sergo vardosaniZe saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo ...

sergo vardosaniZe

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesia XIX–XX saukuneebSi

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II

2

wigni eZRvneba uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqis, mcxeTa–Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposis ilia II-is

aRsaydrebis 30–e wlisTavs da mogviTxrobs XIX–XX saukuneebis

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis istorias,

uwmidesisa da unetaresis _ ilia II –is cxovrebis did gzas 1933 wlidan

2007 wlamde.

redaqtori: dekanozi giorgi zviadaZe

recenzentebi: akademikosi roin metreveli

profesori zaza maruaSvili

3

sarCevi

Tavi I. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia XIX saukuneSi a) avtokefaliis gauqmeba, egzarqosobis xana

b) erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba

g) saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia 1917-1977 wlebSi

Tavi II. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis uwmidesisa da

unetaresi ilia II–is cxovrebis gzis dasawyisi

Tavi III. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis me-12

saeklesio kreba, mitropolit ilias sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

patriarqad arCeva-aRsaydreba

Tavi IV. pirveli siZneleebi, problemebi da maTi gadaWris gzebis Zieba

Tavi V. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

urTierToba marTlmadidebel eklesiebTan da aramarTlmadideblur

konfesiebTan. avtokefaliuri moZraobis warmatebiT dagvirgvineba

Tavi VI. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis eparqiebis

aRorZineba, kavSiri sazRvargareTis samonastro centrebTan, wmida

sinodis ganCinebani, axali wmindanebi

Tavi VII. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba. saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli eklesia _ qarTvelTa erTianobis simbolo

Tavi VIII. ganaTleba, mecniereba, saRvTismetyvelo literatura, Jurnal-

gazeTebi

Tavi IX. ukvdavebaSi gardasul saxeTa ardaviwyeba

Tavi X. erisa da eklesiis interesebis sadarajoze

Tavi XI. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

sapatriarqo samsaxurebi

Tavi XII. patriarqi a) urTierToba politikur da religiur liderebTan, sazogado

moRvaweebTan

b) patriarqis aRsaydrebis dResaswaulebi

g) patriarqis Semoqmedeba

d) warsuli, awmyo da momavali. samebis sakaTedro taZari

4

1977 wlis 15 noembers TbilisSi dilidan Tovda... SuadRisas mzem

gamoanaTa, magram zamTris sicive mainc igrZnoboda. sionis sapatriarqo

taZarSi xalxmravloba iyo. saqarTvelo emSvidobeboda sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqs, uwmidessa da unetares daviT V–s.

taZarSi qarTvel samRvdeloebasTan erTad imyofebodnen stumrebi:

yovelTa somexTa patriarq–kaTolikosi vazgen I, smolenskisa da

kaliningradis mitropoliti aleqsi, bulgareTis, rumineTis, eladis

eklesiebis warmomadgenlebi. yvelani Sesqcerodnen axalgazrda

mitropolits, romelic wess ugebda gansvenebul patriarqs. uCveulo

siamayis grZnoba dameufla, mxolod mis mSvid, metyvel saxes vxedavdi...

am dRis Semdeg TiTqmis yoveldRe davdiodi sionis sapatriarqo taZarSi,

mindoda kvlav mexila igi, magram cxum–afxazeTis mitropoliti,

kaTolikos_patriarqis mosaydre ilia arsad Canda. maSin warmodgenac ar

mqonda, Tu ra rTuli dReebi edga saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel

samociqulo eklesias, kaTolikos–patriarqis mosaydre mitropolit

ilias. TbilisSi urTierTgamomricxavi informaciebi vrceldeboda

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis momavali

patriarqis vinaobis Taobaze. usazRvro iyo Cemi sixaruli, rodesac

mitropolit ilias sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqad arCevis

Sesaxeb Sevityve.

25 dekembers mSrali, susxiani dRe gaTenda. axalgazrdebis jgufi

mcxeTisaken gavemarTeT. yvelas gvindoda axali patriarqis aRsaydrebis

TviTmxilvelebi vyofiliyaviT. sveticxovlis SesasvlelTan gza

gadagviRobes da taZarSi Sesasvleli saSvebi mogvTxoves. axalgazrdebi

davifanteT. erTma ucnobma qalbatonma saSvi momca, madlobis Tqmac ver

movaswari...

taZarSi uamrav xalxs moeyara Tavi. gareT darCenilebmac

gaarRvies milicielTa kordoni da taZarSi Semovidnen. axalarCeul

patriarqs sapatriarqo gvirgvini daadges manglelma episkoposma giorgim

da alaverdelma episkoposma grigolma. uCveulo da amaRlebuli ganwyoba

sufevda sveticxovelSi, bevri adamiani sixaruliT tiroda... yvelas

undoda es dRe usasrulod gagrZelebuliyo. patriarqis aRsaydrebaze

5

mosuli xalxi sionis sapatriarqo taZris mrevlad iqca. uwmidesma da

unetaresma gvaswavla pirveli locvebi, Tu rogor unda movqceuliyaviT

eklesiaSi wirvis dros. misi uwmidesobisa da unetaresobis wirva–

locvani, qadagebani Cveni sulieri simSvidis, uCveulo energiisa da

urTierTsiyvarulis safuZveli gaxda. komunisturi mmarTvelobis sulis

SemxuTveli ideologiis xanaSi rwmenis, siyvarulis maZiebelma

adamianebma axalgazrda patriarqSi dainaxes qristianuli rwmena,

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis didi warsuli da imediani momavali.

uwmidesTan erTma Sexvedramac ki bevri adamiani moabruna eklesiisaken.

uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II–m saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis

istoriaSi axali, didi epoqa Seqmna.

XX saukunis saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoriaSi

gamorCeuli sidiadiT brwyinavs sami didi patriarqi: uwmidesi da

unetaresi kirion II, uwmidesi da unetaresi ambrosi, uwmidesi da

unetaresi ilia II. pirveli oris sicocxle iyo tanjva–wamebis, magram

sulieri simtkicis gamoxatuleba, maT TavianTi mowameobrivi sikvdiliT

daamarcxes boroteba da SeuerTdnen wmindanTa dass. uwmidesi da

unetaresi ilia II 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelia... igi sicocxleSive iqca

legendad. `didni saqmeni“, romelnic man aRasrula, mTel epoqas qmnis.

didi adamianis bolomde Secnoba Tanamedroveebs yovelTvis uWirT,

momavali Taobebi ki srulad Seafaseben mis Rvawls: patriarqis Rvawlis

srulad warmoCena momavlis saqmea.

es wigni didi siyvaruliTa da pasuxismgeblobiT iwereboda.

avtori erTmaneTTan ajerebda saarqivo masalebsa da sakuTar

mexsierebaSi daunjebul ambebs... gvindoda cocxlad, sainteresod

gadmogveca istoria. Tu rogor movaxerxeT es, dae, mkiTxvelma gansajos.

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori sergo vardosaniZe

2007w. 12 seqtemberi.

6

Tavi I. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia

XIX-XX saukuneebSi

a) avtokefaliis gauqmeba, egzarqosobis xana

1795 wlis 10 seqtemberi. Tbilisis SemosasvlelTan iranelTa 35-

aTasian jars 5 aTasi qarTveli meomari upirispirdeba. gadauReblad

wvims. nisli Camowolila qalaqSi. 75 wlis `patara kaxma“ moigeria

iranelTa ieriSebi. aRa-mahmad xani Tbilisidan wasasvlelad emzadeba. am

dros masTan mihyavT moRalate ucxo tomelni, romelnic daujerebel

ambavs atyobineben dampyrobels – erekle mefes laSqari ara hyavs!

gaTenda 11 seqtemberi. wvimam gadaiRo. mtkvarze gawolili nisli

gaifanta da aRa–mahmad xanma dainaxa mcirericxovan qarTvelTa

sabrZolo poziciebi.

Zala miecaT sparselebs. daiwyo axali ieriSebi. mtris

ricxobrivma upiratesobam gamarjvebis saswori mis mxareze gadaxara:

brZolaSi daeca samasi aragveli, mters Seakvdnen maCablis razmis

wevrebi, ormocdaaTamde gadarCenilma meomarma erekle mefe brZolis

vels ganarida da muxranis xidiT qalaqidan ananurisaken waiyvana...

ori kviris ganmavlobaSi arbevda aRa-mahmad xanis laSqari

Tbiliss, awiokebda mosaxleobas. qalaqSi epidemiam ifeTqa. vinc

sparselebs gadaurCa, epidemiis msxverpli gaxda.

1798 wlis 11 ianvars TelavSi gardaicvala qarTl–kaxeTis mefe

erekle II. ormoci aTasma rCeulma vaJkacma mcxeTis sveticxovlis

taZramde miacila samSoblos ubedobiT daRdasmuli mefis cxedari...

erTmorwmune ruseTma, romelic 1783 wlis 24 ivliss georgievskSi

dadebuli xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, qarTl–kaxeTs unda daxmareboda,

bedis anabara miatova igi. 1800 wlis dekemberSi, rodesac gardaicvala

giorgi XII, ruseTis xelisuflebam pavle I–is manifestiT gaauqma qarTl–

kaxeTis samefo da igi ruseTis Tvaluwvdeneli imperiis nawilad

gamoacxada; 1802 wlis 12 aprils ki qarTl–kaxeTis Tavadaznaurobas,

sasuliero maRalierarqebs Tavi mouyares TbilisSi, sionis sapatriarqo

taZarSi da waukiTxes ruseTis imperatoris _ aleqsandre I–is manifesti

7

qarTl–kaxeTis samefos gauqmebisa da rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebis

Sesaxeb. aleqsandre I didsulovnad acxadebda: `Zalman garemoebaTa amaT,

zogad amis ZaliT grZnobaman Tqvenman, da xmaman saqarTveloisa erisagan,

mogvzides Cven, ara dauteoT da ara mivsceT msxverplad gansacdelisa

ena erTmorwmuneTa, momcemelTa xvedrisa Tvisisa did sulisa ruseTsa,

safarvelisadmi... ara ganvrcelebisaTvis sazRvris, da esreTca ukve

vrcelisa qveyanasa zeda imperiasa Sina, miviRebT CvenTvis zeda tvirTsa

saqarTvelos samefosa marTeblobisasa. mxolod pativi da kacobrioba

sdeben Cvenzeda saRmrTosa valsa“.[1, 237]. am maRalfardovani sityvebis

miRma qarTvelobam Tavisi mravalsaukunovani saxelmwifoebriobis

mospoba dainaxa, erTmorwmuneobaze damyarebulma imedebma msxvreva

daiwyo. xalxs ar undoda daficeba, magram sionis taZris garSemo

SeiaraRebuli rusi mxedroba Camwkrivda. rogorc bagrat batoniSvili

igonebda, SekrebilT aseTi ultimatumi wauyenes: `ukeTu ara hyofT ficsa

erTgulebasa zeda ruseTisasa, amogwyvetT“[2, 63]. ruseTis imperatori

aleqsandre I qarTvelebs mimarTavda – ganRviZebuli imedi Tqveni ara

iqnebis motyuebulio, magram yvelafridan Canda, rom qarTveloba

motyuebuli darCa.

qarTuli samefos gauqmebis Semdeg damyarda rusuli mmarTveloba

rusuli kanonebiTa da adaT–wesebiT. imperatoris brZanebiT,

bagratovanTa samefo saxlis warmomadgenlebi ruseTSi gadaasaxles.

qarTuli ena, saqarTvelos istoria, qarTuli cnobiereba _ es is

problemebi iyo, romlebic ruseTis mmarTvelobas saqarTvelos

mosaxleobis asimilaciaSi xels SeuSlida, amitom aucilebeli iyo,

ewarmoebinaT gaazrebuli, kargad mofiqrebuli politika, raTa

daCqarebuli tempiT momxdariyo qarTvelobis garuseba.

qarTl–kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis Semdeg ruseTis saxelmwifos

yuradReba mipyrobili iyo dasavleT saqarTvelosaken. 1804–1815 wlebSi

ruseTis xelisuflebam moaxerxa imereTis samefos dapyroba, guriis,

samegrelos, afxazeTisa da svaneTis samTavroebis ruseTis mfarvelobaSi

Seyvana. amis Semdeg koloniuri politikis ganxorcieleba ufro Tamamad

iyo SesaZlebeli.

ruseTis saimperatoro xelisuflebisaTvis sruliad miuRebeli

iyo arseboba uZvelesi samociqulo avtokefaliuri eklesiisa, romelsac

8

saTaveSi bagrationTa samefo saxlis warmomadgeneli, sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi anton II edga.

qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisa da erTianobis simbolo iyo saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia, romelic didi avtoritetiT

sargeblobda mosaxleobaSi. imperator aleqsandre I–is saidumlo

instruqcia saqarTveloSi daniSnul rus mTavarmarTeblebs avalebda,

dawvrilebiT SeeswavlaT saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis finansuri Semosavlebi, eparqiebSi arsebuli mdgomareoba,

xalxis damokidebuleba kaTolikos–patriarqis mimarT, SesaZleblobis

farglebSi moexdinaT Sidasaeklesio dapirispirebis provocireba,

romelic saero xelisuflebas saSualebas miscemda, Careuliyo

saeklesio saqmeebSi da daeCqarebina saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmeba. am TvalsazrisiT

seriozuli samuSaoebi Caatares mTavarmarTeblebma: p. cicianovma (1802–

1806 ww), i. gudoviCma (1806–1809 ww.), a. tormasovma (1809–1811 ww.), romelTac

saqarTvelos eklesiis yovelwliuri finansuri Semosavlebic miiTvises

da Sidasaeklesio dapirispirebis provocirebac moaxdines, rodesac

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqs, uwmidessa da unetares

anton II–s daupirispires pativmoyvare Tbileli mitropoliti arseni

(bagrationi). mTavarmarTebelma a. tormasovma ruseTis imperatorisadmi

gagzavnil saidumlo moxsenebaSi Camoayaliba saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis reorganizaciis gegma, romelic

iTvaliswinebda eparqiaTa Semcirebas, imperatoris Tanxmobis gareSe

sasuliero pirTa kurTxevis akrZalvas, sasuliero mmarTvelobis

dikasteriis daarsebas.

1809 wlis Semodgomaze ruseTis imperator aleqsandre I-is

brZanebiT peterburgSi unda Catarebuliyo ruseTis wmida sinodis

sxdomebi, romlebzec saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis reorganizaciis sakiTxebi unda ganxiluliyo. sxdomebs unda

daswreboda sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da

unetaresi anton II. `anton II-is peterburgSi miwveva saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqis `sapatio“ gadasaxlebas niSnavda, saidanac mas

dabruneba ar ewera“[3, 44]. bevrs ecada uwmidesi da unetaresi anton II, ar

wasuliyo ruseTis saimperatoro karze da gadaerCina saqarTvelos

9

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis damoukidebloba, magram

uSedegod. mas mkacrad mosTxoves peterburgSi Casvla. mTavarmarTebelma

a. tormasovma, mTavarepiskopos varlam erisTavis moxsenebis safuZvelze,

1811 wlis 21 ivniss aleqsandre I-s xelmosawerad warudgina dokumenti,

romlis Tanaxmadac uqmdeboda saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis avtokefalia, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqis tituli, saqarTvelos eklesiis meTaurs ewoda `saqarTvelos

egzarqosi~ da igi ruseTis wmida sinodis mudmiv wevrad dainiSna. es

gadawyvetileba iyo wmida marTlmadidebeli eklesiis kanonikuri

samarTlis uxeSi darRveva.

1810 wlis 3 noembers sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqma, uwmidesma da unetaresma anton II-m ukanaskneli wirva Caatara

sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZarSi, gamoeTxova mrevls da gaemgzavra

ruseTSi. saqarTvelos eklesiis meTaurad dainiSna mitropoliti varlam

erisTavi (saqarTvelos egzarqosis tituliT). egzarqosi varlam

erisTavic 1815 wels ruseTSi gaiwvies. 1815 wlidan 1917 wlamde

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesias, amjerad

saqarTvelos saegzarqosos, ganagebdnen rusi egzarqosebi. pirveli rusi

egzarqosi iyo Teofilaqte rusanovi, romelic aqtiurad Seudga

saeklesio sferoSi garusebis politikas. misi brZanebiT sionis

sapatriarqo taZarSi SemoiRes slavuri wirva–locva. (ukanaskneli

egzarqosi ki iyo platon roJdestvenski). rusi egzarqosebi gamoxatavdnen

oficialuri xelisuflebis pozicias: aqtiurad ibrZodnen yovelive

qarTulis winaaRmdeg. cnobili rusi mecnieris n. durnovis TqmiT: `vinmes

qarTvelTagans rom gadaewyvita, daewera namdvili istoria rusi

egzarqosebis qmedebaze, gawiTleba mogvixdeboda, movismendiT ra maT

saqmeebs, imdenad arcxvendnen isini rus mRvdelmTavrobas. rusi

egzarqosebi Camodiodnen saqarTveloSi ara maTze mindobili eklesiebis

samwyemsavad, aramed Zveli iveriis saeklesio qonebis saZarcvavad da

gasapartaxeblad, qarTuli enis Sesaryvnelad... maT saSineli borotebisa

da zianis meti araferi moutaniaT qarTuli eklesiisTvis. maTTvis es

mxolod barbarosTa qveyana iyo. mdinare mtkvarSi gadayares yvela kanoni

da saeklesio dadgenileba, romelnic saqarTvelos eklesias exeboda,

10

cecxls misces mravali saeklesio dokumenti, maTi nawili peterburgSi

waiRes, daxures 25 eparqia, 860 eklesia–monasteri“[4, 5-6].

1817 wels, adgilobrivi qarTveli sasuliero pirebis

Casanacvleblad da eklesia–monastrebSi rusuli enis gasabatoneblad,

TbilisSi daarsda rusulenovani sasuliero seminaria. egzarqosma

Teofilaqte rusanovma daiwyo qarTvel sasuliero pirTa devna–

Seviwroeba. man miznad daisaxa saeklesio reformebis gatareba dasavleT

saqarTveloSic.

XV saukunis 70–iani wlebidan XIX saukunis dasawyisamde dasavleT

saqarTveloSi arsebobda lixT–imereTisa da afxazTa sakaTolikoso,

romlis saTaveSi idga lixT–imereTisa da afxazTa kaTolikos–patriarqi.

sapatriarqo rezidencia XVI saukunemde biWvinTaSi iyo, xolo XVI–XVIII

saukuneebSi _ gelaTSi. `1795 wels imerTa mefe solomon II-is davalebiT

ruseTSi diplomatiuri misiiT myofi kaTolikos–patriarqi unetaresi

maqsime (abaSiZe) kievSi gardaicvala. lixT–imereTisa da afxazTa

sakaTolikosos ganagebda mosaydre, quTaTeli mitropoliti dosiTeozi

(wereTeli). sakaTolikosoSi moqmedi 9 eparqiidan yvelaze gavleniani

gaenaTis eparqia da gaenaTeli mitropoliti eqvTime (ServaSiZe) iyo.

Teofilaqte rusanovis proeqtis Tanaxmad, unda gauqmebuliyo

sakaTolikoso, eparqiebis raodenoba Semcirebuliyo 3–mde, saeklesio

mmarTveloba da qoneba unda daqvemdebareboda sinodalur kantoras

TbilisSi“[5, 87].

dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba aRdga egzarqos Teofilaqte

rusanovis ganzraxvis winaaRmdeg. egzarqosis mier saeklesio mamulebis

aRsawerad wargzavnilebi imereTidan gaaZeves, TviT Teofilaqte rusanovi

quTaisidan saswrafod dabrunda TbilisSi. xelisufleba iZulebuli

gaxda, oficialurad Seewyvita imereTSi saeklesio reforma, magram amave

dros xelsayrel moments eZebda saeklesio amboxebis meTaurTa

dasapatimreblad. 1820 wlis 3 marts imereTis axladdaniSnulma

mmarTvelma, polkovnikma puzirevskim, gasca gankarguleba quTaTel

mitropolit dosiTeozisa da gaenaTel mitropolit eqvTimes

dapatimrebis Sesaxeb. `orives Camoacves Tavidan welamdis tomrebi,

Seukres xelebi, xolo quTaTels scemes friad da esreT waiyvanes...

suramTan tomaraSi daixrCo quTaTeli mitropoliti dosiTeozi, mkvdari

11

waiRes da damarxes ananurs. xolo gaenaTeli eqvTime peterburgs

warudgines imperator aleqsandre I–s.“[5, 88]. imperatorTan audienciamde

mitropolit eqvTimes moaxsenes, rom, Tu igi patiebas iTxovda,

imperatori Seiwyalebda mas. suliT gautexelma mRvdelmTavarma amayad

ganacxada, rom mas sapatiebeli araferi hqonda, da imperators `axali

drois neroni~ uwoda. ganrisxebulma aleqsandre I–ma igi daapatimra da

gagzavna peterburgidan Sors, sviris monasterSi, sadac 1822 wlis 21

aprils aResrula kidec. lixT-imereTisa da afxazTa sakaTolikosoc

ruseTis sinods daeqvemdebara. samwuxarod, rusi egzarqosebis

umravlesobam TavianTi TavaSvebuli, antimarTlmadidebluri saqmianobis

gamo ara marto qarTvelebis, aramed TviT rusi patiosani adamianebis

risxva da siZulvili daimsaxura. nikoloz durnovis mxilebiT,

`egzarqosi evgeni baJenovi iyo qarTul monasterTa da udabnoTa

gampartaxebeli, isidorem saeklesio mamulebis CamorTmeviT gaaRariba

eklesiebi da gaakotra savaneebi, evsevi ilinskim gayida kaTolikosTa

Zvirfasi Sesamoslebi, xatebs da samRvdelmTavro mitrebs moaZro

Zvirfaseuloba, xeli Seuwyo gelaTis mdidari ganZsacavis gaZarcvas.~[4,

8].

rusi egzarqosebis umravlesoba peterburgSi imperatoris saxelze

gagzavnil werilebSi saqarTveloSi arsebul viTarebas muq ferebSi

xatavda, Seuracxyofda qarTvel xalxs, mis tradiciebs, istorias.

egzarqosi ioanike rudnevi qarTvelebs gonebaClungebs uwodebda, xolo

egzarqosma pavle lebedevma, romelmac `saxeli gaiTqva~ xaxulis wmida

xatze Zvirfasi Tvlebis moparviT da romelic cnobili iyo

qarTvelebisadmi gansakuTrebuli siZulviliT, 1886 wlis 27 maiss

sasuliero seminariis mokluli reqtoris _ dekanoz Cudeckis kubosTan

warmoTqmul sityvaSi sajarod dawyevla qarTveli eri. egzarqosma

paladi raevskim 1888 wels didubis RvTismSoblis eklesias yazanis

RvTismSoblis eklesia daarqva. igi pativs ar scemda qarTvel wmindanebs.

uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi

kalistrate egzarqos ioanike rudnevze werda: `sarwmuno wyarodan vici,

rom, rodesac 1882 wels saqarTvelodan gadaiyvanes, jvris uReltexilze

SeCerda, mobrunda saqarTvelosaken, pirjvari gadaiwera da Tqva:

gmadlob, Sen, yovladwmida qalwulo, rom SesaZlebloba momeci, am

12

velurebs cocxali gadavrCenodio“[6,9]. egzarqosma vladimer

bogoiavlinskim (1892–1898ww.) 87 qarTveli studenti gaaZeva seminariidan.

mas aRizianebda termini `saqarTvelo“ da daufaravad moiTxovda mis

nacvlad `q. Tbilisisa da q. quTaisis guberniebi~ eTqvaT. `1894 wels,

sveticxovlobis dResaswaulze, wirvis Semdeg, mRvdelmsaxurni

paraklisis gadasaxdelad gamovidnen. sawigneze ori xati ido _

`sveticxoveli“ da `RvTismSoblis safarveli“. egzarqosma kandelaks

ubrZana `sveticxovlis“ xati waeRo, `RvTismSoblis safarveli“ ki

daetovebina. xati waiRes, mlocvelT guli daumZimdaT“[7, 44].

qarTvelebisadmi siZulviliT gamoirCeodnen egzarqosebi: aleqsi

(opocki), nikoni (sofiiski), inokenti (beliaevi), aleqsi (molCanovi),

platoni (roJdestvenski), dekanozi ivane vostorgovi...

saxelmwifoebrivi da eklesiuri damoukideblobis dakargva didi

tragedia iyo qarTveli xalxisaTvis, magram qarTveloba arasodes ar

Serigebia ruseTis koloniur politikas. amis damadasturebeli iyo 1802

wlis kaxeTis, 1804 wlis mTiuleTis, 1812 wlis kaxeTis, 1819–1820 wlebis

imereTis, 1832, 1841, 1856 wlebis ajanyebebi. marTalia, isini marcxiT

damTavrda, magram am ajanyebebma aCvena qarTveli xalxis neba, rom is ar

Seurigdeboda saqarTvelos erovnuli da eklesiuri damoukideblobis

dakargvas.

ruseTis xelisufleba XIX saukuneSi, erTi mxriv, ibrZoda

georgievskis traqtatis im muxlis SesrulebisaTvis, romlis Tanaxmadac

saqarTvelos unda dabruneboda osmaleTisa da iranisgan mitacebuli

teritoriebi, meore mxriv, axladSemoerTebuli istoriuli qarTuli

miwa–wylidan ZaliT erekeboda qarTvelobas da iq asaxlebda somxebs,

romelTac ruseTis xelisufleba kavkasiaSi Tavisi interesebis yvelaze

saimedo damcvelebad miiCnevda. amasTan, uxeSi koloniuri politika,

romelic qarTvelebis gaRizianebasa da winaaRmdegobas awydeboda, XIX

saukunis 40–iani wlebidan ufro daxvewili meTodebiT Seicvala.

`maTraxisa da Taflakveris politika~, – ase Seafasa istoriam

mefisnacval mixeil voroncovis saqmianoba, romelmac qarTvel

aristokratias, maTi gulis mosagebad, imperator nikoloz I-is jildoebi

da pensiebi dauriga, xolo maTi Svilebi saxelmwifos xarjze ruseTis

sxvadasxva qalaqis samxedro saswavleblebSi gagzavna. xelisuflebis am

13

veragul ganzraxvas garkveuli warmatebebi hqonda. 1840–1850–ian wlebSi

qarTuli erovnuli cnobiereba, erTiani damoukidebeli

saxelmwifoebriobis Segneba TandaTan Sesustda. is Taoba, visac axsovda

xresilisa da krwanisis brZolebi, imerTa mefe solomoni da qarTl–

kaxeTis mefe erekle II, maradisobaSi gadavida. axalgazrdoba izrdeboda

ruseTis imperiis istoriuli gmirebis magaliTebze, rusul enaze...

qarTveloba suls Rafavda. giorgi erisTavma Seubralebel kolonizator

m. voroncovs aseTi leqsi miuZRvna:

`pirveli qarTuli Teatri man dabada, daawesa.

warmomadgenlebi Sekriba, jamagiri dauwesa,

mwerlobidan gamiyvana, mec imaTSi gamamwesa,

vera mama ver izavda, rac man Cemzed Rvawli sTesa,

varancovi momxre hyvanda, sityvas didad ugonebda,

rasac CvenTvis SeukveTda, yovelsave gvisrulebda,

saqarTvelos warmatebas suliT, guliT isurvebda,

ar zogavda Semweobas, qarTvelTaTvis Tavsa sdebda.“

ruseTis imperiis samsaxurSi Camdgari qarTvelis patriotoba

ojaxur, salonur CarCos ver scildeboda. ruseTis armiis generali

grigol orbeliani mefe Tamaris freskas cremlmoreuli am sityvebiT

mimarTavda:

`mixaris _ gimzer, vwuxvar da gimzer

da esreT mzera msurs sikvdilamde,

ar gamovfxizlde, rom aRar vhgrZnobde,

Cemi samSoblos suliT dacemas“[8, 348].

imperiis samsaxurSi Camdgari qarTveloba grZnobda sakuTar

umweobas da SiSiT gascqeroda Tavisi samSoblos momavals.

b) erovnul–ganmTavisuflebeli moZraoba

XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis aRdgenis yvelaze seriozuli mcdelobis, 1832 wlis

ajanyebis, damarcxebis Semdeg mosaxleobis didi nawili srulma

uimedobam moicva: maT aRar hqondaT imis rwmena, rom saqarTvelo Tavs

14

daaRwevda ruseTis batonobas. qarTuli sazogadoebis ganwyobileba

kargad Cans aleqsandre WavWavaZis, grigol orbelianis, vaxtang

orbelianis, aleqsandre orbelianis, nikoloz baraTaSvilis, platon

ioselianis TxzulebebSi. `RvTis gangebas veravin Seayenebs, – werda

platon ioseliani, _ vis SeeZlo qarTvelTa samefos dacva, garda

ruseTisa... naTesaobiTi erToba qarTvelTa gvarisa ganmtkicdeba

sarwmunoebiTiTa erTobiTa maTTan. marTlmadidebloba ruseTisa, viTarca

Suqi mzisa, macxovelebelisa da manaTobelisa, moCans viTarca

ganbnevelad mahmadianobisa sibnelisai. ese yoveli xvda wilad ruseTs da

aRsrulebaca ese viTari qristianobiTi da moqalaqeobiTi ganaxleba

kavkasiisa... maSin qveyana kavkasiisa, savse qveyniuriTa da zeciuriTa

madliTa, uxvebiTa, simdidriTa, mSvenierebiTa Seiqmneba erTi da

yovladi“[1, 247-248]. am sityvebiT daamTavra man Tavisi istoriuli

naSromi `cxovreba giorgi XIII–isa~. moTxrobili istoria misTvis darCa

warsulSi, romelsac arc awmyo da arc momavali aRar hqonda. Tumca

yvela ase ar fiqrobda.

XIX saukunis 60–iani wlebidan sazogadoebriv asparezze gamovida

axali Taoba _ `Tergdaleulebi“: ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, giorgi

wereTeli, niko nikolaZe, iakob gogebaSvili, vaJa–fSavela, kirile

lorTqifaniZe. maTTvis sruliad miuRebeli iyo ruseTis koloniuri

reJimisadmi ufrosi Taobis Semguebluri damokidebuleba. peterburgidan

samSobloSi momavalma ilia WavWavaZem Tavisi Taobis gulisTqma moxeve

lelT Runias sityvebiT gamoxata: `Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudnes“. iliam

asimilaciis safrTxeSi myof Tanamemamuleebs SesZaxa: `ra ar

gadagvxdenia Tavs, ra mtrebi ar mogvsevian, ra vai–vaglaxi, ra sisxlis

Rvra, ra RrWena kbilTa ar gamogvivlia, ra wisqvilis qva ar

datrialebula Cvens Tavzed da yvelas gavuZeliT, suyvelas gavumagrdiT.

SevinaxeT Cveni Tavi, SevirCineT Cveni qveyana, Cveni miwa–wyali, leng–

Temurebma Cvens sakuTars sisxlSi gvabanaves da mainc davrCiT da

gamovcocxldiT. Sah–abasebma Cvenis kbiliT gvaglejines Cveni

wvrilSvilni da mainc gamovbrundiT, movsulierdiT. aRa–mahmad xanebma

pirqve dagvamxes, qva qvazed ar dagviyenes, mogvsres, mogvJlites da mainc

fexzed wamovdeqiT, movSendiT, welSi gavswordiT, gavuZeliT saberZneTs,

romsa, monRolebs, arabebs, osmal–Turqebs, sparselebs, rjulians da

15

urjulos, da droSa qarTvelobisa, Subis wveriT, isriTa da tyviiT

dafleTili, Cvens sisxlSi amovlebuli, xelSi SevirCineT, aravis

wavaRebineT, aravis davanebeT, aravis SevaginebineT. codva ar aris, es

droSa axla CrCilma SesWamos, Tagvma dagviWras!“[9, 176].

viTareba umZimesi iyo, ruseTis xelisufleba kidev ufro

aZlierebda koloniur politikas. ufrosi Taobis qarTveloba, romelmac

dakarga saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi da eklesiuri damoukideblobis

aRdgenis rwmena, erTguli Cinovnikebis rols asrulebda. miuxedavad

amisa, ruseTis saimperatoro karze ar aviwydebodaT ermolovis

cnobili sityvebi: ar iqneba qarTveli, ar iqneba kavkasiis problema!

XIX saukunis II naxevarSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi

momravldnen ruseTis Sida guberniebidan gadmosuli moaxalSeneebi.

Tbilisi iqca kavkasiis politikur–administraciul centrad, man dakarga

qarTuli qalaqis saxe. Tbilisis prestiJul ubnebSi saxldebodnen

rusebi, somxebi, azerbaijanelebi, ebraelebi, germanelebi... ruseTis

mTavrobis miTiTebiT, qarTveli xalxis denacionalizaciis farul

gegmaSi didi adgili eTmoboda saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis

mcxovrebTa dapirispireba-gancalkevebis veragul ganzraxvas. gamoCndnen

megrelebis, svanebis, afxazebis `qarTvelTa asimilaciisagan“ damcvel

`mecnierTa~ jgufebi. eklesia–monastrebidan gandevnil iqna qarTuli ena,

qarTuli galoba. qarTul monastrebs ruseTidan Camosuli ber-monazvnebi

daepatronen...

erovnul–ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis mesveurebma miznad

daisaxes sakuTar istoriul fesvebs mowyvetili, gaTiTokacebuli

qarTvelobis gaerTianeba im droSis garSemo, romelsac ewera: `mamuli,

ena, sarwmunoeba~. saWiro iyo qarTveli xalxis gamofxizleba, arsebuli

viTarebis Rrmad gaanalizeba, ufrosi Taobis TviTkmayofili iluziebis

msxvreva. Jurnal `ciskars“ 1863 wlidan Caenacvla `saqarTvelos moambe“,

romelmac Cveni dacemuli vinaobis aRdgena aqcia sazogadoebis mTavar

miznad. `sami RvTaebrivi saunje dagvrCa mama–papaTagan: mamuli, ena da

sarwmunoeba. Tu amaTac ar vupatroneT, ra kacebi viqnebiT. ra pasuxs

gavcemT STamomavlobas? sxvisa ar viciT da Cven ki mSobel mamasac ar

davuTmobdiT Cveni mSobliuri enis miwasTan gasworebas. ena saRmrTo ram

16

aris, sazogado sakuTreba, magas kaci codvilis xeliT ar unda

Seexos“[10, 25]., _ werda ilia WavWavaZe.

arsebul viTarebasTan Seguebuli ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebi

mtkivneulad aRiqvamdnen axali Taobis TiToeul nabijs, akritikebdnen

maT, cdilobdnen gaemarTlebinaT TavianTi umoqmedoba, magram ver

axerxebdnen damajerebeli pasuxi gaecaT maTTvis wayenebul mTavar

braldebaze: `Cvenc vleT ruseTi, magram arc erTi xeloba Tqveni ar

gviswavlia, Cveni qveyana, mkvdari Tqvengana, Tqvenebr Cinebzed ar

gagvicvlia“.

Tergdaleulebma qarTveli xalxis istoriul fesvebTan dabruneba

saqarTvelos istoriis propagandiT daiwyes. `eris dacema da gaTaxsireba

maSin iwyeba, – werda ilia WavWavaZe, _ roca eri, Tavis saubedurod,

Tavis istorias iviwyebs. rogorc kacad ar ixseneba is mawanwala bogana,

visac aRar axsovs, vin aris, saidan modis da sad midis, ise erad

saxsenebeli ar aris igi, romelsac RmerTi gaswyromia da Tavisi istoria

ar axsovs. ra aris istoria? igi mTxrobelia misi, Tu rani viyaviT, rani

varT da rad SeiZleba viyvneT kvlavadac. istoria Tavis gulis

ficarzed iWedavs marto sulis da gulis moZraobas erisas da am

daWedviTa, rogorc sarke, gvaCvenebs im Rones da sagzals, romelic

momadlebuli aqvs ama Tu im ersa dRegrZelobisaTvis da

gaZlierebisaTvis~.[9, 153] saqarTvelos istoriuli gmirebi gaxdnen ilia

WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, iakob gogebaSvilis, giorgi wereTlis, vaJa–

fSavelas, aleqsandre yazbegis Semoqmedebis STamagoneblebi. qarTveloba

kvlav amayobda wmida mirianis, wmida vaxtang gorgaslis, daviT

kurapalatis, bagrat III-is, giorgi I-is, wmida daviT aRmaSeneblis, wmida

Tamaris, giorgi brwyinvalis, luarsab I-is, Teimuraz I-is, erekle II-is,

solomon I-is saxelebiT.

Tergdaleulebma ruseTis ganaTlebis ministris graf tolstois

qarTvelTa asimilaciis saganmanaTleblo politikas daupirispires 1879

wels Seqmnili `qarTvelTa Soris wera–kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli

sazogadoeba“. am sazogadoebis egidiT saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi

gaixsna qarTuli skolebi, romlebSic ymawvilebs qarTuli enis,

saqarTvelos istoriis siyvaruls aswavlidnen iakob gogebaSvilis `deda

eniTa“ da `bunebis kariT“.

17

ruseTis xelisufleba cdilobda esargebla istoriuli

Znelbedobis Jams sxvadasxva konfensiaze gadasuli qarTvelobis

(kaTolike, monofiziti-grigoriani, mahmadiani) dapirispirebiT, magram

erovnul–ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis mesveurTa gaazrebuli

politikis meSveobiT amas ver axerxebda _ qarTveli xalxis erovnuli

Segneba ruseTis koloniuri politikis gaZlierebis miuxedavad TandaTan

ufro mtkicdeboda. erovnul–ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis mizani

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena iyo, magram

saqarTvelos politikuri damoukidebloba mWidrod ukavSirdeboda

eklesiur damoukideblobas, amitom TergdaleulTa moTxovnebSi mkafiod

iyo dafiqsirebuli saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

avtokefaliis aRdgenis aucilebloba, reaqcioneri egzarqosebis

politikis mxileba. am moTxovnebiT erovnul–ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobis mesveurebma mravalricxovani qarTveli samRvdeloeba

erovnuli moZraobis Tavdadebul mebrZolebad aqcies.

ruseTis xelisufleba movlenebis aseT ganviTarebas ar eloda,

amitom kidev ufro gaamZafra koloniuri politika. xelisuflebisaTvis

strategiuli mniSvneloba hqonda mTavarmarTeblis, egzarqosisa da

kavkasiis ganaTlebis mzrunvelis SeTanxmebul saqmianobas. am

Tanamdebobaze myofni _ dondukov–korsakovi, egzarqosi pavle lebedevi,

ganaTlebis mzrunveli k. ianovski _ gamoirCeodnen qarTvelTa

siZulviliT; magram maT politikas qarTvelobam erTianobiTa da

erovnuli interesebis Seupovari dacviT upasuxa. 1886 wlis 27 maiss

aleqsandre nevelis eklesiaSi seminariis reqtor Cudeckis kubosTan

saqarTvelos egzarqosma pavlem sajarod dawyevla qarTvelebi. igi Tavis

dRiurSi siamayiT werda: `Cemma sityvam didi STabeWdileba moaxdina,

moewonaT rusebs da ar moewona qarTvelebis garkveul nawils. seminariam

da qarTulma inteligenciam sazizRrad warmoaCines Tavi“.[7, 10]

gasaocaria misi msjeloba. sajarod mawyevari egzarqosi unda

SeeqoT?

qarTveli xalxis erovnuli Rirsebis dacva itvirTa quTaisis

Tavadaznaurobis winamZRolma dimitri yifianma. man egzarqos pavles

aseTi Sinaarsis saprotesto werili gaugzvna: `Tqveno

maRalyovladusamRvdeloesobav, moiReT mwyemsmTavruli mowyaleba da Tu

18

gatacebuli daujerebelis xmebiT vcodav, SemindeT Cemi Secodeba, magram

amboben, rom Tqven daswyevleT is qveyana, romelSiac samwysoT xarT

mowodebuli, da romelic martooden siyvarulsa da Sewyalebas moeloda

Tqvengan, qristes msaxurisa da warmomadgenlisagan... Tu yovelive es,

ufalo, marTalia, Tqveni Tanamdebobis Rirsebis gadarCena mxolod imiT

SeiZleba, rom Seuracxmyofeli Seuracxyofili qveynidan dauyovnebliv

iqmnas gayvanili.~[11, 290]

qarTveli xalxis erovnuli Rirsebis dasacavad xmis amaRleba

dimitri yifians Tanamdebobis datovebis, samSoblodan gadasaxlebisa da

sicocxlis fasad daujda; magram misi muxanaTuri mkvleloba 1887 wlis

25 oqtombers, samSobloSi Camosveneba da mTawmindaze dakrZalva

qarTveli xalxis erovnuli konsolidaciis mZlavr demonstraciad iqca.

Sercxvenili da saxelgatexili egzarqosi pavle sul male

saqarTvelodan gadaiyvanes.

ganaTlebis olqis mzrunveli kirile ianovski qarTvelTa

denacionalizaciisaTvis kaxelebis, imerlebis, megrelebis, svanebisaTvis

qarTuli enis savaldebulo swavlebas saeWvod miiCnevda. misi

`pedagogiuri novaciebi“ amxiles ilia WavWavaZem, akaki wereTelma, iakob

gogebaSvilma, dimitri yifianma. aseve kraxiT damTavrda koloniuri

xelisuflebis mcdeloba, erTmaneTisaTvis religiur–konfensiuri niSniT

daepirispirebina qarTveloba. am mxriv xelisuflebis reaqciuli kursis

mxilebaSi didi wvlili Seitanes ilia WavWavaZem, akaki wereTelma,

mixeil TamaraSvilma, vinme mesxma (ivane gvaramaZe), ximSiaSvilTa da

abaSiZeTa gamahmadianebuli sagvareulos Rirseulma warmomadgenlebma.

`saqarTvelos moambe“, `iveria“, `droeba“, `krebuli“, `kvali“ is

gamocemebi iyo, romelnic yoveldRiurad amxeldnen ruseTis koloniuri

politikis miznebsa da amocanebs. gazeT `droebis“ redaqtori sergei

mesxi dananebiT werda ruseTis saxelmwifo politikis ormag

standartebze: rodesac saqme exeba alJiris gafrangebas, an indoeTis

gaingliselebas, rusi Sovinistebi gahyvirian, es usamarTlobaao, magram

Tu ruseTis imperiaSi mcxovreb xalxebze imasve ityvi, aq msjeloba

icvleba da usamarTloba samarTlianobad cxaddebao.

ruseTis xelisuflebam scada samxreT kavkasiis xalxebis _

qarTvelebis, somxebisa da azerbaijanelebis _ dapirispirebis

19

provocireba. somxuri nacionaluri burJuazia, romelic XIX saukunis II

naxevarSi ruseTis xelisuflebis mfarvelobiT sakmaod gaZlierda,

cdilobda qarTuli miwa–wylis dapatronebas, xolo eCmiaZinis

sakaTalikosos meSveobiT _ qarTvelobis monofizitur–grigorianul

sarwmunoebaze gadayvanas. am mxriv mas warmatebebic hqonda. qarTveloba

ara saerTod somex xalxs, aramed im jgufs upirispirdeboda, romelic

utifrad cdilobda samSoblo waerTmia maspinZlebisaTvis. is, rac

ruseTis xelisuflebam moaxerxa somxebsa da azerbaijanelebs Soris,

qarTvelebTan ar gauvida.

1874 wels SveicariaSi, ciurixSi, Catarda qarTvel, somex da

azerbaijanel axalgazrdaTa Sexvedra, sadac imsjeles ruseTis

kavkasiur politikaze da kavkasiel xalxTa megobrobis deklaraciaze

xeli sisxliT moaweres. Sekrebis monawile axalgazrdobam mimarTa

TavianT xalxebs, ar wamohgebodnen ruseTis xelisuflebis provokaciebs.

aseTi rTuli iyo gza, romelic erovnul–ganmaTavisuflebelma

moZraobam gaiara. sirTuleTa miuxedavad, XIX saukunis 70–90–ian wlebSi

qarTveloba mtkiced iyo gaerTianebuli im droSis garSemo, romelsac

ewera `mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba“.

XIX saukunis 90–iani wlebidan viTareba kidev ufro gaamZafra

sazogado asparezze kosmopolitur–nihilisturi msoflmxedvelobis

axalgazrdobis gamoCenam. am jgufis erTi frTa erovnuls

dromoWmulad miiCnevda. ivane jabadari uimedod acxadebda, qarTveli eri

daberda da siberis Jams sikvdili gardauvaliao; giorgi muxran-

bagrationi qarTuli enis uflebebisaTvis brZolas fuW saqmed Tvlida,

garuseba gardauvaliao. Tu jabadaris nihilizms gamanadgurebeli

kritikiT daupirispirda ilia WavWavaZe, giorgi muxran-bagrationis

kosmopolitizmi amxila imereTis episkoposma gabrielma (qiqoZe),

romelmac aRniSna: `xalxis individualobis umTavresi elementi aris ena,

maSasadame, isic saWiro aris xalxis bednierebisaTvis. Tu es ase aris,

maSin enis gamocvla arc mcire xalxebs argebs... mcire xalxi moklebuli

Tavis enasa – iqneba moklebuli yoveli individualuri xasiaTis

TvisebaTa da usargeblo iqneba TavisTvisac da sxvisTvisac“.[12, 1976, 34-35]

XIX saukunis II naxevarSi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenisaTvis brZolis saTaveSi

20

idgnen episkoposebi: gabrieli (qiqoZe) da aleqsandre (oqropiriZe).

marTalia, ar arsebobs arc erTi statia, qadageba, romelSic xsenebuli

mRvdelmTavrebi avtokefaliis aRdgenis sakiTxebze msjelobdnen, magram

antiqarTveli, reaqcioneri rusi egzarqosebis fonze episkoposebis:

gabrielisa (1825–1896 ww) da aleqsandres (1824–1907 ww.) saqmianoba

qristianuli sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebisa da qarTuli erovnuli

cnobierebis amaRlebisaTvis brZolis saukeTeso magaliTi iyo. dasavleT

saqarTveloSi ar darCenila sofeli, dasaxlebuli punqti, sadac meufe

gabriels wirva–locva ar aRuvlenia. igi mrevls qristianul rwmenas,

samSoblos siyvaruls uqadagebda, upirispirdeboda egzarqosebis

antiqarTul politikas. Ggabriel episkoposi sicocxleSive legendad

iqca. ilia WavWavaZem ase Seafasa gansvenebuli mRvdelmTavris Rvawli:

`dRes eri cremls afrqvevs misTvis, vinc mTeli Tavisi sicocxle imis

msaxurebaSi iyo, rom TviT moswmindos ers TvalTagan cremli

nugeSiniscemiTa da madlisfeniTa... mas sibrZnesTan erTad ori sikeTe

kidev hqonda momadlebuli RvTisagan. erTi isa, rom igi iyo Svili,

sisxli da xorci am erisa da icoda, ra tkiviliT imtkivneulos, ra

sixaruliT inugeSos da meore isa, rom mociqulobda Cvenis samSoblo

sityviTa, im eniTa, romliTac dResac vadidebT RmerTsa, vpatronobT

qveyanasa da sulsa da guls vawvdiT erTmaneTsa saukunidan

saukunemde“[12, 1976, 25]. episkoposi aleqsandre (oqropiriZe), ilia

WavWavaZis sulieri moZRvari, qarTuli saswavleblebis, wignebis qomagi

da damfinansebeli, mkacrad daupirispirda samegrelos skolebSi

qarTuli enis nacvlad megrulis SemoRebis mcdelobas da CaSala

ruseTis xelisuflebis veraguli zraxvebi.

XIX saukunis 80–90–iani wlebidan saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis sakiTxebze qarTul da

rusul presaSi araerTi saintereso statia gamoaqveynes nikoloz

durnovma, Tedo Jordaniam, sergi gorgaZem, episkoposebma: kirionma

(saZagliSvili), leonidem (oqropiriZe), petrem (konWoSvili),

arqimandritma ambrosim (xelaia), dekanozebma: kalistrate cincaZem,

nikita TalakvaZem, qristefore cicqiSvilma. saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis idea

axlobeli gaxda qarTuli sazogadoebis yvela fenisaTvis.

