can be called and can be called epistemological meta--psychologyepistemological meta--psychology. .

  

It is It is immanent metaphysicsimmanent metaphysics

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Three paradigms o Metaphysics Three paradigms o Metaphysics (XXIII WCP)(XXIII WCP)

A A third type or paradigmthird type or paradigm of metaphysics is of metaphysics is based on Kantian philosophy and linked with based on Kantian philosophy and linked with it’s it’s transcendental shifttranscendental shift..

Kant defines Kant defines transcendental shifttranscendental shift in the in the understanding of the subject of metaphysics as understanding of the subject of metaphysics as the transition from analysis of objects (things) the transition from analysis of objects (things) to analysis of our mode of it’s cognition.to analysis of our mode of it’s cognition.

This is “shift” from the Object (things) This is “shift” from the Object (things) towardtoward the Subject (cogito), but it isn’t the transition the Subject (cogito), but it isn’t the transition toto the Subject as such. It is “shift” to the middle the Subject as such. It is “shift” to the middle area between the Object and the Subject, to the area between the Object and the Subject, to the area of transcendentalityarea of transcendentality

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Three paradigms o Metaphysics Three paradigms o Metaphysics (XXIII WCP)(XXIII WCP)

Kant named this area Kant named this area ExperienceExperience ( (ErfahrungErfahrung), but it ), but it is possible to name it is possible to name it Knowledge (ErkenntnisKnowledge (Erkenntnis), ), because because knowledgeknowledge is located between the object and is located between the object and subject of cognitionsubject of cognition

ObjectObject →→ ErfahrungErfahrung ←← SubjectSubject

ErkenntnisErkenntnis Compare with concept of “three worlds” of Popper or Compare with concept of “three worlds” of Popper or intentional realityintentional reality of of

Husserl.Husserl.

Cognition of this area belongs to transcendental Cognition of this area belongs to transcendental philosophy. philosophy.

This is third This is third transcendentaltranscendental mode of mode of metaphysicsmetaphysics..

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Transcendental paradigm of philosophizingTranscendental paradigm of philosophizing

If the If the thingthing appears to be the main object of the study of appears to be the main object of the study of ancient paradigm of philosophy, or the metaphysics of a ancient paradigm of philosophy, or the metaphysics of a object (transcendent metaphysics; meta–physics), and the object (transcendent metaphysics; meta–physics), and the consciousness/cogito appears to be the object of the consciousness/cogito appears to be the object of the classical paradigm of Modern Era, or the metaphysics of a classical paradigm of Modern Era, or the metaphysics of a ‘subject’ (immanent metaphysics; meta–psychology), than ‘subject’ (immanent metaphysics; meta–psychology), than the middle area of ‘the middle area of ‘ErfahrungErfahrung’ is the object of ’ is the object of transcendental type of philosophizing, or Kant’s transcendental type of philosophizing, or Kant’s transcendental metaphysicstranscendental metaphysics::

ObjectObject →→ Erfahrung/ErkenntnisErfahrung/Erkenntnis ←← SubjectSubject

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

Transcendent --- Transcendental --- Transcendent --- Transcendental --- Immanent Immanent metaphysics metaphysics metaphysics metaphysics

metaphysicsmetaphysics

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Transcendental paradigm of philosophizingTranscendental paradigm of philosophizing

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Transcendental shift: Transcendental shift: metaphysical metaphysical phase/stage phase/stage

Part Part 33.. Transcendental shift: metaphysical stageTranscendental shift: metaphysical stage

We now proceed to further analysis of Kant's We now proceed to further analysis of Kant's transcendental shifttranscendental shift, to the analysis of his , to the analysis of his second — metaphysical — phase, with which the second — metaphysical — phase, with which the specifics of Kant’s own transcendentalism specifics of Kant’s own transcendentalism should be linked. should be linked.

This specifics is largely predetermined by Kant’s This specifics is largely predetermined by Kant’s “new method of thought” “new method of thought” [CPR, B XVIII],[CPR, B XVIII], or or transcendental methodtranscendental method (Cohen, Natorp) (Cohen, Natorp).

Thus important thing for the Kantian Thus important thing for the Kantian transcendentalism which distinguishes it transcendentalism which distinguishes it from traditional metaphysics is that this is from traditional metaphysics is that this is not only the subject which changes, but not only the subject which changes, but also the also the method method or or style of philosophizing.style of philosophizing.

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Transcendental shift: Transcendental shift: metaphysical metaphysical phase/stage phase/stage

Like any metaphysical method, the Like any metaphysical method, the transcendental method is in the transcendental method is in the universalization of the empirically given by universalization of the empirically given by its liberation from particular conditions. its liberation from particular conditions.

In this sense, Kant builds the metaphysics In this sense, Kant builds the metaphysics of of possiblepossible experience experience, which acts as the , which acts as the transcendental generalization of (empirical) transcendental generalization of (empirical) experience.experience.

The “new method of thought” is based on The “new method of thought” is based on transition from the transition from the empirical perspectiveempirical perspective to to the the transcendental perspectivetranscendental perspective (H.Allison)(H.Allison)

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Transcendental shift: Transcendental shift: metaphysical metaphysical phase/stage phase/stage

What is the What is the transcendental perspectivetranscendental perspective ((TrPTrP))??

In this regard Kant writes the following:In this regard Kant writes the following: ““The transcendental use [of a conception]The transcendental use [of a conception]

… is this, that it is referred to things … is this, that it is referred to things in in generalgeneral and to and to itselfitself [= thing-in-itself][= thing-in-itself], but the , but the empirical use, when merely to empirical use, when merely to phenomenaphenomena [= empirical things, or things-as-it-appears-to-us][= empirical things, or things-as-it-appears-to-us]” ” [CPR, [CPR, B298]B298]

Thereby the Thereby the transcendental perspectivetranscendental perspective is based is based on transition from empirical (concrete, real) on transition from empirical (concrete, real) things to (things to (abstract, abstract, possible) possible) thing-in-general.thing-in-general.