21

magram iyo sxva problemebic: XIX saukunis 90–ian wlebSi, kerZod,

1892 wlis 25 dekembers, yvirilaSi (zestafoni) Sekrebilma axalgazrda

qarTvelma social–demokratebma ganacxades, rom emijnebodnen erovnul–

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis mTavar lozungs: `mamuli, ena,

sarwmunoeba“ da sazogadoebas mis nacvlad sTavazobdnen mowodebas:

`proletarebo, yvela qveynisa SeerTdiT!“ erovnul–ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobis mesveurni _ ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, iakob gogebaSvili,

vaJa-fSavela _ msoflio revoluciuri ideebiT gatacebuli axalgazrda

marqsistebisaTvis miuRebelni iyvnen. marTebulad werda akaki wereTeli:

`mteri iZaxis, vin gaigona

axlandel droSi erovnebao,

mxolod erTia muSaT sakiTxi,

guls daibeWdeT marqsis mcnebao,

amas Cven gvirCevs da TavisaTvis

sul sxvanairad gaiyureba,

cdilobs kiseri mogvatexinos

da miT Tavis ers emsaxureba.

Cvens qarTvelebs ki mecnierebis

ukanaskneli sityva hgoniaT

da miaCniaT WeSmaritebad,

rac kaWkaWiviT gaugoniaT.“[13, 255]

miuxedavad amisa, XIX saukune mainc iTvleba erovnul–

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRmavlobis saukuned.

XX saukune saqarTveloSi daiwyo politikur partiebs Soris

urTierTbraldebebisa da dapirispirebaTa gamZafrebiT. 1907 wlis 30

agvistos mcxeTis axlos, sofel wiwamurTan, mokles erovnul–

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRiarebuli lideri ilia WavWavaZe...

qveyanaSi terorma, RirebulebaTa gadafasebam daisadgura. `wiwamurTan

rom mohkles ilia, maSin epoqa gaTavda didi“, –am sityvebiT galaktion

tabiZem zustad daaxasiaTa Seqmnili mZime viTareba. politikur

cxovrebaSi rTuli, winaaRmdegobrivi viTareba Seiqmna, magram sasuliero

sferoSi XIX saukunis 80–ian wlebSi avtokefaliuri moZraobis mier

anTebuli sanTeli did CiraRdnad gadaiqca. erovnul–

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis sasuliero nawili kidev ufro Seupovrad

22

da Tanmimdevrulad iTxovda saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenas. ruseTis saimperatoro xelisuflebam

saqarTvelos egzarqosebs daavala im qarTveli sasuliero pirebis devna,

romelnic saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

avtokefaliis aRdgenas moiTxovdnen. Tavisi antiqarTuli suliskveTebiT

gamorCeuli iyo dekanozi ivane vostorgovi, romelic egzarqosebs Tavis

nebaze atarebda. misi miTiTebiT, avtokefaliuri moZraobis xelmZRvanels,

episkopos kirions, xSirad ucvlidnen eparqiebs, xolo 1905 wels

saqarTvelodan ruseTSi gaiwvies. qarTvelma samRvdeloebam isargebla

imperator nikoloz II-is 1905 wlis 18 Tebervlis reskriptiT, romliTac

ruseTis saxelmwifos yvela moqalaqes ufleba mieca gulaxdilad

gamoeTqva Tavisi azri, Tu ra RonisZiebebs SeiZleboda Seewyo xeli

xalxis sakeTildReod gamiznuli gardaqmnebis warmatebiT

ganxorcielebaSi, da sagangebo TaTbirze, romelsac eswrebodnen ilia

WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, iakob gogebaSvili, eqvTime TayaiSvili,

aleqsandre yifSiZe, daadgina: moewviaT sagangebo yriloba, romelzedac

ganixilavdnen saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

avtokefaliis sakiTxs.

1905 wlis 28–30 ivniss, egzarqos aleqsi ipotockis winaaRmdegobis

miuxedavad, TbilisSi Sedga qarTveli samRvdeloebis yriloba, romelsac

Tavmjdomareobda dekanozi qristefore cicqiSvili. yrilobam dagmo

imperator aleqsandre I-is mier 1811 wels gamocemuli brZanebuleba,

romelic saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

avtokefaliis gauqmebas iTvaliswinebda, da miuTiTa, rom es iyo me–3

msoflio saeklesio krebis mier damtkicebuli kanonebis uxeSi,

TviTneburi darRveva. `qarTvelma samRvdeloebam mxedvelobaSi miiRo

zemoTqmuli, agreTve is, rom, jer erTi, iveriis eklesia kanonikurad

gaxlavT avtokefaliuri, vinaidan ar yofila krebis dadgenileba misi

avtokefaliis gauqmebisa da arc SeiZleboda yofiliyo; meorec, mxolod

eklesias, romelsac Tavisuflad SeuZlia TviTSegnebis srulad

aRsareba, Tavisufalia Singani wyobilebiT, Tavisuflad ZaluZs Tavisi

sityviT msaxureba, yvela Tavisi saqmisa da misadmi rwmunebuli yovelives

Tavisuflad marTva, mxolod Tavisuflad TviTmmarTvel eklesias

Seswevs unari, daicvas Tavisi sruli didebuli wmida rwmena da savsebiT

23

flobdes misis RvTaebrivi mowodebis gansaxorcieleblad aucilebel

xmas, romelic adamianis guls aRanTebs... kreba iTxovs, iveriis eklesias

daubrundes avtokefaliuri uflebebi“.[6, 81-82].

peticias xeli moawera 412-ma sasulierma pirma. dokumentis

xelmoweris Semdeg samRvdeloba saeklesio droSebiTa da xatebiT

golovinis (rusTavelis) gamzirze gamovida. maT, egzarqos aleqsis

gankargulebiT, gza gadauRobes rusma samxedroebma, romelTac

samRvdeloebas droSebi da wmida xatebi Tavze gadaamsxvries.

aseTi gaugonari Tavxedoba da utifroba gascda Tbilissa da

saqarTvelos sazRvrebs. saimperatoro xelisuflebam saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis sakiTxis

gansaxilvelad 1906 wels peterburgSi sinodis sagangebo sxdoma daniSna,

romelzec miiwvia qarTveli mecnierebi da sasuliero pirebi. sinodis

sxdomaze saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

avtokefaliis aRdgenis aucileblobaze msjelobdnen episkoposebi:

kirioni, leonide; profesorebi: niko mari, aleqsandre xaxanaSvili,

aleqsandre cagareli. ruseTis sinodis umravlesobam uaryo qarTvelTa

moTxovna, xolo qarTuli warmomavlobis garusebulma episkoposma

dimitri abaSiZem, romelic Tavisi Savrazmuli, antiqarTuli saqmianobis

gamo 1905 wels saqarTvelodan xalxma gaaZeva, sinodis wevrebs am

sityvebiT mimarTa: daiWireT episkoposebi kirioni da leonide da

saqarTveloSi avtokefalia aRaravis gaaxsendebao.

ruseTis saero da sasuliero xelisuflebam kargad gaacnobira

Seqmnili viTarebis seriozuloba da daiwyo avtokefaliuri moZraobis

meTaurTa devna–Seviwroeba. episkoposi kirioni saqarTvelodan gaasaxles

jer kovnos monasterSi, xolo 1908 wels, imperator nikoloz II-is

brZanebulebiT, mas CamoerTva episkoposoba, dapatimrebul da

gadasaxlebul iqna sanaqsaris udabnoSi policiis mkacri

meTvalyureobiT. `staraia rusaSi~ gadaasaxles arqimandriti ambrosi

(xelaia). policia meTvalyureobda episkopos leonidesac.

sinodis oberprokuroris wardginebis safuZvelze 1906 wels,

imperatoris brZanebiT, saqarTvelos egzarqosad daniSnes episkoposi

nikoni, romelsac boikoti gamoucxada qarTvelma samRvdeloebam da

sazogadoebam. nikonma kidev ufro gaaZliera antiqarTuli saqmianoba.

24

magram 1908 wlis 28 maiss igi mokles. ruseTis xelisuflebam egzarqos

nikonis mkvlelobaSi brali qarTvel avtokefalistebs dasdo da

gaaZliera maTi devna, magram qarTveli sasuliero pirebi sulierad ar

dacemulan. episkoposma kirionma gadasaxlebaSi yofnis dros daasrula

Tavisi polemikuri naSromi `saqarTvelos kulturuli roli ruseTis

istoriaSi“. TbilisSi darCenil Tanamoazreebs iqidan amxnevebda. `Cemi aq

yofna metad mZimea, – werda igi, – magram miT ufro damimZimdeba, rodesac

gulsaklavi da arasanugeSo ambebi momiva samSoblodan... momavali Cvens

xelSia, keTilsindisieri Sromaa misi damagvirgvinebeli. win fiandazis

magivrad, marTalia, ekliani gza gvidevs, magram vardi ueklod vis

moukrefia?! siyvaruliT unda avitanoT tanjva, vinaidan tanjva

siyvarulis nayofia, Zala tanjvaSia“[14, 16]

qarTvelma sazogadoebam saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis imedi episkopos kirionis

saxels daukavSira. misi gautexeli simtkicis ambavi gascda ruseTis

imperiis sazRvrebs. 1915 wels imperatori nikoloz II iZulebuli gaxda

misTvis daebrunebina episkoposis xarisxi, magram saqarTveloSi

Camosvlis ufleba mainc ar miuciaT.

1916–1917 wlebSi ruseTis imperiaSi socialur–politikurma

winaaRmdegobebma piks miaRwia. viTarebis ganmuxtvis mizniT, 1917 wlis 25

Tebervals, imperatori nikoloz II oficialurad gadadga, Seiqmna

droebiTi mTavroba. arsebuli viTarebiT isargebla qarTvelma

samRvdeloebam da 1917 wlis 12 (25) martisaTvis sveticxovlis

sapatriarqo taZarSi daniSna `ruseTis imperiaSi mcxovreb xalxTa

mSvidobisaTvis“ miZRvnili wirva, daigzavna Setyobinebebi saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva provinciaSi.

gaTenda 12 (25) martis dila. Tbilisis sadgurze uamrav xalxs

moeyara Tavi, yvelani mcxeTisaken miiCqrodnen. rkinigzis sadguris

ufrosis gankargulebiT mcxeTis mimarTulebiT damatebiTi matareblebi

gavida. iberiis uZvelesi sataxto qalaqi raRac uCveulo siaxlis

molodinSi egebeboda saqarTvelos sxvadasxva provinciidan Camosul

stumrebs. sveticxovlis ezo ver itevda sasuliero da saero pirebs.

daiwyo wirva. wiravdnen episkoposebi: leonide, pirosi, antoni,

giorgi. taZarSi Tavi moeyaraT qarTuli inteligenciis warmomadgenlebs.

25

12 saaTze mRvdelmTavrebi ambionze gamovidnen, guria–odiSis episkopos

leonides xelSi specialuri etrati eWira, romelic man frTxilad

gaxsna da aRelvebulma waikiTxa: `1917 welsa, martis 12 dResa, mcxeTis

wmidaTa aTormetTa mociqulTa sruliad saqarTvelos sakaTolikoso

taZarsa Sina, dResa kviriakesa, SemovkrbiT Cven, sruliad saqarTvelos

eklesiis mwyemsmTavarni, samRvdeloni, krebulni da erisaganTa

warmomadgenelni da Semdgomad liturRiisa da keTildReobisaTvis

axlisa mTavrobisa savedreblis paraklisis Sesrulebisa gulisxma vyavT

saxelmwifosa Sina ruseTisasa momxdarni ZiriTadni cvlilebani da

axlis mTavrobisa dafuZnebai, egreTve saxelmZRvaneloni debulebani ama

mTavrobisani, sakuTriv mis mier sindisisa da sarwmunoebis Tavisuflebis

aRsarebai (muxli 3). amasTanave ganvbWeT viTarmed: a) eklesiasa

qarTvelTasa aqunda, Tanaxmad msoflio krebaTa kanonebisa,

avtokefaliuri arsebobai, romlisa mospobai anu gauqmebai aravis

Zaledva, Tvinier msoflio krebisa, garna mas Sina sruliad

arakanonikurad Sewyvetil iqmna avtokefaliuri marTva–gamgeobai; b)

ruseTsa Sina damyarda axali saxe saxelmwifos marTva–gamgeobisai da

mas aRar Seesabamebis qarTvelTa eklesiisa uflebaSeCerebulad yofnai;

amisaTvis uciloblad vscaniT erTxmad da erTsulovnad ganvaCineT: 1)

amieriTgan aRdgenilad CaiTvalos saqarTvelosa Sina avtokefaliuri

saeklesio mmarTvelobai, xolo, vidre kanonikurad aRirCeodes

kaTolikosi saqarTveloisa eklesiisai, mosaydred misad dainiSnos

yovladsamRvdelo leonide, guria–odiSis episkoposi, da masTan,

gansagebelad eklesiisa, dawesdes droebiTi mmarTvelobai saqarTvelois

eklesiisai, sasulieroTa da saeroTa pirTagan Semdgari. 2) vinaidan

saqarTvelo qvakuTxedad Tvisisa arsebobisa aRiarebs srulsa

solidarobasa ruseTisa axalsa mTavrobasa Tana, ganCinebai ese ecnobos

mTavrobis Tavmjdomares ufals roZiankos, ministrTa sabWos

Tavmjdomares Tavad lvovs, sinodis oberprokurors ufals lvovs da

kavkasiis komisariats TbilisSi~.[15, 13-14]

. episkoposma leonidem CaaTava teqstis kiTxva da taZarSi

Sekrebili moulodneli sixarulisagan atirebuli xalxi daloca...

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis droebiT

mmarTvelobaSi Sevidnen rogorc sasuliero, aseve saero pirebi,

26

Tavmjdomare _ episkoposi leonidi, wevrebi: episkoposebi: antoni

(giorgaZe), pirosi (oqropiriZe), proto-presviteri korneli kekeliZe,

dekanozi nikita TalakvaZe, mRvdlebi: vasili da polievqtis

karbelaSvilebi, kalistrate cincaZe, qristefore cicqiSvili, gabriel

yubaneiSvili, diakoni timoTe bakuraZe; saero pirni: vasil barnovi, anton

natroSvili, sofrom mgalobliSvili, grigol yifSiZe, ipolite

varTagava, sergi gorgaZe, pavle ingoroyva, giorgi yazbegi, Sio

dedabriSvili (aragvispireli), parmen goTua, mixeil maCabeli, sargis

kakabaZe, zurab avaliSvili, ivane javaxiSvili, rafiel ivanicki. droebiT

mmarTvelobas didi samuSao unda Seesrulebina imisaTvis, rom mcxeTaSi

gamocxadebuli avtokefalia eRiarebina ruseTis saero da sasuliero

xelisuflebas.

ruseTis droebiTi mTavroba Seecada, daerwmunebina qarTvelebi,

rom saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis avtokefaliis

aRdgena mizanSewonili ar iyo, Tumca uSedegod. aseT viTarebaSi igi

iZulebuli gaxda, daTmobaze wasuliyo, magram erTi pirobiT: isini

aRiarebdnen saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

erovnul da ara teritoriul avtokefalias. rac Seexeboda ruseTis

wmida sinods, maT saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis avtokefaliis

aRiarebis gagonebac ki ar undodaT.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis droebiTi

mmarTvelobis daZabuli molaparakebani ruseTis saero

xelisuflebasTan mimdinareobda 1917 wlis 13 martidan 2 agvistomde. am

periodSi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

droebiTma mmarTvelobam didi samuSaoebi Seasrula: oficialurad

gadaayena Tanamdebobidan egzarqosi platon roJdestvenski, ar misca mas

saSualeba, Seesrulebina kavkasiis egzarqosisa da Tbilisis

mitropolitis movaleoba, daatovebina egzarqosis sasaxle, principuli

pozicia daikava peterburgidan molaparakebebze Camosul profesor

vladimer beneSeviCTan da kategoriulad uaryo marTlmadidebeli

eklesiebisaTvis sruliad ucxo erovnuli avtokefaliuri mmarTvelobis

forma.

1917 wlis 8–17 seqtembers TbilisSi mimdinareobda saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis pirveli saeklesio kreba.

27

saeklesio krebam daamtkica `saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis marTva–gamgeobis debuleba“. debulebis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis eparqiaTa raodenoba

ganisazRvra 13-iT, gamorCeul iqnen samRvdelmTavro kandidatebi,

ganxilul iqna sasuliero ganaTlebis, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos

urTierTobis, ber-monazvnobis institutis sakiTxebi. 17 seqtembers

Catarda sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis arCevnebi.

arCevnebSi monawileobda ori kandidati: Tbileli mitropoliti leonide

da episkoposi kirioni. gaimarjva episkoposma kirionma. `arRar varT mona,

aramed aznaur“, _ am sityvebiT daiwyo Tavisi sityva uwmidesma da

unetaresma sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqma kirion II–m. 1917

wlis 1 (14) oqtombers sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZarSi sazeimo

viTarebaSi Sesrulda uwmidesisa da unetaresis _ kirion II-is

aRsaydreba. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

istoriaSi axali era daiwyo.

g) saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia

1917–1977 wlebSi

`didi ars, mZime da sapasuxismgeblo saWeTmpyrobeloba axlad

aRdgenilisa eklesiisa.. ganmtkiceba axladaRdgenili eklesiisa mis

istoriul uflebaTa farglebSi, ai, pirveli sazrunavi Cemi... eklesia

mudam udga darajad qarTveli eris mTlianobasa da damoukideblobas –

ai, meore sazrunavi Cemi... ganaxlebuli qarTuli eklesia miznad isaxavs

kvlav wamoayenos bevrisagan daviwyebuli lozungi: `erT ars RmerTi da

xma yovelTa, romeliT yovelTa zeda ars da Cven yovelTa Soris“[16, 69-

70]. —ganacxada uwmidesma da unetaresma kirion II–m. patriarqma

SesaniSnavad icoda, ra rTuli da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse viTarebaSi

mouxdeboda saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesias

damoukidebeli saqmianobis warmarTva. misive sityvebiT, im dros, rodesac

`Relavs da boboqrobs msoflio, mrisxaned gugunebs cecxli msoflio

omisa, romelsa Sina qveyanai da saqmeni misni dawvad ganmzadebulan“[16,

28

69]; saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesias Tavisi

istoriuli adgili unda daebrunebina qarTveli eris cxovrebaSi.

politikuri viTareba ruseTis imperiaSi yoveldRiurad

icvleboda. droebiTi mTavrobis cda, SeeCerebinaT ruseTis imperiis

rRvevis procesi, uSedego aRmoCnda. 1917 wlis oqtombris saxelmwifo

gadatrialebis Semdeg ruseTSi xelisuflebis saTaveSi bolSevikebi

movidnen. saqarTvelos politikur cxovrebaSic didi cvlilebebis

molodinSi iyvnen. ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis gadayenebis Semdeg

gauqmda amierkavkasiis samxareo xelisuflebis filiali `ozakomi“. 1917

wlis 15 noembers mis nacvlad Seqmnilma amierkavkasiis komisariatma,

romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen qarTvelebi, somxebi da

azerbaijanelebi, ver gadaWra mis winaSe mdgari umwvavesi problemebi

(urTierToba TurqeTTan, pirveli msoflio omis gamo frontis xazidan

gamoqceul dezertirTa sakiTxi, ekonomikuri da safinanso

urTierTobebi...). aseT viTarebaSi qarTul politikur speqtrSi kidev

ufro aqtualuri gaxda saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis

aRdgenis idea. qarTveli sasuliero pirebi eklesia–monastrebSi mrevls

pirdapir mouwodebdnen, rom saqarTvelos eklesiuri damoukideblobis

aRdgenis bunebrivi gagrZeleba unda yofiliyo politikuri

damoukidebloba. am suliskveTebiT iyo gamsWvaluli sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis _ kirion

II–is misalmeba saqarTvelos pirveli erovnuli yrilobisadmi, romelic

1917 wlis noemberSi gaimarTa TbilisSi. saqarTvelos politikuri

partiebis umravlesoba erTgvar gaubedaobas iCenda, magram 1918 wlis

ianvarSi, rodesac bolSevikebma ruseTSi daiTxoves damfuZnebeli kreba

da daamyares diqtatura totalitaruli mmarTvelobis formiT,

seriozuli nabijebi gadaidga saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis aRdgenis gzaze.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis saqmianoba

uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis

_ kirionis II–is xelmZRvanelobiT ori mimarTulebiT warimarTa:

1. Sidasaeklesio sakiTxebis, eparqiebis, saeparqio saswavleblebis

gaerovnulebis, saeklesio kanonikis mixedviT problemebis mogvareba;

29

2. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis rolis

warmoCena qarTuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobaSi, brZola saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis saerTaSoriso aRiarebisaTvis.

rTuli iyo politikur–ekonomikuri winaaRmdegobebiT gamorCeul

periodSi am amocanebis ganxorcieleba, magram saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis mesveurebma yvelaferi gaakeTes,

raTa msoflios winaSe Rirseulad warmoCeniliyvnen. saeklesio

mmarTvelobis gamWvirvalobis TvalsaCino magaliTi iyo saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis sakaTolikoso sabWos,

sakaTolikoso sasamarTlos saqmianoba, romelsac warmarTavda misi

uwmidesoba, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi. saqarTvelos

marTlmdidebeli samociqulo eklesia umokles droSi eris cxovrebis

SuagulSi aRmoCnda. 1918 wlis 26 ianvars Tbilisis universitetis gaxsnis

sazeimo ceremonia uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqis samadlobeli paraklisiT daiwyo. mecnierma

patriarqma kirion II-m miuloca qarTvel ers erovnuli universitetis

gaxsna da gamoTqva imedi, rom, evropuli universitetebis msgavsad, axlo

momavalSi am universitetSi ixilavda Teologiur fakultetsac.

uwmidesi da unetaresi kirion II miesalma saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas 1918 wlis 26 maiss da am

istoriul sxdomaze saqarTvelos eklesiis saxeliT wargzavna Tbileli

mitropoliti leonide da arqimandriti nazari (leJava). patriarqis

locva–kurTxeviT, 1918 wlis 2 ivniss Tavisuflebis moedanze gadaixades

samadlobeli paraklisi. saqarTvelos yvela moqmed eklesiaSi sasuliero

pirebma Sekrebil mrevls miuloces saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis aRdgena.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mizniT, uwmidesma da unetaresma sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqma kirion II–m sagangebo epistoleebiT

mimarTa konstantinopolis, aleqsandriis, ierusalimis, antioqiis

sapatriarqoebs, romis paps, yovelTa somexTa umaRles patriarq–

kaTolikoss. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

meTauri aRwerda saqarTvelos eklesiis istorias da msoflio saeklesio

krebebis kanonebis uxeS darRvevad afasebda ruseTis imperator

30

aleqsandre I-is mier 1811 wels gamocemul brZanebulebas saqarTvelos

eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. patriarqi mouwodebda maT, rom

megobruli urTierToba daemyarebinaT 1917 wlis 12 (25) marts

damoukideblobaaRdgenil avtokefaliur eklesiasTan. rac Seexeboda

ruseTis eklesiasTan urTierTobas, qarTuli mxaris mcdelobis

miuxedavad, ruseTis patriarq tixons arafris gagoneba ar surda da

qarTvelebs marTlmadideblobisagan gandgomaSi sdebda brals.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis pirveli

warmatebebi sruliad miuRebeli iyo rogorc gare Zalis, aseve Sida

mtruli dajgufebebisaTvis. sul male Tavi iCina dapirispirebebma,

gaumarTlebelma intrigebma. uwmidesi kirion II dananebiT werda: `oci

wlis ganmavlobaSi daSorebuli viyavi samSoblos, Soridan Tvalyurs

vadevnebdi, vfiqrobdi, am xnis gnmavlobaSi Tqven sakmarisad SeigneT

saqveyno movaleoba, magram, rogorc axla vrwmundebi, Tqven ufro

daqveiTebulxarT da daqsaqsulxarT; Tu xelaxla daibadebiT, Torem

sxvafriT Tqveni gamobruneba SeuZlebelia.“[14, 28].

am dapirispirebebis msxverpli gaxda avtokefaliaaRdenili

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis pirveli patriarqi.

1918 wlis 27 ivniss igi veragulad mokles martyofis monastris

sapatriarqo rezidenciaSi. misi sikvdiliT Caqra lampari, romelic

saukuneSi erTxel ainTeba xolme. didi mecnieri, saeklesio moRvawe,

avtokefaliuri moZraobis meTauri 1918 wlis 7 ivliss dakrZales sionis

sapatriarqo taZarSi... `SegcodeT, Segvindev da gvapatie, Cveno dauviwyaro

mamamTavaro“, _ am sityvebiT gamoeTxova dekanozi nikita TalakvaZe

uwmidesisa da unetaresis _ kirion II-is cxedars. 2002 wlis 17 oqtombers

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis wmida sinodma,

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II–is locva–kurTxeviT, kirion II wmindanad

Seracxa. kirion II–is mier dawyebuli saqme ganagrZo axladarCeulma

patriarqma leonidem (oqropiriZe).

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam, romelmac

dasavluri demokratiuli Rirebulebebi aRiara prioritetad, miuReblad

miiCnia saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

gansakuTrebuli statusi. mTavrobis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT,

eklesia gamoyofil iqna saxelmwifosgan; mas CamoerTva miwebi, saTibebi,

31

wisqvilebi, venaxebi, sasuliero saswavleblebi. saqarTvelos samociqulo

eklesia gauTanabres qveyanaSi moqmed sxva religiur konfensiebs.

mTavroba urwmuno iyo da saqarTvelos eklesia mas ar ainteresebda.

uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi

leonide mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris _ noe Jordaniasadmi gagzavnil

werilSi aRniSnavda: `Cveni mTavroba socialisturia da principulad ver

Sehguebia eklesias. Tanaxma var, diaxac nu Seeguebian urTierTs eklesia

da socialistebi, droze daSordnen, magram gaSorebaSic savaldebuloa

samarTlianoba. saqarTvelos eklesia umTavresi da uTvalsaCinoesi

faqtoria Cveni eris sulieri cxovrebisa. Cvens eklesias gansazRvruli

damsaxureba miuZRvis im pirobebis SeqmnaSi, romelTa meoxebiTac dRes

Cvens samSoblos dahyurebs erovnuli droSa.“[17, 6443].

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis erTaderTi

pozitiuri gadawyvetileba iyo 1920 wlis Tebervalsa da agvistoSi

kavkasiis sinodaluri kantoris gauqmeba, rusuli, berZnuli da osuri

samrevloebis saqarTvelos sakaTolikososaTvis gadacema.

xelisuflebasTan arsebul uTanxmoebaTa miuxedavad, saqarTvelos

eklesia cdilobda gaeTavisebina qveynis winaSe arsebuli problemebi.

uwmidesi leonide 1919 wlis oqtomberSi ewvia cxum–afxazeTis eparqias,

gaamxneva iqauri qarTveloba. misi locva–kurTxeviT, 1919–1920 wlebSi

yvela moqmed eklesiaSi 26 maiss gadaxdil iqna samadlobeli

paraklisebi. patriarqma mrevlisadmi mimarTvaSi aRniSna: `rogorc

Tebervlis ias martis yinvebma SeiZleba mouspos sicocxle,

Tavisuflebac aseTi nazi, faqizi bunebisaa. igi marto iq xarobs da

fesvebs idgams, sadac trialebs suli uflisa“[18, 71].

1921 wlis TebervalSi sabWoTa ruseTis saokupacio jarebma ieriSi

miitanes saqarTvelos dedaqalaqze. 21 Tebervals sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqis TavmjdomareobiT Sedga saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis sakaTolikoso sabWos sxdoma,

romelmac imsjela qveyanaSi Seqmnil viTarebaze da daadgina:

`1. eklesiebSi dauyovnebliv iqnes gadaxdili paraklisebi

mtrebisgan saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebisaTvis; 2. eklesiebSi

winamZRvrebma ganmarton samamulo omis mniSvneloba; 3. samrevlo

sabWoebma gaiRon eklesiis qonebisgan Sewirulebani omisagan gamowveul

32

saWiroebaTa dasakmayofileblad; 4. miRebul iqnes zomebi taZarTa

ganZeulobisa da siwmindeTa dasacavad; 5. imave saWiroebisaTvis wirva–

locvis dros Sekrebil iqnes nebayoflobiTi Sewirulebani; 6. krebulis

wevrTa mier miRebul iqnes yovelgvari zomebi jarSi gawveulTa ojaxebis

sulier moTxovnilebaTa dauyovnebliv dasakmayofileblad.“[17, 256]

25 Tebervals bolSevikuri armiis nawilebi TbilisSi Semovidnen

da moaxdines qalaqis okupacia. wina dRiT uwmidesi da unetaresi

leonide saeklesio ganZiTurT quTaisSi gadavida. 11 marts saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba emigraciaSi wavida. uwmidesi da

unetaresi leonide 13 aprils TbilisSi dabrunda.

gulsaklavi sanaxavi iyo Tbilisi. patriarqis erTaderTi

avtomobili saokupacio xelisuflebam miiTvisa. saokupacio

xelisuflebis droebiTi organos, `revkomis~, dadgenilebiT, 1921 wlis 15

aprilidan saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia

iuridiuli statusis armqone organizaciad gamocxadda. uwmidesi

leonide axali xelisuflebis ideologiaze gulaxdilad werda:

`maTTvis mTavaria siyvaruli qveynierebisa da ara samSoblosi,

Soreulisa da ara maxlobelisa, gareSesi da ara Sinaurisa. yovelive es

emsgavseba waRma warweris ukuRma kiTxvas, muxis dargvas kenweroTi...

RmerTma daixsnas saqarTvelo am gvaris mankier SvilTagan“.[19, 1304]

TbilisSi, iseve, rogorc saqarTvelos sxvadasxva provinciaSi,

umZimesi viTareba Seiqmna. gaCnda infeqciuri daavadebebi... misi msxverpli

gaxda patriarqic... igi moiwamla wyliT da aResrula 1921 wlis 11 ivliss.

17 ivliss patriarqi leonide dakrZales sionis taZarSi. saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis xelaxali dakargvis Semdeg qveyanaSi

Seqmnili saokupacio xelisufleba sastikad uswordeboda samSoblos

interesebis damcvel mamuliSvilebs.

`saqarTvelos `revkomi~ formalurad damoukidebeli qveynis

xelisuflebis umaRles organos warmoadgenda.. faqtobrivad ki igi

sabWoTa ruseTis saokupacio xelisuflebas ganasaxierebda.“[20, 109].

bolSevikurma xelisuflebam Suri iZia qarTvel xalxze imiT, rom `erTa

TviTgamorkvevis principebiT“ saqarTvelos teritoriaze Seqmnes ori

avtonomiuri respublika (afxazeTi da aWara), erTi avtonomiuri olqi

(samxreT oseTi). saqarTvelos CamoarTves Tavisi istoriuli teritoriebi:

33

lore–taSiris mxare (3812 kvadratuli kilometri) gadasces somxeTs,

aRmosavleT kaxeT–hereTi anu saingilo (3564 kvadratuli kilometri) _

azerbaijans, arTvinis, artaanis, focxovis olqebi (12115 kvadratuli

kilometri) _ TurqeTs; ruseTma miitaca gagris olqis nawili, q. soWi,

darialis xeobaSi _ zemo larsi, qvemo larsi. amas daemata

demografiuli eqspansia... bolSevikuri xelisuflebisaTvis miuRebeli

iyo saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia, romelic didi

avtoritetiT sargeblobda qveyanaSi. am dros moqmedi iyo 1450 eklesia, 25

monasteri, sadac RvTismsaxurebas eweoda 1600–ze meti adamiani.

saokupacio reJimis winaaRmdeg brZola ar wydeboda. bolSevikebi

xalxis dasaSineblad daundoblad uswordebodnen saqarTvelos

damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZolebs. aseT rTul viTarebaSi saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis sakaTolikoso sabWom miiRo

gadawyvetileba, rom gansvenebuli kaTolikosis, uwmidesisa da

unetaresis _ leonidis nacvlad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis

mosaydred gamoecxadebina cxum–afxazeTis mitropoliti ambrosi

(xelaia).

1921 wlis 1–5 seqtembers quTaisSi, gelaTSi, gaimarTa mesame

saeklesio kreba. saeklesio krebaze imsjeles qveyanaSi Seqmnil umZimes

socialur–politikur viTarebaze da daadgines: eTxovos xelisuflebas,

oficialurad aRiaros saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis iuridiuli statusi: `es aramc Tu ewinaaRmdegeba dekretis

debulebas sindisis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, aramed unda CaiTvalos

aucilebel samarTlian pirobad am Tavisuflebis dasacavad.

xelisuflebis mier am samarTliani moTxovnis uaryofa maCvenebeli iqneba

imisa, rom marTlmadidebeli eklesia gamocxadebulia devnil

sarwmunoebad da es garemoeba ecnobos yvela morwmuneT“[21, 65]

krebaze imsjeles xelisuflebis adgilobriv warmomadgenelTa

mxridan eklesia–monastrebis siwmindeTa xelyofis mcdelobebze da

aRniSnes, Tu ra savalalo Sedegebis momtani iqneboda es eklesiisaTvis.

saeklesio krebam cxum–afxazeTis mitropoliti ambrosi sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqad airCia. imave wlis 14 oqtombers

sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZarSi Sesrulda sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqis ambrosis aRsaydreba. patriarqma mravlismetyveli

34

istoriuli sityviT mimarTa qarTvelobas. `dRevandeli Cveni eris

mdgomareoba, – aRniSna man, – imas gvimtkicebs, rom xalxis cxovrebaSi

TiTqmis yvelaferi cvalebadia, ar icvleba mxolod misi sarwmunoebrivi

gancda. erovnuli idealebis saukeTeso damcveli aris Cveni eklesia. eris

politikuri cxovrebis Secvla ar moaswavebs erovnuli sarwmunoebis

Secvlas... xalxi mxolod ukavSirebs erTmaneTs eklesias da samSoblos,

vinaidan is mTeli Tavisi istoriis ganmvlobaSi icavda Tavis samSoblos,

magram qristes jvarsac xelidan ar uSvebda. is sisxls Rvrida

sarwmunoebisa da samSoblos dasacavad, magram sarwmunoebis dacvaSi

xedavda mamulis dacvasac. es Tviseba mas Sesisxlxorcebia, gaxdomia

WeSmaritebad da cxovrebis aucilebel moTxovnilebad. axlac amnairia

xalxis fsiqologia da rogor gindaT amoglijoT es xalxis gulidan.

mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi misi cxovrebis Rrmad Cayril

saZirkvelze mas auSenebia mkvidri Senoba Tavisi erovnuli cxovrebisa

da Semecnebisa da rogor gnebavT axla is saZirkveli gamoucvaloT am

did Senobas da CauyaroT axali imave siRrmeSi? saZirkvlis gamocvla ar

Searyevs TviT Senobas? mosaxerxebelia gana amnairi cda? Tu es

mosaxerxebelia da saSiSroebac ar aris, visTvis an risTvis aris es

saWiro? ase iqcevian isini, vinc xalxs arTmeven sarwmunoebas, undaT

erovnul Senobas gamoacalon burji. usargeblo da unayofoa amnairi

cda. erTaderTi Sedegi amisa SeiZleba mxolod is iqnes, rom droebiT

SeaCereben xalxis erovnul ganviTarebas... SevignoT istoriuli

gakveTilebis Zala... saWiroa SemovkrbeT erovnuli eklesiis garSemo,

politikuri mdgomareobis cvalebadobasTan erTad nu iqneba cvalebadi

Cveni Sexeduleba sarwmunoebaze, vemsaxuroT Tavisufal erovnul

eklesias da es mogvcems Zalas SevanaxvinoT Cvens xalxs erovnuli saxe

da Tavisufleba, erovnuli eklesiis Tavisufleba gulisxmobs erovnul

Tavisuflebasac.“[22, 22-23]

damoukideblobadakargul saqarTveloSi, sadac saokupacio

xelisufleba uaryofda yovelgvar erovnuls, saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyroblis sityva iyo

qarTveli xalxis TavisuflebisaTvis brZolisaken mowodeba, gamxneveba

SeSinebuli xalxisa. im dros, rodesac daiwyo qarTuli kulturis,

ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, erovnuli idealebis devna, uwmidesi da

35

unetaresi ambrosi da mTlianad saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia

miuRebeli iyo saokupacio xelisuflebisaTvis. qarTveli bolSevikebis

adgilobrivi lideri f. maxaraZe amcirebda saqarTvelos

mravalsaukunovan istorias, qarTul literaturas, `vefxistyaosans“,

daviT guramiSvils, ilia WavWavaZes, samagierod, asparezze gamohyavda

sazogadoebisaTvis ucxo, uniWo `Semoqmedni“: Saqro navTluReli, valia

baxtaZe da sxvebi. xelisuflebisaTvis aseve miuRebeli iyo Tbilisis

universitetis profesura, romelTa umravlesobas evropisa da ruseTis

wamyvan umaRles saswavleblebSi hqonda miRebuli ganaTleba.

universitetidan gaaZeves ivane javaxiSvili da misi mowafeebi, gaauqmes

saqarTvelos istoriis saswavlo sagani da Secvales igi samoqalaqo

istoriiT. devna–Seviwroebas ver gadaurCnen erovnuli suliskveTebis

mqone Tanamedrove qarTveli mwerlebi, Teatris, musikis, saxviTi

xelovnebis moRvaweebi. internacionalizmisa da msoflio moqalaqeobis

ideebiT Sepyrobilma xelisuflebam daundoblad daangria erovnuli

mecniereba da xelovneba. igi Canacvlebul iqna fsevdomecnierebiT,

fsevdoliteraturiT, fsevdoprofesuriT (`wiTeli profesorebi~).

patriotoba CamorCenilobis sinonimi gaxda. saokupacio xelisuflebam

1921–1922 wlebSi saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze moqmed eklesiebSi

Caatara aRwera saeklesio Zvirfaseulobis gamosavlenad, xolo revkomis

1923 wlis 23 noembris dadgenilebiT, oqrosa da vercxlis jvar–xatebi,

barZim–feSxumebi, mitrebi gatanil da gayidul iqna.

aseT rTul viTarebaSi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqma, uwmidesma da unetaresma ambrosim xma aRimaRla saokupacio

xelisuflebis politikis winaaRmdeg. misma uwmidesobam 1922 wlis april–

maisSi italiis qalaq genuaSi mimdinare saerTaSoriso konferencias

mimarTa sagangebo weriliT, romelSic aRwerda saqarTvelos Tavs

damtydar ubedurebas, bolSevikebis saokupacio xelisuflebis

sisastikes, uRmerTobas, qarTvelTmoZuleobas. `okupantebi, marTalia,

lamoben Sin da gareT yvelani daarwmunon, rom maT gaaTavisufles da

gaabednieres qarTvelebi, magram ramdenad bednierad grZnobs Tavs

qarTveli eri, es yvelaze ukeT vuwyi me, misma sulierma moZRvarma“[22, 25],

_ aRniSnavda igi. uwmidesi ambrosi konferenciis monawile saxelmwifoebs

mimarTavda, daxmarebodnen saqarTvelos, daecvaT is ruseTis sabWoTa

36

imperiis agresiisagan, raTa `saSualeba mieces qarTvel ers TviTon,

sxvaTa Zaldautanebliv da ukarnaxoT moawyos iseTi normebi socialur–

politikuri cxovrebisa, romelic mis fsiqikas, suliskveTebas, zne–

Cveulebasa da erovnul kulturas Seesabameba“[22, 26]

msoflio Tanamegobrobis qveynebis warmomadgenlebze didi

STabeWdileba moaxdina saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis meTauris gabedulma werilma, magram, saerTaSoriso viTarebidan

gamomdinare, maT realuri daxmareba ver aRmouCines saqarTvelos.

bolSevikurma saokupacio xelisuflebam misi uwmidesoba ambrosi da

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis sakaTolikoso

sabWo kontrrevolcionerebad gamoacxada.

1922 wlis 13 ivniss saqarTvelos uSiSroebam (`Cekam“) pirvel

dakiTxvaze waiyvana uwmidesi da unetaresi ambrosi. dakiTxva mTeli dRe

gagrZelda. patriarqi Ramis 12 saaTze dabrunda Tavis rezidenciaSi.

sakaTolikoso sabWos erT–erTi wevri, dekanozi nikita TalakvaZe werda:

`14 ivniss Seikriba sakaTolikoso sabWos sxdoma, romelsac uwmidesi da

unetaresi ambrosi Tavmjdomareobda.. saxeze TiTqos ganmkrTali iyo,

etyoboda, rom erT dReSi didi sulieri tanjva gamoevlo.“[22, 28].

patriarqma sabWos wevrebs dawvrilebiT mouTxro `CekaSi“ dakiTxvis

detalebis Sesaxeb da mouwoda, gamoeCinaT sulieri simtkice. 1922 wlis 2

ivniss uwmidessa da unetares ambrosis sapatriarqo rezidenciaSi

miarTves saokupacio xelisuflebis daskvna, romelSic xelisufleba

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqsa da sakaTolikoso sabWos

brals sdebda `kontrrevolucionerobaSi, provokaciaSi, mTavrobis

gabriabruebaSi“. imave wlis 17 noembris mTavrobis dadgenilebiT,

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesias CamoarTves

kaTolikos–patriarqis rezidencia. saokupacio xelisuflebam

oficialurad gamoacxada agresiuli aTeizmis politika, sasuliero

pirebi ki sabWoTa socialisturi saxelmwifos mtrebad miiCnia. marto

1923 wels saqarTveloSi daxures 600–ze meti eklesia, daitaces

saeklesio qoneba.

uwmidesi da unetaresi ambrosi grZnobda, rom mosalodneli iyo

misi dapatimreba. 1923 wlis 11 ianvars man xeli moawera gankargulebas,

romelSic aRniSnuli iyo, rom misi dapatimrebis SemTxvevaSi unda

37

dawesebuliyo saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

droebiTi mmarTveloba, romlis Tavmjdomaredac dainiSneboda urbneli

episkoposi qristefore (cicqiSvili).

1923 wlis 11 ianvridan 1924 wlis 12 ianvramde uwmidesi da

unetaresi ambrosi SinapatimrobaSi imyofeboda. 1924 wlis 12 ianvars,

`Cekas“ gadawyvetilebiT, daapatimres sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqi ambrosi da sakaTolikoso sabWos wevrebi. marTlmadidebeli

sarwmunoebis winaaRmdeg daiwyo jvarosnuli laSqroba rogorc

TbilisSi, aseve _ provinciebSi. angrevdnen eklesia–monastrebs,

apatimrebdnen da awamebdnen sasuliero pirebs. 1924 wlis 10–19 marts

naZaladevis muSaTa TeatrSi (SemdgomSi kinoTeatri `saqarTvelo“)

mimdinareobda saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqisa da sakaTolikoso

sabWos wevrebis sasamarTlo procesi. bolSevikuri presa qarTveli

xalxis erovnuli da sarwmunoebrivi TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZol

sasuliero pirebs ànaforian intriganebs“, `kontrrevolucionerebs“,

`bneleTis mociqulebs“ uwodebda. maT qarTveli xalxis erovnuli

interesebis RalatSi sdebdnen brals àmxanagebi~: varlamovi,

orzumelovi, oqoevi, navTluReli. momavali TaobebisaTvis samagaliToa

uwmidesisa da unetaresi ambrosis, sakaTolikoso sabWos sxva wevrebis

sulieri simtkice da gautexeloba. patriarqma ambrosim kidev erTxel

amxila saokupacio xelisuflebis barbarosoba. ìstoria gvimtkicebs, –

aRniSnavda igi, _ rom devniloba uZluria mospos sarwmunoeba... igi aris

xalxis sulieri moTxovnileba. devniloba am moTxovnilebebs kidev

ufro aZlierebs, is Rrmavdeba, ikumSeba da gubdeba, da amoxeTqavs

gaZlierebulis ZaliT... me vicavdi Cveni eris Tavisuflebas... Tu

xelisufleba aRiarebs erTa TviTgamorkvevas, gafarToebuls

politikurad gamoyofamdis, maSin ver gamigia, risTvis unda CameTvalos

danaSaulad eklesiisa da eris Tavisuflebis dacva... me Sevasrule Cemi

movaleoba da rogori TvaliT Sexedavs uzenaesi sasamarTlo mSobliuri

eklesiisa da eris Tavisuflebis dacvis mizniT xmis amoRebas, es iqneba

dagvirgvineba im jvrisa, romelic Cemgan natvirTia da vatareb Cemi

cxovrebis 37 wlis ganmavlobaSi. Cemgan erovnuli interesebis dasacavad

amaRlebuli xma da msjavri, romelsac momisjis uzenaesi samsjavro,

monaxaven Tavis adgils yovelis qarTvelis gulSi, im qarTvelisa,

38

romelsac jer kidev ar daukargavs sarwmunoeba da samSoblos

siyvaruli. amiTac bednierad CavTvli Cems Tavs da rogorc morwmune,

vityvi: iyos neba RvTisa! da mogmarTavT qristes sityvebiT: `asulno

ierusalimisano, nu stiriT Cem zeda, aramed TavTa TqvenTa stirodeT da

SvilTa TquenTa“[22, 38]

patriarqis es sityva iyo gautexeli simtkicis gamovlena,

aTasobiT qarTveli patriotis gamxneveba. saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebelma samociqulo eklesiam Tavis Tavze miiRo bolSevikuri

xelisuflebis mTavari dartyma. bolSevikurma sasamarTlom sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqs, uwmidessa da unetares ambrosis 7

wliTa da 9 TviT, sakaTolikoso sabWos wevrebs _ sxvadasxva vadiT

Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miusaja.

1924 wlis agvistoSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva provinciaSi daiwyo

gamosvlebi saokupacio xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg, rasac mohyva

daundobeli represiebi, daxvrites aTasobiT mamuliSvili, zestafonSi

matareblis vagonebSi Caxoces is adamianebi, romelnic xelisuflebas

arasamedod miaCnda, maTma sisxlma wiTlad SeReba mdinare yvirila... 1924

wlis agvistoSi `kontrrevoluciuri saqmianobis“ braldebiT, vinme

Sonias da sameulis (e.w. `troika“) dadgenilebiT, daxvrites quTaTeli

mitropoliti nazari (leJava), mRvdlebi: germane jajaniZe, simon

mWedliZe, ieroTeos nikolaZe, diakoni besarion kuxianiZe... saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis wmida sinodma, uwmidesi da

unetaresi ilia II-is locva–kurTxeviT, 1995 wlis seqtemberSi isini

wmindanebad Seracxa.

uwmidesi da unetaresi ambrosi da sakaTolikoso sabWos wevrebi

TbilisSi, metexis sapyrobileSi ixdidnen sasjels. patriarqs

agrZnobines, rom, Tu xelisuflebas patiebas sTxovda, maT

gaaTavisuflebdnen.. patriarqis dRiurSi aseTi Canaweria: `SeiZleba mec

momeTxovos igive sinanuli, rogorc CamourTmeviaT ruseTis patriarq

tixonisaTvis... Cemi gancxadebis proeqti aseTi iqneba. me Cemi Tavi ar

mimaCnia damnaSaved... darwmunebuli viyavi, rom bolSevikebis mier

ganxorcielebul am intervencias saqarTvelos respublikis Sinaur

cxovrebaSi, mohyveboda eklesiuri Tavisuflebis dakargva, rac me

39

ubedurebad mimaCnda Cveni mSobliuri eklesiisaTvis. Cemi SiSebi savsebiT

gamarTlda da eklesias Tavs daatyda didi ubedureba.“[22, 42]

bolSevikurma xelisuflebam, sasuliero pirebis represiebis

paralelurad, scada eklesiis SigniT dasayrdenis mopovebis mizniT

waexalisebina sasuliero pirTa is nawili, romelic aRiarebda sabWoTa

xelisuflebas, rogorc kanoniers, da, amave dros, morwmuneTa Soris

gaavrcelebda im azrs, rom aucilebeli iyo saeklesio sferoSi

reformebi. es moZraoba saqarTveloSi `ganaxlebisa da reformebis

jgufis“ saxeliTaa cnobili, ruseTSi - `obnavlencebi“, `cocxali

eklesiis mimdevrebi“. `ganaxlebisa da reformebis~ jgufma

xelisuflebis dakveTiT daiwyo dapatimrebuli kaTolikos–patriarqisa

da sakaTolikoso sabWos wevrebis kritika. ufro metic, saqarTvelos

eklesiis interesebidan gamomdinare, moiTxoves kaTolikos–patriarqis

gadadgoma. maT SeimuSaves axali eklesiis proeqti, romelic auqmebda

kaTolikos–patriarqis Tanamdebobas, eklesiis kankels cvlida moajiri,

taZridan unda gaetanaT xatebi, ikrZaleboda sacecxlurisa da sakmevlis

gamoyeneba, wirvis dros samociqulos wakiTxva arasavaldebulod

cxaddeboda, Svidi saidumlodan amoiRes sinanuli, ikrZaleboda ber–

monazvnoba, ziareba, marxva, mcirdeboda saeklesio dResaswaulebic,

Zveli qarTuli sagaloblebi revoluciuri himnebiT unda Secvliliyo.

aseTi reformirebuli eklesia misaRebi iyo saokupacio

xelisuflebisaTvis. isini, vinc aseT reformebs miuReblad miiCnevda,

reaqcionerebad monaTles, xolo reformatorebi _ `Tanamedrove

azrovnebis progresul samRvdeloebad“, romelTanac SesaZlebeli iyo

TanamSromloba.

1925 wels sapyrobilidan gamosulma kaTolikos–patriarqma,

uwmidesma da unetaresma ambrosim realurad Seafasa Seqmnili viTarebis

sirTule da saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

istoriuli tradiciebis SenarCunebis mizniT, Tavisi poziciebis

gasamyareblad, akurTxa axali mRvdelmTavrebi: kalistrate (cincaZe),

melqisedeki (fxalaZe), pavle (jafariZe), efremi (sidamoniZe)...

xelisuflebisagan gaTamamebulma reformatorebma sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarq ambrosis gverdis avliT 1926 wlis 26–27 dekembers

quTaisSi moiwvies saeklesio kreba, daSlilad gamoacxades

40

sakaTolikoso sabWo, Seqmnes saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiTi

mmarTveloba mitropolit qristefores xelmZRvanelobiT. uwmidesma da

unetaresma ambrosim TviTmarqvia kreba ukanonod gamoacxada, magram e.w.

reformatorebma isev patriarqis gverdis avliT registraciaSi gaatares

droebiTi mmarTveloba, aiZules mitropoliti kalistrate, gadamdgariyo

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis mosaydris Tanamdebobidan,

1927 wlis 4 ianvars, Sinagan saqmeTa komisariatis daxmarebiT, sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqs CamoarTves saeparqio kancelariis

gamgebloba, sapatriarqos beWedi... xelisuflebisaTvis uwmidesi da

unetaresi ambrosi miuRebeli iyo, amitomac yvelanairad xels uwyobda

reformatorebs. patriarqis dasustebulma organizmma amden gansacdels

veRar gauZlo da 1927 wlis 29 marts, dilis 3 saaTze, igi gardaicvala. 3

aprils uwmidesi da unetaresi ambrosi dakrZales sionis sapatriarqo

taZarSi. qarTveli sazogadoeba didi mwuxarebiT gamoeTxova erovnuli

da eklesiuri TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZol did mamuliSvils.

aTeuli wlebi dasWirda bolSevikuri stereotipebisagan

sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis gaTavisuflebas. XX saukunis 20–80-ian wlebSi

oficialurad `reaqcioner antisabWoelad“ miCneuli wamebuli

kaTolikosis _ ambrosis sityvebi, Cemgan erovnuli interesebis dasacavad

amaRlebuli xma da msjavri monaxaven Tavis adgils yovelis qarTvelis

gulSio, gamarTlda. 1995 wels saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis wmida sinodma, uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II-is

locva–kurTxeviT, uwmidesi da unetaresi ambrosi wmindanad Seracxa...

1927 wlis 21–27 ivniss gamarTulma me–4 saeklesio krebam

daamtkica saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis marTva–

gamgeobis axali debuleba, miiRo deklaracia sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan

TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb da cxum–afxazeTis mitropoliti qristefore

(cicqiSvili) airCia sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqad.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebelma samociqulo eklesiam Secdomad miiCnia

sabWoTa xelisuflebisadmi kaTolikos–patriarq ambrosis

damokidebuleba da saokupacio xelisuflebasTan loialobisa da

TanamSromlobis kursi gamoacxada. sabednierod, reformebis is proeqti,

romelic Tavis droze maT Seadgines, saeklesio cxovrebaSi ar

gatarebula. axali patriarqi Seecada sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan

41

TanamSromlobiT Seesustebina xelisuflebis agresiuli antireligiuri

politika, magram uSedegod. oficialurad xelisufleba aRiarebda

sindisis Tavisuflebas, magram realurad sastikad devnida sasuliero

pirebs, uwesebda did saSemosavlo gadasaxadebs da aiZulebda, Tavi

daenebebinaT sasuliero samsaxurisaTvis. 1927–1928 wlebSi TbilisSi

gaZarcves veris wmida nikolozis, kukiis wmida ninos, mTawmindis,

avlabris eklesiebi. sruli ganukiTxaoba iyo provinciebSic. kaTolikos–

patriarq qristefore III-is mimarTvebi, protesti xelisuflebis

warmomadgenlebisadmi reagirebis gareSe rCeboda. xelisuflebis

warmomadgenelTa mxriv ukanonobis araerTi magaliTi SeiZleba

gavixsenoT: TerjolaSi mRvdel irakli gurgeniZes `Temkomis~

Tavmjdomare obolaZe miwis warTmeviT daemuqra, siRnaRSi sofel afenis

TemsabWos Tavmjdomarem laliaSvilma mRvdeli demetraSvili soflidan

gaaZeva, raWis sofel wesis mRvdel giorgi gociriZes adgilobrivi

TemsabWos Tavmjdomarem xelwerili daawerina, rom igi mRvdlobaze uars

ityoda. maSindel savalalo viTarebas asaxavs kaTolikos–patriarq

qristefores III-is werili saqarTvelos ssr Sinsaxkomisa da Tbilisis

aRmaskomisadmi: `me maqvs warmodgenili deklaraciebi Cemi Semosavalisa

1929–1930 wlebSi, magram imdeni gadasaxadebi Semomaweres, rasac ver

gadavixdi. finagentma aRwera Cemi bina da gasayidi nivTebi... vTxov

aRmaskoms, moaxdinos gankarguleba, sruliad momexsnas gadasaxadebi,

rogorc mcire Semosavlians da mZimed dasneulebuls, xolo Tu es ar

SeiZleba CemTvis, maSin rogorc sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqs, gadasaxadebi Cemi faqtiuri Semosavlis mixedviT

gadamxdes.“[23, 2100, 1, 31]

Tu saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqs ase uWirda, ra

mdgomareobaSi iqneboda provinciebSi Cveulebrivi samRvdeloeba.

sasuliero piroba, anaforisa da jvris tareba gmirobis tolfasi iyo.

bolSevikuri xelisufleba provinciebSi adgilobrivi komkavSirlebisa

da partiuli liderebis meSveobiT agrZelebda eklesia–monastrebis

ngrevas, sasuliero pirebis ganmosvasa da maTgan RvTis mgmobi werilebis

mopovebas maT ojaxebze fsiqologiuri teroris gziT. saqarTveloSi

moqmedi `uRmerToTa kavSiri“, `antireligiuri universiteti“ atarebdnen

farTo saagitacio muSaobas, raTa mosaxleoba RvTis rwmenidan marqsizm–

42

leninizmis aRiarebaze gadaeyvanaT. aseT viTarebaSi saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis saerTaSoriso aRiarebisaTvis

brZola Sesustda, gawyda kontaqti msoflios marTlmadidebel

eklesiebTan, ruseTis eklesia kvlav uars ambobda saqarTvelos

eklesiasTan evqaristuli kavSiris aRdgenaze. rodesac msoflio

patriarqma basili III-m konstantinopolis eklesia axal stilze

gadaiyvana, man mxardaWera sTxova saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel

samociqulo eklesias. 1927 wels kaTolikos–patriarq qristefore III-is

iniciativiT, saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia erTi wliT gadavida

axal stilze, magram imdeni winaaRmdegoba Sexvda mas, rom iZulebuli

gaxda 1928 wels sagangebo brZanebulebiT isev gaeuqmebina igi da

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia saeklesio

dResaswaulebis Zveli stiliT aRniSvnas daubrunda.

1932 wlis 10 ianvars sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi,

uwmidesi da unetaresi qristefore III gardaicvala. sagangebod

Sekrebilma sakaTolikoso sinodma kaTolikos–patriarqis mosaydred

mangleli mitropoliti kalistrate (cincaZe) daamtkica. uwmidesi da

unetaresi qristefore III dakrZales sionis sapatriarqo taZarSi.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis me–6 saeklesio krebam, romelic

1932 wlis 21 ivniss gaimarTa TbilisSi, sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqad airCia mangleli mitropoliti kalistrate. 24

ivniss sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZarSi Sesrulda misi aRsaydreba.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo avtokefaliuri

eklesiisaTvis umZimes Jams moxda mitropolit kalistrates patriarqad

kurTxeva. misi oponentebic ki aRiarebdnen, rom Seqmnil viTarebaSi

yvelaze swori arCevani gakeTda. quTaTeli mitropoliti daviTi

(kaWaxiZe) gulaxdilad acxadebda: `kalistrate inteleqtuali da

moqmedebiTac upiratesia, SeiZleba zogierTi CvenTagani yvelafers misi

msoflmxedvelobisas ar iziarebdes, magram cxadze ucxadesia, rom igi

Cvens Soris pirvelia WkuiT, codniT, ganviTarebiT, saqmianobiT,

gamocdilebiT.“[15, 179]

uwmidesma da unetaresma kalistratem Tavisi saqmianoba oTxi

mTavari problemis mosagvareblad warmarTa: 1. eklesia–monastrebis

administraciuli wesiT daxurvisa da maTi Zarcva–rbevis procesis

43

SeCereba; 2. bolSevikur xelisuflebasTan TanamSromlobis kursis

SenarCuneba; 3. saeklesio pirebis mimarT xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo

organoebis mier miRebuli sulis SemxuTveli gadasaxadebis Semcireba,

sindisis Tavisuflebis kanonis realur cxovrebaSi gatareba; 4.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis avtokefaliis

aRiarebisaTvis brZola.

xelisuflebisagan waqezebuli borotmoqmedebi kvlav agrZelebdnen

eklesia–monastrebze Tavdasxmas. SiomRvmis monastris berebi, ilarioni

da kvipriane, erT–erTi Tavdasxmis dros mokles; ucnobma

borotmoqmedebma daarbies kabenis monasteri; 1937 wlis sisxliani

represiebis msxverpli gaxdnen sasuliero pirebi: besarion vaSaZe, mixeil

naneiSvili, ioseb mirianaSvili, ilarion oqropiriZe, giorgi epitaSvili,

ivane CitaZe, ermile gogoliSvili, ivane qaaZe, malaqia wiklauri, samson

mZinariSvili, ioane boboxiZe, prokofi CigogiZe, giorgi darCia, elizbar

anCabaZe, giorgi wulaia, ivane fanculaia, apolon afxaiZe, nikoloz

beSqariZe; gadasaxlebaSi gardaicvala mitropoliti varlami (maxaraZe),

mRvdlebi: giorgi maWavariani, arsen janeliZe, nikoloz

oqromWedliSvili, nestor jalaRonia, aleqsandre cqifuriSvili, eqvTime

naneiSvili. Ddaapatimres da gadaasaxles episkoposi efremi (sidamoniZe),

mRvdeli terenti obolaZe, mTavardiakoni ambrosi axobaZe...

xelisufleba kidev ufro uzrdida sasuliero pirebs saSemosavlo

gadasaxadebs. daxurvis safrTxis winaSe dadga Tbilisis sioni da

mcxeTis sveticxoveli. qaSueTis wmida giorgis saxelobis eklesiis

adgilze ganzraxuli iyo abanos aSeneba. kaTolikos–patriarqi gamoiZaxes

saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWos saqmeTa mmarTvel i. mirianaSvilTan.

`gamovcxaddi 2 saaTze, – wers uwmidesi kalistrate, – piradad ar

mimiRo, TanaSemwe m. daviTaSvils daabara sagadasaxado SeRavaTebze uari

eTqvaso“[21, 70, 31]

uwmidesi da unetaresi kalistrate grZnobda Seqmnili viTarebis

mTel seriozulobas, eklesiisadmi xelisuflebisa da misi propagandiT

dabrmavebuli xalxis ganwyobas. `Zvelad samRvdeloeba iyo inteligencia,

maRali Segnebuli wre, igi xelmZRvanelobda xalxis ganaTlebis saqmes,

mowinave iyo sazogadoebriv asparezze... axla Cven xalxs vesaWiroebiT

mxolod saeklesio wesebis asrulebisaTvis... mTavaria, rogorme

44

sicocxle SevinarCunoT, rogorme eklesiebi ngrevas gadavarCinoT,

rogorme sarwmunoeba SevinaxoT“[24, 102, 354], _ aRniSnavda Tavis

CanawerebSi uwmidesi da unataresi kalistrate. patriarqi cdilobda,

arsebuli kanonmdeblobis moSveliebiT, ganemarta xelisuflebis

warmomadgenlebisaTvis, rom usamarTlo iyo maTi moqmedebani

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis mimarT. saqarTvelos kompartiis

centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivnis kandid CarkvianisaTvis

gagzavnil werilSi uwmidesi kalistrate acxadebda: `finansTa saxkomis

inspeqtorebis aseTi SeuzRudavi Tavisufleba ramdenime dReSi bolos

mouRebs aTaseqvsaswlovan saqarTvelos eklesias, sasuliero pirebi didi

gadasaxadebis gamo iZulebulni iqnebian Tavi gaanebon samsaxurs... sanam

sabWoTa konstituciidan ar aris amoSlili 124–e muxli, nu iqneba

xelovnurad miCqmaluli da administraciuli wesiT ganadgurebuli

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia, aRgvili pirisagan miwisa qarTveli

eris uZvelesi kulturis cocxali naSTi“[24, 102, 130]. kidev ramdenime

weli da saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia aRar

iqneboda.

1941 wlis 22 ivniss faSisturi germania Tavs daesxa sabWoTa

kavSirs. sabWoTa partiuli da samxedro xelmZRvanelobisaTvis didi

mniSvneloba hqonda mTeli sabWoTa xalxis monoliTur erTobas. amis

Sesaxeb xazgasmiT aRniSna ioseb stalinma 1941 wlis 3 ivliss radioTi

gamosvlisas. 24 ivniss sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqma,

uwmidesma da unetaresma kalistratem oficialuri gancxadebiT dagmo

germanuli faSizmi da sabWoTa kavSiris politikur xelmZRvanelobas

sruli mxardaWera gamoucxada. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis moqmed taZrebSi daiwyo Tanxis Segroveba wiTeli

armiis dasaxmareblad. aseT viTarebaSi xelisuflebam Seasusta

eklesiaze zewola. uwmidesma da unetaresma kalistratem moaxerxa

oficialur xelisuflebasTan saerTo enis gamonaxva. administraciuli

wesiT daxuruli zogierTi eklesia gaixsna, gadasaxlebidan dabrundnen

sasuliero pirebi. 1945 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel

samociqulo eklesiaSi moqmedi iyo 29 eklesia, romelTac emsaxureboda 5

mRvdelmTavari, 41 Statiani mRvdeli, ori mTavari diakoni... miuxedavad

amisa, mdgomareoba mainc savalalo rCeboda. saqarTvelos

45

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis avtokefaliis saerTaSoriso

aRiarebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda ruseTis marTlmadidebel

eklesiasTan urTierTobas. qarTuli mxare, uwmidesi da unetaresi

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqebi _ kirioni, leonide,

ambrosi, qristefore _ yvelanairad cdilobdnen moewesrigebinaT

urTierToba or eklesias Soris, magram rusul mxares arafris gagoneba

ar surda. ase iyo patriarq tixonis dros da aseTive politika

gagrZelda 1925–1943 wlebSi.

1943 wlis 14 seqtembers uwmidesma da unetaresma kalistratem

oficialuri weriliT miuloca uwmides sergis moskovisa da sruliad

ruseTis patriarqad arCeva da gamoTqva qarTul da rusul eklesiebs

Soris normaluri urTierTobis aRdgenis survili. sapasuxo werilSi

patriarqi sergi werda, rom igi mzad iyo molaparakebis gziT gadaeWraT

or eklesias Soris arsebuli problemebi. 1943 wlis oqtomberSi, ruseTis

eklesiis saxeliT, stavropolisa da piatigorskis mTavarepiskoposma

antonma sionis sapatriarqo taZarSi Sekrebil morwmuneT acnoba,

ruseTis eklesia oficialurad aRiarebs saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis teritoriul avtokefaliaso. patriarqma sergim

1943 wlis 31 oqtombers saqarTveloSi mcxovreb rusebs am sityvebiT

mimarTa: `damTavrda ganxeTqileba eklesiuri, eWvi warsuls Cabarda. rus

mrevls saqarTveloSi ufleba eZleva ilocos qarTul taZrebSi, miiRos

wmida saidumloebani, vadidoT saqarTvelos RvTis saTnomyofelTa

naTeli krebuli: saqarTvelos ganmanaTlebeli, mociqulTa swori nino

da qarTveli moRvaweni, romelnic ruseTis wmida naTlobamde mravali

wliT adre ukve anaTebdnen msoflioSi qristes madls“[15, 211]

1945 wlis ianvar–TebervalSi patriarqi kalistrate oficialuri

miwveviT imyofeboda ruseTSi. Semdeg patriarqi aleqsi I Camovida

saqarTveloSi. or eklesias Soris aRdga evqaristuli kavSiri, daiwyo

mWidro TanamSromloba. uwmidesi da unetaresi kalistrate omis wlebSi

ioseb stalinis werilebs iRebda, qveynis pirveli piri gamoxatavda

madlierebas patriarqisa da morwmune mrevlis mimarT, romelic

Sewirulobebs agzavnida wiTeli armiis meomrebisaTvis. uwmidesi da

unetaresi kalistrate omis Semdgomac ugzavnida ioseb stalins misaloc

werilebs, saeklesio kalendris yovelwliur nomrebs. `kacTa Soris

46

rCeulo, dido qarTvelo“, _ ase mimarTavda igi mas. am urTierTobaTa

wyalobiT, uwmidesma da unetaresma kalistratem saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesias daubruna iuridiuli statusi.

patriarqis moTxovnebi adgilobrivi xelisuflebisadmi ufro

mZafri da konkretuli gaxda. igi iTxovda sapatriarqo rezidenciis

dabrunebas, sapatriarqo Jurnalis gamocemas, administraciuli wesiT

daxuruli eklesiebis gaxsnas. uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis _ kalistrates xelisuflebasTan

gonivruli kompromisebis wyalobiT saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia

gadaurCa ganadgurebas. patriarqma moaxerxa gaucxoebuli mrevlis

eklesiisaken mobruneba, inteligenciasTan mWidro TanamSromloba,

araqarTuli samrevloebis saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Semoyvana, saqarTvelos eklesiisaTvis

saerTaSoriso avtoritetis mopoveba. igi valmoxdili wavida am qveynidan,

gardaicvala 1952 wlis 3 Tebervals. 10 Tebervals uwmidesi da unetaresi

kalistrate sionis sapatriarqo taZarSi dakrZales.

1952 wlis 5 aprils saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis me–9 saeklesio krebam sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqad airCia urbneli mitropoliti melqisedeki (fxalaZe). igi jer

kidev 1943 wels uwmidesma da unetaresma kalistratem gamoarCia

kaTolikos–patriarqis mosaydred da urCia: `gTxovT, Cems mier aRebul

gezsa da mimarTulebas nu SecvliT. es ar ivargebs. eklesiisa da

piradad TqvenTvis ar iqneba saziano.“[24, 43, 1]

patriarq melqisedek III–s urTules periodSi mouwia moRvaweoba.

ioseb stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiris politikur

xelmZRvanelobaSi momxdari cvlilebebis Sedegad xelisuflebis

saTaveSi movida nikita xruSCovi, romelmac 20–50–iani wlebis sisxliani

represiebis mTeli simZime mxolod ioseb stalins daakisra da dagmo

misi `pirovnebis kulti“. n. xruSCovis miTiTebiT, axali ieriSi miitanes

eklesiebze. axal partiul belads miaCnda, rom XX saukunis 60–70–ian

wlebSi SesaZlebeli iyo sabWoTa kavSirSi komunizmis aSeneba, aqedan

gamomdinare, sruliad miuRebeli iyo `warsulis mavne gadmonaSTad“

monaTluli qristianuli sarwmunoeba. eklesia–monastrebis daxurva

daiwyo rogorc ruseTSi, aseve _ e.w. mokavSire respublikebSi. n.

47

xruSCovs miaweren Semdeg sityvebs: ukanasknel ukrainel an qarTvel

mRvdels televiziiT gaCvenebT da qveyanaSi masobrivi aTeizmi

daisadgurebso. ideologiuri dargis partiul muSakebs evalebodaT,

gaeZlierebinaT antireligiuri propaganda. 1944 wels sabWoTa kavSirSi

Seiqmna religiis saqmeTa komiteti, romelsac Tavisi rwmunebulebi hyavda

sabWoTa kavSiris yvela mokavSire respublikaSi. rwmunebulTa aparats,

romelic uSiSroebis TanamSromlebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli, evaleboda

mkacrad gaekontrolebina eklesiebSi mimdinare procesebi. rwmunebulis

Tanxmobis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo diakvnis, mRvdlis, episkoposis

kurTxeva, eparqiebSi sasuliero pirebis gagzavna. religiis saqmeTa

rwmunebulebi iyvnen urwmunoni da xelisuflebis politikis usityvo

gamtarebelni.

XX saukunis 50–iani wlebidan religiis saqmeTa rwmunebulebi

uxeSad ereodnen saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

saqmianobaSi. Zveli Taobis sasuliero pirebi TandaTan tovebdnen

samoRvaweo asparezs, axlebis momzadebisaTvis ki saqarTvelos

samociqulo eklesias ar hqonda arc seminaria da arc akademia. jer

kidev kaTolikos–patriarqs, uwmidessa da unetares leonides surda

sasuliero seminariis gaxsna, rac ganuxorcielebel survilad darCa

kaTolikos–patriarqebis ambrosis, qristefores da kalistrates drosac.

uwmidesma da unetaresma melqisedek III-m mTavrobis winaSe daayena sakiTxi

`saqarTvelos eklesiis uwyebani“-s gamocemis nebarTvis Taobaze. amave

dros man religiis saqmeTa rwmunebul m. meqvabiSvils aseTi Sinaarsis

werili gaugzavna: `pativiscemiT mogaxsenebT, rom saqarTvelos eklesias

mRvdlobis kandidatebis momzadebisaTvis skola ar aqvs, amitom gTxovT,

gviSuamdgomloT mTavrobis winaSe, rom mogvces nebarTva, sionis

taZarTan gavxsnaT uvado kursebi mRvdlebis kandidatebis

mosamzadeblad; amasTan, saWiroa mogveces nebarTva, rom eklesiebSi

kedelze gavakraT gancxadeba kursebis gaxsnis Sesaxeb da movuwodoT

msurvelebs ganucxadon TavianTi survili kursebis gamges“[25, 2691].

oficialurma xelisuflebam patriarqis Txovnis dakmayofilebaze uari

ganacxada, xolo sazogadoebaSi gaavrcela dezinformacia, patriarqs ar

surs sasuliero saswavleblis gaxsnao. xelisuflebis mier iyo

inspirirebuli mcdeloba Sidasaeklesio dapirispirebisa, raTa Sida

48

problemebis fonze eklesias naklebi dro darCenoda realuri saqmeebis

sakeTeblad. miuxedavad amisa, patriarqma melqisedek III-m moaxerxa

eklesiis erTianobis SenarCuneba, moawesriga didubis, xaSuris, daibruna

bodbis, mowameTas eklesiebi. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesia cdilobda msoflios marTlmadidebel eklesiebTan istoriuli

urTierTobis aRdgenas, magram yovel aseT mcdelobas win eRobeboda

oficialuri xelisufleba...

1960 wlis 10 ianvars gardaicvala uwmidesi da unetaresi

melqisedek III. saswrafod Seikriba saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis wmida sinodi. sinodis wevrTa umravlesobam icoda

gansvenebuli kaTolikos–patriarqis, uwmidesi da unetaresi melqisedek

III-is werilobiTi gankargulebis Sinaarsi, romlis Tanaxmadac patriarqis

mosaydred urbneli mitropoliti daviTi (devdariani) cxaddeboda.

sinodis sxdomaze uxucesma mRvdelmTavarma dimitrim (iaSvili)

ganacxada, rom saqarTvelos eklesiisaTvis esoden rTul viTarebaSi

umjobesi iyo mosaydred gamocdili, damsaxurebuli mitropoliti efremi

(sidamoniZe) aerCiaT. sinodis wevrTa umravlesoba daeTanxma mitropolit

dimitris mosazrebas. 11 ianvars urbnelma mitropolitma daviTma uari

ganacxada kaTolikos–patriarqis mosaydreobaze mitropolit efremis

sasargeblod. uwmidesi da unetaresi melqisedek III dakrZales sionis

sapatriarqo taZarSi.

1960 wlis 19–20 Tebervals me–10 saeklesio krebam `sruliad

saqarTvelos eklesiis samRvdeloman dasman wmidaTa mRvdelmTavarTa da

gankargulTa krebulman da yovelman morwmuneTa saqarTvelosaTa, erTiTa

nebiTa, erTiTa guliTa da erTiTa piriTa aRirCies STagonebiTa

RmrTisaTa mTavarepiskoposad mcxeTisa da Tbilisisa da sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqad maRalyovladusamRvdeloesi baTum–

Semoqmedeli da Wyondideli mitropoliti efremi“[26, 902]. imave wlis 21

Tebervals sveticxovlis taZarSi Sesrulda patriarqis aRsaydreba.

uwmidesi da unetaresi efrem II Seudga saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis winaSe arsebuli problemebis mogvarebas.

patriarqi TiToeuli sasuliero piris gardacvalebas mtkivneulad

ganicdida, vinaidan Semcvlelni aRar iyvnen. `ai, Cven, moxucebulebi,

mivdivarT da Semcvlelni aRaravin rCeba. ratom gaurbis qarTveli eri

49

Tavis mSobel eklesias?... gana imitom, rom Rvawli miuZRvis samSoblosa

da eris winaSe?~[26, 902], ._ gulistkiviliT aRniSnavda igi. uwmidesi da

unetaresi efrem II religiis saqmeTa rwmunebulis _ a. SalutaSvilis

saxelze gagzavnil gancxadebaSi werda: `patriarqad arCevis Semdeg,

axlo gavecani ra saqarTvelos eklesiis sinamdviles, vscani, rom Tu ase

gagrZeldeboda misi samwuxaro mdgomareoba, katastrofas ver

gadaurCeboda... gansakuTrebiT cud mdgomareobaSi iyo RvTismsaxurTa

raodenoba. es problema mZime lodiviT adevs qarTul eklesias...

safrTxes umzadebs mas. 1962 wlis 3 ivliss momeca SesaZlebloba,

mqonoda audiencia saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWos TavmjdomaresTan,

baton givi javaxiSvilTan. Cemi moxsenebis Semdeg man brZana: raxan

arsebobs eklesia, mas kidec unda hqondes skolac da gamomcemlobac.

amas ismenda Cems gverdiT mjdomi maSindeli rwmunebuli batoni m.

meqvabiSvili, magram praqtikulad araferi gakeTda.~[27, 576, 4773]

sasuliero saswavleblisa da gamomcemlobis ararsebobis garda,

problemad rCeboda sapatriarqo rezidenciis sakiTxi. uwmidesi da

unetaresi efrem II moiTxovda 1923 wels sapatriarqosaTvis CamorTmeuli

rezidenciis dabrunebas an axlis aSenebis nebarTvas. rTuli viTareba

iyo eparqiebSi, sadac mRvdelmTavrebs aviwroebdnen adgilobrivi

partiuli da Sinagan saqmeTa organos TanamSromlebi, alaverdel

episkopos daviTs (burdilaZe) edavebodnen, Tu 1962 wels ratom mivida

alaverdobis dResaswaulze taZarSi, emuqrebodnen dapatimrebiT. goris

morwmune sazogadoebas surda qalaqSi taZris gaxsna, magram xelis

momwerT samsaxuridan daTxovniT emuqrebodnen. gazrdili saSemosavlo

gadasaxadis gadaxdas ver audiodnen sasuliero pirebi, mRvdelmTavrebi,

TviT patriarqic iZulebuli gaxda weriliT miemarTa mTavrobisaTvis,

raTa sicxade Seetana xelisuflebis sagadasaxado politikaSi.

uwmidesi da unetaresi efrem II-is winaaRmdeg amxedrebdnen

calkeul sasuliero pirebs, morwmuneebs. `dRes ufro mZime

mdgomareobaSi vimyofebiT, vidre kaTolikos–patriarqebis _ kalistrates

an melqisedekis dros iyo. Zalian garTulebul garemocvaSia Cveni

eklesia, SeiZleba gulSematkivari bevri hyavdes, magram aqtiur momqmedT

ver vxedav“[28, 20], _ swerda uwmidesi da unetaresi efrem II cnobil

qarTvel mwerals ipolite varTagavas. religiis saqmeTa rwmunebulis

50

aparatis TanamSromlebi TiToeul sasuliero pirze adgendnen

saSemosavlo uwyisebs. kaTolikos–patriarqi efrem II rwmunebulisagan

ultimatumis eniT daweril aseT mimarTvebs iRebda: `kaTolikos–patriarq

efrem II–s. gTxovT, daavaldebuloT protodiakoni ambrosi axobaZe,

uyoymanoT dafaros saSemosavlo davalianeba. amasTanave, aiZuloT yvela

urCi RvTismsaxuri, dauyovnebliv gadaixados gadasaxadebi“[27, 3640].

`urCi“ protodiakoni ki kaTolikos–patriarqs Tvalcremliani swerda:

naxevrad mSieri davdivar, Casacmelis fulic ara maqvs, rogor

gadavixado es saSemosavlo gadasaxadio.

kvlav gaxSirda eklesia–monastrebis Zarcva. `komunizmis gaSlili

mSeneblobis epoqaSi“ eklesiebi saerTod unda gauqmebuliyo da amitom

xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis interesebis dakmayofilebas ar apirebdnen.

miuxedavad aseTi Seviwroebisa, uwmidesma da unetaresma efrem II-m

akurTxa 3 axali episkoposi. maT Soris iyo 1963 wels moskovis

sasuliero akademiis kursdamTavrebuli ilia RuduSauri-SiolaSvili,

romelsac Caabara Semoqmedis eparqia. masve miando mcxeTaSi

axladgaxsnili sasuliero saswavleblis xelmZRvaneloba. meufe ilia

yovelTvis gansakuTrebul pativiscemas gamoxatavda uwmidesi da

unetaresi efrem II-is mimarT. ai, ras swerda axalgazrda mRvdelmTavari

mas: `Tqveno uwmidesobav, uwmideso patriarqo da unetareso mamamTavaro

da RvTiT dadgenilo mamao, wmida efrem filosofosi esreT gadmogvcems

grigol RvTismetyvelis sityvebs: `yovelTa meufeman RmerTman maRalman

erTi gpova Sen Rirsi mRvdelmTavari Tavisa Tvisisa, Rirsad msaxuri

naTesavsa amas Cvensa Soris... xmamaRali qadagi WeSmaritebisai... da Tvali

brwyinvale qristeanobisai. diax, Tqveno uwmidesobav, mxolod maRalman

RmerTman da gangebaman uflisaman gamogarCiaT da aRgiyvanaT Rirsi

mamamTavrisa taxtsa zeda. Tqven gagivliaT didi da metad rTuli

cxovrebis gza, gza eqsoriobisa da gansacdelisa. RvTisgan rCeuli da

xeldasxmuli adamianis cxovreba mudam gamoirCeva sxva moqalaqeTa

cxovrebisagan. vin warmoidgenda imas, rom is axalgazrda Wabuki grigol

sidamoniZe, romelic xels awerda saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

eklesiis avtokefaliis aqtze, momavalSi iqneboda sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarqi? Tqven TviTon SegeZloT amis warmodgena? im dros

51

idumali marjvena RvTisa, faruli yvelasaTvis, ukve iyo Tqven zeda.

uwmideso patriarqo kirion, Cven gvwams, rom dRes ara marto xorciT,

aramed suliTac imyofebi CvenTana. grZnobdi Tu ara, rom is axalgazrda

seminariis studenti, romelsac mokrZalebiT SenTvis mohqonda wignebi,

momavalSi iqneboda Seni memkvidre? Mme mesmis xma idumali. Ddiax, guli

miTqmoda~[27, 3603]

uwmidesma da unetaresma efrem II-m 1963 wels gamosca `axali

aRTqma“, ganaaxla yovelwliuri saeklesio kalendris gamocema. 1963 wels

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo avtokefaliuri eklesia

gawevrianda eklesiaTa msoflio sabWoSi, raTa mas saerTaSoriso

tribuna gamoeyenebina saqarTvelos eklesiis interesebisaTvis. 1962 wlis

agvistoSi Uuwmidesi da unetaresi efrem II sityviT gamovida JenevaSi,

samSvidobo konferenciaze. avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg, es pirveli

SemTxveva iyo, rodesac sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi

sazRvargareT gaemgzavra. amis Semdeg igi levilSi Sexvda qarTuli

emigraciis warmomadgenlebs. uwmidesisa da unetaresis _ efrem II-is dros

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebelma samociqulo eklesiam gaaaqtiura

urTierTobebi marTlmadidebel da aramarTlmadidebel eklesiebTan,

marTlmadidebeli eklesiebis meTaurebisagan principulad moiTxova

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis istoriuli

avtokefaliis aRiareba. patriarqi xSirad stumrobda moskovs, eCmiaZins,

sapasuxo vizitiTac Camodiodnen saqarTveloSi uwmidesi aleqsi I da

somexTa kaTolikosi vazgen I. Uuwmidesma da unetaresma efrem II-m

moaxerxa, gaegrZelebina uwmidesisa da unetaresis _ kalistrates

tradicia mecnierebTan, inteligenciasTan TanamSromlobisa. Tavis

dRiurSi patriarqi werda: `me mjera, cxovreba dawynardeba, maSin

eklesiac sapatio adgils daiWers saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi~.[27, 4773, 32]

uwmidesi da unetaresi efrem II gardaicvala 1972 wlis 8 aprils.

1972 wlis 8 aprilsve Sedga saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis wmida sinodis sxdoma, romelmac urbneli mitropoliti daviTi

(devdariani) saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis mosaydred gamoacxada.

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi efrem II 13 aprils

dakrZales sionis sapatriarqo taZarSi.

52

1972 wlis 1 ivniss TbilisSi gaimarTa saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis me–11 saeklesio kreba, romelmac

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqad airCia urbneli

mitropoliti daviTi. 2 ivniss sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZarSi

Sesrulda uwmidesi da unetaresi daviT V–is aRsaydreba, romelsac

daeswrnen moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patriarqi pimeni, yovelTa

somexTa patriarq–kaTolikosi vazgen I.

kaTolikos–patriarq daviT V–s STambeWdavi sityviT mimarTa cxum

afxazeTis mitropolitma iliam: `qarTvel adamians surs, dainaxos

TqvenSi magaliTi keTili moZRvrisa, mosiyvarule da Tavdadebuli mama,

lampari sarwmunoebisa da yovelive saTnoebisa. Cven gvwams, rom es asec

iqneba, radgan Tqven gaqvT ormocdaaTwliani sulieri cxovrebis didi

gamocdileba. dRes kacTagan miuwvdomelman gangebaman RvTisaman

CagabaraT Tqven sadave Cveni eklesiisa. Tqvens winaSe dReidan aRimarTa

qarTuli eklesiuri da erovnuli problemebi, upirveles yovlisa, Cveni

RvTivdaculi eris sarwmunoebriv–zneobrivi amaRleba. Cveni azriT,

mtkice rwmena da maRali zneoba aris sawindari adamianis bednierebisa.

amas garda, ar unda Sewydes xma Cveni eklesiisa saerTaSoriso

asparezze, sadac Cveni eklesia gamodis, rogorc uZvelesi damoukidebeli

erTeuli. Cvenma eklesiam meti yuradReba unda miaqcios ucxoeTSi

mcxovreb qarTvelebs, romelTac enatrebaT qarTuli ena, qarTuli

locva, mSobliuri miwa, isinic xom saqarTvelos patriarqis sulieri

Svilebi arian... Cvenma eklesiam unda gaaZlieros xma, momwodebeli

mSvidobisa, raTa daemkvidros `qveyanasa zeda mSvidoba da kacTa Soris

saTnoeba“. amisaTvis Tqven gesaWiroebaT ganaTlebuli moZRvrebi,

amisaTvis saWiroa Zlieri sasuliero saswavlebeli, romlis mimarT

Tqveni uwmidesoba gamoiCens mamobriv mzrunvelobas.“[29, 800]. mitropolit

ilias es sityva iyo qarTveli sazogadoebis saukeTeso nawilis

gulisnadebis gamoxatuleba, Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom

sazogadoebis garkveuli nawili ewinaaRmdegeboda mitropolit daviTis

kaTolikos–patriarqad arCevas. Seqmnil dapirispirebas exmianeba me–11

saeklesio krebisadmi Sedgenili mimarTva: `Cven, saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis sinodis wevrebi, aRSfoTebas

gamovxatavT sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis arCevasTan

53

dakavSirebiT Seqmnili mdgomareobis irgvliv, romelic gamoixateba

kerZo Tu koleqtiuri xelmowerili da anonimuri gancxadebebiT,

TavdasxmebiT mosaydre daviT mitropolitisadmi da mravali sxva

arasasiamovno faqtiT. vacxadebT, rom am samwuxaro ambebis moTave da

Camdeni pirebi arian uZvelesi saqarTvelos eklesiis aSkara mtrebi,

romelTac surT mis Sinaur cxovrebaSi Seitanon arev–dareva, Seqmnan

qaosi da dabrkoleba kaTolikos–patriarqis arCevis metad seriozul

sakiTxSi“[27, 3868].

viTareba kidev ufro garTulda, rac, cxadia, xels aZlevda saero

xelisuflebas. maT surdaT Sidasaeklesio dapirispirebis gaRrmaveba da

am dapirispirebaSi mRvdelmTavarTa CarTva. 1972 wlis 10 noembers

maSindeli kirovis raionis prokuraturis warmomadgenelma d. qoriZem

weriliT mimarTa cxum–afxazeTis mitropolit ilias: `gTxovT,

dagviweroT da gamogvigzavnoT axsna–ganmarteba Semdeg sakiTxebze: 1.

Tqveni biografia, 2. ra iciT gansvenebul patriarq efrem II–ze. 3. axali

patriarqis arCevnebi sworad Catarda Tu gaqvT raime SeniSvna. 4.

cnobilia TqvenTvis Tu ara zemdgom organoebSi am sakiTxze Semosuli

saCivrebis ambavi da ra azris brZandebiT amis Sesaxeb?“[27, 3226].

mitropoliti ilia SesaniSnavad grZnobda, ra surda saero

xelisuflebas, amitom prokuraturis warmomadgenels mokle, magram

mravlismetyveli weriliT agrZnobina, rom igi ar apirebda

xelisuflebis mier dagegmil provokaciebSi monawileobas: `baton d.

qoriZes. 1972 wlis 10 noembris Tqven mowerilobaze mogaxsenebT,

yovelgvar TqvenTvis saintereso sakiTxze mimarTeT saqarTvelos

sapatriarqos kancelarias. ilia – cxum–afxazeTis mitropoliti~[27, 3226].

1972–1977 wlebSi oficialurma xelisuflebam kidev ufro gaaZliera

zewola eklesiaze. 1975 wels, aRdgomis dResaswaulze, morwmuneTa

daSinebis mizniT, moxda afeTqebebi sionisa da sveticxovlis taZrebis

ezoSi. mkacri meTvalyureoba dawesda mcxeTis sasuliero seminariis

misaReb kontigentze.

patriarq daviT V–is dros saqarTveloSi oficialuri vizitiT

CamobrZanda bulgareTis patriarqi maqsime, moskovisa da ruseTis

patriarqi pimeni, yovelTa somexTa patriarqi vazgen I. uwmidesi da

unetaresi daviT V stumrobda moskovs, eCmiaZins. patriarqs mZime

54

avadmyofobis gamo bolo wlebSi uWirda Tavisi movaleobis Sesruleba.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia axali problemis

winaSe aRmoCnda: vin unda gamxdariyo saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis axali saWeTmpyrobeli? SeZlebda Tu ara igi

Seqmnili mZime viTarebidan gamosavalis povnas? ra winaaRmdegobebi iyo

gadasalaxavi?

qarTvel morwmune mrevls, sazogadoebas, arCevani gakeTebuli

hqonda axalgazrda, ganaTlebuli mRvdelmTavris, cxum–afxazeTis

mitropolitis ilia RuduSaur–SiolaSvilis sasargeblod, magram

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi iyvnen iseTebic,

romelnic ewinaaRmdegebodnen sazogadoebis swor arCevans...

1977 wlis 9 noembridan 25 dekembramde kidev erTi urTulesi

gamocdis winaSe dadga Cveni dedaeklesia. momavalma Taobebma unda

icodnen im dros Seqmnili viTarebis sruli suraTi, romelic

aRdgenilia saarqivo masalebis safuZvelze, manamde ki aucilebelia

momavali patriarqis bavSvobidan daviwyoT.

55

Tavi II. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis, uwmidesisa da

unetaresis ilia II-is cxovrebis gzis dasawyisi

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi, uwmidesi da

unetaresi ilia II, eriskacobaSi irakli giorgis Ze RuduSauri–

SiolaSvili, moxevea. xevi yovelTvis gansakuTrebul rols asrulebda

saqarTvelos istoriaSi. saukuneTa manZilze moxeveni mtkiced idgnen

kavkasionis gadmosasvlelTan, darialTan, da saqarTvelos mtrebs ar

uSvebdnen qveynis siRrmeSi. V saukunis 40–ian wlebSi mefe vaxtang

gorgasalma ilaSqra Crdilo kavkasiaSi, daamarcxa alan–osebi da Caketa

darialis kari. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, mefis laSqarSi Tavi gamouCenia

snoel RuduSas, romelsac mefem pativiscemis niSnad Svili mounaTla.

RuduSas STamomavlebi _ RuduSaurebi _ gansakuTrebul rols

asrulebdnen xevis cxovrebaSi. XVII saukuneSi xevSi ganTqmuli iyo

Siola RuduSauris saxeli, romlis STamomavlebic SiolaSvilebad

iwodebian. Siolas STamomavlebi arian: Sarambali–suRuta–glaxa–Saqro–

gaga (igive giorgi – uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II-is mama).

xevi cnobilia qristianuli eklesiebis simravliT. myinvarwveris

fonze gergetis sameba waruSlel kvals tovebs mnaxvelze. gasaocari

buneba iSleba samebis taZridan. `SesaZloa imitom, rom me warmoSobiT

mTis kaci var, yvelafers mirCevnia mTis peizaJi. yvelaze Tvalwarmtaci

sanaxaoba CemTvis aris gergetidan wmida samebaSi asvlisas mTis

yvavilebiT mofenili ferdobebis xilva. garSemo saocari silamazea“[30,

370], – aRniSnavs uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II.

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris

erTaderTi damakavSirebeli gza darialze gadioda. XIX saukunis II

naxevris didi qarTveli mwerlis aleqsandre yazbegis (CofikaSvilis)

SemoqmedebaSi mkafiod aisaxa Tavisuflebismoyvare qarTvelebis brZola

damoukideblobisaTvis. qarTvelebisTvis dResac aqtualuria mwerlis

sityvebi, romelic man Tavis gmirs aTqmevina: `ar daiviwyo, rom sadac

Seni mama-papa gaCenila da damarxula, imas gedavebian da ar daanebo!~

56

XIX saukunis 60–ian wlebSi ruseTidan samSobloSi momavalma

`Tergdaleulma“ ilia WavWavaZem ki moxeve lelT Runias piriT

qarTvelobas sanukvari mizani dausaxa - `Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudnes“.

saqarTvelos am gamorCeul kuTxeSi cxovrobdnen momavali

patriarqis mSoblebi: Mmama - giorgi simonis Ze SiolaSvili da deda -

natalia iosebis asuli kobaiZe.

giorgi SiolaSvilis axalSeqmnili ojaxi snoSi damkvidrda. xevSi,

iseve rogorc mTel saqarTveloSi, iwyeboda bolSevikuri eqsperimenti

koleqtivizaciis saxiT. indvidualuri soflis meurneoba azrs kargavda.

sofels gauWirda. giorgi SiolaSvilma 1927 wels ojaxi droebiT

sacxovreblad q. vladikavkazSi (ZaugSi) gadaiyvana, sadac SeiZina saxli.

am qalaqSi XIX saukunis II naxevridan arsebobda mravalricxovani

qarTuli diaspora, romelic sisxlxorceulad iyo dakavSirebuli

dedasamSoblosTan.

giorgi SiolaSvilis ojaxi vladikavkazSi cnobili iyo, rogorc

RvTismoSiSi da Rrmadmorwmune. 1933 wlis 4 ianvars ojaxs axali wevri

Seemata, daibada vaJi, romelsac mamam mefe erekle II–is pativsacemad

irakli daarqva. im dros vladikavkazSi jer kidev iyo wmida ninos

saxelobis qarTuli eklesia, romelic sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda. taZris winamZRvari,

arqimandriti tarasi kandelaki, kaTolikos–patriarq kirion II-is yofili

mdivani, gaWirvebiT, magram mainc axerxebda eklesiis dacvas rogorc

adgilobrivi saero, aseve sasuliero xelisuflebis Semotevebisagan.

patara irakli monaTles wmida ninos saxelobis qarTul

eklesiaSi. misi naTlia _ monazoni zoile dvaliSvili _ didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi mcxeTis dedaTa monastris winamZRvari iyo. naTlias

naTluli xSirad Camohyavda mcxeTaSi. erTxel, sveticxovlobaze, man

ymawvili irakli uwmidessa da unetaress, sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarq kalistratesTan miiyvana da daalocvina igi.

momavali patriarqis mravalricxovani ojaxi (deda, mama, Zmebi: Teimurazi,

SoTa, viqtori, da – nino) yoveldRe loculobda. `ar maxsovs Cemi Tavi

uflisadmi rwmenisa da siyvarulis gareSe... TviT Cemi ojaxi iyo

morwmune da mSoblebi bavSvobidanve gvinergavdnen RvTis siyvaruls.

57

saxlSi mudam gvqonda xatebi, aucileblad enTo kandeli, yovel SabaT–

kviras eklesiaSi davdiodiT,“[30, 375], – ixsenebs misi uwmidesoba.

giorgi SiolaSvilis ojaxi mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli

dedasamSoblosTan, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarq

kalistrate cincaZesTan. es urTierToba kidev ufro gamyarda 1938 wlis

24 Tebervlis Semdeg, rodesac gauqmda vladikavkazis wmida ninos

saxelobis qarTuli eklesia da daiwyo morwmune qarTvelobis devna–

Seviwroeba. `Cemi bavSvoba, – aRniSnavs misi uwmidesoba, – daemTxva

saqarTvelos eklesiisaTvis metad mZime periods. samRvdeloeba

idevneboda, eklesiebi ixureboda. xalxs wirva–locvaze daswrebisa

eSinoda. Cvens saxls xSirad afarebdnen Tavs devnili sasuliero pirebi,

TveobiT rCebodnen isini CvenTan da waruSlel kvals tovebdnen piradad

Cems azrovnebasa da bunebaze.“[30, 14]

giorgi SiolaSvilis ojaxTan megobrobdnen mahmadiani qistebic.

rogorc uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II aRniSnavs, xSirad isini maTi

saxlis stumrebisTvis gamoyofil oTaxSic loculobdnen TavianTi wesis

mixedviT, Semdeg ki stumrebi da maspinZlebi sadilze erTad

ikribebodnen. giorgi da natalia SiolaSvilebis RvawliT, 1947 wels

vladikavkazSi aSenda yovladwmida RvTismSoblis safarvelis saxelobis

eklesia. saqarTvelos sapatriarqo arqivSi daculia masalebi, romlebic

adasturebs am faqts.

1952 wels, uwmidesi da unetaresi kalistrates gardacvalebis

gamo, vladikavkazidan Camovida qarTvelTa saTvistomos delegacia,

romelsac giorgi SiolaSvili xelmZRvanelobda.

patara irakli zafxuls ZiriTadad snoSi, sagvareulo saxlSi,

atarebda, ufrosebisgan ismenda xalxur Tqmulebebs, dadioda snosa da

Trusos xeobebSi, aTvalierebda mravalricxovan cixe–koSkebs, eklesia–

monastrebs... igi 1941 wlis seqtemberSi q. orjonikiZis # 22 saSualo

skolis pirveli klasis moswavle gaxda. ojaxuri tradiciidan

gamomdinare, patara irakli did dros uTmobda wirva–locvebs, Tumca es

xels ar uSlida kargad eswavla saskolo sagnebi. gansakuTrebiT

itacebda istoria, geografia, ucxo ena.