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Transcendental shift: Transcendental shift: metaphysical metaphysical phase/stage phase/stage

As a result of this (= TrP), the empirical subject and object are converted to, respectively, a/the (?) consciousness-in-general, or transcendental subject (transcendental unity of apperception; TUA) and a/the (?) object-in-general, or transcendental object (TO), the relation between which predefines the possible experience.

Or the possible experience is conceptualized by Kant as “interaction” of object-in-general (= transcendental object) and consciousness-in-general (= transcendental subject).

Let's notice that TUA and TO are introduced by Kant in a correlative manner: «the transcendental unity of apperception that all the manifold, given in intuition is united into a conception of the [transcendental] object» [B140; Comp. [А 250–1].

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Transcendental shift: Transcendental shift: metaphysical metaphysical phase/stage phase/stage

The transition to the transcendental metaphysics is associated with transcendental generalization of empirical experience, in the result of which the structure of "transcendental S — transcendental O", encompassing the empirical relation S – O, is formed:

Emp.Emp.objectobject →→ Expirience/ErfahrungExpirience/Erfahrung ←← Emp. Emp.SubjectSubject

↓↓ Trans.object Trans.object ←← Emp.Emp.ObOb -- -- possible Exppossible Exp. -- Emp.. -- Emp.Sub Sub →→

Trans.SubjectTrans.Subject

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Transcendental shift: Transcendental shift: metaphysical metaphysical phase/stage phase/stage

Remark. However, Kant’s “subjective” and “objective” things-in-themselves, which act as kind of left and right limits of the epistemic scale, should be distinguished from transcendental subject and object. The thing-in-itself and noumenal ‘I’ are not transcendental but transcendent. According to Kant, their function is negative and is to specify all the cognitive scale the same way as a numerical scale is given through marks "plus" and "minus" of infinity (+∞ and –∞), i.e. to mark the limits of our possible cognition. At the same time they are inaccessible for cognition. Transcendental subject (TUA) and object (TO) as the constitutive elements of the possible experience on the scale are between empirical-phenomenal (immanent) and transcendent. Considering

this, the transcendental shift can be represented as follows:

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Transcendental shift: Transcendental shift: metaphysical metaphysical phase/stage phase/stage

Schematically the full transcendental ‘shift’ can be represented as follows:

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Transcendental ontologyTranscendental ontology

Part Part 44.. Transcendental ontology Transcendental ontology (as a model of (as a model of objectivity)objectivity)

TranscendentalTranscendental (but not transcendent) (but not transcendent) ontology is the metaphysics of any ontology is the metaphysics of any possible possible experienceexperience..

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Transcendental ontologyTranscendental ontology

There are three important parts of transcendental There are three important parts of transcendental ontology:ontology:

---- Kant’s Kant’s copernican revolutioncopernican revolution;; -- Kant's doctrine of -- Kant's doctrine of a/thea/the transcendental objecttranscendental object;; -- Kant's doctrine of categories.-- Kant's doctrine of categories.

The essence of transcendental ontology is that it is the The essence of transcendental ontology is that it is the ontology of transcendental area (see the diagram of Part ontology of transcendental area (see the diagram of Part 1). 1).

Thus, Kant rejects the possibility of Thus, Kant rejects the possibility of transcendent transcendent ontologyontology: how things in themselves actually we can’t : how things in themselves actually we can’t know. know.

In this regard, Rae Langton says about Kantian In this regard, Rae Langton says about Kantian epistemic humility.epistemic humility.

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Transcendental ontologyTranscendental ontology

The Kantian The Kantian transcendental thing/objecttranscendental thing/object stands stands as objective function of our representation of as objective function of our representation of the world and lies (together with categories) as the world and lies (together with categories) as a base of the a base of the transcendental ontologytranscendental ontology/./.

The essence of transcendental ontology The essence of transcendental ontology (as a (as a model of objectivity)model of objectivity) can be expressed by the can be expressed by the thesis: thesis: ““We cognize not We cognize not [physical][physical] things, things, but we cognize the phenomena ‘thing-ly’ but we cognize the phenomena ‘thing-ly’ [objectively][objectively]”” (E. Cassirer).(E. Cassirer).

Thus every thing consists empirical Thus every thing consists empirical contentcontent and transcendental and transcendental formform or or thing-formthing-form, which , which is a form of transcendental object.is a form of transcendental object.

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Thank you for your Thank you for your attentions!attentions!

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Serguei L. KatrechkoSerguei L. Katrechko [email protected]

http://www.facebook.com/skatrechko http://www.facebook.com/skatrechko

See mySee my talk talk//paper/presentation: paper/presentation: http://transcendental.ucoz.ru/forum/21-115-5425-http://transcendental.ucoz.ru/forum/21-115-5425-

16-1407605896; 16-1407605896;

http://transcendental.ucoz.ru/_fr/1/katrechko_ALWS_.dochttp://transcendental.ucoz.ru/_fr/1/katrechko_ALWS_.doc

http://transcendental.ucoz.ru/_fr/1/katr_ALWS2014_1.ppthttp://transcendental.ucoz.ru/_fr/1/katr_ALWS2014_1.ppt

http://transcendental.ucoz.ru/_fr/1/katr_ALWS2014.ppthttp://transcendental.ucoz.ru/_fr/1/katr_ALWS2014.ppt