1941 wlis 22 ivniss faSisturi germania Tavs daesxa sabWoTa

kavSirs. germanelTa jarebma pirvel TveebSi moaxerxes sabWoTa kavSiris

58

siRrmeSi SemoWra. 1941 wlis Semodgomaze isini miadgnen moskovs, safrTxe

Seeqmna kavkasias. vladikavkazi frontispira qalaqad iqca. Ggiorgi

SiolaSvilma ojaxi Seqmnil safrTxes ganarida da mSobliur snoSi

Camoiyvana. omis damTavrebis Semdeg irakli SiolaSvilma swavla

ganagrZo vladikavkazis 22-e skolaSi, romelic daamTavra 1952 wels. imave

wlis ivnisSi irakli giorgis Ze SiolaSvilis saxelze Zaujikaus

(orjonikiZe – vladikavkazi) 22–e skolam gasca atestati # 946415.

axalgazrda iraklim gadawyvita, swavla gaegrZelebina moskovis

sasuliero seminariaSi, sadac RvTismetyvelebis SeswavlisaTvis

saukeTeso pirobebi iyo _ gamorCeuli pedagogebi, mdidari biblioTeka,

seminariis zomierad mkacri Sinaganawesi. uwmidesi da unetaresi

siyvaruliTa da madlierebiT ixsenebs Tavis pedagogebs, romelnic

gamoirCeodnen saocari pasuxismgeblobiTa da siyvaruliT studentebis

mimarT.

1956–1960 wlebSi irakli SiolaSvili zagorskis sasuliero

akademiis studentia. saqarTvelos sapatriarqo arqivSi daculi

dokumentebi srul warmodgenas gviqmnis irakli SiolaSvilis moskovis

sasuliero seminariasa da akademiaSi swavlis periodze. I kursis niSnebis

furceli, romelic Sevsebulia 1953 wlis 11 maiss, gvamcnobs, rom irakli

SiolaSvils yvela saganSi aqvs `friadi~, II kursze mxolod berZnulSi

aqvs `4“, III kursze igi kvlav friadosania.[27, 1264, 8265] irakli

SiolaSvilma I kursze swavlis dros sakonkursod waradgina Txzuleba,

romelmac pirveli adgili daimsaxura. gamarjvebuli dajildovda 50

maneTiT mitropolit filaretis fondidan, xolo trocki–sergeevis

lavram mas 30 maneTi gadasca. sapatriarqo arqivSi daculia misi CaTvlis

wignaki (niSnebis furclebi), romelsac xels aweren akademiis inspeqtori

v. sariCevi da mdivani n. muraviovi. akademiis kursdamTavrebul

mRvdelmonazon ilias yvela saganSi friadi aqvs.

akademiaSi swavlis pirvelsave wels irakli SiolaSvilma miiRo

gadawyvetileba, uari eTqva saero cxovrebaze da berad aRkveciliyo. 1957

wlis 16 aprils Tbilisis aleqsandre nevelis saxelobis eklesiaSi,

uwmidesisa da unetaresis melqisedek III-is locva-kurTxeviT, episkoposma

zinobma irakli SiolaSvili berad aRkveca da saxelad uwoda ilia.

rodesac meufe zinobma beradaRkvecili ilia sruliad saqarTvelos

59

kaTolikos-patriarqs, uwmidessa da unetares melqisedek III-s warudgina,

gaxarebulma patriarqma am sityvebiT mimarTa mas: aTi SenisTana rom

myavdes, saqarTvelos eklesias aRaraferi gauWirdebao. 18 aprils sionis

sapatriarqo taZarSi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma,

uwmidesma da unetaresma melqisedek III-m xeli daasxa mas ierodiakvnad.

1959 wlis 10 maiss uwmidesisa da unetaresis melqisedek III-is

werilobiTi nebarTviT ruseTis patriarqma aleqsi I-ma zagorskis wmida

sergis savanis satrapezoSi ierodiakoni ilia mRvdelmonazvnad akurTxa.

sasuliero akademiaSi swavlis dros irakli SiolaSvils kidev

ufro gaumZafrda dedaeklesiisa da samSoblos siyvruli. amis dasturia

misi werili sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis, uwmidesisa da

unetaresis melqisedek III–sadmi. werili imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom

saWirod mimaCnia misi srulad warmodgena: `Tqveno uwmidesobav,

gvakurTxeT... aq, Cven wreSi, vrceldeba xmebi imis Sesaxeb, rom

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia TiTqos dasasruls uaxlovdeba,

radgan: 1) mTeli rigi eparqiebi umoqmedod, mRvdelmTavris gareSea da

arc arsebobs saTanado kadri; 2) RvTismsaxurebis dros eklesiebSi

morwmuneTa daswreba erTob mcirea; 3) saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel

avtokefaliur eklesias ar aqvs seminaria, gamomcemloba, saeklesio

muzeumi, wignsacavi, biblioTeka.

laparakia imis Sesaxeb, rom cxum–afxazeTis eparqiaSi ar iqneba

daSvebuli axlad xeldasxmuli qarTveli mRvdelmTavari (saubaria

episkopos leonide Jvaniaze _ s.v.). da rom mRvdelmTavarTa Soris arian

iseTebic, romlebic araqarTvelTa Sorisac ki avrceleben ubadruk azrs

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis eparqiebis

gamsxvilebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb.

zemoTmoyvanili ZiriTadi problemebis irgvliv Tqvens mier

miRebuli zomebi, saqarTvelos ssr mTavrobis TavmjdomaresTan

Sexvedris CaTvliT, CvenTvis cnobilia, magram zogierTi mware

sinamdvilis gamo vaZlevT Tavs nebas, rom Tqveni yuradReba mivapyroT

Semdeg garemoebas: sabWoTa mTavrobis saTanado dadgenilebis

safuZvelze, ruseTis, ukrainis, somxeTis, sxva mokavSire respublikebSi

arsebobs sasuliero seminaria–akademiebi, xdeba RvTismsaxurebisaTvis

saWiro literaturis gamocema, xatebis gamravleba, eklesia–monastrebis

60

aRdgena–ganaxleba. saqarTvelos eklesias Tu upiratesoba ara aqvs,

gamonakliss mainc ar warmoadgens, mxolod saWiroa am iuridiuli

uflebis adgilobrivi mTavrobis meSveobiT gamoyeneba, saqarTvelos ssr

xelisufalT, arsebuli wesis dacviT, materialuri SesaZleblobis

farglebSi, waredginos werilobiTi saxis ganacxadi saqarTvelos

avtokefaliuri samociqulo eklesiis sasicocxlo sakiTxebis Sesaxeb da

energiulad iqnas moTxovnili pirvel rigSi, seminariis (ara kursebis)

gaxsnis, saWiro literaturis gamocemis, saeklesio muzeumis, wignsacavis

daarsebis, gelaTis, wilknis, nikorwmindis, yazbegis, ananuris, goris

eklesiebSi RvTismsaxurebis uflebis aRdgena–ganaxlebis Sesaxeb...

saqarTvelos eklesiis da misi meTauris mtersa da orguls Cvens pirad

mtrad vTvliT, magram ganuxorcielebeli gandidebis survilis gamo

ganawyenebulni, patriarqis SorsmWvreteli gonebis TvaliT da keTili

nebiT, SeiZleba Cayenebul iqnan saqarTvelos eklesiis sakeTildReo

saqmianobaSi.

qarTveli eris siamaye, siwminde da dideba `sveticxoveli“ ara

marto Cveni xalxis, aramed ucxoelTa yuradRebasac imsaxurebs da amis

gamo mis wmida midamoebSi Tqveni locva–kurTxeviT saeklesio muzeum–

wignsacavis gaxsna yovelmxriv gamarTlebuli iqneboda. Tqveni

mowodebiT, mosaxleobaSi gabneuli istoriuli Tu siZveleTa dacvis

TvalsazrisiT bevri didmniSvnelovani saeklesio daniSnulebis nivTi,

wigni, wmida xatebi, jvari da sxva aRmoCndeboda eklesiis sakuTrebaSi,

e.i. daculi iqneboda SesaZlebeli ganadgurebisagan. mzad varT am didi

saqmisaTvis gaviRoT piradi biblioTekac. saaRdgomo ardadegebisaTvis

SesaZloa veaxloT Tqvens uwmidesobas da Tqveni miTiTebiTa da locva–

kurTxeviT, arsebuli wesis dacviT, sadResaswaulo qadagebebiT

mivmarToT morwmune sazogadoebas. Rrma pativiscemiT geamborebiT da

gamoviTxov Tqvens wmida locva–kurTxevas. i. SiolaSvili, zagorski 1957

wlis 12 Tebervali“.[25, 2718]

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis umZimesi

mdgomareoba mosvenebas ukargavda axalgazrda students da aseTi Tamami,

magram samarTliani gancxadebiT mimarTavda igi uwmidessa da unetaress

melqisedek III–s.

61

zagorskis sasuliero akademiaSi swavlis dros mRvdelmonazonma

iliam sakvalifikacio Temad airCia `aTonis iverTa monastris istoria“.

rusulenovani masalebis moZiebisa da damuSavebis Semdeg igi Sexvda

zagorskis akademiis reqtors dekanoz k. ruJikcis da sTxova mieca

nebarTva, rom ramdenime TviT wamosuliyo saqarTveloSi qarTulenovani

literaturis srulad Seswavlis mizniT. 1959 wlis 4 ivnisiTaa

daTariRebuli reqtor k. ruJickis momarTva saqarTvelos erovnuli

biblioTekis, centraluri arqivis, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

xelmZRvanelobis saxelze, raTa TavianTi dawesebulebebis

biblioTekebSi, wignsacavebsa da xelnawerTa ganyofilebaSi samuSaod

daeSvaT sasuliero akademiis IV kursis studenti mRvdelmonazoni ilia

(irakli giorgis Ze SiolaSvili). mRvdelmonazonma iliam ramdenime Tve

imuSava Tbilisis biblioTekebSi, qarTveli mecnierebisagan miiRo

rCevebi.

1960 wlis ivnisSi zagorskis akademiaSi Sedga misi sakvalifikacio

naSromis sajaro dacva. oficialurma oponentebma _ profesorebma n.

muraviovma da a. georgievskim _ maRali Sefaseba misces warmodgenil

naSroms. moskovis zagorskis sasuliero akademiis reqtorma sagangebo

weriliT mimarTa moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patriarqs uwmides

aleqsi I-s, raTa saukeTeso naSromisaTvis daejildoebina

RvTismetyvelebis kandidati, mRvdelmonazoni ilia. saqarTvelos

sapatriarqo arqivSi daculia zagorskis akademiis mier mRvdelmonazon

ilia SiolaSvilis saxelze gacemuli warCinebis diplomi, romelsac

xels aweren: akademiis reqtori, dekanozi k. ruJicki, inspeqtori,

arqimandriti pitirimi, mdivani a. ostapovi.[27, 1264, 826]

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II avtobiografiaSi aRiSnavs:

`sasuliero akademiis samecniero sabWom daadgina, me vyofiliyavi

datovebuli akademiaSi profesorTa stipendiatad, magram Cemi eris

siyvarulma mimatovebina es yvelaferi da momiyvana saqarTveloSi.“[27,

1264, 826,8]. igi eaxla uwmidessa da unetaress, sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqs efrem II–s da aseTi gancxadebiT mimarTa: `Tqveno

uwmidesobav! gacnobebT, rom 1960 wels davamTavre moskovis sasuliero

akademia. gTxovT, momceT samsaxuri, gamgzavnoT iq, sadac Tqven scnobT

saWirod.“[27, 1264. 826, 10]. uwmidesma da unetaresma efrem II-m

62

mRvdelmonazoni ilia baTumis sakaTedro taZris mRvdelmsaxurad

daniSna.

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II–is mier Sedgenil avtobiografiaSi

vkiTxulobT: `1960 wlis 19 dekembers uwmidesisa da unetaresi efrem II-is

mier aRyvanil viyavi iRumenis xarisxSi, 1961 wlis 16 seqtembers _

arqimandritis pativSi“[31, 1264, 2265]. 1963 wlis 23 agvistos sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis _ efrem

II-is TavmjdomareobiT Sedga saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis wmida sinodis sxdoma, romelmac baTumis wmida nikolozis

sakaTedro taZris winamZRvris moadgile, arqimandriti ilia, gamoarCia

Semoqmedel episkoposad. axali episkoposis xeldasxma Sesrulda kviras,

25 agvistos, sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZarSi. arqimandrit ilias

episkoposad kurTxevas eswrebodnen: sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi efrem II, urbneli mitropoliti daviTi

(devdariani), quTaTel–gaenaTeli mitropoliti naomi (SavianiZe), cxum–

afxazeTis episkoposi leonide (Jvania), stefanavaneli episkoposi zinobi

(maJuga).

mravalmxriv sayuradReboa sityva, romelic arqimandritma iliam

Semoqmedel episkoposad kurTxevis Jams warmoTqva: `Tqveno uwmidesobav!

Tqveno maRalyovladusamRvdeloesobav, Tqveno yovladusamRvdeloesobav,

RvTivgangrZnobilno mwyemsmTavarno da moZRvarno! nebiTa RmrTisaTa da

brZanebiTa Tqvenisa uwmidesobis da unetaresobis kaTolikosisTanai

samRvdelo sinodis saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa,

mowodebul var mRvdelmTavrobis madlis misaRebad samsaxurisaTvis.

CemTvis friad Znelia, gamovTqva Sinagani sulieri gancdani da

mRelvarebani, romliTac var axla garemoculi, am CemTvis metad

saRmrTo da saidumlo Jams. vgrZnob SiSsa da Zrwolas, magram, amave

dros, sulier sixaruls da imeds, SiSsa da Zrwolas ganvicdi, radgan

ar vgrZnob Tavs saamisod momzadebulad. ukeTu xanSi Sesuli

xvavbaraqiani didi pavle mociquli ityvis: `viqadi mxolod uZlurebiTa

CemiTao“. me arRara meTqmis am siWabukis wlebSi, romel welTa simcires

ar moucia CemTvis saamiso gamocdileba, magram mZime gancdebis dros

manugeSebs da mamxnevebs is madli RvTisa, romelic unda gardamovides

Cems uZlurebas zeda Tqveni saRmrTo marjvenis xeldasxmiT. me mwams, rom

63

is, romelic aris dasabami da dasasruli yovlisa arsisa, is, romelic

gardamoxda zeciT dacemuli kacis aRsadgenad, SemaZlebinebs keTilad

warvmarTo es didi samsaxuri. Tu TaviT TvisiT kacs ver ZaluZs miRebad

am pativisa, mieniWeba mxolod RvTis mier mowodebul (ebraelTa 5,4)...

RmerTi Seeweva da gauwevs mfarvelobas im kacs, romelic Rrmad

morwmunea da guli gamTbari aqvs RvTisa da kacis siyvaruliT. RmerTi

mianiWebs sibrZnes da gulisxmayofasa mas, romelsac aqvs SiSi RvTisa.

amisTana kaczed ityvis brZeni solomoni: `dasabami sibrZnisa SiSi RvTisa

ars“, xolo mRvdelmTavars mudam sWirdeba sibrZne RvTiuri, gonebiT

iyves brZeni da maRali, xolo cxovrebiT _ ubralo da mdabali. iyves

erTguli daraji qristes eklesiisa, iyves Semosili ubiwo cxovrebiT,

viTarca brZanebs mociquli pavle. sityvisamebr brZeni solomonisa,

`romelic vals ubiwod, igi vals uSiSrad“. vxedav ra yovelive amaSi

Seuryevels nebas RvTisa, Tavmdablad movixri suliersa da xorciels

qedsa Cemsa Tqvens winaSe.

mamamTavarTa mamamTavaro! wmida yovladsamRvdelono da mamano da

esreT vqadageb: gmadlobT, morCil var brZanebisa Tqvenisa da araras

mciresa winaaRmdgomsa vityvi. gevedrebiT, Tqveno uwmidesobav da

yovladsamRvdelono, odes damdebT cxovelmyofeli sulis momniWebelTa

xelTa TqvenTa, mrCobil aRvavlendeT winaSe RvTisa locvaTa TqvenTa,

raTa gardamosulman sulman wmidaman aRavsos yovelive naklovanebani

Cemni, raTa viqmne saxed morwmuneTa sityviT svliT, siyvaruliT,

siwmidiT, raTa Jams meored mosvlisasa mokrZalebiT garna kadnierebiT

warvsdge winaSe marTalsa msajulisa gancxadebad: `aha esera, me da

yrmani, romelni momcna me RmerTman“ (ebraelTa 2.13). amin“[31, 1264, 8265]

episkoposi ilia dainiSna sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqis qorepiskoposad. masve daevala 1963 wlidan mcxeTis samoZRvro

kursebis xelmZRvaneloba. axalgazrda mRvdelmTavari energiulad

Seudga mcxeTis samoZRvro kursebis sasuliero seminariad

gadakeTebisaTvis niadagis momzadebas. akademiaSi miRebulma farTo

ganaTlebam mas saSualeba misca, maRal doneze daeyenebina rogorc

disciplina, aseve _ saswavlo procesi. Semoqmedelma episkoposma da

saswavleblis direqtorma seminariaSi samuSaod miiwvia cnobili

mecnierebi, Seadgines saswavlo programebi, saleqcio konspeqtebi,

64

sistematurad tardeboda pedsabWos sxdomebi. igi saswavlebelSi momxdar

mniSvnelovan RonisZiebebs uTanxmebda uwmidessa da unetaress efrem II–s.

`Tqveno uwmidesobav, gvakurTxeT, zeg saSobaoT studentebs vuSvebT

ardadegebze. xval, 12 saaTze, vfiqrob pedsabWos mowvevas. CvenTvis metad

sasiamovno da sasargeblo iqneba, Tu CamobrZandebiT da daeswrebiT.

episkoposi ilia.“

uwmidesi efrem II pedsabWos yvela sxdomas eswreboda. mcxeTis

sasuliero seminaria Semoqmedeli episkoposis ilias Tavdadebuli

SromiT Rirseul saswavleblad iqca. man moaxerxa saswavleblis winaSe

arsebuli uamravi problemis gadalaxva. mcxeTis sasuliero seminariis

avtoritetze metyvelebda is faqti, rom aqaur kursdamTavrebulebs

ugamocdod iRebdnen zagorskis sasuliero akademiaSi. meufe ilia,

SemdegSi uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II, yovelTvis pativiscemiT

ixsenebda zagorskis akademias, akademia ki amayobda Tavisi

kursdamTavrebuliT. 1978 wlis 16 Tebervals zagorskis sasuliero

akademiis samecniero sabWom igi Tavis sapatio wevrad airCia. patriarqi

moskovSi vizitisas aucileblad stumrobs xolme zagorskis akademias.

1963–1967 wlebSi meufe ilia moRvaweobda Semoqmedis eparqiaSi,

xolo 1967 wlis 1 seqtembridan sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresi efrem II-is locva–kurTxeviT,

episkoposi ilia gadayvanil iqna cxum–afxazeTis eparqiis mmarTvelad.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi cxum–

afxazeTis eparqia erT–erTi yvelaze rTuli eparqia iyo. XIX saukuneSi,


gauqmebis Semdeg, ruseTis saimperatoro xelisufleba gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobas aniWebda cxum–afxazeTis eparqiaSi ruseTis eklesiuri

interesebis ganmtkicebas. daiwyo eparqiidan qarTveli sasuliero pirebis

gamoZeveba da maTi rusebiT Canacvlebis procesi. XX saukunis dasawyisSi,


aRdgenisaTvis brZolis gaaqtiurebis fonze, ruseTis xelisuflebam

scada soxumis eparqiis saqarTvelos saegzarqosodan gamoyofa, magram

afxazeTis qarTvelobis winaaRmdegobis gamo es ver moaxerxa.


aRdgenis Semdeg cxum–afxazeTis eparqiis rusulma samrevloebma,

65

ruseTis eklesiis xelSewyobiT, uari ganacxades, damorCilebodnen

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis iurisdiqcias,

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis mier daniSnul cxum–afxazeTis

qarTvel mRvdelmTavrebs. viTareba kidev ufro garTulda XX saukunis

20–30–ian wlebSi, rodesac adgilobrivi separatistuli tendenciebis

matarebeli partiuli xelmZRvaneloba, qveyanaSi arsebuli saerTo

antireligiuri brZolis fonze, kidev ufro aviwroebda qarTvel

sasuliero pirebs, eparqiis mRvdelmTavrebs. 1937 wels daapatimres da

gadaasaxles cxum–afxazeTis mitropoliti varlam maxaraZe (igi 1944

wels gadasaxlebaSi gardaicvala). viTareba SedarebiT gamosworda 1943

wlis Semdeg, rodesac ruseTis eklesiam oficialurad aRiara

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis teritoriuli

avtokefalia. cxum–afxazeTis eparqiis rusulenovani samRvdeloeba

iZulebuli gaxda, Serigeboda Seqmnil viTarebas.

1938–1952 wlebSi cxum–afxazeTis eparqias ganagebda mitropoliti

antoni (gigineiSvili), 1957–1964 wlebSi ki _ episkoposi leonide (Jvania).

am dros eparqiaSi moqmedi iyo 7 eklesia: soxumis wmida nikolozis,

Tavisuflebis, sasaflaos eklesia, iloris wmida giorgis, lixnis,

uspenskis, gagris samlocvelo saxli. RvTismsaxurTa umravlesoba

araqarTveli iyo. wirva–locva rusul enaze sruldeboda. mdgomareoba

arc 1965–1967 wlebSi Secvlila, rodesac eparqias mitropoliti

romanozi (petriaSvili) ganagebda. aseTi eparqia Caibara 1967 wels

episkoposma iliam. afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis religiis saqmeTa

rwmunebuli iyo gaafxazebuli qarTveli a. lagvilava, romelic

yvelanairad aviwroebda sasuliero pirebs, morwmune mrevls. erT–erT

saidumlo werilSi, romelic man sabWoTa kavSiris religiis saqmeTa

komitetis Tavmjdomaris saxelze gagzavna, igi werda, rom aucilebeli

iyo sofel kamanSi meRoreobis an mefrinveleobis fermis aSeneba. `amiT

dakavdeba is farTobi, romelsac wminda adgilad cnoben da, amave dros,

adgili aRar eqneba morwmuneTa masobriv Sesvlas wyalSi

gansakurneblad“[23, 1880, 1, 29], _atyobinebda igi komisiis Tavmjdomares.

cxum–afxazeTis episkoposma iliam moaxerxa mrevlis Semokreba. Tu

mis mRvdelmTavrobamde mxolod 2 qarTveli sasuliero piri moRvaweobda

eparqiaSi, 1975 wels isini ukve Tormetni gaxdnen. es iyo meufe ilias

66

Sors gamiznuli politika, aseT viTarebaSi afxazi separatistebi ver

moaxerxebdnen cxum–afxazeTis eparqiaSi Tavisi miznebis ganxorcielebas.

1969 wlis 17 maiss uwmidesma da unetaresma, sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqma efrem II-m episkoposi ilia mitropolitis

xarisxSi aiyvana. 1972 wels saqarTvelos eklesiis winaSe didi

damsaxurebisaTvis man miiRo meore panaRiis tarebis ufleba, xolo 1975

wels _ skufiaze briliantis jvris tarebis ufleba. mitropoliti ilia

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis saxed iqca.

samwuxarod, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi

iyvnen adamianebi, romelnic yvelanairad cdilobdnen mitropolit

iliasaTvis xelis SeSlas. 1972 wlis 26 maiss igi iZulebuli gaxda,

piradi gancxadebis safuZvelze, daetovebina mcxeTis sasuliero

seminariis reqtoris Tanamdeboba. Mmitropoliti ilia gulaxdilad

werda reqtorobidan wasvlis mizezebze. `rogorc mogexsenebaT, –

mimarTavda mitropoliti ilia wmida sinods, – 1963 wlidan misi

uwmidesobisa da unetaresobis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqis efrem II–is didi SromiTa da mecadineobiT, mcxeTaSi gaixsna

sasuliero seminaria, romlis xelmZRvanelad viyavi daniSnuli. es iyo

axali didi saqme, romelsac sWirdeboda didi energia da gamocdileba.

arc me da arc maswavleblebi ar viSurebdiT Zalas seminariis

gaZlierebisa da ganmtkicebisaTvis. am wlebis ganmavlobaSi Cven SevxvdiT

bevr winaaRmdegobasa da siZneles. miuxedavad amisa, Cven SevZeliT

saswavlebeli myar niadagze dagveyenebina. ar uarvyof imas, rom

seminariis kursdamTavrebulTagan yvelam ver gaamarTla Cveni imedebi da

ver gamoiCina moZRvris maRali Tvisebebi... miuxedavad zogierTi

arasasurveli faqtisa, Cven vxedavT, rom kursdamTavrebulTa umetesi

nawili Tavdadebulad emsaxureba saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis taZrebs. gulistkiviliT unda mogaxsenoT, rom am

cxra wlis ganmavlobaSi, daxmarebis nacvlad mesmoda mxolod

kritika.“[31, 1264, 8265] damafiqrebeli iyo yovelive es.

viTareba kidev ufro garTulda 1976–1977 wlebSi. am dros

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis wmida sinodis

wevrebi iyvnen: TeTriwyaroeli mitropoliti zinobi (maJuga), cxum–

afxazeTis mitropoliti ilia (SiolaSvili), baTum–Semoqmedeli

67

mitropoliti romanozi (petriaSvili), wilkneli mitropoliti gaiozi

(keratiSvili), mangleli episkoposi giorgi (RonRaZe), alaverdeli

episkoposi grigoli (cercvaZe), bodbeli episkoposi ilarioni (samxaraZe).

ierarqiulobis mixedviT, qarTvel mRvdelmTavarTa Soris upiratesi iyo

cxum–afxazeTis mitropoliti ilia, romelic iTvleboda sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis mosaydred, magram 1977 wlis 10

seqtembers mitropolit ilias sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresi daviT V–is mdivanma g. mSvidobaZem

aseTi Sinaarsis werili gaugzavna: `mis maRalyovladusamRvdeloesobas,

mitropolit ilias. gacnobebT, rom kaTolikos–patriarqis, daviT V–is

brZanebiT, mis maRalyovladusamRvdeloesobas, mitropolit romanozs,

mieca pirveli adgili mitropolitTa Soris.“[32, 2, 1229]

68

Tavi III. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

me–12 saeklesio kreba, mitropolit ilias sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqad arCeva–aRsaydreba

1977 wlis 9 noembers, dilis 9 saaTze, xangrZlivi, mZime

avadmyofobis Semdeg gardaicvala sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqi, mcxeTa–Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposi, uwmidesi da unetaresi

daviT V (devdariani). saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

avtokefaliuri eklesiis tradiciis Tanaxmad, romelic asaxulia 1945

wels damtkicebul saqarTvelos eklesiis marTva–gamgeobis debulebaSi,

kaTolikos–patriarqis mZime avadmyofobis an gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi

wmida sinodis yvela wevri ikribeba sapatriarqo rezidenciaSi da,

kaTolikos–patriarqis mdivnis TandaswrebiT, xsnis specialur seifs,

romelSic inaxeba gansvenebuli kaTolikos–patriarqis werilobiTi

gankarguleba kaTolikos–patriarqis mosaydris (movaleobis

Semsruleblis) Taobaze. 9 noembers, dilis 10 saaTidan 19 saaTamde, wmida

sinodis wevrebi _ cxum-afxazeTis mitropoliti ilia, TeTriwyaroeli

mitropoliti zinobi, wilkneli mitropoliti gaiozi, alaverdeli

episkoposi grigoli, mangleli episkoposi giorgi, bodbeli episkoposi

ilarioni _ elodebodnen baTum–Semoqmedel da Wyondidel mitropolit

romanozs, magram igi ar Camovida TbilisSi.

sinodis wevrTa umravlesobis gadawyvetilebiT wmida sinodi

muSaobas Seudga. rogorc gairkva, ar arsebobda uwmidesisa da

unetaresi daviT V–is werilobiTi gankarguleba kaTolikos-patriarqis

mosaydris vinaobis Sesaxeb. 1945 wels damtkicebuli eklesiis marTva-

gamgeobis debulebis Tanaxmad, aseT SemTxvevaSi kaTolikos-patriarqis

mosaydred qirotoniiT uxucesi mRvdelmTavari cxaddeba, romelsac

amtkicebs wmida sinodi. TiTqmis yvelaferi garkveuli iyo. sinodis

sxdomis Tavmjdomared arCeul iqna cxum–afxazeTis mitropoliti ilia,

mdivnad _ bodbeli episkoposi ilarioni.

69

damtkicda wmida sinodis muSaobis dRis wesrigi: 1. sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis mosaydris arCeva; 2. sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis uwmidesisa da unetaresis _ daviT

V–is dakrZalvasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. wmida sinodis sxdomaze

TeTriwyaroelma mitropolitma zinobma, manglelma episkoposma giorgim,

alaverdelma episkoposma grigolma mxari dauWires cxum––afxazeTis

mitropolit ilias sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis

mosaydred arCevas. wilknelma mitropolitma gaiozma ar dauWira mxari

wamoyenebul kandidaturas da kaTolikos-patriarqis mosaydred

daasaxela baTum–Semoqmedeli da Wyondideli mitropoliti romanozi.

xmaTa umravlesobiT cxum–afxazeTis mitropoliti ilia arCeul iqna

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis mosaydred.

sinodma ganaCina: 1. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis,

uwmidesi da unetaresi daviT V-is damkrZalavi komisiis Tavmjdomared

dainiSnos sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis mosaydre,

mitropoliti ilia; 2. uwmidesi da unetaresi daviT V daikrZalos sionis

sapatriarqo taZarSi 1977 wlis 15 noembers; 3. wmida sinodis sxdomis

gadawyvetilebani oficialurad ecnobos msoflios marTlmadidebel da

aramarTlmadidebel eklesiaTa meTaurebs, saero xelisuflebas.

wmida sinodis gadawyvetilebani miuRebeli aRmoCnda saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis zogierTi maRalierarqisaTvis,

romelTac scades wmida sinodis gadawyvetilebaTa gadasinjva. Seqmnili

rTuli viTarebis sruli suraTi kargadaa asaxuli saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis wmida sinodis 1977 wlis 12

noembris sagangebo sxdomis mier miRebul gancxadebaSi: `saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli avtokefaliuri samociqulo eklesia Tavis marTva–

gamgeobaSi xelmZRvanelobs debulebiT, romelic miRebuli iyo 1945 wlis

28 marts da romlis Secvla Sedis mxolod saeklesio krebis

kompentenciaSi. 1977 wlis 9 noembers gardaicvala sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi daviT V. gardacvalebis win

igi mZimed avadmyofobda ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi. am dros TbilisSi

imyofeboda yvela mRvdelmTavari, garda baTum–Semoqmedeli da

Wyondideli mitropolitis _ romanozisa da alaverdeli episkoposis _

grigolisa. 8 noembers, dRis 15 saaTze, sruliad saqarTvelos

70

kaTolikos–patriarqis mdivanma grigol mSvidobaZem maT daugzavna

depeSebi, romliTac atyobinebda patriarqis avadmyofobas da sTxovda,

saswrafod Camosuliyvnen TbilisSi.

9 noembers, dilis 9 saaTze, kaTolikos–patriarqi daviT V

gardaicvala. 10 saaTze CamobrZanda alaverdeli episkoposi grigoli.

rogorc saeklesio marTva–gamgeobis debulebis 21–e paragrafis me–2

SeniSvnaSia miTiTebuli, kaTolikos–patriarqis gardacvalebis an mZime

avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi, saeklesio marTva–gamgeobisaTvis mis adgils

iWers is mRvdelmTavari, romlis Sesaxebac kaTolikos–patriarqis

mdivanTan inaxeba misi uwmidesobisa da unetaresobis werilobiTi

gankarguleba, magram aseTi gankarguleba ar aRmoCnda da saWiro Seiqmna,

saswrafod mowveuliyo wmida sinodis sxdoma. 9 noembers, mTeli dRis

ganmavlobaSi, sinodi elodeboda baTum-Semoqmedeli da Wyondideli

mitropolitis romanozis CamobrZanebas, magram, radgan igi ar

CamobrZanebula da arc raime cnoba mosula misgan, saRamos 19 saaTze,

wmida sinodis wevrTa umravlesobis gadawyvetilebiT, Sedga sinodis

oficialuri sxdoma, romelsac unda aerCia sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqis mosaydre da gadaewyvita uwmidesi da unetaresi

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis _ daviT V–is

dakrZalvasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi.

sinodis sxdomaze erTxmad iqnen arCeuli: sxdomis Tavmjdomared

cxum-afxazeTis mitropoliti ilia, mdivnad _ bodbeli episkoposi

ilarioni. rodesac sinodis sxdomaze daisva sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarqis mosaydris arCevis sakiTxi, kandidatad

dasaxelebuli iyo cxum-afxazeTis mitropoliti ilia, romelsac

mxolod wilknelma mitropolitma gaiozma ar dauWira mxari da

wamoayena baTum-Semoqmedeli da Wyondideli mitropolitis _ romanozis

kandidatura. rac Seexeba danarCen mRvdelmTavrebs, maT erTxmad

dauWires mxari mitropolit ilias. episkopos ilarions surda Tavi

Seekavebina xmis micemisagan, magram radgan amis ufleba ara hqonda

saeklesio marTva–gamgeobis debulebis me–16 muxlis Tanaxmad, amitom xma

misca mitropolit ilias.

9 noembers Catarebuli wmida sinodis sxdoma iyo kanonieri,

saeklesio marTva-gamgeobis debulebis me–15 muxlis dacviT, sadac

71

naTqvamia: `sinodis sxdoma kanonieria, Tu mas daeswreba Tavmjdomare da

mowveul wevrTa naxevari“, xolo sxdomas eswreboda ara Tu naxevari,

aramed yvela wevri, garda erTisa (mitropolit romanozisa). amitom

mitropolit romanozis, mitropolit gaiozisa da episkopos ilarionis

gancxadeba, romelSic isini amtkiceben, TiTqosda TviTneburad iyo

mowveuli sinodis sxdoma, romelzec cxum-afxazeTis mitropolitma

iliam Tavi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis mosaydred

gamoacxada, usafuZvloa. wmida sinodis sxdoma kanonier safuZvelze

Catarda da mitropolit ilias Tavi ki ar gamoucxadebia mosaydred,

aramed aseTi iyo sinodis wevrTa umravlesobis gadawyvetileba.

10 noembers TbilisSi Camosuli mitropoliti romanozi

sapatriarqoSi gamocxadda mogvianebiT da ganacxada, rom igi, rogorc

uxucesi mRvdelmTavari da Wyondideli mitropoliti, ierarqiuli

pativiT yvela mRvdelmTavarze maRla dgas da amis safuZvelze moiTxova

kaTolikos–patriarqis mosaydris Tanamdeboba. rogorc saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis marTva–gamgeobis debulebis 23–e

muxlis me–2 SeniSvnaSia aRniSnuli, `mwyemsmTavarni pativdebul iqnebian

qirotoniis uxucesobis mixedviT“. es imas niSnavs, rom is sasuliero

piri iTvleba uxuces mRvdelmTavrad, romelic ufro adre iyo nakurTxi

episkoposis xarisxSi. mitropoliti ilia episkoposad nakurTxi iyo 1963

wlis 25 agvistos, xolo mitropoliti romanozi _ 1965 wlis 21

Tebervals; mitropolitis xarisxi ilias mieniWa 1969 wels, romanozs _

1972 wels; rac Seexeba eparqiis, an asakis (mitropoliti romanozi 1977

wels iyo 90 wlis) mixedviT uxucesobas, es araa gaTvaliswinebuli

marTva-gamgeobis debulebaSi.

wmida sinodi sinanuliT aRniSnavs mitropolit romanozis,

mitropolit gaiozis, episkopos ilarionis gancxadebis usafuZvlobas,

TiTqos mitropolit ilias mosaydreoba dauSvebelia imitom, rom igi

dabadebulia saqarTvelos sazRvrebis iqiT, Crdilo oseTis avtonomiuri

olqis q. orjonikiZeSi. jer erTi, saeklesio marTva–gamgeobis debulebis

mixedviT, am faqts ara aqvs araviTari mniSvneloba da, meorec,

mitropoliti ilia da misi mSoblebi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis wevrebi iyvnen mudam, radgan orjonikiZeSi

arsebobda qarTuli eklesia, romelic eqvemdebareboda saqarTvelos

72

sapatriarqos da Tavad mitropoliti ilia monaTlulia am eklesiaSi

arqimandrit tarasi kandelakis mier, romelic SemdegSi gaxda wilkneli

episkoposi da dakrZalulia sveticxovlis galavanSi.

mitropolitma romanozma, mitropolitma gaiozma da episkoposma

ilarioma agreTve ganacxades, rom maT SeuZliaT akurTxon axali

episkoposebi, daugzavnon depeSebi msoflio saeklesio centrebs imis

Sesaxeb, rom TiTqos Catarebuli sinodis sxdoma iyo arakanonieri da

mosaydrec arCeuli iyo ukanonod.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis wmida sinodi

Tvlis, rom maTi aseTi antieklesiuri da kanonTa sawinaaRmdego

moqmedeba did zians ayenebs saeklesio cxovrebis normalur

mimdinareobas“[23, 1880, 1, 310, 8-9]

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis SigniT

arsebuli daZabuloba igrZnoboda uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis daviT V-is dakrZalvis dResac (1977

wlis 15 noembers) sionis sapatriarqo taZarSi, sadac wiravda sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis mosaydre, cxum-afxazeTis

mitropoliti ilia. Tanamwirvelni iyvnen smolenskisa da kaliningradis

mitropoliti aleqsi (ruseTis patriarqi aleqsi II), qsanTiis

mitropoliti antoniosi, TeTriwyaroeli mitropoliti zinobi, mangleli

episkoposi giorgi, alaverdeli episkoposi grigoli, zarais episkoposi

iosi. wirvas eswreboda yovelTa somexTa patriarq–kaTolikosi vazgen I.

wirvis dasrulebis Semdeg gansvenebul patriarqs sityviT mimarTa

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis mosaydrem, cxum-afxazeTis

mitropolitma iliam: `dRes Cven locviTa da cremliT vacilebT Cvens

mamamTavars, romlis ukvdavi suli moevlina im wiaRs, sadac ganisveneben

Cveni didni kaTolikos–patriarqni: kirioni, leonide, ambrosi,

qristefore, kalistrate, melqisedeki da efremi... mimdinare weliwadi

misTvis iyo saiubileo – mas Seusrulda samRvdelo xarisxSi ayvanidan

50 weli. am xnis ganmavlobaSi mas ganucdia araerTi sasixarulo dRe,

RvTisagan moniWebuli, magram masTan erTad mas mravaljer Seusvams

simwrisa da mwuxarebis fiala. am did adamians dRes emSvidobeba

qarTveli eri, Cveni daoblebuli eklesia.“[31, 1263, 2266]

73

uwmidesi da unetaresi daviT V dakrZales sionis sapatriarqo

taZarSi...

1977 wlis 16 noembers, dRis 12 saaTze, daiwyo saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis wmida sinodis sxdoma, romelsac

eswrebodnen: sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis mosaydre,

cxum-afxazeTis mitropoliti ilia (SiolaSvili), TeTriwyaroeli

mitropoliti zinobi (maJuga), baTum–Semoqmedeli da Wyondideli

mitropoliti romanozi (petriaSvili), wilkneli mitropoliti gaiozi

(keratiSvili), mangleli episkoposi giorgi (RonRaZe), alaverdeli

episkoposi grigoli (cercvaZe), bodbeli episkoposi ilarioni (samxaraZe).

sxdomas, sinodis wevrTa mowveviT, oqmis Sesadgenad eswreboda

kaTolikos–patriarqis mdivani grigol mSvidobaZe.

`dRis wesrigi: 1. mosaydre mitropolit ilias moskovSi

gamgzavrebis mizezi da iqauri TaTbiris Sinaarsis moxseneba; 2. wilkneli

mitropolitis gaiozis mier mTavrobis saxelze gagzavnili teqstis

ganxilva; 3.. saeklesio krebisa da kaTolikos–patriarqis intronizaciis

(aRsaydrebis) TariRis dadgena; 4. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqad asarCevi kandidatis dasaxeleba.

pirvel sakiTxze sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis

mosaydre mitropolitma iliam sinods moaxsena zagorskSi religiis

moRvaweTa TaTbiris Sesaxeb, sadac dagmobil iqna neitronuli bombis

momzadebisa da gavrcelebis ganzraxva.

meore sakiTxze wilknelma mitropolitma gaiozma waikiTxa

mTavrobis saxelze gagzavnili gancxadebis sruli teqsti.

gadawyda, me-12 saeklesio kreba gaimarTos 1977 wlis 23 dekembers.

axladarCeuli sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis

intronizacia (aRsaydreba) Sesruldes 25 dekembers sveticxovlis

sapatriarqo taZarSi.

meoTxe sakiTxze sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqad

asarCev kandidatad manglelma episkoposma giorgim daasaxela cxum–

afxazeTis mitropoliti ilia. mas mxari dauWires alaverdelma

episkoposma grigolma, TeTriwyaroelma mitropolitma zinobma.

mitropolitma romanozma ar daasaxela kandidati da moiTxova, aerCiaT

74

axali mosaydre. mitropoliti gaiozi ar scnobs sinodis sxdomas

kanonierad. episkoposi ilarioni ar asaxelebs patriarqobis kandidats.

mosaydre mitropoliti ilia Tanxmobas acxadebs sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqobis kandidatad mis dasaxelebaze.“[23,

1880, 1, 310, 10-11]

movlenebis ufro gamZafrebas gvamcnobs alaverdeli episkoposis

grigolis (cercvaZe) Canawerebi: `1977 wlis 17 noembers CemTan, eklesiaSi,

movida ucnobi axovani axalgazrda, gamomiZaxa, TqvenTan calke saubari

msurso... wamoiwyo saubari: sinodi, romelic guSin Sedga, mTavrobis mier

gauqmebuliao, mTavrobas ar surs cxum–afxazeTis mitropolit ilias

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqad arCevao... mas surda Cemi

dayolieba, uari meTqva sinodis sxdomaze Cems mier wamoyenebul

kandidatze. me vupasuxe, rac sinodze gadawyda, imas xazi ar gadaesmeva-

meTqi... bolos saubari imiT daamTavra, mokle xanSi mogivaT depeSa

imisaTvis, rom sinodis xelaxali sxdoma Sedgeso. me vupasuxe, rac vTqvi

imasve vityvi–Tqo. maincdamainc nasiamovnebi ar wasula. “[23, 1880, 1, 310, 10-

11]

qarTveli sazogadoeba daZabuli adevnebda Tvalyurs saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi Seqmnil rTul viTarebas da

erTmniSvnelovnad uWerda mxars cxum–afxazeTis mitropolit ilias.

yoveli axali dRe axali WorebiTa da miTqma–moTqmis gamZafrebiT

iwyeboda. am usiamovnebaTa kulminacia iyo 1977 wlis 18 dekemberi.

rogorc sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis mdivnis, grigol

mSvidobaZis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis mosaydris,

mitropolit iliasadmi gagzavnili Setyobinebidan irkveva: `18 dekembers,

saRamos 19 saaTze, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos SenobaSi ZaliT SeWrila

wmida sinodis gadawyvetilebiT ukmayofilo gansxvavebuli poziciis sami

mRvdelmTavari. maT gautexiaT patriarqis kabinetis karebi, kancelariis

oTaxSi gauRiaT mdivnis saweri magida da seifi _ patriarqis kabinetSi,

dauxeviaT saqmiani qaRaldebi, maT Soris _ mosaydris arCevis oqmi,

gamouyenebiaT sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis beWedi,

usargebliaT qarTuli da rusuli sabeWdi manqaniT. rogorc darCenili

Savi nawerebidan Cans, maT daugzavniaT provokaciuli depeSebi mTavrobis

warmomadgenlebisTvis, ruseTis sapatriarqoSi, somxeTis eklesiaSi,

75

daumtvreviaT patriarqis kabinetis gasaRebi da CausvamT axali.“[27, 298,

2449] gagzavnil depeSebSi isini aRniSnavdnen, TiTqos saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqis mosaydris Tanamdebobidan gadayenebuli iyo cxum-

afxazeTis mitropoliti ilia, xolo me–12 saeklesio krebis Catarebis

TariRi _ gadatanili.

sazogadoebis, inteligenciis aqtiuri Carevis Semdeg kaTolikos-

patriarqis mosaydris, mitropolit ilias mowinaaRmdegeni iZulebulni

gaxdnen, ukan daexiaT. yvela Relavda, simSvides inarCunebda

mitropoliti ilia, romelmac xelmeored dagzavna Setyobinebebi

marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa meTaurebTan, saero xelisuflebaSi, imis

Sesaxeb, rom saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis me–12

saeklesio kreba, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis arCevnebi

da axladarCeuli kaTolikos-patriarqis aRsaydreba namdvilad

gaimarTeboda 1977 wlis 23–25 dekembers.

daZabuli, uZilo Rameebis Semdeg, rogorc iqna, gaTenda 23

dekemberi. TbilisSi stumrad Camovidnen: moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis

patriarqi, uwmidesi pimeni, yovelTa somexTa kaTolikosi vazgen I,

sazRvargareTis marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa delegaciebi. .23 dekembers,

sionSi, me-12 saeklesio krebis gaxsnamde, saqarTvelos kompartiis

centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivnis e. SevardnaZis saxelze aseTi

Sinaarsis depeSa gaigzavna: `29 noembers xelisuflebis warmomadgenelma

T. onofriSvilma oficialurad gamogvicxada _ sapatriarqo taxtze

mitropolit ilia SiolaSvilis kandidatura oficialurad

damtkicebulia da, Tu eklesiaSi samsaxuri gvinda, SevwyvitoT masze

saCivrebis wera, wmida sinodma mas unda davuWiroT mxario. sarwmuno

wyaroebidan SevityveT, rom Tqvengan araviTar amgvar gadawyvetilebas

adgili ar hqonia... sakiTxi seriozulia. gTxovT, saswrafod migviRoT

wmida sinodis gansxvavebulad moazrovne wevrebi, raTa piradad

mogaxsenoT saqmis realuri viTareba“[27, 298, 295]

imave dRes depeSebi gaigzavna saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos

prezidiumis Tavmjdomaris pavle gilaSvilisa da ministrTa sabWos

Tavmjdomaris zurab patariZis saxelze, romlebSic saubari iyo

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis mravalsaukunovani

samarTlebrivi normebis darRvevaze. imave dRis 15 saaTze baTum-

76

Semoqmedeli da Wyondideli mitropolitis _ romanozis saxeliT depeSa

gaigzavna moskovSi, sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis centraluri

komitetis generalur mdivanTan leonid breJnevTan: `Zvirfaso leonid

ilias Zev! _werda mitropoliti romanozi, _ saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqis, daviT V–is gardacvalebis Semdeg saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqis mosaydred gamocxadda mitropoliti ilia (SiolaSvili). igi

jer kidev 1972 wlidan qarTveli disidentebis mxardamWeri da

wamqezebelia. moviTxov, moixsnas misi kandidatura.“[27, 298, 295]

saocrad ulogiko iyo mitropolit romanozis qmedeba. 1977 wlis

16 noembris wmida sinodis sxdomaze igi acxadebda, rom mitropolit

ilias patriarqobis SemTxvevaSi iyo imis saSiSroeba, saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis avtokefalia gauqmebuliyo da

ruseTs daqvemdebareboda. amitom 90 wlis asakSi igi mzad iyo, etvirTa

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyrobeloba;

xolo 23 dekembers l. breJnevisadmi gagzavnil depeSaSi igive pirovneba

man qarTveli disidentebis wamqezeblad gamoacxada.

aseTi rTuli viTarebis fonze daiwyo muSaoba me-12 saeklesio

krebam, romelsac eswreboda 45 delegati. kreba gaxsna sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis mosaydrem, cxum-afxazeTis

mitropolitma iliam, romelmac aRniSna: `dRes am uZveles sapatriarqo

taZarSi Seikriba me–12 saeklesio kreba. ganvlo 45 dRem, rac RvTiv

ganisvena uwmidesma da unetaresma, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqma daviT V–m, romelic win uZRoda Cvens eklesias 5 wlis

ganmavlobaSi, dado didi Sroma da Rvawli, raTa saTanado simaRleze

yofiliyo Cveni eklesia. 40 dRe iglova Cvenma xalxma. dRes me–12

saeklesio krebam unda airCios uZvelesi samociqulo eklesiis

winamZRvari. Cvens krebas pativi dasdo moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis

patriarqma, uwmidesma pimenma, rogorc moZme eklesiis mamamTavarma,

monawileoba miiRos Cvens zeimSi. dRes Cven vdgevarT im uZveles

eklesiaSi, sadac idgnen da mamamTavrobdnen didni kaTolikos–

patriarqni, uwmidesni da unetaresni: kirioni, leonide, ambrosi,

qristefore, melqisedeki, efremi, daviTi. Cveni mRvdelmTavrebi,

samRvdeloeba, morwmune eri mudam iqneba erTad, rom gadawyvitos is

didi sakiTxebi, romlebic Cveni eklesiis winaSe dgas. qristesmieri

77

siyvaruliT mogesalmebiT da me–12 saeklesio krebas gaxsnilad

vacxadeb.“[27, 1229, 52]

saeklesio krebas miesalma da nayofieri muSaoba usurva

moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patriarqma uwmidesma pimenma.

krebam daamtkica 4 komisiis Semadgenloba. alaverdelma

episkoposma grigolma kidev erTxel daadastura wmida sinodis

gadawyvetileba, saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqad asarCev kandidatad

dasaxelebuliyo cxum–afxazeTis mitropoliti ilia. krebis

Tavmjdomarem, mitropolitma iliam, krebis monawileebs mimarTa, rom,

survilis SemTxvevaSi, maT Tavisuflad SeeZloT CaeweraT sxva

kandidatis saxeli darigebul biuletenze.

gaimarTa faruli kenWisyra. xmis damTvleli komisiis

Tavmjdomarem, arqimandritma ioane ananiaSvilma, gamoacxada, rom

kaTolikos–patriarqis mosaydre mitropoliti ilia erTxmad iyo

arCeuli sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqad. krebaze

Seadgines sagangebo sigeli, romelsac xels awerdnen krebis monawileni.

`mis maRalyovladusamRvdeloesobas, cxum–afxazeTis mitropolit

ilias!

wyalobiTa RmrTisaTa da madliTa da gangebiTa sulisa wmidisaTa,

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis damoukideblobis

aRniSvnidan me–12 adgilobrivma krebam, romelic Sedga 1977 wlis 23

dekembers TbilisSi, sionis sapatriarqo taZarSi, SemadgenlobiTa

saqarTvelos eklesiis yovladsamRvdelo mRvdelmTavarTa, samRvdeloTa,

samonazvno wesTa da eriskacTa, moZme marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa

warmomadgenelTa, mRvdelmTavarTa, samRvdeloTa dasTa TandaswrebiT

aRirCia Tqveni siwmide sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqad,

mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposad.“[32, 2, 1429] saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis meTaurs ewoda uwmidesi da

unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, mcxeTa-Tbilisis

mTavarepiskoposi ilia II.

me–12 saeklesio krebis gadawyvetileba imave dRes gaxda cnobili

sruliad saqarTvelosaTvis. yvelas surda exila axalgazrda,

inteleqtuali, gamorCeuli garegnobis mwyemsmTavari, romelic

moaxerxebda eklesiis winaSe arsebul problemaTa mogvarebas da

78

saqarTvelos uZveles samociqulo eklesias daubrunebda istoriul

misias. A

axali patriarqis arCeva XX saukunis 70–iani wlebis `uZraobis

xanas“ daemTxva. TvalnaTliv Canda sabWoTa imperiis politikuri da

ekonomikuri krizisi, magram oficialuri komunisturi ideologiis

mesveurni kvlav amtkicebdnen ganviTarebuli socializmisa da komunizmis

naTeli momavlis sikeTes. qristianuli sarwmunoeba kvlav `warsulis

mavne gadmonaSTad“ iTvleboda. oficialur sainformacio saSualebebSi

didi adgili eTmoboda antireligiur Temebs. saqarTveloSi gamomavali

oficialuri gazeTebi _ `komunisti“, `zaria vostoka“, `soflis cxovreba~

_ mokle informaciiT gamoexmaurnen saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis me–12 saeklesio krebis mier sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad ilia II-is arCevas. SedarebiT

vrceli masala gamoaqveyna gazeT `samSobloSi~ Jurnalistma lamara

Teliam.

25 dekembers sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZrisaken zRva xalxi

daiZra. aseTi xalxmravloba mcxeTaSi 1917 wlis 12 (25) marts

avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg aRar yofila. oficialuri xelisufleba,

wesrigis dacvis sababiT, Seecada specialuri saSvebis mqone pirTa garda

taZarSi aravin SeeSva, magram xalxis talRam gaarRvia milicielTa

kordoni da taZarSi Sevida.

xalxis xmauri miwynarda. sveticxovlis zarebi uwmidesisa da

unataresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-is

mobrZanebas iuwyeboda. masTan erTad mobrZandnen: TeTriwyaroeli

mitropoliti zinobi, wilkneli mitropoliti gaiozi, mangleli

episkoposi giorgi, alaverdeli episkoposi grigoli; stumrebi: moskovisa

da sruliad ruseTis patriarqi, uwmidesi pimeni, yovelTa somexTa

umaRlesi patriarq-kaTolikosi vazgen I, qarTuli inteligenciis,

mecnierebis, kulturis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi, umaRlesi

saswavleblebis studentebi, erovnul–ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

liderebi. daiwyo saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

141-e meTauris sazeimo kurTxeva. qarTveli patriarqebis jvar-panaRiebi,

sapatriarqo gvirgvini da kunkul-bartyula uwmidessa da unetares ilia

79

II-s miarTves manglelma episkoposma giorgim da alaverdelma episkoposma

grigolma.

axladarCeul patriarqs sityviT mimarTes moskovisa da sruliad

ruseTis patriarqma, uwmidesma pimenma da yovelTa somexTa patriarq-

kaTolikosma vazgen I-ma. Uuwmidesma da unetaresma sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqma ilia II-m Tavisi gamosvla am sityvebiT daiwyo:

`saocrebamde usazRvroa gangeba RvTisa. Aarc mis mowyalebas aqvs

sazRvari. WeSmaritad, am gangebam da mowyalebam daayena Tqvens winaSe

Cemi simdable, rogorc saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis mamamTavrisa.

me Segnebuli maqvs is umZimesi da, amave dros, sapatio movaleoba,

romelic dRes RvTis am wmida taZris TaRebqveS damakisra maRalma

RmerTma. muxls viyri am pativisaTvis misi Zlierebis winaSe da Tayvans

vcem maradiuli naTliT mosil xsenebas misas. Tavs vxri saqarTvelos

eklesiisa da misi mrevlis _ qarTveli xalxis winaSe, romelsac

sasoebiT unda emsaxuros Cemi Zali da goneba im sarwmunoebiT, romeli

sarwmunoebis dacvisa da SenarCunebisaTvis zRva sisxli gaiRo ricxviT

mcire Cvenma xalxma.. Cveni eklesiis momavali saqmianobis mTavari sakiTxi

unda iyos qarTvel xalxSi sasoebisa da utexi nebis ganmtkiceba. Cvens

xalxs mudam moepoveboda energia sasoebisa da winsvlisaTvis da es

energia axlac Warbad aqvs mas; gamovlindes da sikeTes moxmardes es

energia, _ ai Cveni mizani... Cvens erSi marTlmadidebeli qristianuli

sarwmunoebis ganmtkiceba, rogorc yovelTvis, axlac iqneba Cveni

eklesiis saqmianobis mTavari sazrunavi... imisaTvis, rom RvTiuri gziT

warvmarToT Cveni momavali saqmianoba, gvWirdeba Sinagani mTlianoba.“[27,

2, 1429]

uwmidesma da unetaresma jvari gardasaxa sveticxovelSi Sekrebil

aTasobiT adamians da stumrebTan erTad eklesiidan gavida.

sveticxovelSi Sekrebili xalxi ar iSleboda. yvela grZnobda, rom

istoriuli movlenis monawile gaxda. aTeisturi komunisturi

xelisuflebisagan devnili, Seviwroebuli da sazogadoebisgan

CamoSorebuli saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

avtokefaliuri eklesia Tavisi istoriuli rolis aRdgenisaTvis

emzadeboda. es _ momavalSi, magram pirveli dReebisa da Tveebis

sirTules yvela acnobierebda.

80

sazeimo dReebma gadafara ormocdaxuTdRiani rTuli problemebi,

Tumca bevri safiqralic gaCnda: vis SeeZlo gadaeWra sveticxovlis

sapatriarqo taZris mTavari WaRis jaWvi, romlis Camovardnas 25

dekembers tragedia mohyveboda? ramdeni xiluli da uxilavi mteri iyo

Casafrebuli axalgazrda patriarqis winaaRmdeg?

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesias finansuradac AZalian uWirda.

yovelTa somexTa kaTolikosma vazgen I-ma am sityvebiT mimarTa

uwmidessa da unetaress ilia II–s: Tqven rom giyurebT, maxsendeba Cemi

patriarqobis pirveli wlebi... Caiara sazeimo dReebma da mkacri realoba

mZime aRmoCnda. Tvis bolos imis saxsaric ki ar gvqonda, rom

mgaloblebisaTvis mcire xelfasi migveca, magram, RvTis SewevniT,

gadavlaxeT yvela problema... es ambavi SemTxveviT ar gamixsenebia,

darwmunebuli var, axalgazrda patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II

yvela problemas Tavs gaarTmevs da saqarTvelos eklesiis saqmianobas

met siTamames SesZens.

25 dekembers uwmidesma da unetaresma, sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarqma ilia II-m saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis saxeliT gamarTa sazeimo miReba, romelsac

eswrebodnen saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis wmida

sinodis wevrebi, samRvdeloeba, mowveuli stumrebi. qarTuli

inteligenciis saxeliT uwmidessa da unetares ilia II–s sityvebiT

mimarTes profesorebma: aleqsandre aleqsiZem, gaioz imedaSvilma, poetma

ioseb noneSvilma. `Tqven Tqveni morwmunebrivi siwmidiT, _ aRniSna prof.

g. imedaSvilma, _ saTno cxovrebiT, codniTa da eklesiisadmi uangaro,

Tavdadebuli moRvaweobiT didi xnis winaTve gqondaT mopovebuli xalxis

siyvaruli da pativiscema. amitom iyo, rom wilad gxvdaT eklesiisa da

xalxis siyvaruli da pativiscema... eklesiisa da xalxis neba–survilis

srul TanxmobaSi erTsulovnad agirCies daoblebuli qarTuli eklesiis

mamamTavrad... dRes yoveli fenis, ganaTlebisa da profesiis qarTveloba

Tqveni uwmidesobisa da unetaresobisadmi nugeSiT mondobili sasoebs,

rom odesme didebuli eklesia kvlav Cadges eris samsaxurSi. “[27, 2, 1429]

yvela gamomsvlelis natvra iyo, kvlav Zlieri exila saqarTvelos

samociqulo eklesia.

81

uwmidesma da unetaresma, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqma ilia II–m sazeimo miRebaze mosul sazogadoebas mimarTa

mokle saprogramo sityviT, romelSic Camoayaliba is amocanebi,

romlebic unda gadaewyvita saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesias: `Cven

yvela aseT saqmeSi RvTis nebas vxedavT, mis mowyalebas, misi marjvenis

Zlierebas, samarTals misas, mis naTliT mosil siyvaruls imaT mimarT,

visac Cahbera man sicocxle Tavisi wmida sulis micemiT. RvTaebis am

warmoudgenlad mravalmxrivma didma sikeTem misgan boZebuli Zlierebis

kverTxiT damayena Cemi sayvareli qarTveli xalxis winaSe, rogorc

msaxuri am xalxisa da aRmasrulebeli yovlad maRali nebisa xalxis

sulieri cxovrebis amaRlebaSi. me tvirTis zidva damakisra misma

gasaocarma mowyalebam, mokvdavi gonebisaTvis warmoudgenelma Zlierebam

momca Zala da sasoeba, rom zeimiT vzido es tvirTi, rogori mZimec ar

unda iyos is... Cveni eklesiis saqmianoba ar unda warmovidginoT, rogorc

raRac mxolod morwmune xalxTan karCaketiloba. Cven yvelaferi unda

gvwamdes progresuli sawyisebiT, amisaTvis Cveni eklesiac unda idges

mTel xalxTan erTad, romeli xalxic sikeTesa da aRmavlobas

emsaxureba... unda gvaxsovdes, rom Cven im qveynis Svilebi varT, sadac

daflulia uflis kvarTi, im qveyanaSi dabadebulni da aRzrdilni,

romeli qveyanac wilad xvda yovladwmida RvTismSobels, im winaparTa

STamomavalni varT, romelTac qristianoba uqadages andria

pirvelwodebulma da svimon kananelma... aseTi warsuli gvavalebs, rom

mudam vizrunoT Cveni eklesiis siwmindis amaRlebisaTvis. ra Tqma unda,

ioli rodia RvTisa da eris winaSe valis moxda, magram gana SeiZleba

raime tvirTis simZimeze fiqri maSin, rodesac viciT, es tvirTi RvTisgan

miviReT? am tvirTTan erTad mogvca sasoeba gangebam. yoveli taxti

patriarqisa unda emsaxuros RmerTis didebis saqmes. vidre vicocxleb,

Cems Tvalwin iqneba is TvaliT uxilavi, magram realuri taxti,

romelzec damsva uflis Zlierma marjvenam. Cems gulzed weria is

valdebulebani, romlebic misma mowyalebam damakisra da bedniers mxdis

imaze fiqri, rom yovlad maRali mowyalebiT da qristes moZRvrebis

moyvaruli qarTveli xalxis TanadgomiT, yvelafers gavakeTebT, rac

maRali RmerTis madlma da Zalam damakisra.“[27, 2, 1429, 9]

82

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis 141–e

meTauris arCevas gamoexmaura marTlmadidebeli da aramarTlmadidebeli

eklesiebis sainformacio saSualebani. qristianuli msoflio kargad

icnobda uwmidessa da unetaress, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqs ilia II-s, romelic 1963 wlidan, rogorc saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis sagareo ganyofilebis

Tavmjdomare, monawileobda marTlmadidebel da aramarTlmadidebel

eklesiaTa samSvidobo forumebSi. mas piradi guliTadi urTierTobebi

akavSirebda konstantinopolis, aleqsandriis, antioqiis, ierusalimis,

ruseTis, eladis, serbeTis da sxva marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa

meTaurebTan.

26 dekembers saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis

Tavmjdomarem p. gilaSvilma oficialurad miiRo uwmidesi da unetaresi

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, moskovisa da

sruliad ruseTis patriarqi pimeni, yovelTa somexTa kaTolikosi vazgen

I. uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri

komitetis pirvel mdivans e. SevardnaZes qarTveli xalxis

interesebisaTvis brZolaSi TanamSromloba SesTavaza. `vitvirTe ra

saWeTmypobeloba saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiisa,

wmida sinodisa da piradad Cemi saxeliT miiReT uRrmesi pativiscema da

keTili survilebi“[31, 1264, 8265] _!swerda misi uwmidesoba e. SevardnaZes.

!

Caiara sazeimo dReebma. dadga 1978 weli. sionis sapatriarqo

taZari, romelic mxolod did saeklesio dResaswaulebze ivseboda

ZiriTadad xandazmuli adamianebiT, yoveli kviris orSabaTs, samSabaTs,

SabaTsa da kviras axalgazrdebiT, inteligenciis warmomadgenlebiT iyo

savse. es xalxi usityvo protests ucxadebda komunistur ideologias da

sarwmunoebaSi cdilobda sulieri Svebis mopovebas. uwmidesi da

unetaresi maTTvis gasagebi eniT esaubreboda mrevls marTlmadidebeli

sarwmunoebis sidiadeze. Aadamianebi, romlebic erTxel mainc movidodnen

taZarSi, aq rCebodnen da mrevlad iqceodnen... rogori mSvidi, bednieri

da kmayofili iyo TiToeuli maTgani, uwmidesisa da unetaresis siTboTi

da siyvaruliT aRtacebuli.

yvela grZnobda, rom saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis istoriaSi axali era iwyeboda. 1995 wels uwmidesma da

83

unetaresma ilia II-m ase gaixsena patriarqobis pirveli rTuli, magram

saintereso wlebi: `dRes me mxolod Cveni eklesiis cxovrebis zogierT

aspeqts Sevexebi, gavixseneb, ra urTierToba iyo eklesiasa da

inteligencias Soris, romelic TiTqmis iseTive zewolas ganicdida da

iseve idevneboda, rogorc sasuliero pirni. miuxedavad amisa, SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom Cvenma inteligenciam qarTveli kacis suli gadaarCina. amitom

Cveni mizani iyo mWidro kavSiri eklesiasa da inteligencias Soris.

saxelmwifo cdilobda, ar momxdariyo es daaxloeba. inteligencias

hqonda sulierebisaken swrafva, magram gamocdileba aklda. maxsovs,

sapatriarqoSi Cveni gamoCenili istorikosebi moviwvieT saqarTvelos

eklesiis istoriis akademiuri gamocemis mosamzadeblad, davamuSaveT

gegma da gavanawileT Temebi, magram, rodesac damuSavebuli nawilebi

warmomidgines, mivxvdi, rom maTi gamocema ar SeiZleboda, radgan es

araeklesiuri adamianebis mier dawerili istoria iyo... miuxedavad amisa,

swrafva daaxloebisaken ar SeCerebula. sapatriarqoSi grZeldeboda

Sexvedrebi mecnierebTan. xSirad sakiTxebi, romelTac Cven am Sexvedrebze

ganvixilavdiT, imdenad saintereso iyo, rom universitetis profesor–

maswavleblebi maT Sesaxeb studentebs leqciebze uyvebodnen... Cvenma

mecnierebma didi misioneruli Rvawli gaswies da me madlobeli var maTi

mZime mdgomareobaSi gamoCenili TanadgomisaTvis.“[33, II, 111]

84

Tavi IV. pirveli siZneleebi, problemebi da maTi gadaWris

gzebis Zieba

XX saukunis 70–ian wlebSi saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSiris erT–

erTi mokavSire respublika iyo. garegnulad suverenuli, Tavisufali

respublika realurad mkacrad centralizebuli mmarTvelobis sistemiT

xasiaTdeboda. adgilobrivi marionetuli xelisufleba _ saqarTvelos

kompartiis centraluri komitetis, saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWosa

da saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWos saxiT _ moskovTan SeuTanxmeblad

verc erTi sakiTxis gadawyvetas ver axerxebda. qveyana aSenebda e.w.

`ganviTarebul socializms“. gabatonebuli ideologia iyo marqsizm–

leninizmi. sazeimo msvlelobebi imarTeboda 1 maiss, mSromelTa

solidarobis dRes, da 7 noembers, ruseTis xelisuflebaSi bolSevikebis

mosvlis `istoriuli“ dRis aRsaniSnavad. sazeimod aRiniSneboda

faSistur germaniaze gamarjvebis dRe, 9 maisi, da sabWoTa kavSiris

konstituciis miRebis dRe, 5 dekemberi. is adamianebi, romelTac

axsovdaT 1918–1921 wlebis saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublika, an

emigraciaSi imyofebodnen, an, 20–50–iani wlebis daundobel

angariSsworebas gadarCenilni, ocnebasac ver bedavdnen Tavisufal

saqarTveloze. saqarTvelos politikuri xelmZRvaneloba amayad

acxadebda, rom qveyanaSi daZleuli iyo `warsulis mavne gadmonaSTebi“,

mosaxleobis religiuroba. axali ideologiuri wnexis pirobebSi

gaizardnen Taobebi, romelTa mexsierebidan cdilobdnen amoeSalaT

istoriuli warsuli, qarTuli erovnuli cnobiereba,

saxelmwifoebriobisa da qristianuli sarwmunoebisadmi erTguleba;

saSualo skolebidan da umaRlesi saswavleblebidan gandevnil iyo

saqarTvelos istoriis swavleba, axalgazrdebisaTvis gaucxoebuli iyo

85

XIX–XX saukuneebis saxelmwifoebrivi da sarwmunoebrivi

TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZol winaparTa _ solomon II–is, aleqsandre

batoniSvilis, solomon leoniZis, filadelfos kiknaZis, dosiTeoz

quTaTelis, eqvTime gaenaTelis, spiridon kedias, noe ramiSvilis, noe

Jordanias, kote afxazis, qaquca ColoyaSvilis, grigol lorTqifaniZis,

uwmidesi ambrosis, mitropolit nazaris, zurab avaliSvilis, grigol

robaqiZis, viqtor nozaZisa da sxvaTa saxelebi. XIX saukunis erovnul–

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba socialur moZraobad moinaTla. qveyanaSi

gabatonebuli iyo rusuli ena da idevneboda qarTuli, garuseba _

internacionalizmad, xolo saqarTvelos istoriis, qarTuli enis

uflebebisaTvis brZola nacionalizmad cxaddeboda, mkacri cenzura iyo

yvela sferoSi. miuxedavad aseTi rTuli viTarebisa, sabWoTa politikuri

sistemis krizisi aSkara iyo. ioseb stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg (1953

wlis 5 marts), romelic sabWoTa politikuri sistemis stabilurobis

garanti iyo 31 wlis ganmavlobaSi, kidev ufro garTulda viTareba.

qveynis saTaveSi mosulma axalma xelmZRvanelobam, nikita xruSCovis

meTaurobiT, 1956 wlis sagangebo dadgenilebiT dagmo ioseb stalinis

pirovnebis kulti da 20–50–iani wlebis represiebi mxolod mas daabrala.

n. xruSCovs am nabijiT sistemis gadarCena surda, magram moxda piriqiT,

daCqarda sabWoTa politikuri sistemis ngrevis procesi. 1956 wlis 9

marts TbilisSi mSvidobiani manifestaciis barbarosulma darbevam,

sisxlianma angariSsworebam qarTul sazogadoebaSi azrovnebis wesis

Secvla daaCqara, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi Tavisuflebis

miviwyebuli idea gamoacocxla, komunisturi sistemis kritika,

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobisaTvis brZola gaxda

erovnul–ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis mTavari mizani.

XX saukunis 60–70–ian wlebSi es moZraoba sabWoTa ideologebisa

da misi specsamsaxurebisaTvis disidentur (sxvagvarad moazrovneTa)

moZraobad moinaTla. disidenturi moZraobisaTvis saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi momxdari cvlilebebi,

axalgazrda, ganaTlebuli kaTolikos–patriarqis mosvla iyo didi

sixarulisa da imedebis momcemi, amitom qarTveli mamuliSvilebi

uyoymanod dadgnen uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqis, ilia II–is gverdiT. patriarqi Sinaganad

86

erovnul–ganmaTavisuflebeli idealebis erTguli iyo. amis dasturia

saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivSi, misi uwmidesobis

studentobisdroindel saarqivo masalebSi, axalgazrda mRvdelmonazon

ilias mier lamazad gadawerili memorandumis teqsti, romliTac 1922

wels uwmidesma da unetaresma ambrosi xelaiam mimarTa genuis

saerTaSoriso konferenciis monawileebs. garda amisa, Cveni saxelovani

patriarqi axalgazrdobidanve xSirad ixsenebda uwmidessa da unetares,

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarq anton II–s: `axla Tvalwin

myavs warmodgenili kaTolikos–patriarqi anton II erekles Ze, magondeba

misi tirili da godeba daoblebul saqarTveloze, igi imeddakarguli da

damwuxrebuli rwyavda ruseTis miwas Tavisi mduRare cremlebiT.“[27, 2,

1004] _ werda Tavis dRiurSi mRvdelmonazoni ilia.

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II-is sityva, darbazobaze Tqmuli 1977

wlis 25 dekembers, kargi gzavnili iyo Tavisuflebis idealebis erTguli

TanamemamuleebisaTvis. aseT viTarebaSi daiwyo uwmidesisa da unetaresis,

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis ilia II–is moRvaweoba. erT-

erTma sasuliero pirma uwmidessa da unetares ilia II-s mimarTa, rom man

sudaragadafarebuli eklesia Caibara. viTareba iyo mZime, magram ara

uimedo. am dros mcxeTa–Tbilisis eparqiaSi moqmedi iyo mcxeTis

sveticxoveli, samTavrosa da olRas monastrebi, Tbilisis sioni,

qaSueTis wmida giorgis, didubis RvTismSoblis, kukiis wmida ninos,

mTawmindis mama daviTis, samebis, aleqsandre nevelis, mixeil tverelis,

ioane RvTismetyvelis, wmida barbares eklesiebi. ar funqcionirebda

anCisxatis, karis, feriscvalebis, wmida nikolozis, metexis

RvTismSoblis, veris eklesiebi; naZaladevSi, iveriis RvTismSoblis

eklesiaSi, higienis saxli (abano) iyo gaxsnili. eklesias ar hyavda

mrevli, TiTqmis ar arsebobda qarTulenovani sasuliero wignebi,

qarTuli xatebi, jvrebi, Semcirebuli iyo mgalobelTa gundebi. wmida

sinodis wevri eqvsi mRvdelmTavris asaki meryeobda 70-90 wlebs Soris,

xandazmuli iyo sasuliero pirTa umravlesobac. pirvel xanebSi

patriarqis Semmosvelni aleqsandre nevelis eklesiidan mosuli rusi

stiqarosnebi iyvnen. uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II sionis sapatriarqo

taZarSi Sekrebil xalxs, romelic jer mrevli ar iyo, aswavlida,

rogor unda elocaT, romeli locvebi unda eswavlaT, rogor unda

87

gadaeweraT pirjvari, ratom iyo aucilebeli wirva–locvaze bolomde

daswreba, ratom unda daecvaT marxva, eTqvaT aRsareba da mieRoT wmida

ziareba, ratom iyo taZarSi saWiro siwynare wirva–locvis dros, ratom

iyo aucilebeli taZarSi salocavad moculi qalisTvis TavsaburaviT

yofna... adamianebi gaubedavad, magram mainc modiodnen eklesiaSi da

erTferovani cxovrebidan uecrad sxva samyaroSi gadmodiodnen, sadac

aforiaqebulni sulier simSvides poulobdnen, cxovrebaze xelCaqneulni

imediT aRivsebodnen. saocari sanaxavi iyo orSabaTs, samSabaTs, SabaTs

da kviras sionis sapatriarqo taZari. axalgazrdebi sasoebiT

Sehyurebdnen TavianT sulier winamZRols, wirva–locvis damTavrebis

Semdeg nela miuyvebodnen leseliZis, erekle II –is quCebs, rusTavelis

gamzirs.

patriarqma pirvel saaxalwlo epistoleSi am sityvebiT mimarTa

qarTvels xalxs: `sarwmunoeba – es naTelia mSvidobis gzaze,

sarwmunoeba Tavadaa mSvidoba da sasoeba maradiuli, sarwmunoeba wyaro

aris siyvarulisa, romelic amaRlebs kacis gulsa da gonebas. igi xidi

aris, miwidan cisken mimavali. dadeqiT mtkiced am xidze... Cven

sixaruliT vuCvenebT yvelas am xidisaken mimaval gzas, im saqmeTa nusxas,

romelic unda akeTos maradiulobisaken am xidiT mimavalma adamianma,

mivuTiTebT bednierebis im WeSmarit wyaroze, saidanac unda svas sulisa

da xorcis masazrdoebeli cxovelmyofeli wyali, davexmarebiT sulieri

amaRlebis gziT ixilos is naTeli, romelic mzisgan ki ar modis, aramed

romlisganac mzem miiRo naTeli Tavad.“[33, I, 337-338]

komunisturi ideologiisagan sulSexuTuli xalxisaTvis,

romelsac miwier samoTxes hpirdebodnen, es iyo sruliad axali.

adamianebi TandaTan daubrundnen TavianTi winaprebis mier sisxliTa da

TavganwirviT SenarCunebul qristianul sarwmunoebas, nominaluri

morwmuneebidan WeSmarit morwmuneebad gadaiqcnen. saero cxovrebaSi

samSoblo, misi istoriuli gmirebi, mSobliuri ena daviwyebas eZleoda.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis meTauri ki maTi

ardaviwyebisaken mouwodebda mrevls: `roca gadavxedavT Cvens warsuls,

gvaocebs, Tu amden winaaRmdegobaSi viT SeinarCuna qarTvelma xalxma

Tavisi ena, qristianuli sarwmunoeba da kultura, rogor ar moispo es

yvelaferi da viT gauZlo JamTan Widils. Cveni dRemde arsebobis da

88

sulieri simtkicis saidumloeba qristianul sarwmunoebaSi mdgomareobs...

wmida nino, daviT aRmaSenebeli, Tamar mefe, didi rusTaveli, dimitri

Tavdadebuli, sirieli mamebi, Tornike erisTavi; mefe–mowameni: arCili da

luarsabi; sjulisaTvis Tavdadebulni: dedofali qeTevani, mRvdeli

Tevdore, gmirni marabdelni, daviT guramiSvili, 300 aragveli, eqvTime

TayaiSvili, ilia WavWavaZe; kaTolikos–patriarqni: kirioni, ambrosi,

kalistrate da mravali sxva mnaTobni da svetni arian saqarTvelosi...

Cven unda viyoT ganmgrZelebelni im didi saqmisa, rasac Seewirnen isini.

“[33, I, 343]. oficialuri xelisuflebisa da misi ideologiisaTvis

sruliad miuRebeli iyo warsulis, awmyosa da momavlis aseTi xedva. Tu

saqarTvelos warsulidan am didebuli adamianebis magaliTebs win

wamovwevdiT, aRar rCeboda adgili ioseb stalinis, sergo orjonikiZis,

kamos (ter–petrosianis), filipe maxaraZis, levan RoRoberiZis, mixeil

kalininis, sergei kirovis, aleqsandre Jdanovis, kompartiis sxva beladTa

cxovrebis SeswavlisaTvis, romelTa Sromebsa da `sagmiro saqmeebze“

mogviTxrobdnen savaldebulo polit–seminarebze, kompartiis istoriis

leqciebze.

1978 wlis aprilis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi didi mRelvareba

gamoiwvia saqarTvelos ssr axali konstituciis proeqtis ganxilvam.

axal proeqtSi, moskovis miTiTebiT, amoRebul iqna is muxli, romelic

saqarTvelos respublikaSi qarTuli enis saxelmwifoebriv statuss

akanonebda. sxvadasxva organizaciaSi saqarTvelos ssr axali

konstituciis proeqtis ganxilva arsebuli politikuri sistemis mZafr

kritikaSi gadaizarda. A

am dros erovnul–ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis axalgazrduli

birTvi, z. gamsaxurdias, m. kostavas, g. Wanturias, m. giorgaZis, T. CxeiZis,

z. WavWavaZis saxiT, sionis sapatriarqo taZris mrevli iyo. xelisufleba

grZnobda, rom saqarTveloSi qarTuli enis dasacavad gamosuli

adamianebis Zlieri mokavSire iyo saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesia.

gaTenda 1978 wlis 14 aprili. dilis 9 saaTze Tbilisis

universitetis ezoSi aTasobiT studenti Seikriba da daiZra rusTavelis

gamzirisaken, mTavrobis sasaxlisaken, sadac saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi

sabWos sagangebo sesias unda daemtkicebina saqarTvelos ssr axali

89

konstitucia. axalgazrdebi moiTxovdnen qarTuli enis saxelmwifo enad

gamocxadebas. meliqiSvilis quCaze universitetis studentebs SeuerTdnen

Tbilisis sxvadasxva umaRlesi saswavleblis studentebi, inteligenciis

warmomadgenlebi; filarmoniasTan maT gaarRvies miliciis kordoni,

meore winaaRmdegoba daZleul iqna rusTavelis ZeglTan, aTasobiT

demonstranti skandirebiT: `saqarTvelo“, `samSoblo“, `deda ena“ –

mTavrobis saxlTan mivida... quCebSi daZabuloba igrZnoboda,

brezentgadaxurul manqanebSi samxedro teqnika, jari idga... ufrosi

Taoba tiroda, maT axsovdaT 1956 wlis 9 marti da eSinodaT misi

ganmeorebisa...

veeberTela sabWoTa imperiaSi es iyo uprecedento SemTxveva.

moskovi iZulebuli gaxda, ukan daexia, saqarTvelos ssr konstituciis

75–e muxliT saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialistur respublikaSi qarTuli

ena saxelmwifo enad dakanonda. es iyo didi gamarjveba da sixaruli.

demonstrantebi sionis sapatriarqo taZrisaken daiZrnen. am dros ki

saqarTvelos sapatriarqo (dRemde daudgenelia mizezebi) xanZris alSi

iyo gaxveuli. xanZris Sedegad daiwva vercxlis xati, XVII saukunis wmida

ninos xati, wmida nikolozis xati, 4 samRvdelmTavro kverTxi, barZim–

feSxumebi, muxis kankeli, magida, skamebi; kaTolikos–patriarqebis _

kirion II-is, leonides, ambrosis, qristefores, kalistrates,

melqisedekis, efrem II-is, daviT V-is _ suraTebi (originalebi). patriarqi

gadarCa... misi uwmidesoba TiTqmis erTi weli rezidenciis gareSe iyo,

magram amas xeli ar SeuSlia misTvis, kvlav Cveuli SeupovrobiT

gaegrZelebina saqmianoba.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesias 1917 wels

hqonda oficialuri sainformacio organo - Jurnali `sveticxoveli“,

romelic male daixura. uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqebis _ ambrosis, qristefores, kalistrates, efremisa

da daviTis _ survili, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo

eklesias hqonoda Tavisi sainformacio Jurnali, mravali dabrkolebisa

da winaaRmdegobis gamo ganuxorcielebel ocnebad darCa.

1978 wels, uwmidesisa da unetaresis, ilia II-is locva–kurTxeviT,

gamovida feradi ilustrirebuli Jurnali `jvari vazisa“. Tavdapirvelad

ganzraxuli iyo, Jurnali yovelTviuri yofiliyo, magram xelisuflebis

90

mZafri winaaRmdegobis gamo gadawyda yovelwliurad ori nomris

gamoSveba. Jurnals unda gaeSuqebina saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis istoria, wmida sinodis sxdomebi, Teologiis,

marTlmadidebel eklesiebTan urTierTobis sakiTxebi. Jurnals agreTve

hqonda reziumeebi inglisur da rusul enebze. ocdaaTi wlis manZilze

Jurnalis ucvleli redaqtoria qalbatoni TinaTin kobalaZe. `jvari

vazisas~ 1978 wlis pirveli nomeri mTlianad mieZRvna saqarTvelos me-12

saeklesio krebas, uwmidesisa da unetaresi ilia II-is aRsaydrebas.

SezRuduli tiraJis gamo sionis sapatriarqo taZarSi specialur

magidaze ewyo Jurnalis nomrebi da mkiTxvelebi iwerdnen maTTvis

saintereso statiebs.

pirvel xanebSi yoveldRiuri locvebi, fsalmunebi morwmune

mrevls xeliT hqonda gadawerili. 1978–1979 wlebSi es locvebi daibeWda,

magram moTxovnileba imdenad didi iyo, rom isini bibliografiul

iSviaTobad iqca. uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia II-is locva–kurTxeviT,

1978–1987 wlebSi saeklesio kalendarSi ibeWdeboda yoveldRiuri

locvebi da fsalmunebi. unikaluri qarTuli anbani _ asomTavruli da

nusxaxucuri _ mxolod specialistebisa da RvTismsaxurebisaTvis iyo

gasagebi. xalxi daSorebuli iyo Zvel qarTul teqstebsa da

damwerlobas. `qarTvel mrevlSi iSviaTad Tu moiZebneba adamiani, –

mimarTa uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II–m mrevls, _ romelsac SeeZleba

medaviTneoba gauwios moZRvars... vTxov qarTvel morwmuneT, gamoiCinon

sibejiTe da gulmodgineba, Seiswavlon asomTavruli da xucuri

damwerloba, ar moSalon xidi, gadebuli saxelovan warsulsa da

bednier momavals Soris.“[33, I, 47]. sul male eklesiebSi gamoCnda

asomTavruliT da nusxaxucuriT dawerili yoveldRiuri locvebi,

fsalmunebi. qarTveli morwmuneebisaTvis asomTavruli da nusxaxucuri

anbani axlobeli da gasagebi gaxda...

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia, oficialuri

xelisuflebis winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, iZulebiTi izolaciidan

gamodioda. 1978 wlis 24 noembers cnobilma qarTvelma kinoreJisorma

revaz TabukaSvilma italiidan gadmoasvena 1911 wels q. CivitavekiaSi

sxvis gadasarCenad zRvaSi daRupuli didi qarTveli mecnieris, mixeil

TamaraSvilis, neSti. 26 noembers, kviras, xelovnebis muzeumis darbazSi

91

gaimarTa samoqalaqo panaSvidi, romelsac aTasobiT qarTveli daeswro.

panaSvidze mobrZanda uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II. misma uwmidesobam

didubis panTeonSi warmoTqmul sityvaSi xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom

istoriulad qarTveli eri da saqarTvelos eklesia mudam erTad idga da

ase iqneba momavalSic. es iyo saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis meTauris xalxSi gasvlis pirveli warmatebuli

nabiji... bevr adamianze patriarqis uSualobam, siwmidem ise imoqmeda, rom

eklesias miaSura. sul male sionis sapatriarqo taZarSi gamoCnda

qarTuli xatebi, jvrebi. uwmidesis locva–kurTxeviT, mxatvarma

aleqsandre banZelaZem daiwyo didubis RvTismSoblis eklesiis moxatva.

1979 wels sionis sapatriarqo taZarSi gamoCnda yovladwmida

RvTismSoblis, macxovris, wmida ninos, wmida giorgis, wmida keTilmsaxur

Tamar mefis, wmida qeTevan wamebulis, Rirsi mama ioane zedaznelis, wmida

mowameebis _ daviTisa da konstantines _ axali xatebi.

1978 wlis zafxulSi, rodesac saqarTveloSi uwmidesisa da

unetaresi ilia II–s mowveviT stumrad CamobrZanda aTonis mTis

gubernatori, doqtori dimitrios camisi, patriarqma oficialur

xelisuflebas acnoba, rom aucilebeli iyo, sapatio stumari miewviaT

Tbilisis universitetSi, korneli kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa

institutSi, saxelmwifo muzeumSi. xelisufleba iZulebuli gaxda,

dasTanxmeboda, ramac uwmidessa da unetaress saSualeba misca,

Sexvedroda Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesor–

maswavleblebs, studentebs, stumrisaTvis daeTvalierebinebina

saqarTvelos istoriis kabineti, sadac maT esaubra saqarTvelos

istoriis kaTedris gamge, profesori mariam lorTqifaniZe. xelnawerTa

institutisa da saxelmwifo muzeumis TanamSromlebi pirvelad Sexvdnen

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqs, romlisadmi pativiscema,

siyvaruli da avtoriteti yoveldRiurad izrdeboda qarTvel xalxSi.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebelma samociqulo eklesiam, saero

xelisuflebis RonisZiebaTa paralelurad, aRniSna iakob xucesis mier

wmida SuSanikis wamebis aRweridan 1500 wlisTavi, patriarqis locva–

kurTxeviT daiwera wmida SuSanikis xati. eklesiam xelisuflebas

mosTxova, gadmoeca misTvis metexis RvTismSoblis saxelobis taZari,

92

sadac aris wmida SuSanikis saflavi da imxanad ki axalgazrduli

Teatri iyo ganTavsebuli.

yoveli marTlmadidebeli avtokefaliuri eklesiisaTvis

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs wmida mironis momzadebas. saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia VIII saukunidan amzadebs wmida

mirons. mironis momzadeba sazeimo viTarebaSi xdeba sveticxovlis

sapatriarqo taZarSi. bolSevikuri mmarTvelobis periodSi mironis

momzadeba mokrZalebulad aRiniSneboda, amitom vrceldeboda xmebi,

TiTqos mironi sxva qveynidan SemohqondaT.

1978 wels, uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqis locva–kurTxeviT, gansakuTrebulad sazeimo

viTarebaSi momzadda wmida mironi. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan

mcxeTaSi Camosul aTasobiT morwmunes SeeZlo TviTmxilveli yofiliyo

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo avtokefaliuri eklesiis wiaRSi mironis

kurTxevis msaxurebisa. ori kviris manZilze sadReRamiso wirva–locva ar

wydeboda sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZarSi. gaifanta uazro Worebi.

momzadebuli mironi moaTavses sagangebo WurWelSi. uwmidesisa da

unetaresis manqana, romelsac marTavda protodiakoni RvTiso

SalikaSvili, Tbilisisaken daiZra. manqanaSi wmida mironiT savse

WurWelic iyo moTavsebuli. manqanam gaiara ramdenime kilometri da

amotrialda. Tanmxlebi manqanebidan Tavzardacemuli gadmovidnen wmida

sinodis wevrebi, samRvdeloeba, morwmune mrevli. damtvreuli manqanidan

uvnebeli gadmovida misi uwmidesoba, wmida mironis WurWelic

dauzianebeli iyo. rom ara RvTis neba, yvelaferi sxvagvarad

dasruldeboda.

uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqi grZnobda, rom aucilebeli iyo, qarTveli xalxis garkveul

nawilSi komunisturi xelisuflebis mier eklesiebze Seqmnili

stereotipi `istoriuli kulturis Zeglisa~ gaefanta da misi namdvili

daniSnuleba mkafiod da naTlad ganemarta. `taZari adgilia adamianis

eklesiuri kurTxevisa, – aRniSnavda misi uwmidesoba, – karibWea

maradiulobisa, savanea RvTisa; aqauri madlmosili garemo aRazevebs,

akeTilSobilebs suls, ganwmeds da ganaTavisuflebs codvebisagan,

taZari oazisia, romelSic Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis oromtrialiT,

93

RelviT da amaoebiT daclili suli Sinagan mSvidobasa da siwynares

povebs.“[33, I, 48].

. oficialurma xelisuflebam religiur dResaswaulebs

daupirispira e.w. saxalxo `daviT garejoba“, `mcxeToba“, `alaverdoba“,

`TeleToba“. mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi SezarxoSebuli xalxi zurna–

dudukis fonze wmida taZrebis ezoebSi raRacas zeimobda, Tu ras, verc

erTi mozeime ver ityoda. uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarqi 1978 wlis seqtemberSi kaxeTSi gaemgzavra

alaverdobaze. axmetis partiulma xelmZRvanelobam scada, aTasobiT

morwmunisaTvis gza gadaeRoba, magram uSedegod. es iyo pirveli

alaverdoba, romlis drosac sakaTedro taZarSi sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqi da wmida sinodis wevrebi aRasrulebdnen

RvTismsaxurebas. saocari viTareba iyo. warmarTul–gaxalxurebuli

dResaswauli Tavis namdvil saxes ibrunebda. ase moxda TeleTSi,

mcxeTaSi, lomisaze. es iyo qarTveli xalxis qristianuli rwmenisken

Semobrunebis rTuli, magram Seuqcevadi procesis dasawyisi.

oficialuri xelisuflebis mcdeloba, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesia sazogadoebisagan izolirebuli darCeniliyo,

sruli kraxiT damTavrda. uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II–m

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmo axalgazrdobas. komunistur–

komkavSiruli propagandiT sulSexuTulma axalgazrdebma sulis

simSvide, samSoblos interesebis dacvis, winaparTa tradiciebis

pativiscemis Zala eklesiaSi ipoves.

1978 wlis 6 marts saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis oficialuri delegacia moskovidan TbilisSi brundeboda.

moskovis aeroportSi qarTulad xmamaRla naTqvamma sityvam patriarqi

moabruna. `uwmideso, – mimarTa ucnobma axalgazrdam, daiCoqa mis win da

werili gadasca, _ sul ori Tve gavida Tqveni kurTxevidan da sasaxelod

gauZeliT did gamocdas. Tqveni yoveli wirva, yoveli qadageba Cvens

guls malamod ecxeba. sioni Cveni sulisa da gonebis wmida taZaria,

akademiaa, romelSic adamiani ara marto gonebis sazrdos iRebs, aramed _

sulier sazrdosac. Tqven xarT is sulieri moZRvari, romelmac bevri

gzasacdenili adamiani moaqcieT; imedi gqondeT, qarTveli axalgazrdebi

mudam mxarSi amogidgebiT.“[27, 2254]. es gulaxdili werili-aRsareba

94

adasturebda uwmidesisa da unetaresis mier gadadgmuli pirveli

nabijebis siswores.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis meTaurma

mWidro TanamSromloba daiwyo qarTuli mecnierebisa da kulturis

sxvadasxva sferos warmomadgenlebTan. aTeistur epoqaSi aRzrdil

adamianebs igi miniSnebiT aswavlida sasuliero pirebTan urTierTobis

niuansebs. uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II daeswro kote marjaniSvilis

saxelobis TeatrSi speqtakl `STamomavlobas“. speqtaklSi STambeWdavi

saxe Seqmna didma qarTvelma msaxiobma veriko anjafariZem. speqtaklis

dasasruls misma uwmidesobam daloca msaxiobebi. aRfrTovanebulma

veriko anjafariZem ase mimarTa mis uwmidesobas:

– arc ki vici, rogor unda mogmarToT. CemTvis gansakuTrebiT

axlobeli gaxdiT Cemi didi ojaxuri tragediis Semdeg. (Svilis

gardacvalebis Semdeg patriarqma did msaxiobs urCia, didi rwmena

gadagalaxvinebs did mwuxarebaso).

uwmidesma daloca suxiSvilebis ansambli, ansambli `rusTavi“...

uwmidesisa da unetaresis, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis avtoritetis amaRlebis, qveyanaSi mosaxleobis

religiurobis gazrdis fonze oficialuri saxelisuflebo struqturebi

fiqrobdnen, rogori unda yofiliyo maTi antireligiuri muSaobis

strategia da taqtika. am mizniT rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba daevala

saqarTvelos ideologiur muSakTa sagangebo jgufebs, romelTac 1979–

1984 wlebSi Sekrebebi gamarTes moswavle axalgazrdobis sasaxleSi.

gamomsvlelTa umravlesoba cdilobda, oponireba gaewia saqarTvelos

istoriis saRvTismetyvelo koncefciisaTvis, daegmo axalgazrdobis didi

nawilis eklesiisaken ltolva. miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba, Seqmniliyo

komkavSiruli Stabebi, romelnic saeklesio dResaswaulebis dros

eklesiebSi mosul axalgazrdebs gamoavlendnen da farTo `axsna–

ganmartebiT samuSaoebs“ Caatarebdnen. xelisuflebis miTiTebiT,

saxelmwifo samsaxurSi myof adamianebs samsaxuridan gaSvebiT, xolo

umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebs _ saswavleblidan garicxviT

emuqrebodnen. oficialur xelisuflebas saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel

samociqulo eklesiaze zemoqmedebisaTvis Seqmnili hqonda sagangebo

saxelmwifo struqtura sabWoTa kavSiris religiis saqmeTa komitetis

95

saxiT, romelic 1943 wels, xolo misi filiali - saqarTvelos ssr

ministrTa sabWosTan arsebuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis rwmunebulis

Tanamdeboba _ 1947 wlis 22 agvistos dafuZnda mTavrobis dadgenilebis

safuZvelze. rwmunebulTa aparats evaleboda saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiasa da saqarTvelos mTavrobas

Soris urTierTobis koordinacia, sasuliero pirTa aRricxva, moqmedi

eklesiebis registracia, sabWoTa kanonmdeblobiT religiuri

organizaciebisaTvis miniWebul uflebaTa dacva. rwmunebulTa

samoqalaqo samsaxuris ukan sabWoTa kavSiris uSiSroebis ganyofileba

idga, romelic mkacrad akontrolebda eklesiis saqmianobas.

1947 wlidan 1990 wlamde saqarTveloSi religiis saqmeTa

rwmunebulebi iyvnen: k. qadagiSvili, m. bujiaSvili, m. meqvabiSvili, d.

enuqiZe, d. SalutaSvili, T. onofriSvili, g. maisuraZe, a. wiklauri... 1976–

1978 wlebSi saqarTvelos ssr religiis saqmeTa rwmunebuli iyo Tengiz

onofriSvili. am dros saqarTveloSi ZalaSi iyo 1977 wlis 16 marts

damtkicebuli debuleba `religiur gaerTianebaTa Sesaxeb“. debulebis

Tanaxmad, axali eklesiis gaxsna SesaZlebeli iyo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amas

moiTxovda religiuri sazogadoebis 20 wevri. Tu sasuliero pirs ar

hqonda religiis saqmeTa rwmunebulis mier gacemuli registraciis

mowmoba, mas ekrZaleboda mRvdelmsaxureba.

rwmunebulTa aparati cdilobda, srulad ekontrolebina

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis saqmianoba, didi

saSemosavlo gadasaxadebi daewesebina sasuliero pirebisaTvis,

gaevrcelebina maTTvis arasasurvel sasuliero pirebze Seuracxmyofeli

Worebi, raTa sazogadoebas uaryofiTi ganwyoba Seqmnoda maTze.

rwmunebulma Tengiz onofriSvilma ver moaxerxa xelisuflebis

moTxovnebis warmatebiT Sesruleba, amitom igi gaaTavisufles da es

misia g. maisuraZes daakisres. rogorc misi Canawerebidan irkveva, igi 1980

wels daswrebia mcxeTis sasuliero seminariaSi misaReb gamocdebs da

gulistkivili gamouTqvams: `samwuxarod, wina wlebTan SedarebiT,

seminariaSi mosuli kontingenti amjerad gacilebiT ukeT momzadebuli

aRmoCnda. maT Soris arian umaRles saswavlebeldamTavrebulni~[23, 1880,

1, 382, 2]. ukeTesi iqneboda, Tu seminariaSi gaunaTlebeli, saeWvo

96

warsulis mqone adamianebi Cairicxebodnen, radgan maT SantaJs

xelisufleba ufro advilad SeZlebda.

rwmunebulis davalebiT, mcxeTis muzeum–nakrZalis direqtorma

1982 wlis ianvarSi SiomRvimis monasterSi Caketa monastris winamZRvari

mama ioakime asaTiani. movusminoT mama ioakimes: `mimdinare wlis 6 ianvari

iyo, Sobis wina dRe. uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqis locva–kurTxeviTa da brZanebiT, SiomRvimis

monastrisaken gavemgzavre salocavad (am dros monasteri me–18

profteqnikuri saswavleblis filiali iyo s.v.). dRis 15 saaTze

monastris galavans mivadeqi. rodesac monasterSi Sevedi, kari

mojaxunda. garedan viRacam boqlomi daado. yvirodnen da uSveri

sityvebiT mlanZRavdnen. ase gavatare mTeli Rame. gaTenda. Cemi sayvareli

eklesia sapyrobilis magivrobas miwevda, mcioda, mwyuroda, mSioda da

miWirda gaZleba. pirvelis naxevarze raRac xmebi Semomesma, avtexe

yvirili, Svelas viTxovdi. karTan movida viRac samxedro, rogorc

TviTon miTxra, aviaciis maiori, romelic col-SvilTan erTad

amosuliyo monasterSi. Svela vTxove. keTilSobili adamiani aRmoCnda da

mkiTxa, Tu riT SeeZlo Cemi daxmareba. Sevevedre, TbilisSi Casuliyo da

sapatriarqoSi eambna yvelaferi. oficeri sakuTari manqaniT wavida.

amasobaSi kidev erTi damTvalierebeli _ demur boboxiZe _ movida. masac

vTxove, Casuliyo mcxeTaSi da enaxa sveticxovlis moZRvrebi. male

sapatriarqodan movidnen... mcxeTaSi d. boboxiZe muzeum–nakrZalis

direqtorTan gaugzavniaT, romelsac SiomRvimis yaraulebisaTvis mokle,

magram bevrismTqmeli werili miuweria: `awi kmara da gauSviTo“[23, 1880, 1,

551, 1-5].

religiis saqmeTa rwmunebulebi cdilobdnen, uxeSad Careuliyvnen

eklesiis Sida saqmeebSi. 1986 wlis 21 noembers religiis saqmeTa

rwmunebuli aseTi Sinaarsis werils ugzavnis uwmidessa da unetares

ilia II–s: `Cvens xelT arsebuli monacemebidan gamomdinare, aucileblad

miviCnevT Tqveni yuradReba mivapyroT religiuri kultebis Sesaxeb

sabWoTa kanonmdeblobis darRvevebis faqtebze, romlebic sakmaod

moxSirda saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis msaxurTa mxriv...

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, rwmunebulTa aparats saWirod miaCnia,

rom saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sapatriarqom aRniSnul

97

darRvevaTa uaxloes vadebSi aRmosafxvrelad gaataros Semdegi saxis

RonisZiebani:

1. aekrZaloT eklesiaTa mRvdelmsaxurebsa da sapatriarqos Tanam-

Sromlebs, uSualod mimarTon respublikisa Tu sakavSiro instanciebs da

awarmoon maTTan mimowera rwmunebulis aparatis gverdis avliT;

2. SeizRudos mRvdlebis sxvadasxva eklesiebSi gadayvan–

gadmoyvana, Tu es gansakuTrebuli aucileblobiT ar iqneba gamowveuli;

3. mkacrad aekrZalos yvela RvTismsaxursa Tu eklesiis

winamZRvars religiuri sazogadoebis safinanso–sameurneo saqmeebSi

CarTva.

4. mkacrad iqnes gafrTxilebuli yvela mRvdelmTavari da sxva

kultis msaxurni, raTa Sewydes aramoqmed da araregistrirebul

eklesiebSi saxalxo Tu saeklesio dResaswaulebSi monawileoba.“[23, 1880,

1, 551, 5-6]..

religiis saqmeTa rwmunebulis davalebiT, quTaTel–gaenaTel

mitropolit Sio avaliSvils quTaisis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis

gelaTis filialis TanamSromlebi sastikad ewinaaRmdegebodnen, rom

administraciuli wesiT daxurul eklesiaSi 8 Tebervals daviT IV

aRmaSeneblis saflavze paraklisi gadaxdiliyo. ase iyo yvelgan, magram

miuxedavad aseTi didi survilisa, rwmunebulTa aparati veRar axerxebda

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis samoqmedo

asparezis SezRudvas. religiis saqmeTa rwmunebulis erT–erT gulaxdil

CanawerSi vkiTxulobT: `mxolod ukiduresad reaqciuli eklesiis

msaxurni, ucxoel antisabWoelebTan erTad, moiTxoven, rom Cvens

qveyanaSi religiur gaerTianebebsa da maT wevrebs ufleba mieceT

imoqmedon ise, rogorc es maT moesurvebaT“[27, 1200, 7720].

ase azrovnebdnen religiis saqmeTa rwmunebulTa aparatSi.

1980–iani wlebidan uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqi oficialuri xelisuflebisagan daJinebiT

moiTxovda sasuliero akademiis gaxsnis nebarTvas. rogorc misi

uwmidesoba aRniSnavs, am saqmeSi mas didi daxmareba gauwia religiis

saqmeTa rwmunebulma, batonma anzor wiklaurma.

XX saukunis 80–iani wlebis meore naxevridan, erovnul–

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRmavlobis periodSi, araerTxel daisva

98

sakiTxi religiis saqmeTa rwmunebulis aparatis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. 1990

wlis 22 aprils saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWom aseTi dadgenileba

gamosca: `gauqmdes saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWosTan arsebuli

religiis saqmeTa rwmunebulis aparati yvela Tavisi funqciiT.

respublikis teritoriaze ganlagebuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa da

saqarTvelos sapatriarqos yvela sakulto nageboba gamocxaddes

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sakuTrebad“[27, 16420].

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II saocari mimteveblobiT da

araCveulebrivi madlierebis grZnobiT yovelTvis magaliTs aZlevs ers.

1995 wels mcxeTaSi, sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZarSi, saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis gafarToebuli krebaze, man

aRniSna, rom saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWosTan arsebuli religiis

saqmeTa rwmunebulis aparati eklesiis SezRudvisa da daCagvrisaTvis iyo

Seqmnili, magram `ar SemiZlia ar gavixseno, _ brZana uwmidesma, _

religiis saqmeTa ori rwmunebuli: Tengiz onofriSvili da anzor

wiklauri. Tengiz onofriSvili mRvdlis SviliSvili iyo, romlis

suraTic man erTxel saidumlod maCvena. anzor wiklaurs, romelic

axlaxan gardaicvala, didi wvlili miuZRvis Tbilisis sasuliero

akademiis gaxsnaSi. erTica da meorec istorikosebi iyvnen da kargad

esmodaT eklesiis roli Cveni qveynis cxovrebaSi“[33, II, 110].

99

Tavi V. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

urTierToba marTlmadidebel eklesiebTan da aramarTlmadideblur

konfensiebTan. avtokefaliuri moZraobis warmatebiT dagvirgvineba


avtokefaliis aRdgenisa da pirveli saeklesio krebis mier sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqad kirion II–is arCevis Semdeg

uwmidesma da unetaresma kirion II-m daiwyo seriozuli muSaoba, raTa

marTlmadidebel da aramarTlmadidebel msoflios mkafio warmodgena

SehqmnodaT, ra moxda saqarTveloSi, da ar aRmoCeniliyvnen ruseTis

sapatriarqos mier gavrcelebuli tendenciuri informaciebis tyveobaSi.

pirvel yovlisa, iyo survili ruseTis eklesiasTan megobruli

urTierTobis damyarebisa, magram 1917 wlis agvistoSi ruseTis

axladarCeulma patriarqma tixonma saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis maRalierarqebs mcxeTaSi 1917 wlis 12 (25) marts

miRebuli dokumentis gauqmebisa da sinanulisaken mouwoda. amitom 25

wlis manZilze saqarTvelosa da ruseTis marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa

Soris evqaristuli kavSiri ar arsebobda.

1943 wlis 31 oqtombers, daZabuli molaparakebebis Semdeg, ruseTis

patriarqma sergim oficialurad aRiara saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis teritoriuli avtokefalia, 1917 wlis 12 (25)

martis sveticxovlis damoukideblobis aqtis kanoniereba da rusi

mrevlisadmi mimarTvaSi daadastura saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel

samociqulo eklesiasTan evqaristuli kavSiris aRdgena. ruseTis

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis avtokefaliis aRiarebis dokuments xels awerdnen

patriarqi sergi da sinodis mudmivi wevrebi, mitropolitebi: aleqsi,

nikolozi, mTavarepiskoposebi: andrei, aleqsi, ioane.

100

1946 wels saqarTveloSi oficialuri megobruli vizitiT

CamobrZanda ruseTis patriarqi uwmidesi aleqsi I. 1958 wels igi meored

Camovida saqarTveloSi. 1945–1948 wlebSi uwmidesi da unetaresi

kalistrate stumrobda moskovs. 1951–1970 wlebSi moskovSi araerTxel

Catarda sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebul religiur konfesiaTa meTaurebis

Sexvedra, samSvidobo konferenciebi. am SexvedrebSi monawileobdnen

uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqni:

melqisedek III, efrem II, daviT V, ilia II. ruseTisa da saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa Soris keTilganwyobili urTierToba

damyarda.

1977 wlis 25 dekembers uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia II-is

aRsaydrebaze moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patriarqi pimeni am

sityvebiT miesalma saqarTvelos eklesiis meTaurs: `ruseTis

marTlmadidebeli eklesia, aRsavse uRrmesi pativiscemiT Tavisi

erTmorwmune, moZme qarTuli eklesiisadmi, guliT xarobs am uwmides

taZarSi gamefebuli sixaruliTa da zeimiT. es sixaruli wmidaa da

naTeli. Cvenc sixarulma mogviyvana aq, raTa erTxel kidev davudasturoT

keTilmorwmune qarTvel ers da mis Rirseul mwyemsmTavars sruliad

ruseTis eklesiis samwysos siyvaruli“[34, 1978, 12].


patriarqi ilia II patriarq pimenis am pozicias pativiscemiTa da ruseTis

eklesiisadmi siyvaruliT pasuxobda. 1978 wlis maisSi man monawileoba

miiRo ruseTSi patriarqobis aRdgenidan 60 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil

sazeimo RonisZiebaSi. aq igi Sexvda da momavali urTierTobebis

gaRrmavebis sakiTxebze esaubra msoflio sapatriarqos warmomadgenlebs,

mitropolitebs _ melitonsa da barTolomeoss (axlandel msoflio

patriarqs), ierusalimis eklesiidan – mitropolit germanes, rumineTis

eklesiidan _ mitropolit Teoqstites (SemdgomSi patriarqs),

bulgareTis patriarq maqsimes, eladis eklesiis warmomadgenels _

mitropolit varnavas, kviprosis eklesiis meTaurs _ mTavarepiskopos

qrizostomoss, Cexoslovakiis eklesiis meTaurs _ doroTes, poloneTis

eklesiis meTaurs _ mitropolit vasils, amerikisa da kanadis

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis meTaurs _ mTavarepiskopos Teodosis,

somxuri eklesiis meTaurs _ patriarq–kaTolikos vazgens I–s. ruseTis

101

eklesiis meTauris, uwmides pimenisadmi mimarTul misalmebaSi man

aRniSna: `rusuli eklesiis aTaswlovani istoria _ es aris qristes

jvris mtvirTelobis aTaswlovani gza. es aris wmindanTa dasebi, es aris

qristianuli siyvaruli, es aris brZola WeSmariti rwmenisa da

mamulisaTvis. es aris sulier faseulobaTa Seqmna da zrunva maTi

SenarCunebisaTvis“[30, 234].

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II yovelTvis pativiscemiT ixsenebda

ruseTis patriarqebs _ uwmides aleqsi I-sa da uwmides pimens. man 1990

wels patriarq pimenis dakrZalvaze ase daaxasiaTa igi: `rodesac Cven

uwmidesi patriarqis _ pimenis cxovrebas Soridan vuyurebT, vxedavT

mxolod mis sidiades, gvaxsendeba sadResaswaulo RvTismsaxurebani,

wirva–locvani, magram ver vxedavT im mZime gansacdelsa da devnas,

romelic man gadaitana, ver vxedavT im Tavganwirul msaxurebas, mis

uZilo, locviT gaTenebul Rameebs, mis cremlebsa da tanjvas, im mZime

jvars, romelic mas Tavisi mxrebiT mihqonda“[30, 237].

uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m axladarCeul patriarq aleqsi

II–s tradiciuli megobroba da urTierTTanamSromloba SesTavaza.

XX sauunis 90–ian wlebSi bolSevikebis mier modernizebuli

ruseTis sabWoTa imperia _ sabWoTa kavSiri _ daiSala. es procesi

yofili sabWoTa respublikebisaTvis, maT Soris _ saqarTvelosaTvis,

sakmaod mtkivneuli aRmoCnda. ruseTis politikuri wreebis waqezebiTa da

mxardaWeriT gaZlierda separatistuli tendenciebi saqarTvelos

istoriul miwa–wyalze, afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi. ruseTma

faqtobrivad am teritoriebis aneqsia moaxdina, Tumca saerTaSoriso

sazogadoebriobas jiutad umtkicebs, rom igi regionSi icavs mSvidobasa

da stabilurobas. Ees xdeba im fonze, rodesac 300 000 qarTveli

gamoZevebulia afxazeTis teritoriidan, 14 aTasze meti adamiani ki

daxoces sakuTar miwa–wyalze. daxvrites mama andria, daarbies eklesiebi.

ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia Tavis bundovan gancxadebebSi

TiTqos gmobda Zaladobas, magram, samwuxarod, am yvelaferSi iribad

qarTvelebs adanaSaulebda. ruseTis patriarqma aleqsi II–m TbilisSi

yofnisas Tavi aarida am problemebze msjelobas. cxum–afxazeTisa da

cxinvalis eparqiebidan separatistebis mier gamoZevebulia qarTveli

samRvdeloeba da am dros ruseTis eklesia, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos

102

gverdis avliT, cdilobs iq rusi sasuliero pirebis damkvidrebas da

amas amarTlebs mosaxleobis religiuri moTxovnilebiT. iseT

viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme, rom, rogorc ruseTis saxelmwifo, aseve

eklesia, sajarod aRiareben saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas,

saqarTvelos eklesiis teritoriul avtokefalias, magram sinamdvileSi

piriqiT iqcevian. am TvalsazrisiT rad Rirs Tundac is faqti, rom

cxinvalis separatistuli ukanono SeiaraRebuli formirebis aRlumze

monawileobs ruseTis vladikavkazis eparqiis winamZRoli?

ruseTis `patriot mecnierTa“ wreebSi gaCnda mosazrebani axali

aTonis monastris ruseTis eklesiisaTvis dabrunebis aucileblobis

Sesaxeb. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi, uwmidesi da

unetaresi ilia II mkacrad gmobs yovelive amas. ruseTis patriarq aleqsi

II–sadmi gagzavnil werilSi igi aRniSnavs: `me miviRe sakmaod ucnauri da

gaugebari werili da aucileblad miviCnie, gamecno igi TqvenTvis, miT

umetes, rom igi ruseTisa da saqarTvelos avtokefaliuri eklesiebis

urTierTobebs exeba.... upirveles yovlisa, gvaocebs, ratom erevian

mecnierebi ori Zmuri avtokefaliuri eklesiis urTierTobaSi? vin misca

maT amis uflebamosileba? me ar vfiqrob, rom es Tqvengan miecaT.

mtkiceba axali aTonis monastris ruseTis eklesiisaTvis dabrunebisa im

motiviT, rom igi rusi ostatebis, rusi xalxisa da ruseTis

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis xarjebiT aSenda, arasworia. me SemiZlia

mravali magaliTi moviyvano imis Taobaze, rom bevri qarTuli taZari da

Senoba moskovSi, peterburgsa Tu ruseTis sxva qalaqebSi qarTveli

mefeebisa da Tavadebis mier aris aSenebuli; Cven rom dRes erTmaneTs

msgavsi pretenziebi wavuyenoT, es ar Seuwyobs xels Cveni xalxebisa da

eklesiebis megobrobas... garda amisa, minda SegaxsenoT, rom rodesac 1943

wels ruseTis eklesiam aRiara saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis teritoriuli avtokefalia, saqarTveloSi

arsebuli yvela rusuli samwyso da monasteri saqarTvelos eklesiis

iurisdiqcias gadaeca“[33, II, 421-422]. patriarqma aseve mkacrad dagmo

vladikavkazisa da stavropolis mitropolit gedeonis mcdeloba

`samxreT oseTis xalxisaTvis sulieri daxmarebis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb“ da

dasZina: `upirveles yovlisa, meufe gedeonma unda icodes, rom yofili

samxreT oseTis teritoria saqarTvelos uZvelesi teritoriaa, Tavisi

103

gancxadebiT igi mtrobas sTess ara mxolod qarTvelebsa da osebs,

aramed qarTvelebsa da rusebs Sorisac~[33, II, 424]..

samwuxarod, ruseTis eklesiam mkafio pasuxi ver gasca, Tu ratom

xdeba yovelive es, verc 1992 wlis oqtomberSi, rodesac uwmidesma da

unetaresma ilia II–m mimarTa ruseTis patriarq aleqsi II–s da sTxova,

gamoeyenebina Tavisi avtoriteti afxazeTSi datrialebuli sisxlisRvris

SesaCereblad, da verc Semdgom.

ruseT–saqarTvelos politikuri urTierTobebis istoriaSi

yvelaze rTuli ar yofila arc amoucnobniSnebiani TviTmfrinavebiT

saqarTvelos mosazRvre teritoriebis permanentuli dabombva, arc

ekonomikuri blokada da arc ormagi standartebis politika, bevrad

ufro mZime da Seuracxmyofeli iyo 2006 wlis Semodgomaze qarTvelTa

damamcirebeli deportacia ruseTis sxvadasxva qalaqidan da maTi devna

eTnikuri niSnis mixedviT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ori qveynis urTierToba

saSiS zRvars gascda. am viTarebaSi ruseTis sapatriarqos mier

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresi ilia II–is

miwveva moskovSi marTlmadidebeli enciklopediis me–13 tomis

prezentaciaze dasaswrebad, scildeboda enciklopediis prezentaciis

farglebs. viziti 2007 wlis 1–5 marts Sedga. mravalricxovani qarTuli

delegacia, romelsac patriarqi xelmZRvanelobda, fiqrobda, msjelobda,

rogori Sedegebi eqneboda am vizits. yvela Relavda, mSvidad mxolod

misi uwmidesoba iyo. man pirvelsave oficialur Sexvedraze mkafiod

ganacxada: `Cven CamovediT friad sapasuxismgeblo dros, rodesac

ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris urTierTobebi sagrZnoblad garTulda...

vimedovnebT, rom es urTierTobebi uaxloes momavalSi gaumjobesdeba da

mivxvdebiT, rom mezobel saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTobebi unda iyos

stabiluri da megobruli. Cven erTmaneTs vWirdebiT. arsebobs SesaniSnavi

brZnuli gamonaTqvami: diliT, amomaval mzeze adre xedav mezobels...

ruseTs unda sWirdebodes erTiani, megobruli saqarTvelo.~[35, 18-19].

..patriarqma 4 marts moskovis macxovris sakaTedro taZarSi,

uwmides aleqsi II-sTan erToblivi RvTismsaxurebis Semdeg, mTeli

msoflios gasagonad ganacxada: `problemebi, romlebic warmoiSvnen

afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi, RvTis madliT, gadawydeba qarTuli

saxelmwifos, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

104

wiaRSi, xolo arCevnebi, romelic dRes tardeba afxazeTSi, saidanac 300

aTasi mkvidri mcxovrebi gamoZevebulia, ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos

legitimurad.~[35, 35]. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis meTaurma kidev erTxel dagvanaxa, rom politika rTuli

xelovnebaa, magram, rogorc azvirTebul okeaneSi gemis brZen winamZRols

SeuZlia misi samSvidoboze gayvana, mis uwmidesobas Seswevs Zala

urTules diplomatiur labirinTebSi mSvidad gaiaros da Tavisi qveynisa

da deda eklesiis interesebi daicvas udidesi taqtiTa da RirsebiT.

uwmidesi da unetaresi kirion II, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis meTauri 1917–1918 wlebSi, gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobas aniWebda konstantinopolis msoflio sapatriarqosTan

urTierTobis aRdgenas. 1811 wlis Semdeg, rodesac ruseTis imperatorma _

aleqsandre I–ma gaauqma saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia,

konstantinepolis msoflio sapatriarqosTan gawyda mravalsaukunovani

kavSiri. uwmidesi da unetaresi kirion II msoflio patriarq basil III–s

werilSi mokled mouTxrobda 1811–1917 wlebis saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis istorias da acxadebda:

`gulisxmavyof brZanebasa mociqulisasa Tanaxmad erTobisa mas sulisasa

sakvirvelisasa... siyvaruliT mogikiTxav, unetareso mamao, da wrfeliTa

guliTa giTxra: `qriste ars Cvens Soris“. Rvawli Cemda iqnebis dacvai

doRmatTa marTlmadideblobisaTa, romelTa arca gamcemel yofil ars

eklesiai Cveni, gzad Cemda iqmnebis zrunvai keTildgomisaTvis wmidaTa

RmerTisa eklesiaTa da keTili warmatebisaTvis erisa Cemis zRuded Cemda

iqmnebis kanoni.~[15, 206]. konstantinopolis msoflio sapatriarqo,

ruseTis eklesiis gavleniT, erideboda saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel

samociqulo eklesiasTan urTierTobas XX saukunis 20–60–ian wlebSi.

erTaderTi SemTxveva ukavSirdeba 1928 wels, rodesac msoflio

sapatriarqom saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesias axal

stilze gadasvlis gamo mxardaWera sTxova.

bolSevikuri mmarTvelobis xanaSi sxva marTlmadidebel

avtokefaliur eklesiebTan piradi kontaqtebi gaZnelebuli iyo.

konstantinopolis sapatriarqo sabWoTa kavSiris mier mtrulad

Seracxili samxedro organizaciis, `natos“ wevri qveynis _ TurqeTis

teritoriaze mdebareobda da oficialuri xelisufleba saqarTvelos

105

marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesias msoflio sapatriarqosTan

Tavisufal urTierTobas ukrZalavda. dRes xSirad kamaToben imis

Taobaze, Tu ramdenad iyo gamarTlebuli 1962 wels sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis, uwmidesi da unetaresi efrem II-is

Tanxmoba saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

eklesiaTa msoflio sabWoSi gawevrianebis Sesaxeb. am organizaciis

egidiT mowyobil samSvidobo forumze saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis warmomadgenlebs miecaT saSualeba, msoflios

marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa meTaurebisaTvis mkafiod ganemartaT


avtokefaliis mniSvneloba da moeTxovaT maTgan am avtokefaliis

aRiareba. 1963 wels Semoqmedeli episkoposi ilia monawileobda kunZul

rodosze gamarTul marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa samSvidobo forumSi,

romelzec saqarTvelos eklesia yvelaze axalgazrda avtonomiur

eklesiad gamoacxades. amas mohyva meufe ilias mwvave reaqcia. man

ganumarta damswreT, rom saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia aris

uZvelesi samociqulo avtokefaliuri eklesia da moiTxovs Sesabamis

pativiscemas. rodosidan dabrunebulma episkoposma iliam vrcel

moxsenebiT baraTSi uwmidessa da unetares efrem II-s auxsna saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis irgvliv Seqmnili viTareba.

uwmidesma da unetaresma efrem II-m mas daavala, emuSava saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis avtokefaliis saerTaSoriso

aRiarebisaTvis, mecnierebTan TanamSromlobiT moeZia avtokefaliis

istoriuli mtkicebulebani. daiwyo am mimarTulebiT daZabuli muSaoba.

1970 wlis 2 marts uwmidessa da unetares efrem II-s samuSao dRiurSi

Cauweria: `konstantinepolis msoflio patriarqi Cvens eklesiasTan ar

aris keTilad ganwyobili, cnobilma viRacam (?) yurSi borotad

CauCurCula, Cvens patriarqobas ar scnobs... Cven Cvens gzas

vagrZelebT.~[27, 3797].

msoflio sapatriarqosTan saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis istoriuli avtokefaliis aRiarebis sakiTxebze

intensiuri molaparakebebi gagrZelda uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II-is

locva–kurTxeviT. 1978 wlis 1–4 ivniss, patriarqis mowveviT, TbilisSi

imyofeboda msoflio sapatriarqos delegacia, romelsac xelmZRva-

106

nelobda qalkedonis mitropoliti melitoni. delegaciis

SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen filadelfiis mitropoliti barTolomeosi

(axlandeli msoflio patriarqi) da SvedeTis mitropoliti pavle.

saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi gaimarTa pirveli seriozuli molaparakeba


aRiarebis sakiTxebze. 1978 wlis 16 ivniss uwmidesma da unetaresma,

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqma ilia II-m sapatriarqo

rezidenciaSi Sexvedra mouwyo qarTvel mecnierebs. Sexvedras

eswrebodnen profesorebi: m. lorTqifaniZe, n. lomouri, o. jafariZe, p.

zaqaraia, S. lomsaZe, i. sixaruliZe, g. mamulia, n. asaTiani, r. siraZe, a.

bogveraZe, d. gogolaZe, T. beraZe, i. lolaSvili, b. lominaZe. uwmidesma

da unetaresma ilia II-m qarTvel mecnierebs sTxova, intensiurad emuSavaT

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis istoriaze. manve

aRniSna, rom mosagvarebeli iyo saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis avtokefaliis aRiarebis sakiTxi. saWiro iyo, myari

istoriuli mtkicebulebebis mqone sabuTebiT daemtkicebinaT berZnuli

sapatriarqoebisTvis, rom saqarTvelos eklesiis meTauri V saukunidan

kaTolikosis, xolo XI saukunidan _ kaTolikos–patriarqis tituls

atarebda. mecnierebma aRuTqves saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqs, rom

yvelafers gaakeTebdnen saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis interesebis dasacavad. marTlac, umokles droSi Seiqmna n.

lomouris, b. lominaZis, d. gogolaZis, a. bendianiSvilis naSromebi

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis istoriis calkeul

sakiTxebze.

1979 wlis 2–8 maiss uwmidesi da unetaresi, sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqi ilia II Tanmxleb pirebTan erTad stambulSi

imyofeboda konstantinopolis msoflio patriarqis _ uwmidesi

dimitriosis miwveviT. `TiTqmis rvaasi welia, rac konstantinopolSi ar

yofila saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi, – ganacxada misma

uwmidesobam, _ bednieri var, rom wilad mxvda da RvTis locva–

kurTxeviT Camovedi am qalaqSi, romelic saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi iyo

centri eklesiuri, kulturuli da samecniero cxovrebisa da

moRvaweobisa. Cveni eklesia mudam grZnobda, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba

eniWeboda da eniWeba msoflio sapatriarqos, is mudam unda yofiliyo im

107

Zalad, romelic daakavSirebda avtokefaliur eklesiebs.~[34, 1979, 2, 12-13]. .

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi Sexvda msoflio sapatriarqos

mmarTvel mRvdelmTavrebs, gaimarTa azrTa gaziareba marTlmadidebel

eklesiaTa urTierTobis sakiTxebze. uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m

Sexvedraze ganacxada: `rodesac werils an milocvas gvigzavnis

konstantinopolis msoflio sapatriarqo, sworad ar aris moxsenebuli

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi, ise rogorc wodebulia V

saukunidan... saeklesio forumebsa da konferenciebze saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia kanonierad unda ikavebdes Tavis

adgils... roca xdeba kuTvnili VI adgilis darRveva, es gavlenas axdens

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiaze da mis avtoritetze mTel

msoflioSi... Cven gvsurs, rom es sakiTxi erTxel da samudamod

mowesrigdes... ar viTxov axali ramis mocemas an damtkicebas, Cven gvinda

aRvadginoT winandeli Cveni mdgomareoba, romelic, samwuxarod, 1811 wels

davkargeT.“[34, 1979, 2, 11].

konstantinopolis sapatriarqos saxeliT gamosulma qalkedonis

mitropolitma melitonma aRuTqva saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis meTaurs, rom es sakiTxebi dadebiTad gadaiWreboda

dasabuTebuli istoriuli masalebis gacnobis safuZvelze.

daZabuli molaparakebebi 11 weli gagrZelda. saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia avtokefaliisa da diptixis

sakiTxebSi araviTar kompromisze ar midioda. 1982 wlis 3 ivliss

msoflio patriarq dimitriosisadmi gagzavnil werilSi, romelsac xels

awerdnen uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II da saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis wmida sinodis 13 mRvdelmTavari,

naTqvami iyo: `Tu konstantinopolis msoflio sapatriarqo sadavod

miiCnevs saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis adgils

diptixSi, im SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos sapatriarqos gauWirdeba

monawileoba miiRos msoflio sapatriarqos mier mowyobil

RonisZiebebSi.“[27, 10417].

saqarTvelos sapatriarqom gaaprotesta is faqti, rom 1981 wels

saberZneTisa da kviprosis eklesiebis mier Sedgenil kalendarSi

saqarTvelos eklesia ar iyo moxseniebuli istoriulad mis kuTvnil me-6

adgilze. mis uwmidesobas moubodiSes, rom iZulebuli iyvnen daecvaT

108

msoflio sapatriarqos mier avtokefaliuri eklesiebisaTvis gankuTvnili

rigi. uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m, qarTvel mecnierebTan

konsultaciis Semdeg, msoflios marTlmadidebeli eklesiebis meTaurebs

daugzavna dasabuTebuli, istoriuli dokumentebiT gajerebuli

werilebi, romlebic saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis istoriul avtokefaliasa da diptixSi marTlmadidebel

eklesiaTa Soris misi kuTvnili me–6 adgilis kanonierebas amtkicebda.

patriarqma ilia II-m moZme eklesiebisgan werilobiTi mxardaWera

moiTxova. misi uwmidesobis moTxovnas dadebiTad gamoexmaurnen moskovisa

da sruliad ruseTis patriarqi uwmidesi pimeni (1982 w. 29. IX), praRisa da

Cexoslovakiis mitropoliti doroTeosi (1982 w. 16.VII), bulgareTis

patriarqi maqsime (1982 w. 16.V), aleqsandriisa da sruliad afrikis papi

da patriarqi uwmidesi nikoloz VI (1982 w. 1.IX). mravalmxriv sagulisxmo

iyo ierusalimis patriarqis diodorosis pasuxi: `Zmuri siyvaruliT

miviReT CvenTvis Zalze sayvareli Tqveni uwmidesobisa da unetaresobis

werili, romelmac mogvagona da ukan mogvaxeda eklesiuri faqtebisaken,

gviCvena uZvelesi droidanve dadgenilad sruliad marTlmadidebel

eklesiaTa Soris saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriuli avtokefalia...

dabejiTebiT mogaxsenebT, rom adgilobriv marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa

erTsulovnebiT saqarTvelos mowamebrivma, magram, amave dros, didebulma

sapatriarqom unda miiRos Tavisi Sesabamisi adgili konstantinopolis

msoflio sapatriarqos diptixSi.“[27, 1374, 8701]. uwmidessa da unetares

ilia II–s werils dauyovnebliv upasuxa msoflio patriarqmac: `miviRe da

Sesaferisi yuradRebiT gavecaniT Cveni wmida sinodis krebaze CvenTvis

Zalze sayvareli da sasurveli Tqveni unetaresobis da wmida sinodis

Zmur werils, romelic Seexeba wmida diptixSi Tqveni eklesiis adgils

istoriuli da kanonieri monacemebiT. gacnobebT, rom igi gansaxilvelad

gadaegzavna sinodis sabWos.“[27, 8701].

1988 wlis agvistoSi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqis, uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II–is mowveviT, TbilisSi Camob-

rZanda konstantinopolis msoflio patriarqi uwmidesi dimitriosi,

romelmac moiloca qarTuli eklesia–monastrebi, xelovnebis muzeumSi

daaTvaliera qarTuli saeklesio siwmindeni. msoflio patriarqi gaaoca

eklesia–monastrebSi mrevlis, ZiriTadad axalgazrdobis, simravlem.

109

saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi wmida sinodis wevrebTan da qarTvel

mecnierebTan gaimarTa msjeloba saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis istoriuli avtokefaliis cnobisa da

marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa diptixSi VI adgilis dakavebis Sesaxeb.

gadawyda, aRniSnul sakiTxebze gagrZelebuliyo molaparakebebi.

1988–1989 wlebSi saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoriuli

avtokefaliis aRiarebis sakiTxebze molaparakebebs awarmoebdnen

mitropolitebi: qrizosTomosi da damaskinosi. uwmidesi da unetaresi

ilia II gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda yvela sityvas, romelic

aRiarebis teqstSi unda Sesuliyo. molaparakebebi iyo rTuli, magram

konstruqciuli. 1990 wlis 7 ianvars (Zv. st. 25 dekembers), sionis

sapatriarqo taZarSi wirvis damTavrebis Semdeg, mitropolitma

qrizosTomosma oficialurad gamoacxada msoflio sapatriarqos

gadawyvetileba saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoriuli

avtokefaliisa da misi meTauris sapatriarqo titulis aRiarebis Sesaxeb.

1990 wlis 4 marts saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis meTaurma, uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II–m konstantinopolSi

msoflio patriarq dimitriosis xelmoweriT miiRo ori sigeli:

`1. saqarTvelos uwmidesi marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

avtokefaliis cnobisa da mtkicebis sigeli“, romlis Tanaxmadac

msoflio sapatriarqom miiRo gadawyvetileba `cnos

da daamtkicos saqarTvelos wmida eklesiis avtokefalia da

damoukidebeli struqtura“.

2. konstantinopolis mTavarepiskoposis, axlisa romisa da

msoflio patriarqis _ dimitriosis _ ganCinebiT, saqarTvelos uwmidesi

eklesia pativdebuli iqna sapatriarqo RirsebiTa da adgiliT, rogorc

adridanve ixsenieboda uZveles qronikebsa da sxva saeklesio wyaroebSi.

patriarqis titulia: `mTavarepiskoposi mcxeTa–Tbilisisa da

kaTolikos–patriarqi sruliad saqarTveloisa.“[34, 1990, 3, 5-8].

misma uwmidesobam guliTadi madloba moaxsena msoflio

sapatriarqos istoriuli samarTlianobis aRdgenisaTvis da gamoTqva

rwmena, rom diptixis sakiTxic aseve samarTlianad gadawydeboda.

saqarTvelo mouTmenlad eloda misi uwmidesobis samSobloSi

dabrunebas. erTi weli sruldeboda 1989 wlis 9 aprilis tragediis

110

sisxliani dReebidan, erovnul–ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba mkafiod

ayenebda saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis

sakiTxs. rogorc 1917 wlis 12 (25) marts saqarTvelos samociqulo

eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena win uswrebda saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis gamocxadebas, ise moxda 73 wlis Semdegac.


avtokefaliis cnobis sigelebiT xeldamSvenebuli sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarqi dabrunda samSobloSi. Tbilisis aeroportidan

sapatriarqo rezidenciamde bednierebisagan acremlebuli, erT muStad

Sekruli qarTveloba acilebda Tavis Rirseul sulier winamZRols. 28

marts sionis sapatriarqo taZarSi warmoTqmul sityvaSi uwmidesma da

unetaresma ilia II-m miuloca qarTvel ers istoriuli dRe da aRniSna:

`amjerad xelT gvaqvs is sabuTebi, romelTac saqarTvelo 1500 wlis

manZilze eloda... isini imdenad didi mniSvnelobis sabuTebia, rom

verasdros, RvTis wyalobiT da RvTis locva–kurTxeviT, veravin veRar

Seaxebs xels saqarTvelos eklesias.“[34, 1990, 3, 4]. sxva rom araferi

gaekeTebina mis uwmidesobas, marto es eyofoda istoriaSi Sesasvlelad.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia msoflio

sapatriarqosTan urTierTobas yovelTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas

aniWebda. 1991 wlis 29 aprils TurqeTis xelisuflebam stambolis meris

moadgilis meSveobiT gamoiZaxa msoflio patriarqi dimitriosi da

mouwyo dakiTxva. TurqeTis xelisufleba XV saukunidan ar scnobs

msoflio sapatriarqos da konstantinopolis msoflio patriarqebs

adgilobrivi berZnuli Temis eklesiis meTaurebs uwodebs. sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqma TurqeTis prezident Turgut

ozalisadmi gagzavnil werilSi xma aRimaRla msoflio sapatriarqos

pativisa da Rirsebis dasacavad, dagmo msoflio patriarqis dakiTxvis

faqti da gamoTqva rwmena, rom msgavsi incidenti ar ganmeordeboda.

uwmidesma da unetaresma gaamxneva msoflio patriarqi. `saqarTvelos

sapatriarqo mudam TqvenTan iqneba~, – ganucxada mas uwmidesma da

unetaresma ilia II-m. es moxda im dros, rodesac demokratiuli

msoflios religiur konfensiaTa liderebi TurqeTis xelisuflebis

ganawyenebas moeridnen da Seqmnil viTarebaSi dumili amjobines. Tavis

mxriv, msoflio sapatriarqom mkacrad dagmo ruseTis imperiuli

111

politika afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi da mouwoda ruseTis

sapatriarqos, Tavi Seikavos religiuri separatizmis mxardaWerisgan.

1994 wlis maisSi konstantinopolis msoflio patriarqi

barTolomeos I patriarqis rangSi pirvelad ewvia saqarTvelos. qveyanaSi

Seqmnili rTuli socialur–politikuri viTarebis miuxedavad,

saqarTvelos eklesiam Rirseuli maspinZloba gauwia mas. 2003 wlis 19–24

seqtembers msoflio patriarqi barTolomeos I kvlav stumrobda

saqarTvelos. man imogzaura quTais–gaenaTis, xonis, baTumisa da sxalTis

eparqiebSi. moiloca qarTuli siwmideebi. samebis sakaTedro taZris

daTvalierebis Semdeg uwmidesma barTolomeos I–ma ganacxada: `es taZari

iqneba didi warmateba Tqveni kaTolikos–patriarqisa, romelsac bevri

ram aqvs gakeTebuli, magram es iqneba gvirgvini misi moRvaweobisa“[36,

2003, 38]. patriarqma barTolomeosma aRniSna, rom `rac ufro meti

problemebis winaSe dgas saqarTvelo, miT ufro metad izrdeba xalxis

rwmena da maTi mxurvale damokidebuleba marTlmadideblobisadmi. es

imas niSnavs, rom qarTveli xalxi problemebTan SesabrZoleblad Zalas

iRebs Semoqmedi RmerTisgan.“[36, 2003, 38].

msoflio patriarqis miwveviT uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II

araerTxel Cavida konstantinepolSi, ewvia istoriul kabadokias,

moiloca istoriuli saqarTvelos _ tao–klarjeTis _ eklesia–

monastrebi, gaamxneva TurqeTis respublikaSi mcxovrebi qarTveloba.

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiisa da aleqsandriis

sapatriarqos urTierTobebi 1917–1970–ian wlebSi mxolod saaxalwlo,

saaRdgomo da saSobao milocvebiT Semoifargleboda. aleqsandriis

uZveles eklesiasTan saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis daaxloebis procesi daiwyo 1976 wlidan, rodesac aleqsandriis

papi da patriarqi nikoloz VI soxumSi Sexvda saqarTvelos


Tavmjdomares, cxum–afxazeTis mitropolit ilias. mitropolitma iliam

didi STabeWdileba moaxdina aleqsandriis patriarqze. 1981 wlis 20–31

ivliss aleqsandriisa da sruliad afrikis papi da patriarqi

oficialuri vizitiT estumra saqarTvelos. uwmidesma da unetaresma

aleqsandriis patriarqTan erTad moiloca saqarTvelos moqmedi

eklesia–monastrebi. uwmidesi nikoloz VI saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

112

samociqulo eklesiis meTaurs dahpirda mxardaWeras saqarTvelos

eklesiis istoriuli avtokefaliis aRiarebis saqmeSi. im dros, rodesac

qarTveli swavlulebisaTvis sazRvargareTul qarTul samonastro

centrebSi muSaoba auxdeneli ocneba iyo, aleqsandriis patriarqma

ganacxda: `didi siamovnebiT miviReb Tqven mier movlinebul qarTvel

mecnierebs, romlebic aleqsandriisa da kairos samonastro

biblioTekebSi dacul qarTul xelnawerebs Seiswavlian da maT

fotopirebs gadaiReben.“[34, 1981, 2, 9].

darbazobaze unetaresma nikoloz VI-m ganacxada: `kaTolikos–

patriarq ilia II–is saxe saSualebas maZlevs vTqva, rom dRes

saqarTvelos eklesiaSi batonobs sibrZne, siyvaruli da Zliereba. igi

Zalze energiulad uZRveba eklesiis saWes da RvTis Svilebi uflis mier

dakanonebuli gziT mihyavs.“[34, 1981, 2, 13].

1984 wlis 18–30 maiss uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II oficialuri

vizitiT estumra aleqsandriis sapatriarqos, daaTvaliera adgilobrivi

siwmideni, moiloca wmida ekaterines monasteri sinas mTaze, daaTvaliera

monastris unikaluri biblioTeka, sadac qarTuli xelnaweri wignebic

aris daculi. uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II–m madloba gadauxada

aleqsandriis patriarqs da aRniSna: `Cvens xalxebs didi niWi mohmadla

ufalma, amitomac ufro mZime iyo da aris jvari Cveni erebisa; TiTqos

saqristianos sazRvrebis darajad daadgina ufalma isini, amitomac arian

umetesad gvemulni da jvarcmulni, magram, RvTis SewevniT, kvlavac

mkvdreTiT aRmdgarni da amaRlebulni.“[34, 1984, 2, 12].

aleqsandriis uZveles sapatriarqosa da saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesias Soris guliTadi, megobruli

urTierToba damyarda. aleqsandriis papma da patriarqma nikoloz VI–m

gansakuTrebiT Seiyvara saqarTvelo. 1981 wlidan moyolebuli igi yovel

zafxuls Camodioda saqarTveloSi. saqarTvelosaken misi aseTi ltolva

axlobelTa gaocebasac iwvevda. uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II qarTuli

stumar–maspinZlobis wesis dacviT xvdeboda sasurvel stumars. uwmidesi

nikoloz VI-is poziciam gadamwyveti roli Seasrula saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis istoriuli avtokefaliis

aRiarebis saqmeSi. 1984 wlis zafxulSi unetaresma nikoloz VI–m am

113

sityvebiT mimarTa qarTvel mrevls: – me albaT, metad veRar SegvxvdebiT,

magram locvebiT mudam TqvenTan viqnebi.

aleqsandriis papi da patriarqi nikoloz VI 1984 wlis 9 ivliss

gardaicvala. misi saqme ganagrZes unetaresma parTeniosma da petre VII–m.

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II-is mizani iyo yvela

marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan Zmuri, megobruli urTierTobis damyareba,

magram mTavari mainc pirveli oTxi sapatriarqo iyo: konstantinopolis,

aleqsandriis, antioqiisa da ierusalimis. saqarTvelos samociqulo

eklesia uZvelesi droidanve mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli ierusalimisa

da antioqiis eklesiebTan. V saukuneSi palestinaSi moRvaweobda petre

qarTveli, romelmac daaarsa qarTuli monasteri. aqedan moyolebuli XIX

saukunemde qarTvelebi mravlad iyvnen wmida miwaze arsebul qarTul

monastrebSi. vaxtang gorgaslis dros ukve aSenda didi monasteri,

romelic XI saukunis 30–50–ian wlebSi ganuaxlebia jvris monastris

saxeliT giorgi – proxore qarTvels. XIV saukuneSi qarTvelebi

golgoTas flobdnen da macxovris saflavis kliteni qarTvelTa

sakuTreba iyo. istoriulma qartexilebma qarTvelebis poziciebi

Seasusta ierusalimSi, gansakuTrebiT _ XIX saukuneSi, saqarTvelos

samociqulo eklesiis ruseTis eklesiis daqvemdebarebaSi yofnis dros.

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis yoveli mcdeloba ierusalimis

sapatriarqosTan urTierTobis aRdgenisa XX saukunis 20–60–ian wlebSi

uSedego aRmoCnda. mxolod 1977 wlis Semdeg daiwyo ierusalimis

sapatriarqosTan intensiuri molaparakebebi. 1980 wlis 29 maisidan 5

ivnisamde misi uwmidesoba sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi

ierusalimis patriarqis, benediqte I–is miwveviT ierusalimSi imyofeboda.

mTeli msoflio gaaoca im faqtma, rom qarTvel patriarqs aRtacebis

SeZaxilebiTa da cremlebiT Sexvdnen qarTveli ebraelebi, romlebic

gamoxatavdnen udides siyvarulsa da pativiscemas misi uwmidesobisa da,

misi saxiT, sruliad saqarTvelos mimarT. israelis religiis saqmeTa

ministrma uwmidesTan Sexvedraze ganacxada: – verc erTi qveyana ver

Seedreba saqarTvelos ebraelebTan Tbili, megobruli urTierTobis

TvalsazrisiT. saukuneTa manZilze am urTierTobebSi ar yofila

araviTari gaugebroba. madloba Tqven amisaTvis.

114

am oficialur Sexvedraze pirvelad daisva jvris monastris

dabrunebis sakiTxi. ierusalimis patriarq benediqtesTan Sexvedraze

uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II–m ganacxada: `Cveni Camosvlis mizania,

aRdges is Zveli, tradiciuli urTierTobani, rac gvqonda adre.

warsulSi Cveni qveynebis avbediTobam Sewyvita es Zmuri urTierToba da

dRes ki, vfiqrob, dadga dro ierusalimis eklesiam Seasrulos is didi

misia, rac deda eklesias ekuTvnis~[34, 1980, 1, 10]. 300 wlis Semdeg es iyo

pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac wmida qalaq ierusalims saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis meTauri estumra.

1981 wlis 17–20 seqtembers saqarTveloSi oficialuri vizitiT

imyofeboda misi unetaresoba, wmidisa qalaqisa ierusalimis patriarqi

diodoros I, romelmac ganacxada, rom `es Sexvedra iyo istoriuli

imitom, rom pirvelad didi xnis Semdeg Cven, ori eklesiis mamamTavrebs

kvlav mogveca erToblivi Tanamwirvelobis SesaZlebloba.“[34, 1981, 2, 17].

qarTvelologiisaTvis didi didi mniSvneloba hqonda ierusalimis

patriarqis dapirebas, romelic man k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa

institutSi stumrobisas akademikos elene metrevels misca, rom igi

instituts miawvdida jvris monasterSi daculi im qarTuli

xelnawerebis mikrofilmebs, romlebic aqamde ar iyo Seswavlili.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiasa da ierusalimis

sapatriarqos Soris aRdga istoriuli urTierTobani.

1987 wlis oqtomberSi uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II kvlav

estumra wmida qalaq ierusalims. am vizitis dros msofliom

TvalnaTliv dainaxa qarTveli eris tolerantobisa da sxva erebisadmi

sanimuSo pativiscemis nayofi. qarTveli ebraelebi kvlav didi

siyvaruliT Seegebnen sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqs _

didi xnis win Tbilisidan, quTaisidan, zestafonidan, onidan, kulaSidan

wasuli ebraelebi modiodnen SvilebiT, SviliSvilebiT da aRtacebulni

ovaciebs umarTavdnen uwmidessa da unetaress. ierusalimis mTavarma

Jurnalma statiaSi _ `saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis ilia II–is

piligrimoba ierusalimSi“ _ ase daaxasiaTa saqarTvelos eklesiis

saWeTmyrobeli: `kaTolikos–patriarqi ilia II aris gulRia, dinamiuri

pirovneba. man saqarTvelos uZvelesi eklesia, Tbilisi, rogorc sabWoTa

kavSiris erT–erTi respublikis centri, Zveli mcxeTa, rogorc

115

sasuliero dedaqalaqi, axali ayvavebis gziT waiyvana. aRsrulda

patriarqis survili, ierusalimSi ukve qarTveli berebi da monazvnebi

arian. RvTis SewevniT wmida miwaze qarTvelebs aqvT adgili, sadac

aSendeba monasteri. marTalia, jvris monasteri jerjerobiT isev

berZnebis xelSia, magram RvTis SewevniT daubrundeba mis kanonier

mflobels~. 2000 wels qristeSobis did dResaswaulze misi uwmidesoba

mravalricxovan mrevlTan erTad kvlav CabrZanda ierusalimSi.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiisaTvis

didmniSvnelovani movlena iyo antioqiis sapatriarqosTan istoriuli

urTierTobis aRdgena. saqarTveloSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad

gamocxadebis Semdeg (IV–V s.s.). qarTuli samwyso antioqiis sapatriarqos

iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda. antioqiis patriarqebs Sua saukuneebSi pretenzia

hqondaT qarTul samwysoze, magram XI saukunis 50–ian wlebSi giorgi

mTawmindelis dasabuTebuli pasuxis Semdeg, romelmac antioqiis

patriarqs Seaxsena saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis samociqulo

warmomavloba, pretenziebi Sewyda. XV–XIX saukuneebSi, mahmadianTa

mZlavrobis xanaSi, antioqiis sapatriarqo, romelic bizantiis imperiaSi

Sedioda, umZimes viTarebaSi aRmoCnda, Tumca sapatriarqom moaxerxa

Tavis gadarCena da aRmosavleTis (siria, libani) qristianuli centris

funqcia SeinarCuna. marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa Soris didi avtoritetis

mqone antioqiisa da sruliad aRmosavleTis patriarqi, unetaresi egnate

IV 1981 wlis oqtomberSi oficialuri vizitiT estumra saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesias. uwmidesma da unetaresma,

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqma ilia II-m sapatio stumars

daaTvalierebina Tbilisisa da mcxeTis RirsSesaniSnaobani, Sesrulda

erToblivi wirva. sazeimo miRebaze gamoiTqva rwmena, rom urTierToba,

romelic am or eklesias saukuneTa manZilze hqonda, kidev ufro

gaRrmavdeboda.

uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II–m, rogorc saeklesio politikis

udidesma specialistma, yovelTvis kargad icoda, rom marTlmadidebel

msoflioSi eqvsi berZnuli sapatriarqo yvela mniSvnelovani sakiTxis

gadaWrisas gadamwyvet rols asrulebda. garda amisa, sazRvargareT

arsebuli qarTuli istoriuli samonastro centrebis umravlesoba am

eqvsi sapatriarqos teritoriazea. amitom Cveni eklesiisaTvis didi

116

mniSvneloba hqonda megobruli urTierTobebis gaRrmavebas aTenisa da

sruliad eladis, kviprosis eklesiebTan. jer kidev cxum–afxazeTis

mitropolitobis dros, 1976 wlis 17–20 ivniss, igi iyo uSualo

maspinZeli aTenisa da eladis eklesiaTa mravalricxovani delegaciisa,

romelSic 7 mitropoliti da 11 mRvdeli Sedioda. mitropolit ilias

aseTi Canaweri aqvs gakeTebuli: `pirvelad erTgvari eWvis TvaliT

gviyurebdnen, igrZnoboda raRac daZabuloba da undobloba berZnebis

mxridan, Semdeg TiTqos galRva yinuli... maT gamoTqves survili CvenTan

TanamSromlobisa, moiTxoves studentebis gacvla. saqarTvelos eklesiam

xelidan ar unda gauSvas es momenti. studentebis gagzavniT mivaRwevT

sam mizans: 1. SeviZenT berZnuli enis specialistebs; 2. qarTuli eklesia

maTi meSveobiT ufro daukavSirdeba berZnul eklesias; 3. am studentebis

meSveobiT Cveni eklesia da qarTveli mecnierebi daukavSirdebian aTonis

iverTa monasters da iq dacul qarTul xelnawerebs“[27, 2585].

uwmidesisa da unetaresis ZalisxmeviT eladis eklesiasTan

damyarda megobruli urTierToba. 2002 wels aTenisa da sruliad eladis

mTavarepiskoposi qristodulosi Camovida saqarTveloSi, Sexvda mis

uwmidesobas, wmida sinods, qarTvel mecnierebs, gamoxata aRfrTovaneba

saqarTveloSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis aRmavlobis gamo da

saqarTvelos eklesiasTan urTierTobis kidev ufro gaRrmavebis survili

gamoTqva. man aRniSna: Cveni dRevandeli Tanamwirveloba aris umaRlesi

gamoxatuleba moZme eklesiebis saWeTmpyrobelTa erTianobisa da

warmoadgens beWeds gaazrebuli, ormxrivi siyvarulisa da

urTierTrwmenisa.

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis RvawliTa da

locva–kurTxeviT saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesias

sxvadasxva dros estumrnen bulgareTis patriarqi maqsime, rumineTis

patriarqi Teoqstite, Cexoslovakiis eklesiis meTauri doroTeosi,

varSavisa da poloneTis mitropoliti vasili, serbeTis patriarqi pavle;

amerikisa da kanadis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis meTaurebi: jer _

Teodosi, Semdeg _ hermane. uwmidesi da unetaresi iliac II stumrobda

msoflio marTlmadidebel eklesiebs, xvdeboda ara marto eklesiaTa

meTaurebs, aramed _ qveynis politikur liderebsac. misi uwmidesoba

Tavis misasalmebel sityvas yvelgan saqarTvelos istoriis, saqarTvelos

117

samociqulo eklesiis unikalurobisa da TavisTavadobis raobis axsniT

iwyebda. gasuli saukunis 70–90–ian wlebSi msofliom Zalian cota ram

icoda saqarTveloze, qarTvel xalxze. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis meTauri iyo qarTveli eris is sulieri

winamZRoli, romelsac msofliosaTvis unda gaecno yovelive es. am

Sexvedrebma, patriarqis saocarma pirovnulma xiblma msoflios

marTlmadidebeli eklesiebis TvalSi kidev ufro aamaRla saqarTvelos

eklesiis avtoriteti. amitom iyo, rom 1990 wels, rodesac msoflio

sapatriarqom aRiara saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis istoriuli avtokefalia, yvelam mxari dauWira da sagangebo

molocvebi gamougzavna mis uwmidesobas.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia istoriulad,

qveynis geostrategiuli mdebareobidan gamomdinare, gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobas aniWebda gansxvavebul religiur konfensiebTan

urTierTobas, romelic urTierTpativiscemis principebs eyrdnoboda. Sua

saukuneebSi monRolebis, iranelebisa da osmalebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi

qarTveli mefeebi da kaTolikos–patriarqebi cdilobdnen dasavleT

evropis qveynebTan mokavSireobiT ganemtkicebinaT saxelmwifoebrioba da

daecvaT marTlmadidebluri qristianuli sarwmunoeba. am miznebs

emsaxureboda qarTvel mefeTa da kaTolikos–patriarqTa werilebi,

gagzavnili romauli kaTolikuri eklesiis meTaurebisadmi. romis

kaTolikurma eklesiam isargebla aRmosavleTis qveynebis mZime

politikuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobiT da `propaganda de fides“

organizaciis meSveobiT aRmosavleTis qveynebSi, maT Soris _

saqarTveloSic, kaTolikobis mqadageblebad gamogzavna misionerebi,

romelnic cdilobdnen mosaxleobis darwmunebas imaSi, rom Tu

marTlmadideblobas datovebdnen da gadavidodnen kaTolikobaze, romis

papi daicavda maT iran–osmaleTis Zalmomreobisagan. XV saukunis 30–ian

wlebSi qarTvelma sasuliero pirebma xeli ar moaweres ferara–

florenciis krebis oqms, romelic saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis kaTolikurTan gaerTianebas iTvaliswinebda.

bevri ubedureba gadaitana saqarTvelom XVI–XIX saukuneebSi:

masobrivi xocva–Jleta, eklesia–monastrebis rbeva, magram mtkiced

SeinarCuna marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoeba. XVI–XVIII saukuneebSi iran–

118

osmaleTis mier dapyrobil qarTul miwa–wyalze romis papis mier

gamogzavnilma misionerebma moaxerxes qarTvelTa mcire nawilis

kaTolikur sarwmunoebaze gadayvana... XIX saukuneSi somxebma, ruseTis

saimperatoro xelisuflebaSi TavianTi momxreebis meSveobiT, imperator

nikoloz II-s gamoacemines kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac qarTveli

kaTolikeebi somxeTis monofizituri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi unda

gadasuliyvnen, e.i. gasomxebuliyvnen. am viTarebaSi qarTveli

marTlmadideblebi gamoesarClnen istoriuli Znelbedobis Jams

sarwmunoebaSecvlil TanamoZmeebs. es dava gagrZelda XX saukunis

pirvel meoTxedSic. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg uwmidesma da unetaresma,

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos patriarqma kirion II-m werili

gaugzavna romis paps. `gangebaman RmrTisaman, – aRniSnavda uwmidesi

kirion II, _ ara ucxo qmna eklesiai Cueni hromTaTvis didisa, petre da

andria pirvelwodebulTa, maT mowafeTa qristeisaTa, romelTa Tesli

ubiwod ganabnies, marTalsa sarwmunoebisai ars siyvaruli da Tvisobai

orTa amaT eklesiisTai.~[15, 209]. uwmidesi kirion II esarCleboda qarTvel

kaTolikeebs, romelnic idevnebodnen rusul–somxuri politikis gamo

sakuTar samSobloSi. `vsasoeb, viTarmed uwmidesobai Seni ara

ugulebelyofs qarTvel kaTolikeTa erovnul–sarwmunoebriv xasiaTs~[15,

209], _ werda misi uwmidesoba. marTlmadidebeli qarTveli patriarqi

gamoesaCrla ra kaTolikuri aRmsareblobis qarTvelebs, romis paps

megobroba da TanamSromloba SesTavaza.

saqarTvelosa da romaul–kaTolikur eklesiaTa Soris

urTierToba epistolarul formas ar gascilebia 1917–1977 wlebSi. 1978

wels saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis sagareo

ganyofilebis Tavmjdomare, cxum–afxazeTis mTavarepiskoposi nikolozi

(maxaraZe) eswreboda romis papis pavle II-is dakrZalvas, xolo 1980 wlis

5–6 ivniss uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqi ilia II oficialuri vizitiT imyofeboda vatikanSi, sadac

Sexvda romis paps. Uuwmidesisa da unetaresis CanawerebSi vkiTxulobT:

`papi ioane pavle II Semxvda karebTan. gadavexvieT erTmaneTs, qarTulad

mivmarTe: `qarTveli erisa da saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis saxeliT guliTadad mogesalmebiT. saqarTvelos

119

eklesia didi sixaruliTa da kmayofilebiT Sexvda im faqts, rom papi

polonelia, mcire eris warmomadgeneli. igi ufro gaigebs mcire erebis

problemebs Tanamedrove msoflioSi~. papi yuradRebiT mismenda

(Tarjimani Targmnida), Semdeg sxva magidasTan mivida, saidanac moitana

rukebis atlasi, gadaSala evropis ruka, sadac saqarTveloc Canda.

daxeda da mere mommarTa: Cveni qveynebi Zalian hgvanan erTmaneTs Tavisi

warsuliT. moxaza saqarTvelo da Tqva: samxreTiT Zlieri muslimanuri

qveynebia. me davumate: maTgan bevri gansacdeli gvinaxavs. paps

ainteresebda eklesiisa da xelisuflebis, konstantinopolisa da

ruseTis sapatriarqosTan urTierTobis sakiTxebi.~[27, 145, 1839].

saqarTvelos eklesiis delegaciam daaTvaliera vatikanis

biblioTeka, papis piradi samlocvelo, vatikanis RirsSesaniSnaobani.

gadawyda, rom qarTveli mecnierebi daeSvaT vatikanis arqivebSi qarTul

dokumentebze samuSaod. romis papma mis uwmidesobas gadasca vatikanis

arqivebSi daculi im sabuTebis mikrofilmebi, romelnic saqarTvelos

istorias exeboda. uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m ganacxada: Cveni

eklesiebis gayofis miuxedavad, yovelTvis gvqonda kulturuli da

mecnieruli TanamSromloba, saqarTvelos eklesia da qarTveli xalxia

is didi xidi, romelic aerTianebda evropisa da aziis or did kulturas.

gamarTlda uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II-is mosazreba. polonuri

warmoSobis axalma papma didi roli Seasrula aRmosavleT evropis

qveynebSi komunisturi ideologiisa da socialisturi sistemis rRvevis

saqmeSi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis

Semdeg TbilisSi gaixsna vatikanis saelCo, kavkasiaSi romaul–

kaTolikuri eklesiis saepiskoposo.

1999 wels saqarTvelos prezidentisa da patriarqis mowveviT

saqarTveloSi oficialuri vizitiT Camovida romis papi. uwmidesma da

unetaresma ilia II-m Tbilisis aeroportSi romis papTan Sexvedris dros

ganacxada, rom es viziti didi mniSvnelobisaa rogorc

saqarTvelosaTvis, ise _ mTlianad kavkasiisaTvis. uwmidesma da

unetaresma ilia II-m da romis papma ioane pavle II-m SeimuSaves erToblivi

mimarTva, romelSic aRniSnuli iyo: `Cven vimyofebiT kavkasiis regionSi,

saqarTveloSi, am gansakuTrebuli geopolitikuri da istoriuli

mniSvnelobis mqone regionSi, romelic aerTianebs evropisa da aziis,

120

dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis kulturebs. dRes am regionSi, iseve

rogorc msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, situacia metad daZabulia. am

umniSvnelovanes etapze msoflio valdebulia moaxdinos Tavisi sulieri,

inteleqtualuri da fizikuri Zalebis mobilizeba globaluri

katastrofis Tavidan asacileblad. romis eklesiasa da saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiebs Soris urTierToba ZiriTadad

politikur, kulturul sferoSi viTardeba~[27, 16469].

miuxedavad amgvari urTierTobisa, 2003 wlis 15 seqtembers

vatikanma, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis gverdis

avliT, moindoma qarTul saxelmwifosTan gansakuTrebuli

xelSekrulebis gaformeba, romelic 27 muxlisgan Sedgeboda da

saqarTveloSi kaTolikuri eklesiis uflebebis gafarToebisaken iyo

mimarTuli. saqarTvelos sapatriarqom specialuri gancxadebiT

gaaprotesta es faqti da aRniSna, rom vatikans aseTi xelSekruleba arc

erT marTlmadideblur saxelmwifosTan ara aqvs gaformebuli. xalxi

quCaSi gamovida, xelisufleba iZulebuli gaxda, xelSekruleba aRar

gaeformebina. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia pativs

scems im mcirericxovan qarTvel TanamemamuleTa religiur grZnobebs,

romelTa winaprebic istoriuli Znelbedobis Jams kaTolikur

sarwmunoebaze gadavidnen, magram arasodes daxuWavs Tvals romaul–

kaTolikuri eklesiis warmomadgenelTa aqtiuri prozelitizmis

politikaze da moTminebiT Seaxsenebs Tavis Tanamemamuleebs, rom

Znelbedoba iyo maTi winaprebis kaTolikobaze gadasvlis mizezi. erTiani

qarTuli erovnul–saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis safuZveli saqarTve-

loSi yovelTvis iyo marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoeba da eklesia.

mravalsaukunovania qarTveli da somexi xalxebis urTierToba. am

urTierTobebSi negatiurs pozitiuri sWarbobs. VII saukunis dasawyisidan

qarTul da somxur eklesiebs Soris moxda evqaristuli kavSiris

gawyveta, vinaidan somxurma eklesiam ar miiRo 451 wlis qalkedonis

saeklesio krebis gadawyvetilebani; miuxedavad amisa, qarTveli da somexi

xalxi erTad ibrZoda arabi, Turq–selCuki, monRoli, iraneli da

osmalo dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg. Sua saukuneebSi qarTuli saxelmwifo

da qarTveli mefeebi _ bagrat IV, daviT IV, giorgi III, Tamari, giorgi

121

brwyinvale, aleqsandre I, vaxtang V, vaxtang VI, erekle II, Teimuraz II _

yovelnairad exmarebodnen mtrebisgan Seviwroebul somxebs, romlebic

tovebdnen TavianT samSoblos da saqarTvelos afarebdnen Tavs. Tu XVI–

XVIII saukuneebSi irani da osmaleTi marTlmadidebel qristianebs

sastikad sdevnida, samagierod, srul Tavisulebas aZlevda kaTolikeebsa

da monofizit somxebs, riTac isargebles eCmiaZinis somexTa kaToli-

kosebma da daiwyes religiuri eqspansia saqarTveloSi. maT aq miiTvises

mravali eklesia–monasteri da gadaakeTes isini somxur yaidaze.

XVI–XVIII saukuneebSi qarTvelTa gasomxeba ZiriTadad osmalTa

mier okupirebul qarTul teritoriebze xdeboda. XIX saukuneSi

kavkasiaSi damkvidrebul ruseTs yvelaze saimedo dasayrdenad somxebi

miaCnda da xels uwyobda qarTveli mahmadianebis TavianTi miwa-wylidan

gaZevebis xarjze TurqeTidan somxebis gadmosaxlebas (ZiriTadad samcxe–

javaxeTSi). XIX saukuneSi ori somxuri sakaTolikoso (eCmiaZinisa da

kilikiis) da ori somxuri sapatriarqo (ierusalimisa da

konstantinopolis) didi somxeTis aRdgenis ideiT iyo gatacebuli. Tu es

ver moxerxdeboda osmaleTis imperiis xarjze, maSin saqarTvelos axal

somxeTad gadaqceva iyo ganzraxuli. amitom XIX saukuneSi kavkasiis

centrad gamocxadebul TbilisSi datrialda somxuri kapitali,

gaaqtiurda mravalricxovani somxuri diaspora. maT isargebles

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebiTa da rusi egzarqosebis

xelSewyobiT da kidev ufro gaaZlieres religiuri eqspansia, qarTvelTa

gasomxeba. amis winaaRmdeg xma aimaRles episkoposma kirionma, ivane

gvaramaZem, mixeil TamaraSvilma, ilia WavWavaZem, akaki wereTelma, iakob

gogebaSvilma, vaJa–fSavelam... miuxedavad amisa, qarTvelobam mainc

gauwoda daxmarebis xeli somxebs 1914–1918 wlebis pirveli msoflio omis

dros osmaleTSi datrialebuli masobrivi xocva–Jletisas da aTasobiT

ltolvili Seifara...

1917 wlis 25 seqtembers TbilisSi yovelTa somexTa kaTolikosis

gevorq V-is (Tbilelis) depeSa movida. igi uwmidessa da unetares kirion

II-s ulocavda kaTolikos–patriarqad arCevas. saqarTvelos eklesia

Tvlida, rom, konfensiuri sxvaobis miuxedavad, somxur samociqulo

eklesiasTan normaluri urTierToba aucilebeli iyo. uwmidesma da

122

unetaresma kirion II-m weriliT mimarTa yovelTa somexTa kaTolikos

gevorq V–s. es werili, erTi mxriv, daxvewili diplomatiisa da meore

mxriv, marTlmadidebeli patriarqis aramarTlmadidebeli eklesiis

meTaurisadmi damokidebulebis brwyinvale nimuSia. uwmidesi kirion II

werda: `mimovixilav garemosa Cemsa da TvalTa gonebisa Cemisa Sevayeneb

RvTismoSiSsa ersa zeda haikanisasa Zmuri naTesaobiT qarTlosian–

haosianTa... mogikiTxav, uwmideso meufeo, raTa wrfiTa da RvawliTa

CueniTa aRdgenil iqnas erToba Cvendami rwmunebulTa erTa. erTobas

vityvi ara sarwmunoebriv–dogmatursa, aramed moqalaqeobriv–

ganmaTleblobisasa, raTa daemyaros Cuen Soris Zmobai da urTierTs

gulisxmavyoT. da raiTa samSoblos Sina Cuenisa daamkvidros sasufeveli

RmrTisai.~[37, 49].

1922 wels TbilisSi Camovida aq dabadebuli da Tbilisis nersesis

saxelobis somxuri seminariis yofili studenti kaTolikosi gevorq V.

igi Sexvda da qarTul enaze esaubra uwmidessa da unetares ambrosis.

1923–1940–ian wlebSi qarTul-somxuri saeklesio urTierToba

epistolaruli xasiaTisa iyo. 1945 wlidan intensiuri gaxda

urTierTobebi uwmides kalistratesa da Tbilisis somxuri eparqiis

yofil episkoposs, imxanad yovelTa somexTa kaTolikos gevorq VI-s

Soris. somxuri eklesiis axali meTauri kaTolikosi vazgen I xSirad

stumrobda saqarTvelos. gasaocari iyo misi intuicia da diplomatiuri

niWi. ukve 1962 wlidan igi saaxalwlod misaloc baraTebs ugzavnida jer

iRumen, Semdeg arqimandrit, Semdeg ki _ mRvdelmTavar ilia SiolaSvils.

vazgen I 1961 wels pirvelad Sexvda arqimandrit ilias da ganWvrita

misi didi momavali. 1977 wlis 25 dekembers kaTolikosma vazgen I-ma

mcxeTaSi ganacxada: `qarTuli eklesia msoflios erT–erTi yvelaze

unikaluri Zeglia... Zegli, romelic qarTveli eris suls ganasaxierebs.

me mwams am sulis ukvdaveba, rogorc mwams ukvdaveba TviT qarTveli

erisa.~[34, 1978, 1, 15].

1978 wlis 12_14 maiss uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II somxeTs

stumrobda. eCmiaZinSi kaTolikosma vazgen I-ma Tavis xalxs Semdegi

sityvebiT mimarTa: `CvenTan imyofeba uwmidesi da unetaresi, sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi ilia II. unda aRiniSnos, rom igi

123

axali arCeulia patriarqad. am umaRlesi da uwmidesi msaxurebisaTvis

sagrZnoblad axalgazrdaa, mxne, jan–RoniT savse da, rac mTavaria, didi

codniTa da gamocdilebiT SeiaraRebuli... Tavis samSobloSi mas yurs

ugdeben, misi swamT, misi sjeraT, mas afaseben. aseTi didi siyvaruli

Tavisi erisa bevrs ar ergeba wilad. es man didi sulieri simaRliT

moipova.~[27, 2217]. uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m madloba moaxsena

somexTa kaTolikoss da uTxra, rom is, rac XII saukuneSi daviT

aRmaSenebelma gaakeTa saqarTvelosaTvis, is Tqven somxeTis eklesiaSi

XX saukunis 50–70–ian wlebSi SeZeliTo.

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II amis Semdeg araerTxel estumra

somxeTs iseve, rogorc kaTolikosi vazgen I stumrobda saqarTvelos.

1978 wlis noemberSi libanis dedaqalaq beiruTSi, sadac somexTa

meore religiuri centri, kilikiis somexTa sakaTolikosoa, mahmadianma

teroristebma somxebis masobrivi xocva–Jleta moawyves. misma

uwmidesobam oficialur gancxadebaSi dagmo es vandaluri aqti da somex

xalxs sruli mxardaWera gamoucxada. `Cven, qarTvelebi, – aRniSna man, –

istoriis dasabamidan vcxovrobT uZvelesi kulturisa da tradiciis

mqone somexi xalxis mezoblad. am xnis manZilze erTad gadagvitania

mravali gansacdeli, mterTa Semoseva da sxva bedukuRmarTobani, da ar

SegviZlia gulgrili davrCeT maT TanamemamuleTa tragediis mimarT.~[37,

45].

patriarqis am gancxadebam saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somxebis didi

kmayofileba gamoiwvia. amis dasturi iyo axalqalaqeli x. ovsepianis

gamoxmaureba: `vbedav da mogaxsenebT udides madlobas Tqven,

saqarTvelos didebul kaTolikos–patriarqs. somexi xalxi arasodes ar

daiviwyebs Tqvens maRaladamianuri da moqalaqeobrivi siyvaruliT savse

TanagrZnobas.~[37, 49].

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II gamoesarCla eCmiaZinis

sakaTolikosos 1980 wels, rodesac sazRvargareTeli somexi kaTolikeni

lanZRavdnen da amcrobdnen mis mniSvnelobas. yovelive amas kargad

xedavda kaTolikosi vazgen I da cdilobda, saqarTvelos samociqulo

eklesiasTan urTierTobaSi daecva taqti da yofiliyo misi

pativismcemeli. uwmidesma ilia II-m saTanado pativi miago kaTolikos

124

vazgen I–is xsovnas 1994 wels eCmiaZinSi da sagulisxmo sityva warmoTqva:

`didia mwuxareba somxeTis samociqulo eklesiisa da somexi xalxisa, igi

emSvidobeba Tavis Rirseul da brZen mamamTavars, romelic 39 wlis

manZilze, urTules pirobebSi, iyo saWeTmpyrobeli eCmiaZinis uZvelesi

sakaTolikoso taxtisa... im dros, rodesac SezRuduli iyo kavSiri

ucxoeTTan, man moaxerxa urTierToba daemyarebina iq myof samwysosTan,

gaeRrmavebina maTSi samSoblos siyvaruli, gaemTlianebina eri... SevTxov

ufals, raTa misi ukvdavi suli daawesos im savaneSi, romelSic somexi

xalxis didebuli winaparni ganisveneben.~[27, 8441].

kaTolikos vazgen I-is gza ganagrZo kilikiuri warmoSobis axalma

kaTolikosma garegin I–ma, romelmac 1997 wels imogzaura saqarTveloSi,

moixibla Cveni qveyniT, misi didebuli taZrebiT, istoriiT. samwuxarod,

igi male gardaicvala. amis Semdeg somxur eklesiaSi gaZlierda

tendencia qarTuli eklesia–monastrebis miTvisebis, istoriis

falsifikaciisa. somxuri sakaTolikosos xelSewyobiT, erevanSi gamodis

ruka–cnobarebi, samecniero wignebi, romlebSic gayalbebulia

saqarTvelos istoria, somxuradaa gamocxadebuli 650–ze meti qarTuli

eklesia. somxur saeklesio internetsaitebze vrceldeba iseTi

informaciebi, romlebic xels ar uwyobs ori mezobeli xalxisa da

eklesiis megobrul urTierTobas.

qarTvel xalxs istoriulad axasiaTebs sjulSemwynarebloba da

tolerantoba. amis dasturia Tundac is, rom naxevarmilionian somxur

diasporas saqarTveloSi aqvs saxelmwifos mier dafinansebuli skolebi,

Teatri, presa, umaRles saswavlebelSi _ somxurenovani ganyofileba,

somxuri eparqia. istoria ar gvapatiebs Cveni ori qveynisa da xalxis

urTierTobis garTulebas. Mmecnierebma, politikurma da religiurma

moRvaweebma unda gaviTvaliswinoT mravalsaukunovani megobrobis

gamocdileba da SevinarCunoT urTierTndoba da urTierTpativiscema.

istoriulad saqarTvelo Tavis Tavs evropis nawilad miiCnevda da

cdilobda, mWidrod dahkavSireboda evropul civilizacias. miuxedavad

imisa, rom religiur–konfensiuri TvalsazrisiT evropis ganviTarebuli

qveynebi _ inglisi, safrangeTi, germania, espaneTi, italia, portugalia _

sruliad gansxvavebulni iyvnen saqarTvelosagan, monRolebis, iranisa da

125

osmaleTis damangreveli laSqrobebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi saqarTvelos

mainc evropis qveynebis daxmarebis imedi hqonda. marTalia, XVI–XX

saukuneebSi es daxmareba sityvier mxardaWras ar gascilebia, magram

qarTvelobis orientacia ar Secvlila. sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II, saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia evropis qveynebTan kontaqtebs im

dros axerxebda, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiri Caketili saxelmwifo iyo da

sazRvargareTis qveynebTan urTierToba _ sagrZnoblad SezRuduli.

1979 wlis 15 ianvars iamaikis dedaqalaq kingstonSi uwmidesi da

unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi ilia II arCeul

iqna eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos prezidentad. aman mas saSualeba misca

monawileoba mieRo msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis politikur da religiur

liderTa SexvedrebSi. uwmidesi da unetaresi yvelgan saubrobda

saqarTveloze, mis istoriaze, uZveles samociqulo eklesiaze. am

SexvedrebiT man megobruli urTierToba daamyara msoflios

marTlmadidebeli avtokefaliuri eklesiebis meTaurebTan da moiwvia

isini saqarTveloSi. am Sexvedrebma da piradma kontaqtebma gadamwyveti

roli Seasrules marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa mier saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis istoriuli avtokefaliis

aRiarebis saqmeSi. uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II 1963–1997 wlebSi

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis eklesiaTa

msoflio sabWoSi wevrobis periods ase afasebs: `sabWoTa izolaciis

dros eklesiaTa msoflio sabWoSi yofnam Cvens eklesias saSualeba

misca, rom igi msoflios gaecno, rogorc damoukidebeli eklesia. ase

rom, eklesiaTa msoflio sabWoSi marTlmadidebeli eklesiebis yofna

erTgvarad maTi misioneruli moRvaweobis gagrZelebasac

warmoadgenda“[38, 526].

uwmidesi da unetaresi germaniis federaciul respublikaSi,

safrangeTSi, italiaSi, SveicariaSi, niderlandebSi, amerikis SeerTebul

StatebSi, inglisSi sxvadasxva dros Sexvda protestantuli,

luTeranuli, anglikanuri eklesiebis meTaurebs, am qveynebis politikur

moRvaweebs, mecnierebis, xelovnebis warmomadgenlebs. misma Sexvedrebma

axali stimuli misca evropaSi qarTvelologiuri mecnierebis

126

ganviTarebas. evropis qveynebis politikuri da religiuri liderebi

aRtacebas ver faravdnen: maT winaSe manamde ucnobi qristianuli

aRmosavleTis didi civilizaciisa da uZvelesi marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis meTauri iyo. momxiblavi garegnoba, daxvewili

manerebi, evropuli civilizaciisa da Tanamedrove msoflio wesrigis

zogadi principebis Rrma codna maT qarTuli marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis meTaurisadmi udidesi pativiscemiT ganawyobda.

uwmidesi da unetaresi stumrobda aziis qveynebsac. igi Sexvda da

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia gaacno egviptis koptTa patriarqs

Senuda III–s, malabariis indoelTa monofizit patriarq–kaTolikoss

basil marToma maTe I–s, eTiopiis monofizit patriarqs abuna Tekle–

haimanots, siriel iakobistTa patriarqs mari iakob III–s, aRmosavleTis

monofizit patriarqs maqsime V–s. uwmidesma da unetaresma qarTuli

stumarTmoyvareobiT umaspinZla saqarTveloSi sapasuxo vizitiT Camosul

sxvadasxva qveynis religiur da politikur liderebs, mecnierebis,

xelovnebis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebs. saqarTvelos, qarTvelebis

Sesaxeb sainformacio masalebs beWdavdnen evropis, aziis, afrikis,

amerikis qveynebis wamyvani gamocemebi.

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II msoflioSi cnobili religiuri

lideria, mas dialogi SeuZlia ara marto aramarTlmadidebluri

qristianuli konfensiebis warmomadgenlebTan, aramed sxva aRmsareblobis

adamianebTanac. amis dasturia kavkasiis muslimanTa lideris Seix alax

Suqur faSa zadesa da uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II-is megobruli

urTierToba, romelic aisaxeba qarTveli da azerbaijaneli xalxis

megobrobaSi.

2001 wels iranis islamuri respublikis prezidentis muhamed

haTamis miwveviT uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II oficialuri vizitiT

imyofeboda iranSi, Sexvda prezident haTamsa da iranis islamuri

respublikis sulier liders ali hameines. patriarqma Semdegi sityvebiT

mimarTa maT: `me vfiqrob, rom Cveni qveynebis _ iranisa da saqarTvelos _

religiuri liderebi da sasuliero moRvaweni, Cveni xelisufalni da

sazogadoeba mzad arian, raTa msoflios vuCvenoT magaliTi imisa, rom

religiuri gansxvavebulobisa da warsulSi dapirispirebis miuxedavad,

127

Segvwevs unari urTierTpativiscemisa, unari mSvidobiani da megobruli

Tanaarsebobisa.“[30, 286].

miuxedavad imisa, rom patriarqi saocrad Semwynarebelia, igi

arafers ar Tmobs, rodesac saqme exeba samSoblosa da marTlmadidebel

eklesias. amis magaliTia saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis msoflio eklesiaTa sabWosTan urTierToba. rodesac am

organizaciam gansxvavebul konfensiaTa sxvadasxva sferoSi

TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobaTa ganxilva gadazarda erTiani msoflio

eklesiis Seqmnis mcdelobaSi, erToblivi locvebis Catarebis

SesaZleblobasa da marTlmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis miuRebel

gadawyvetilebebSi, 1997 wlis 20 maiss, uwmidesisa da unetaresis

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis locva–kurTxeviTa da

wmida sinodis ganCinebiT, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebelma samociqulo

eklesiam uari Tqva ekumenur moZraobaSi monawileobaze da gamovida

eklesiaTa msoflio sabWodan. `saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesia uars ambobs ekumenur moZraobaSi monawileobaze da

gamodis eklesiaTa msoflio sabWodan da evropis eklesiaTa

konferenciidan... marTlmadideblebi ar miiReben monawileobas ekumenur

msaxurebaSi, saerTo locvebsa da RvTis TayvaniscemaSi.“[27, 1937, 158].

patriarqis am gadawyvetilebas imxanad sxvadasxva Sefaseba mieca,

magram drom aCvena misi marTebuloba. Aam nabijiT Cvenma eklesiam

Tavidan aicila globalizaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendenciebis

saeklesio sferoSi SeWra da daicva marTlmadidebeli eklesiis siwminde.

Tavisi Tamami nabijebiT saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesia XX saukunis 70–80–ian wlebSi saqarTvelos

politikuri, sulieri da kulturuli cxovrebis centrSi aRmoCnda.

oficialuri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi aRiarebdnen, rom isini

veRar axerxebdnen eklesiis saqmianobis srul kontrols, mis garkveul

CarCoebSi moqcevas. 1977–1990–ian wlebSi Tbiliss stumrobdnen msoflios

marTlmadidebeli da aramarTlmadidebeli eklesiebis meTaurebi,

politikuri moRvaweebi. isini xvdebodnen uwmidessa da unetaress,

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqs. Tu 1923–1977 wlebSi TvalSi

sacemi ar iyo is faqti, rom sapatriarqo rezidencia sul 3–4 oTaxisgan

128

Sedgeboda, axla ukve aSkara uxerxuloba iqmneboda. sabWoTa

ideologiuri samsaxurebi kvlav acxadebdnen, rom qveyanaSi sindisis

Tavisufleba garantirebuli iyo sabWoTa konstituciiT, rom eklesias

yvelaferi hqonda, rac sWirdeboda. magram 1977–1988 wlebSi patriarqs

sapatriarqo rezidencia ar hqonda, sionis sapatriarqo taZris garSemo

usaxuri saxlebi iyo Camwkrivebuli. xelisuflebam erTxans grigol

orbelianis moedanze arsebuli sazRvargareTTan megobrobisa da

kulturuli urTierTobis sazogadoebis Senoba dauTmo sapatriarqos

ucxoeli sapatio stumrebis misaRebad.

jer kidev 1967 wels, cxum–afxazeTis episkoposad yofnis dros,

meufe iliam wmida sinodis saxeliT saqarTvelos ssr mTavrobis

Tavmjdomares mosTxova sapatriarqosaTvis daebrunebinaT 1923 wels

CamorTmeuli rezidencia. 1977 wlidan oficialuri xelisufleba

grZnobda, rom Seqmnili uxerxuli viTarebis gamosworeba mxolod

sapatriarqosaTvis rezidenciis gamoyofiT SeiZleboda. uwmidesma da

unetaresma ilia II-m 1984 wlis 2 Tebervals ganmeorebiTi TxovniT

mimarTa saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis pirvel mdivans

e. SevardnaZes da moiTxova sapatriarqosaTvis istoriuli Senobis

dabruneba. mTavroba yoymanobda. bolos, saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWos

1984 wlis 10 noembris dadgenilebiT, saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesias

gadaeca naxevrad avariul mdgomareobaSi myofi sportkomitetis yofili

Senoba. 1990 wels, erovnul–ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis mesveurTa

kategoriuli moTxovnis Sedegad, oficialuri xelisufleba iZulebuli

gaxda, aRedgina istoriuli samarTlianoba da 1923 wels saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiisaTvis ukanonod warTmeuli

sapatriarqo rezidencia, sadac moRvaweobdnen uwmidesi da unetaresi

kaTolikos–patriarqni _ kirioni, leonide, ambrosi _ daubruna kanonier

mflobels. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

sapatriarqos istoriulma rezidenciam daibruna Tavisi funqcia. aq

Tamamad SeiZleba sapatio stumrebis, saero da sasuliero pirebis miReba

da Rirseuli maspinZloba.

129

Tavi VI. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

avtokefaliuri eklesiis eparqiebis aRorZineba, kavSiri sazRvargareTis

qarTul samonastro centrebTan. sinodis ganCinebani. axali wmindanebi

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli avtokefaliuri samociqulo

eklesiis marTva-gamgeoba istoriulad V saukunidan XI saukunemde

amgvari iyo: eklesiis meTaurs ewodeboda kaTolikosi, romelsac

eqvemdebarebodnen saqarTvelos sxvadasxva provinciis saepiskoposoebis

mmarTveli mRvdelmTavrebi – episkoposebi. wyaroTa monacemebiT

dadgenilia, rom V–VII saukuneebSi marto aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 33

moqmedi eparqia iyo. saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa da misi teritoriebis

gavrcobis Semdeg eparqiaTa raodenoba gaizarda 55–mde. XVI–XVIII sauku-

neebSi, saqarTvelos erTiani feodaluri saxelmwifos provinciul

samefo-samTavroebad daSlis Semdeg, iran–osmaleTis agresiis pirobebSi,

moqmed eparqiaTa raodenoba Semcirda. ruseTis mier saqarTvelos samefo–

samTavroebis dapyrobis periodSi (XIX saukunis dasawyisi) aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi iyo 13, xolo dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ 9 moqmedi eparqia.


gauqmebis Semdeg rusi egzarqosebis mizani iyo moqmed eparqiaTa

raodenobis Semcireba, saeparqio qonebis dataceba. maT es amocana

warmatebiT Seasrules.

XX saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi sul 5 eparqia

iyo, dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ imereTisa da soxumis, aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi ki _ Tbilisis, alaverdisa da goris. saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg,

pirveli saeklesio krebis mier damtkicebuli marTva-gamgeobis

debulebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis eparqiaTa raodenoba ganisazRvra 13–iT. Mmas mogvianebiT kidev

ori eparqia daemata. debulebis Tanaxmad, Tbilisis, quTaisis, Wyondidis,

130

cxum–bediis eparqiebi cxaddeboda samitropolito eparqiebad. eparqiebSi

iqmneboda saeparqio sabWo, saeparqio sasamarTlo, romelTac

Tavmjdomareobda eparqiis mmarTveli mRvdelmTavari. eparqiebi iyofoda

olqebad. TiToeul olqSi 10–15 samrevlo Sedioda. 1920 wels, meore

saeklesio krebaze, mcire Sesworebebi iqna Setanili saeparqio

mmarTvelobaSi _ gaerTianda mcxeTisa da Tbilisis eparqiebi.

1921 wlidan, bolSevikuri mmarTvelobis xanaSi, saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia umZimes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda.

agresiuli aTeizmis zeobis Jams, 1922–1939 wlebSi, centraluri

xelisuflebisagan waqezebuli provincieli bolSevikebi da

komkavSirlebi sastikad sdevnidnen eparqiaTa mRvdelmTavrebs,

samRvdeloebas. mRvdelmTavrebs aiZulebdnen, daetovebinaT TavianTi

eparqiebi. daapatimres da gadaasaxles episkoposi efremi (sidamoniZe,

SemdgomSi kaTolikos–patriarqi efrem II), gadasaxlebaSi gardaicvala

mitropoliti varlam maxaraZe, 1924 wlis agvistoSi daxvrites quTaTel–

gaenaTeli mitropoliti nazari. mis mimarT wayenebuli braldeba aseTi

iyo – rogor gabeda Tavisi eparqiis sofel rodinaulSi axali eklesiis

kurTxeva.

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo

eklesiaSi oficialurad 15 eparqia iyo, realuri viTareba sul sxva

suraTs gviCvenebda. 1929 wels oficialurad gauqmda alaverdis eparqia,

daiketa alaverdis monasteri, 1930 wels gauqmda Wyondidis eparqia, 1930

wels daiketa gelaTi, 1934 wels gauqmda baTum–Semoqmedis eparqia,

gaauqmes bodbis, ninowmidisa da wilknis eparqiebi. eparqiaTa

mRvdelmTavrebma Tavi dedaqalaqSi moqmed eklesiebs Seafares. 1947 wels

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi 5 mRvdelmTavariRa

iyo (efrem sidamoniZe, melqisedek fxalaZe, tarasi kandelaki, dimitri

lazariSvili, gabriel CaCaniZe). eparqiebSi sakaTedro taZrebis gauqmebis

gamo maTi umravlesoba TbilisSi iyo. mdgomareoba ukeTesobisken arc

1950–1970 wlebSi Secvlila.

1977 wels, rodesac sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi

gaxda ilia II, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi

arsebuli 15 eparqiidan mRvdelmTavrebi hyavda Semdeg eparqiebs: 1.

131

alaverdis (episkoposi grigol cercvaZe), 2. baTum–Semoqmedis

(mitropoliti romanoz petriaSvili), 3. manglisis (episkoposi giorgi

RonRaZe), 4.Owilknis (mitropoliti gaioz keratiSvili), 5. TeTriwyarosa

(mitropoliti zinobi maJuga) da 6. bodbisas (episkoposi ilarion

samxaraZe). bodbeli swiravda Tbilisis samebis eklesiaSi, mangleli _

didubis RvTismSoblis eklesiaSi, wilkneli _ sveticxovelSi,

TeTriwyaroeli _ Tbilisis aleqsandre nevelis saxelobis eklesiaSi.

arc erTi moqmedi eklesia ar iyo nikorwmindis, agarak–walkis, bodbis,

awyuris, cageris, wilknis eparqiebSi...

uwmidesma da unetaresma sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqma ilia II-m kargad icoda, rom saqarTvelos samociqulo

eklesiis aRorZineba eparqiebidan unda daewyo. aucilebeli iyo

axalgazrda, ganaTlebuli sasuliero pirebis mRvdelmTavris xarisxSi

ayvana da saeparqio cxovrebis gamococxleba. 1978 wels, uwmidesisa da

unetaresis locva–kurTxeviTa da wmida sinodis ganCinebiT,

episkoposebad akurTxes da eparqiebSi gagzavnes: cxum–afxazeTis

kaTedraze nikolozi (maxaraZe), Wyondidelad _ episkoposi ioane

(ananiaSvili), mawyverelad _ episkoposi Sio (avaliSvili), bodbelad _

episkoposi Tadeozi (ioramaSvili), baTum–Semoqmedelad _ episkoposi

daviTi (Wkadua), urbnelad _ episkoposi konstantine (meliqiZe). 1978 wlis

seqtembridan episkoposi Tadeozi gadayvanil iqna wilknelad, xolo

bodbelad akurTxes aTanase (CaxvaSvili). TiToeulis kurTxeva sazeimo

viTarebaSi Catarda mravalricxovan morwmuneTa TandaswrebiT. uwmidesma

da unetaresma gadasca maT samRvdelmTavro kverTxi da Seaxsena, ra didi

pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda TiToeul maTgans.

1978 wlis dekemberSi, wmida sinodis sxdomaze, uwmidesisa da

unetaresis ilia II-is winadadebiT gadawyda, rom saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi aRdgeniliyo istoriuli

tradicia, romelic iTvaliswinebda mTavarepiskoposis xarisxis miniWebas.

amave sxdomaze awyuris eparqias ewoda `axalcixisa da mesxeT–

javaxeTisa“, cagerisas _ `cagerisa da leCxum–svaneTisa“. Uuwmidesma da

unetaresma mitropolitis xarisxSi aiyvana mangleli episkoposi giorgi

(RonRaZe) da alaverdeli episkoposi grigoli (cercvaZe). pirveli

132

mTavarepiskoposebi gaxdnen: nikolozi (maxaraZe), ioane (ananiaSvili), Sio

(avaliSvili). Ooficialuri xelisuflebisaTvis sruliad miuRebeli iyo


aRorZineba. igi cdilobda religiis saqmeTa rwmunebulis meSveobiT

Seeferxebina axalnakurTxi episkoposebis registracia, registraciis

gareSe ki maT ufleba ar hqondaT wasuliyvnen da eRvawaT TavianT

eparqiebSi.

religiis saqmeTa rwmunebuli sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqisadmi gagzavnil werilSi ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda

episkoposTa raodenobis `gaumarTlebeli zrdis“ gamo. 1979 wlis 5

aprils uwmidesma da unetaresma rwmunebuls dausabuTa miRebuli

gadawyvetilebis marTebuloba: `Tanaxmad karTagenis krebis me–12

kanonisa, romlis mixedviTac episkoposis gansjis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac

saeklesio krebis mowveva ver xerxdeba, aucilebelia 12 episkoposis

Sekreba, rom maT Sesabamisi msjavri gamoitanon.

saqarTvelos eklesiaSi ki, amJamad 3 mitropoliti, 3 mTavarepiskoposi da

4 episkoposia.“[27, 1988].

1979 wels, wmida sinodis gadawyvetilebiT, mitropoliti Sio

(avaliSvili) gadaiyvanes quTaTel–gaenaTelad, xolo axalcixisa da

samcxe–javaxeTis episkoposis xarisxSi ayvanil iqna qristefore

(wamalaiZe), nikorwmindis episkoposad akurTxes ambrosi (qaTamaZe). axali

mRvdelmTavrebis kurTxevis Semdeg dRis wesrigSi dadga provinciebSi

1921–70 wlebSi administraciuli wesiT daxuruli eklesiebis kvlav

amoqmedebis sakiTxi. sabWoTa kavSiris kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad,

morwmuneebi qmnidnen da registraciaSi atarebdnen religiur

sazogadoebas. religiuri sazogadoebis 20 srulwlovani wevri eklesiis

amoqmedebis Sesaxeb sagangebo gancxadebiT mimarTavda adgilobriv

aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas, romelic mas agzvnida saqarTvelos

ministrTa sabWosTan arsebul rwmunebulTa aparatSi. gancxadeba iqidan

moskovSi igzavneboda da mxolod moskovis Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi hqonda

eparqiis mRvdelmTavars ufleba, gaegzavna eklesiaSi sasuliero piri.

xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi cdilobdnen religiuri sazogadoebis

wevrebis daSinebas, magram, roca sasurvel Sedegs ver aRwevdnen,

133

iZulebulni xdebodnen gaecaT nebarTva eklesiis amoqmedebis Sesaxeb. Tu

oficialuri nebarTva ar iyo gacemuli, eklesiaSi RvTismsaxurebis

Catareba kanondarRvevad iTvleboda.

1978 wlis 1 noembers quTais–gaenaTis eparqiis wyaltubos raionis

sof. zeda maRlakSi macxovris eklesiaSi dainiSna mRvdeli giorgi

kuWuxiZe. rwmunebulma kategoriulad moiTxova mRvdel kuWuxiZis ukan

gamowveva manamde, sanam maRlakis eklesia oficialurad ar iqneboda

registrirebuli. 1979 wels gaz. `axalgazrda komunistSi“ gamoqveynda

anonimi avtoris werili `vis uxmobs nikorwmindis zarebi?“, romelSic

mkacrad iyo dagmobili nikorwmindis eklesiis amoqmedeba da kriminalad

iyo gamocxadebuli am saqmis moTave, sof. nikorwmindis mcxovrebi Sura

gociriZe. adgilobrivma xelisuflebam nikorwmindaSi saswrafod gaxsna

saxalxo universiteti, romlis daniSnuleba iyo antireligiuri muSaobis

gaZliereba.

eparqiebSi Seqmnili rTuli viTareba kargad Cans Wyondideli

mTavarepiskoposis ioanes (ananiaSvili) 1981 wlis 6 seqtembris moxsenebiT

baraTSi, romelic man sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqs

uwmidessa da unetares ilia II–s gamougzavna. meufe ioane imxanad

leCxum–svaneTis eparqiasac ganagebda. igi werda: `mestiaSi rodesac

Cavedi, adgilobriv xelmZRvanelobas vuCvene dokumenti, sadac miweria,

rom var Wyondidisa da leCxum–svaneTis mTavarepiskoposi. maT

gaukvirdaT da miTxres, Cven ar gvindao. Turme raionSi Casul mRvdlebs

aiZulebdnen, saswrafod daetovebinaT iqauroba. mestiis raionis TiTqmis

yvela sofeli daviare, xalxi yvelgan eklesiis gaxsnas mTxovda, magram

adgilobrivi xelisufleba TavSekavebul agresias amJRavnebda da

mTxovda, male dametovebina raioni.“[27, 5344].

aseTive rTuli problemebis winaSe aRmoCndnen quTaTel–

gaenaTeli, axalcixeli, bodbeli mRvdelmTavrebi. miuxedavad am

sirTuleebisa, 1979 wels saqarTvelos eklesiam bodbis monastris ezodan

axal sacxovrebel adgilze gadaiyvana 13 ojaxi, SekeTda taZari,

mowesrigda wmida ninos saflavi; keTilmoewyo quTaisis petre–pavles

eklesiis ezo; sagarejoSi restavracia Cautarda RvTismSoblisa da wmida

dodos eklesiebs; walkaSi gaixsna RvTismSoblis eklesia; manglisSi

134

daiwyo saeparqio rezidenciis mSenebloba; baTumSi aSenda axali eklesia;

axalcixeSi gaixsna eparqiaSi erTaderTi marTlmadidebeli wmida marines

eklesia da daiwyo misi ezos keTilmowyoba; aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi daiwyo

TeklaTis, menjis eklesiebSi. oficialur xelisuflebas aRizianebda

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis aseTi warmatebebi,

amitom scada aprobirebuli saSualebiT (Worebi, Sida dapirispirebis

inspirireba) eklesiisaTvis saxelis gatexa. aTeistur sazogadoebaSi

advili iyo mosaxleobis dezinformacia ber–monazvnebisadmi uaryofiTi

ganwyobis Sesaqmnelad. Aam mizniT oficialurma xelisuflebam presiTa

da televiziiT dawvrilebiT gaaSuqa mitropolit gaiozis sasamarTlo

procesi. xelisuflebis ciliswamebis msxverpli gaxda ramdenime

maRalierarqi.

uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia II–is ucxoeTSi vizitis dros

ramdenime avantiuristma xelisuflebis waqezebiT patriarqis

sawinaaRmdego gamosvlebi moindoma, magram morwmune mrevlis risxvam

isini aiZula xeli aeRoT am ganzraxvaze. oficialur xelisuflebas es

yvelaferi patriarqis dasaSineblad sWirdeboda, magram aman mxolod

ukuSedegi gamoiwvia. qarTveli eri kidev ufro mtkiced dadga deda

eklesiisa da misi meTauris gverdiT. es ar iyo is xalxi, romelic

taZarSi wirva–locvaze gaucnobiereblad modioda, es iyo WeSmaritad

morwmune mrevli, romelmac gaiTavisa qristianuli rwmenis sidiade da

mzad iyo mis dasacavad.

1977–1990 wlebSi saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc mTel msoflioSi,

didi socialur–politikuri cvlilebebi moxda. 80–iani wlebidan

sabWoTa kavSirSi, e.w. `perestroikis~ periodSi, demokratiuli

Rirebulebebis gaRrmavebis lozungiT, qveynis politikurma

xelmZRvanelobam totalitaruli reJimis liberalizacia daiwyo. es

momenti kargad gamoiyena saqarTvelos marTlmadidebelma samociqulo

eklesiam da eparqiebSi daiwyo administraciuli wesiT daxuruli 20–50–

iani wlebis ngrevas gadarCenili eklesiebis amoqmedeba. uwmidesma da

unetaresma ilia II-m 1995 wels miiRo gadawyvetileba, saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi moqmedi 15 eparqiis 27–mde, xolo

2007 _ wels 36–mde gazrdis Sesaxeb.

135

XVI–XX saukuneebSi qarTveli xalxis Tavs datexilma

kataklizmebma saqarTvelos saxelmwifos teritoriebi sagrZnoblad

Seamcira. Tu XII–XIII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos teritoria 205 aTas

kvadratul kilometrs udrida, XIX saukuneSi igi 102 aTas kvadratul

kilometramde Semcirda, xolo 1921 wlidan 1990 wlamde periodSi ki 69,7

aTas kvadratul kilometrs Seadgenda. saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT

darCa istoriuli tao–klarjeTi, lazeTi, hereTi (saingilo), lore–

taSiri. dReisaTvis saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis eparqiebi srulad moicavs istoriul saqarTvelos. uwmidesisa

da unetaresiis locva–kurTxeviT, nekresis eparqiis sulieri samwysoa

istoriuli hereTi (saingilo), axalcixis eparqia ganivrco axalcixis,

tao–klarjeTisa da lazeTis eparqiad, dmanisis eparqias daemata

istoriuli lore–taSiri. amJamad saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo avtokefaluri eklesiis eparqiebia:

1. mcxeTa–Tbilisisa, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi. Tu 1977 wels am eparqiaSi moqmedi

iyo 11 eklesia–monasteri, amJamad moqmedia 130;

2. rusTavisa da marneulisa, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs

mitropoliti aTanase (CaxvaSvili). 1977 wels am teritoriaze arc eparqia

iyo da arc moqmedi eklesia, 2007 wlisaTvis ki 18 moqmedi eklesiaa;

3. quTais–gaenaTisa, romelsac ganagebs mitropoliti kalistrate

(margalitaSvili). 1977 wels eparqiaSi moqmedi iyo 5, amJamad moqmedia

90–mde eklesia–monasteri 130-ze meti sasuliero piriT;

4. manglisisa da walkis eparqiaSi moqmedi iyo 2 eklesia, 2007

wlisaTvis moqmedia 12 eklesia da 3 monasteri; eparqias ganagebs

mitropoliti anania (jafariZe);

5. Terjolisa da tyibulis eparqia axalia. igi Seiqmna 2007 wels.

eparqias xelmZRvanelobs mitropoliti giorgi (SalamberiZe). eparqiis

teritoriaze Tavidan moqmedi iyo 1 eklesia, amJamad moqmedebs 15;

6. ruisisa da urbnisis eparqia, romelsac meTaurobs mitropoliti

iobi (aqiaSvili). 1977 wels eparqiaSi moqmedi iyo 2 eklesia, 2007

wlisaTvis ki 100-mde eklesia–monasteria, sadac 200-mde sasuliero piri

moRvaweobs;

136

7. cxum–afxazeTis eparqias xelmZRvanelobs mitropoliti danieli

(daTuaSvili). 1977 wels moqmedi iyo 3 eklesia, afxazeTSi datrialebuli

tragediis Semdeg ki eparqia devnil mdgomareobaSia;

8. Wyondidis eparqia moicavs martvilisa da abaSis raionebs. mas

xelmZRvanelobs mTavarepiskoposi petre (caava). eparqiaSi didi

aRSeneblobiTi saqmianoba mimdinareobs: aSenda saepiskoposo saxli,

gaixsna mamaTa monasteri (martvilSi). eparqiaSi moqmedia 20-mde eklesia,

romlebSic RvTismsaxurebas eweva 25-mde sasuliero piri;

9. alaverdis eparqia, romelsac meTaurobs mitropoliti daviTi

(maxaraZe). Tu 1977 wels eparqiaSi 3 moqmedi eklesia iyo, 2007 wlisaTvis

maTi raodenoba gaizarda 40–mde;

10. dasavleT evropis eparqia aerTianebs evropis qveynebSi

mcxovreb Cvens Tanamemamuleebs. eparqia Seiqmna 2002 wlis 17 oqtombers.

mas xelmZRvanelobs mitropoliti abraami (garmelia). eparqiis

samrevloebi aris avstriaSi, belgiaSi, germaniaSi, safrangeTSi,

italiaSi, inglisSi _ sul 14 samrevloa;

11. nekresisa da hereTis eparqia, romelsac meTaurobs

mitropoliti sergi (CekuriSvili). 1977 wels eparqiis teritoriaze

moqmedi iyo 1 eklesia, amJamad moqmedia 7 eklesia–monasteri;

12. TianeTisa da fSav–xevsureTis eparqia istoriuli JaleT-

xarWaSnis eparqiis adgilze Seiqmna wmida sinodis 2003 wlis 18 agvistos

ganCinebiT. 1977 wels TianeTsa da fSav–xevsureTSi ar iyo arc erTi

moqmedi eklesia, amJamad ki moqmedia 5. eparqias xelmZRvanelobs

mTavarepiskoposi Tadeozi (ioramaSvili);

13. argveTisa da ubisis eparqia Seiqmna wmida sinodis 2002 wlis

17 oqtombris ganCinebiT. 1977 wels eparqiis teritoriaze moqmedebda ori

samlocvelo saxli, amJamad moqmedia 10 eklesia da 2 monasteri. Eeparqias

xelmZRvanelobs mTavarepiskoposi vaxtangi (axvlediani);

14. Semoqmedis eparqia 1917 wels aRdga. eparqias amJamad

xelmZRvanelobs mitropoliti iosebi (kikvaZe). 1977 wels eparqiaSi

moqmedi iyo 2 eklesia, 2007 wels ki 42 eklesiaa da 7 monasteri;

137

15. niqozisa da cxinvalis eparqias xelmZRvanelobs mitropoliti

isaia (Wanturia). 1977 wels arc eparqia arsebobda da arc moqmedi

eklesiebi. 2007 wlisaTvis moqmedia 5 eklesia da 1 monasteri;

16. borjomisa da bakurianis eparqia, romelsac winamZRolobs

mTavarepiskoposi serafime (jojua). 1977 wels aq arc eparqia iyo da arc

moqmedi eklesia. 1995 wels Seiqmna borjomisa da axalqalaqis eparqia,

2002 wlis 17 oqtombers ki, wmida sinodis ganCinebiT, axalqalaqi da

kumurdo calke eparqiad gamoiyo. borjomisa da bakurianis eparqiaSi

moqmedia 15–mde eklesia–monasteri;

17. nikorwmidis eparqia aRdga 1917 wels, magram eparqiam realuri

funqcionireba daiwyo 1979 wlidan, rodesac amoqmedda nikorwmidis

eklesia. eparqias 1996 wlidan ganagebs mTavarepiskoposi elise (joxaZe).

2007 wlisaTvis eparqiaSi moqmed eklesiaTa ricxvi 6-s aRwevs;

18. foTisa da xobis eparqia 1995 wels gamoeyo Wyondidis eparqias.

1996 wlidan eparqias xelmZRvanelobs mitropoliti grigoli

(berbiWaSvili). 1977 wels eparqiaSi moqmedi iyo mxolod 1 eklesia da 1

samlocvelo saxli, 2007 wlisaTvis ki moqmedia 8 eklesia, Sendeba 5;

19. axalqalaqisa da kumurdos eparqia wmida sinodis 2002 wlis 17

oqtombris ganCinebiT Seiqmna, mas xelmZRvanelobs mitropoliti

nikolozi (faCuaSvili). Aaq 1977 wels ar iyo arc erTi moqmedi eklesia.

2007 wels moqmedia 3 eklesia da 2 monasteri;

20. axalcixis, tao–klarjeTisa da lazeTis eparqias

xelmZRvanelobs mitropliti Teodore (WuaZe). Tu aq 1977 wels arc erTi

moqmedi eklesia ar iyo, 2007 wlisaTvis moqmedia 19 eklesia da 9

monasteri. Sendeba 4 axali eklesia;

21. xonisa da samtrediis eparqia Seiqmna wmida sinodis 1995 wlis 5

aprilis ganCinebiT. eparqias xelmZRvanelobs mTavarepiskoposi saba

(gigiberia). 1977 wels aq arc erTi moqmedi eklesia ar hqondaT, 2007 wels

ki 12 moqmedi eklesiaa;

22. wilknis eparqia aRdga 1917 wels. eparqiis winamZRolia

mTavarepiskoposi zosime (SioSvili). 1977 wels eparqiaSi ar iyo arc erTi

moqmedi eklesia, amJamad moqmed eklesiaTa raodenoba aTze metia;

138

23. baTumisa da qobuleTis eparqia 1917 wlidan arsebobda baTum–

Semoqmedis eparqiis saxiT. 1995 wlidan Semoqmedis eparqiis gamoyofis

gamo mas ewoda baTumisa da sxalTisa. 2007 wlidan ki didaWarisa da

xulos calke eparqiad Camoyalibebis gamo ewoda baTumisa da qobuleTis

eparqia, romelsac ganagebs mitropoliti dimitri (SiolaSvili). Tu 1977

wels eparqiaSi 3 moqmedi eklesia iyo, 2007 wlisaTvis maTi raodenoba 29–

mde gaizarda. Sendeba 8 eklesia;

24. vanisa da baRdadis eparqia wmida sinodis 1995 wlis 5 aprilis

ganCinebiT Seiqmna. eparqias xelmZRvanelobs mTavarepiskoposi antoni

(buluxia). 1977 wels eparqiis teritoriaze ar iyo arc erTi moqmedi

eklesia, 2007 wlisaTvis maTi raodenoba 22 gaxda;

25. zugdidisa da caiSis eparqia Seiqmna istoriuli caiSis

eparqiis safuZvelze wmida sinodis 1995 wlis 5 aprilis ganCinebiT. 1998

wlidan eparqias ganagebs mitropoliti gerasime (SaraSeniZe). 1977 wels

eparqiaSi moqmedi iyo 2 eklesia, 2007 wlisaTvis ki aq 6 eklesia–

monasteria;

26. bodbis eparqia saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis sakaTolikoso sabWos gadawyvetilebiT aRdga 1925 wels. 1999

wlidan eparqiiis winamZRolia episkoposi daviTi (tikaraZe). 1977 wels aq

moqmedi iyo 2 eklesia, amJamad maTi raodenoba aTze metia;

27. samTavisisa da goris eparqias ganagebs mTavarepiskoposi andria

(gvazava). 1977 wels eparqiis teritoriaze ar iyo arc erTi moqmedi

eklesia, amJamad maTi raodenoba TxuTmetze metia;

28. stefanwmidisa da xevis eparqia Seiqmna wmida sinodis 2002 wlis

17 oqtombris ganCinebiT. eparqia moicavs yazbegis raions, romelsac

ganagebs episkoposi iegudieli (tabataZe). 1977 wels eparqiis teritoriaze

ar iyo arc erTi moqmedi eklesia, amJamad maTi raodenoba aTs aRemateba;

29. cagerisa da lentexis eparqia 1917 wels iwoda cagerisa da

leCxum–svaneTisad, mas 2002 wlis 27 oqtombridan xelmZRvanelobs

episkoposi stefane (kalaijiSvili). Tu 1977 wels eparqiaSi ar iyo arc

erTi moqmedi eklesia, axla maTi raodenoba 10_ze metia;

30. mestiisa da zemo svaneTis eparqia Seiqmna wmida sinodis 2002

wlis 17 oqtombris ganCinebiT. eparqias xelmZRvanelobs episkoposi

139

ilarioni (qitiaSvili). 1977 wels eparqiaSi ar iyo arc erTi moqmedi

eklesia, amJamad moqmedia 8–ze meti;

31. gurjaanisa da veliscixis eparqia Seiqmna wmida sinodis 2002

wlis 14 seqtembris ganCinebiT. eparqias 2003 wlis 18 agvistodan ganagebs

episkoposi eqvTime (leJava). 1977 wels eparqiis teritoriaze ar iyo arc

erTi moqmedi eklesia, 2007 wlisaTvis maTi raodenoba gaizarda 10–mde;

32. sagarejosa da ninowmidis eparqia ninowmidis istoriuli

eparqiis safuZvelze aRdga 1995 wlis 5 aprilidan. eparqias

xelmZRvanelobs episkoposi luka (lomiZe). 1977 wels eparqiaSi ar iyo

arc erTi moqmedi eklesia, 2007 wlisaTvis maTi raodenoba 11–mde

gaizarda;

33. dmanisis eparqia 2003 wlis 18 agvistos Seiqmna, xolo 2006

wlidan mas daemata agarak–taSiris teritoriac, romelic 1921 wlidan

somxeTis respublikis sazRvrebSia moqceuli. eparqias ganagebs

episkoposi zenoni (iarajuli). 1977 wels eparqiis teritoriaze ar iyo

arc erTi moqmedi eklesia, 2007 wlisaTvis ki moqmedia 8 eklesia–

monasteri;

34. bolnisis eparqia istoriuli curtavis eparqiis safuZvelze

Seiqmna 1995 wels. 2007 wlidan eparqias ganagebs episkoposi efremi

(gamrekeliZe). 1977 wels aq arc erTi moqmedi eklesia ar iyo, dReisaTvis

moqmedia 5 eklesia da 3 monasteri;

35. senakisa da Cxorowyus eparqia Seiqmna wmida sinodis 2003 wlis

18 agvistos ganCinebis safuZvelze. eparqias ganagebs episkoposi Sio

(mujiri). Tu 1977 wels eparqiis teritoriaze moqmedi iyo 21 eklesia,

amJamad maTi raodenoba gaizarda aTamde;

36. xulosa da sxalTis eparqia Seiqmna 2007 wels. eparqias

xelmZRvanelobs episkoposi spiridoni (abulaZe). 1977 wels eparqiis

teritoriaze ar iyo arc erTi moqmedi eklesia, amJamad moqmedia 10–ze

meti eklesia–monasteri.


aRorZineba uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

patriarqis ilia II-is didi Rvawlis Sedegia. Uuwmidesi da unetaresi

xSirad stumrobs eparqiebs, mcire warmatebasac ufasebs mmarTvel

140

mRvdelmTavrebs, mwyemsmTavruli sityviT mimarTavs mrevls, deda

eklesiisa da samSoblos siyvarulisaken mouwodebs maT. saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis siZlierisa da simtkicis

safuZveli moqmed eklesiaTa siZlierea.

istoriulad saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi

didi mniSvneloba hqonda samonastro cxovrebas. pirveli monastrebi IV–

V saukuneebidan arsebobda. monastrebi ara marto religiuri, aramed

kulturul–saganmanaTleblo centrebis funqciasac asrulebdnen. Sua

saukuneebSi qarTvelebs samonastro centrebi hqondaT saberZneTSi,

kviprosze, wmida miwaze. qveyanaSi Semosuli mteri monastrebs arbevda.

cnobilia qvaTaxevisa da daviT garejis monastrebis mterTagan rbeva,

ber–monazvnebis xocva–Jleta, magram monastrebi mainc aRorZindebodnen

xolme. ber–monazvnebi yvelaze dafasebulni iyvnen Cveni sulieri

cxovrebis istoriaSi.

XIX saukuneSi qarTul monastrebs ruseTis Sida guberniebidan

gadmosuli berebi daepatronen... 1917 wels, saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg,

daiwyo samonastro cxovrebis aRorZineba, magram saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis mier miRebuli sakanonmdeblo

aqtebiT daiwyes saeklesio miwebis CamorTmeva da monastrebSi mcxovrebi

ber–monazvnebis Seviwroeba, ris gamoc uwmidesma da unetaresma sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqma leonidem mkacri saprotesto

werili miswera saqarTvelos mTavrobis Tavmjdomares _ noe Jordanias.

1921 wlidan, bolSevikuri saokupacio xelisuflebis waqezebiT, daiwyo

eklesia–monastrebis Zarcva–rbeva. daxoces SiomRvimis, qvaTaxevis,

beTaniis, armazis, kabenis monastrebis berebi. sabuTebi yvelgan ise

gaaformes, TiTqos kriminaluri danaSauli iqna Cadenili. daixura

monastrebis umravlesoba. uwmidesisa da unetaresi kalistrates

ZalisxmeviT, saxelmwifom istoriuli Zeglis mcvelis Tanamdebobaze

daniSna beTanieli berebi: ioane (maisuraZe) da giorgi (mxeiZe), zedazenze

_ eqvTime (kereseliZe).

XX sauunis 60–70–ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi samonastro cxovreba

Zalian Sesustebuli iyo. TiTo–orola monasterSi (Sio mRvime, samTavro,

141

TeklaTi, mowameTa) naxevrad aralegalurad moRvaweobdnen ber–

monazvnebi. oficialuri xelisufleba gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTad iyo

gamsWvaluli maT mimarT. uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis ilia II-is gaazrebuli,

Tanmimdevruli saqmianobiT SesaZlebeli gaxda samonastro cxovrebis

aRorZineba saqarTveloSi. Tu gasuli saukunis 70–ian wlebSi

monastrebSi ZiriTadad asakovani adamianebi iyvnen, amJamad 70-ze met

moqmed monasterSi ZiriTadad axalgazrda morCilni da ber-monazvnebi

moRvaweoben. saqarTvelos yvela moqmed eparqiaSi aris mamaTa da dedaTa

monastrebi.

uwmidessa da unetaress surda, faravnis taZarTan, saidanac

mociqulTa swori wmida nino vazis jvriT gamoemarTa mcxeTisaken,

daarsebuliyo mamaTa da dedaTa monastrebi. gasuli saukunis 70–ian

wlebSi mTeli samcxe–javaxeTis teritoria sabWoTa kavSir–TurqeTis

sazRvrispira raionebad iyo gamocxadebuli. awyuris iqiT gadasvla

mxolod specialuri saSviT SeiZleboda. garda amisa, faravnis tbispira

sofel fokaSi arc erTi qarTuli ojaxi ar cxovrobda. sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi oficialurad Caewera sofel fokaSi,

raTa daubrkoleblad emogzaura am teritoriebze. misi didi ZalisxmeviT

moxerxda fokaSi dedaTa da mamaTa monastrebis daarseba. es mxolod

erTi magaliTia. mravali aseTi dabrkoleba gadaitana saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebelma samociqulo eklesiam, magram, uwmidesisa da

unetaresis RvawliT, samonastro cxovreba aRorZinda ara marto

saqarTveloSi _ Cveni mamebi da dedebi moRvaweoben ucxoeTSi arsebul

qarTuli warmomavlobis eklesia–monastrebSic.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis winsvla

bolo ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi kargad Cans Semdegi monacemebidan:

Tu 1977 wels 50–mde moqmed eklesia–monasterSi RvTismsaxurebas eweoda

7 mRvdelmTavari da 80–mde sasuliero piri, 2007 wlisaTvis 1500–ze met

eklesiasa da 60–ze met monasterSi moRvaweobs 36 mRvdelmTavari da 2000–

ze meti sasuliero piri. winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevis gzebis Zieba,

locvaSi gatarebuli mravali uZilo Rame gadaitana misma uwmidesobam

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis am simaRleze

142

asayvanad. `mZimea gvirgvini mwyemsmTavrisa, ermac da bermac Tavidanve

mkafiod gamoxatuli ndobiTa da pativiscemiT migiRoT. friad

mimzidveli garegnobis axalgazrda mRvdelmTavari mTeli Tavisi arsebiT

asxivebT saTno adamianur bunebas. xalxSi Tqvens gasvlas,

inteligenciasTan saqmian Sexvedra–dialogebs Tavidan bolomde gasdevda

sulierebis Tavankara saTaveebTan dabrunebis aucileblobis azri da

wadili... Tqven saqarTvelos eklesia izolaciidan, karCaketilobidan

gamoiyvaneT.“[27, 11880]. am sityvebis avtors, ilia ruruas, rogorc

religiis saqmeTa rwmunebulis moadgiles, samsaxurebrivad evaleboda

eklesiisa da patriarqis kontroli... patriarqis sulierebam da sidiadem

daCrdila masSi oficialuri funqcioneri da saqarTvelos sulieri

winamZRolis saqmeTa piruTvnel Semfaseblad aqcia igi.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesias, adreuli Sua

saukuneebidan XIX saukunis CaTvliT, sazRvargareT mravali eklesia–

monasteri hqonda. aq moRvawe qarTveli berebi qmnidnen originalur

sasuliero naSromebs, Targmnidnen qarTulidan berZnulad, an

berZnulidan qarTulad iTargmneboda qristianul literaturaSi

cnobili Txzulebebi. Tu aseTi mdidari da mravalferovani iyo Sua

saukuneebis qarTuli kultura, amaSi didia sazRvargareT arsebuli

qarTuli eklesia–monastrebis wvlili. axlo aRmosavleTSi ganTqmuli

iyo sabawmindis, sinas, jvris, Savi mTis, xolo dasavleTSi _ aTonisa da

petriwonis monastrebi. Sua saukuneebSi wmida miwaze qarTvelebs

gansakuTrebuli privilegiebi hqondaT _ golgoTaze qristes saflavis

eklesiis kliteni maT epyraT da gaSlili droSebiT cxenze

amxedrebulebs SeeZloT ierusalimSi Sesvla. miuxedavad imisa, rom XV

saukuneSi erTiani saqarTvelo sam samefod da erT samTavrod daiSala,

samefoTa mefe-mTavarni sazRvargareTul qarTul samonastro centrebs

yuradRebas ar aklebdnen.

iran–osmaleTis mZlavrobis xanaSi (XVI–XVIII s.s.) saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis poziciebi Sesustda. XVI–XX

saukuneebSi, saqarTvelos mimarT osmalTa mier ganxorcielebuli

agresiis Sedegad, istoriuli saqarTvelos teritoriis naxevarze meti _

143

tao–klarjeT–lazeTi _ da iq arsebuli qarTuli eklesia–monastrebi

saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT aRmoCnda.

XVI saukuneSi osmalTagan Seviwroebulma konstantinopolis

msoflio sapatriarqom avtokefalia da marTlmadideblur diptixSi

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoriulad kuTvnili me–5 adgili

politikurad gaZlierebuli ruseTis eklesias misca.

ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobisa da saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebis Semdeg

sazRvargareTul qarTul samonastro centrebs TandaTan ucxoelebi

(berZnebi da somxebi) daepatronen da gulmodgined daiwyes monastrebSi

arsebuli qarTuli kvalis waSla. (amis TvalsaCino magaliTia am bolo

dros ierusalimis jvris monasterSi SoTa rusTavelis freskis garSemo

atexili skandalic).

miuxedavad imisa, rom XIX saukunesa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia ruseTis sinodis daqvemdebarebaSi

imyofeboda, qarTveli sasuliero pirebi mainc wmida miwisaken,

aTonisaken, miiswrafodnen. qarTvel samRvdeloebaSi gansakuTrebuli

pativiscemiT sargeblobdnen sazRvargareTul qarTul samonastro

centrebSi namsaxurebi berebi. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis mcdeloba, 1917 wels avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg

aRedgina kavSiri sazRvargareTul qarTul samonastro centrebTan,

uSedego aRmoCnda. 1921–1970 wlebSi, sabWoTa `rkinis fardis“ pirobebSi,

es kidev ufro garTulda. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqebi

_ uwmidesi da unetaresi efrem II da daviT V _ sarekomendacio werilebs

ugzavnidnen ierusalimisa da konstantinopolis patriarqebs, raTa

aTonis iverTa monastersa da ierusalimis jvris monasterSi gadaRebis

ufleba miecaT kinoreJisor irakli onofriSvilisa da guram

pataraiasaTvis, daeSvaT iq samuSaod qarTvel mecnierTa jgufi (irakli

abaSiZe, giorgi wereTeli, akaki SaniZe). uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m

Tavisi mRvdelmTavrobis periodSi, rogorc saqarTvelos


xelmZRvanelma, miznad daisaxa sazRvargareTul qarTul monastrebTan

kavSiris aRdgena. misTvis gansakuTrebiT axlobeli iyo aTonis iverTa

144

monasteri. am monastris istorias miuZRvna man Tavisi sakvalifikacio

Sroma da vrcel daskvnaSi mkafiod gansazRvra aTonis iverTa monastris

roli saqarTvelos istoriaSi. cxum–afxazeTis mitropolitad yofnis

dros igi araerTxel Sexvda qarTvel mecnierebs da maTTan erTad

imsjela, ra unda gakeTebuliyo aTonis iverTa monasterTan

dasakavSireblad. 1970 wels mitropoliti ilia saqarTvelos

mecnierebaTa akademiis k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa institutis

direqtors, akademikos elene metrevels swerda: `qalbatono elene,

gamaxara Tqvenma werilma da z. aleqsiZis èpistoleTa wignma“. gmadlobT

yuradRebisaTvis. mec minda gagaxaroT sasiamovno ambiT. arqimandrit

abelis saSualebiT vipoveT gza, romliTac davukavSirdebiT iveriis

monastris xelnawerebs. miviRe werili Tesalonikis universitetis

profesor taxikosisgan, romelic gvpirdeba daxmarebas.~[27, 3203].

1978 wlis seqtemberSi uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m

saqarTveloSi mowveul aTonis mTis gubernators dimitrios camiss

vizitis iseTi programa SesTavaza da qarTuli stumarTmaspinZlobis

iseTi madli aCvena, rom aRfrTovanebulma gubernatorma Tbilisidan

gamgzavrebis win ganacxada: àdamianis cxovrebaSi iSviaTad, magram mainc

arsebobs wuTebi, rodesac ar SeiZleba gamoiTqvas grZnobebi, romlebic

mas eufleba. yvela sityva, romelic SeiZleba me vTqva, Raribi da

uferuli iqneba Cems gancdebTan SedarebiT.“[34, 1978, 2, 13]. baton camisis

saxiT saqarTvelos marTlmadidebelma samociqulo eklesiam Zlieri

mxardamWeri ipova.

1979 wlis 5 dekembers uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m aTonis

iverTa monastris sabWos mimarTa: àRsdges is kavSiri, romelic

arsebobda saqarTvelosa da iveriis monasters Soris. am mizniT Cven

gamovTqvamT survils, rom warmovgzavnoT TqvenTan saqarTvelos

mecnierebaTa akademiidan sami mecnieri, romelnic gadaiReben iveriis

monastris biblioTekaSi dacul qarTuli xelnawerebis

mikrofilmebs.“[27, 2335]. uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II saqarTvelos

oficialur xelisuflebas ganumartavda aTonis iverTa monastris

mniSvnelobas saqarTvelosaTvis da sTxovda mxardaWeras, raTa

monasterSi gagzavniliyo oTxi qarTveli beri, Tan dasZenda: `Tu es

145

SevZeliT, Cvens mecnierebsa da eklesias eqnebaT mudmivi kavSiri am

savanesTan da iq dacul Zvirfas qarTul nivTebs eyoleba Tavisi

kanonieri patroni da gulSematkivari.~[27, 1560].

uwmidesisa da unetaresis locva–kurTxeviT, saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi 1983 wels gansakuTrebulad

sazeimo viTarebaSi aRiniSna aTonis iverTa monastris daarsebidan 1000

wlisTavi. monastris sabWosadmi gagzavnil milocvaSi xazgasmiT

aRiniSna, rom aTonis iverTa monasteri maradJams iyo da darCeba

saqarTvelos samociqulo deda eklesiis sulis ganuyofel nawilad.

uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia II-s ZalisxmeviT, aTonis monastrebis

berebi araerTxel estumrnen saqarTvelos, moiloces qarTuli eklesia–

monastrebi, Sexvdnen qarTvel sasuliero pirebs, mecnierebs. patriarqTan

Sexvedrebma isini gansakuTrebuli madlierebiT aRavso. 1987 wlis 11

TebervliT daTariRebul werilSi isini aRniSnavdnen: `Svilieri

grZnobiT vusurvebT Tqvens Rirseul unetaresobas janmrTelobas da

RvTaebriv Zlierebas, raTa macxovnebeli sityva uqadagoT saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis samwysos. viTxovT Tqvens

RvTaebriv locvebs da yvelani, saerTo krebis warmomadgenlebi, aTonis

wmida mTis ocive wmida monastris winamZRvrebi, vrCebiT uRrmesi

pativiscemiT.“[27, 10106].

uwmidesisa da unetaresis surviliT saqarTveloSi CamoabrZanes

aTonis karis RvTismSoblis xatis asli.

XX saukunis qarTvel patriarqTa da saero mecnierTa ocneba,

hqonodaT kavSiri aTonis wmida mTaze arsebul qarTul monastrebTan da

iq dacul qarTul xelnawerebTan, realobad iqca. dRes aTonze araerTi

qarTveli beri moRvaweobs.

uwmidesi da unetaresi aseTive didi mondomebiT Seudga

ierusalimis jvris monasterTan saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis kavSiris aRdgenas. ierusalimis patriarqTan,

uwmides benediqtesTan Sexvedrisas is pirvelad Seexo jvris monastris

saqarTvelos eklesiisaTvis dabrunebis sakiTxs. molaparakebebi

gagrZelda patriarq diodorosis I-is drosac. patriarqma ilia II-m kargad

icoda, rom ierusalimis sapatriarqosaTvis Zneli gadasawyveti iyo es

146

sakiTxi. misi uwmidesoba saqarTvelos saero xelisuflebas meti

mxardaWerisaken mouwodebda. igi 1987 wlis 5 noembers saqarTvelos ssr

ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris pirvel moadgiles, zurab CxeiZes swerda:

`ierusalimSi oficialuri vizitis dros Sevxvdi patriarq diodoros I-s

da davayene ierusalimis jvris monastris gadmocemis sakiTxi. rogorc

mosalodneli iyo, berZnebi Cvens Txovnas enTuziazmiT ar Sexvedrian,

Tumca Segvpirdnen sakiTxis ganxilvas. saWiroa mTavrobis daxmareba.

warmatebis SemTxvevaSi Tqven daimsaxurebT Cveni xalxis samudamo

madlierebas.“[27, 11375, 135].

ierusalimis jvris monastris sakiTxis mogvarebaze muSaobs

patriarqis locva-kurTxeviT Seqmnili mecnierTa da biznesmenTa jgufi.

israelis mTavroba, qarTveli ebraeloba saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel

samociqulo eklesias srul mxardaWeras ucxadebs. aseT viTarebaSi

ierusalimis jvris monastris berZenma berebma SezRudes monasterSi

qarTvelTa SeSveba, gaurkvevel viTarebaSi dazianda rusTavelis freska.

am samwuxaro faqtebis miuxedavad, imedi unda viqonioT, rom istoriuli

samarTlianoba aRdgeba da jvris monasteri aucileblad daubrundeba

saqarTvelos...

uwmidesma da unetaresma sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

patriarqma ilia II-m 1979 wlis 9–15 maiss, bulgareTSi vizitis dros,

moinaxula petriwonis qarTvelTa monasteri, romelic 1083 wels Zmeb

bakurianisZeTa mier aris daarsebuli. bulgareTis patriarqma uwmidesma

maqsimem ganacxada, rom mzad iyo nebismier dros mieRo qarTveli berebi

amJamad baCkovos monastrad wodebul petriwonSi.

uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m 1977–2007 wlebSi moiloca

sazRvargareT arsebuli yvela eklesia–monasteri, sadac ki qarTvelebs

uRvawiaT, sadac qarTuli siwmindeebia daculi, pativi miago Cvens

saxelovan da istoriis miRma darCenil usaxelo gmirebs, romelnic

emsaxurebodnen dedaeklesias, dedasamSoblos. uwmidesma da unetaresma

moaxerxa dakavSireboda 1927 wlidan saqarTvelos sapatriarqos

iurisdiqciidan gasul parizis wmida ninos saxelobis eklesiis

winamZRvar dekanoz ilia melias.

147

uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

patriarqi qarTveli salxis sulieri erTianobis simboloa.

sazRvargareTul qarTul M monastrebTan saukuneTa manZilze gawyvetili

kavSiris aRdgeniT man saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesias Zveli sidiade

da qristianul aRmosavleTSi gamorCeuli misia daubruna.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia istoriulad

gamorCeuli iyo qarTvel wmindanTa simravliT. Cveni eklesia Rvawlsa da

Tavdadebas ar ukargavda arc sasuliero da arc saero pirebs. Taobebi

izrdebodnen da izrdebian qarTvel wmindanTa cxovrebis magaliTze. XIX

saukuneSi rusi egzarqosebi cdilobdnen, qarTvelobas daeviwyebina

erovnul wmindanTa dResaswaulebi. XX saukuneSi, bolSevikuri

aTeisturi mmarTvelobis xanaSi, gansakuTrebiT 20–70_ian wlebSi,

rodesac eklesiis saqmianobis areali SezRuduli iyo, xolo wmida

sinodis Semadgenloba _ arasruli (5–7 mRvdelmTavari), axali

wmindanebis kanonizaciaze fiqri araseriozulad aRiqmeboda. uwmidesma

da unetaresma ilia II-m SesaniSnavad icoda, rom eklesiis sisusteze

metyvelebda is faqti, rom ori saukunis manZilze mas wmindanad aravin

Seuracxavs. Aamitom, uwmidesisa da unetaresis locva–kurTxeviT, 1979

wlidan saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi Seiqmna sasuliero da saero

mecnierTa komisia, romelsac unda emsjela saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis mier axlo momavalSi

wmindanebad Sesaracx pirTa Sesaxeb.

XX saukunis 80–iani wlebis erovnul–ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraoba sabWouri azrovnebisa da Rirebulebebis msxvreviT daiwyo. am

mxriv pirveli seriozuli nabiji saqarTvelos marTlmadidebelma

samociqulo eklesiam gadadga. 1987 wlis 20 ivliss, uwmidesisa da

unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis ilia II-is

locva–kurTxeviTa da wmida sinodis ganCinebiT, qarTveli erisa da

saqarTvelos eklesiis winaSe gansakuTrebuli damsaxurebisaTvis ilia

WavWavaZe Seiracxa wmindanad da ewoda mas `wmida ilia marTali“.

uwmidesma da unetaresma SesaniSnavad axsna am didi pirovnebis Rvawli:

`ilia WavWavaZis moRvaweoba iwyeba saqarTvelosaTvis sabediswero Jams,

rodesac Cvenma qveyanam dakarga saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba,

148

rodesac saqarTvelos eklesias mohkveTes Tavi da daumorCiles ruseTis

eklesiis uwmides sinods, rodesac qarTveli inteligencia da

Tavadaznauroba iyo umoqmedo da kmayofili ruseTis imperatorisgan

boZebuli TanamdebobebiT da Cin–medlebiT. am dros RvTis gangebiT

mogvevlina ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc winaswarmetyveli, rogorc `xma

mRaRadebeli udabnosa Sina“, rogorc sityva marTali da WeSmariti,

rogorc mqadagebeli da winamZRvari. man aRasrula Tavisi Tavdadebuli

cxovrebiT mcneba uflisa: `romel hnebavs Semdgomad Cemda, uarhyavn Tavi

Tvisi da aRiRen jvari Tvisi da Semomidgebian me“ (maTe 16,24). man

aRasrula ufro metic, mxolod Tavisi jvari ki ara, mTeli eris jvari

itvirTa.~[27, 1669, 10639].

ilia WavWavaZis wmindanad Seracxvas didi gamoxmaureba mohyva

saqarTveloSi. mweralTa gazeTma `literaturulma saqarTvelom“ 1987

wlis 23 noembers dabeWda interviu uwmidessa da unetares ilia II–sTan

saTauriT `marTali viTarca finiki aRiyuavnes“. patriarqma kidev erTxel

aRniSna, rom qarTuli eklesiis mier ilia WavWavaZis wmindanad Seracxva

aRiarebaa ara marto ilias pirovnebisa, aramed im didi saqmisa da

idealebisa, romelTac igi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze erTgulad

emsaxureboda.

erovnul–saxelmwifoebrivi da eklesiuri TavisTavadobis

idealebis erTgulebisaTvis, uwmidesisa da unetaresi ilia II-is locva–

kurTxeviTa da wmida sinodis ganCinebiT, 1995–2007 wlebSi wmindanebad

Seiracxnen kaTolikosebi: petre I da samoeli; kaTolikos–patriarqebi:

melqisedek I, kirion II da ambrosi (xelaia); quTaTeli mitropoliti

nazari da samRvdelo krebuli misi; episkoposebi: zosime kumurdoeli,

aleqsandre (oqropiriZe), gabrieli (qiqoZe); mitropolitebi: dosiTeoz

quTaTeli da eqvTime gaenaTeli; imerTa mefe solomon II, cotne dadiani,

saqarTvelos erovnuli Rirsebis dasacavad msxverplad Sewiruli

dimitri yifiani, eqvTime TayaiSvili; mRvdel–monazonni: Teodore

aWareli, ilarion qarTveli, ioane (maisuraZe), giorgi (mxeiZe), grigoli

(feraZe), aleqsi (SuSania), eqvTime (kereseliZe), klarjeTis udabnos

Rirsni mamani da dedani, Tevdore kvelTeli, wmida mowameni qarTvelni,

sparseTSi mowyvetilni... uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m wmindanTa

149

dasSi SeracxviT xelaxla gaaciskrovna maTi didni saqmeni da gaaZliera

zeciuri saqarTvelo. TiToeuli wmindanis xsenebis dRes patriarqi

morwmune qarTvelobas Seaxsenebs maT Rvawlsa da Tavdadebas

samSoblosa da dedaeklesiisaTvis. saqarTveloSi Seiqmna axladSeracxil

wmindanTa xatebi, maT saxelze Sendeba eklesiebi. patriarqis locva–

kurTxeviT, Znelbedobis Jams gafermkrTalebuli didi saeklesio

dResaswaulebi kvlav sazeimo da tradiciuli gaxda.

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs samociqulo avtokefaliuri

eklesiis marTva–gamgeobis, Sidasaeklesio kanonmdeblobis srulyofis

sakiTxebs. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg, XX saukuneSi, cameti saeklesio kreba

Catarda, romelnic mieZRvna saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis kaTolikos–patriarqebis arCevnebs, eklesiis marTva–gamgeobis

debulebaTa damtkicebas. Ees debulebebi damtkicda 1917, 1927, 1945, 1995

wlebSi. uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqis ilia II-is moRvaweobis periodSi Catarda me-12 saeklesio

kreba (1977w.) da me-13 gafarToebuli kreba (1995 w.), romelmac daamtkica

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis marTva–gamgeobis

axali debuleba. uwmidesisa da unetaresis didi Zalisxmevis Sedegia is,

rom postsabWoTa sivrceSi saqarTvelo erTaderTi qveyanaa, romlis

eklesiam 2002 wlis 14 oqtombers gaaforma konstituciuri SeTanxmeba

(konkordati) saxelmwifosTan, romlis Tanaxmadac saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo aRiarebs saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas. am SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, `eklesia

warmoadgens istoriulad Camoyalibebul sajaro samarTlis subieqts,

romelic Tavis saqmianobas warmarTavs saeklesio samarTlis normebiT.

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, eklesiis sakuTreba da sxva

qonebrivi uflebebi daculia kanoniT. saxelmwifo eklesiis sakuTrebad

cnobs saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze arsebul marTlmadideblur

taZrebs, monastrebs (moqmedsa da aramoqmeds), maT nangrevebs, agreTve

miwis nakveTebs, romlebzec isinia ganlagebuli. saxelmwifo eklesiis

sakuTrebad cnobs saxelmwifo dacvaSi (muzeumebsa da sacavebSi) myof

150

saeklesio saganZurs, saxelmwifo da eklesia erToblivad zrunaven

istoriul-kulturuli da arqeologiur-arqiteqturuli faseulobebis

mqone saeklesio nagebobebisa da saeklesio saganZuris dacvisa da movla-

patronobisaTvis. saxelmwifo adasturebs XIX-XX saukuneebSi

(gansakuTrebiT 1921-1990 wlebSi), saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis

dakargvis periodSi, eklesiisaTvis materialuri da moraluri zianis

miyenebis faqts, rogorc CamorTmeuli qonebis nawilis faqtobrivi

mflobeli, iRebs valdebulebas materialuri zianis nawilobriv

kompensaciaze~.[12, 2006, 206-208]. Aam SeTanxmebis xelmoweriT aRmoifxvra

is usamarTloba, romelsac bolSevikuri xelisufleba axorcielebda

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis mimarT (devna-

Seviwroeba, iuridiuli statusis CamorTmeva) da eklesiasa da

saxelmwifos Soris harmoniuli urTierTobis winapiroba gaxda.

151

Tavi VII. erovnul–ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba. saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia _ qarTvelTa erTianobis

simbolo

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia qarTveli

xalxis Tavisuflebis simboloa. Sua saukuneebSi mravalricxovan

mtrebTan brZolaSi saero pirebTan erTad sasuliero pirebic

monawileobdnen. dedaeklesia ara marto sulierad amxnevebda samwysos,

aramed saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi brZolis wina xazzec idga. mravalma

sasuliero pirma mowamebrivi sikvdiliT ixsna samSoblo

gansacdelisagan. Tevdore kvelTelis magaliTi naTeli dasturia

sasuliero pirTa Tavdadebisa da simtkicisa.

uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqis ilia II-is bavSvobam da studentobam saqarTvelos sazRvrebs

gareT Caiara, magram misi ojaxi vladikavkazSi saqarTvelos siyvaruliT

iyo aRsavse. giorgi simonis Ze SiolaSvilma umcros vaJiSvils qarTl–

kaxeTis gmiri mefis _ erekle II–is pativsacemad irakli daarqva.

bunebrivia, patara irakli xSirad moismenda ojaxSi samSoblosaTvis

Tavdadebuli `patara kaxis“ brZolebis Sesaxeb. vladikavkazis

qarTvelobisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo wmida ninos saxelobis qarTuli

eklesia da qarTuli skola. garda amisa, iqidan mSobliur snomde xom

erTi saaTis gza iyo gasavleli. SiolaSvilebis ojaxi zafxuls

tradiciulad xevSi _ snoSi atarebda. momavali patriarqis

msoflmxedvelobis formirebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda wmida

qalaq mcxeTaSi sauflo kvarTis dResaswaulebze daswrebas.

152

sasuliero seminariasa da akademiaSi swavlis dros axalgazrda

irakli SiolaSvils kidev ufro gaumZafrda samSoblos siyvaruli.

sapatriarqos arqivSi irakli SiolaSvilis seminariisdroindel

sabuTebSi inaxeba mis mier lamazi kaligrafiiT Sesrulebuli sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis _ ambrosis mier genuis

saerTaSoriso konferenciaze gagzavnili werilis asli. axalgazrda

seminarieli araerTxel acremlebula uwmidesisa da unetaresis,

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis anton II–is tragikuli

cxovrebis gamo. igi gaocebuli iyo uwmidesi da unetaresi kirion II–is

gautexelobiTa da samSoblosaTvis TavdadebiT. mis mexsierebaSi

samudamod aRibeWda kaTolikos–patriarqi kalistrate, romelmac

daloca imxanad ymawvili, momavali kaTolikos–patriarqi. student

irakli SiolaSvilis M sakvalifikacio Temac _ `aTonis iverTa

monastris istoria“ _ samSoblosa da dedaeklesias eZRvneboda.

saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli momavali kaTolikos-patriarqi didi

yuradRebiT usmenda saqarTvelos eklesiis cocxal matianeebs:

kaTolikos–patriarq efrem II-s, evagre diasamiZes, parTen afciaurs, naom

SavianiZes. cxum–afxazeTSi, TiTqmis garusebul eparqiaSi, Tavisi

mRvdelmTavrobis periodSi, man 12 qarTveli sasuliero piri Caiyvana da

moqmed eklesiebSi gadaanawila. rogorc Cans, misma oponentebma icodnen

mitropolit ilias popularoba qarTvel disidentebSi, amitom

siamovnebiT afrines moskovSi depeSa momavali patriarqis komunisturi

sistemisadmi uaryofiTi ganwyobis Sesaxeb.

moskovis mizani, 1956 wlis 9 martis sisxliani angariSsworebiT

daeSinebina xalxi, uSedego aRmoCnda. sisxliani tragediis Semdeg sul

male TbilisSi gamoCnda proklamaciebi: `dgeba Cveni eris yofna–

aryofnis sakiTxi, droa SeverTdeT erTi droSis qveS Cveni samSoblos

dampyroblis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.“[20, 183]. dampyrobeli sabWoTa

imperia kidev ufro aZlierebda zewolas mokavSire respublikebze,

internacionalizmis droSiT daundoblad ebrZoda erovnuli cnobierebis

safuZvlebs: saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesias,

qarTul enasa da literaturas. zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebidan

gandevnil iqna saqarTvelos istoriis saswavlo sagani.

153

aseTi daufaravi rusifikacia qarTveli inteligenciis

ukmayofilebisa da erovnul–ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRmavlobis

safuZveli gaxda. XX saukunis 60–ian wlebSi ramdenime aralegaluri

organizacia moqmedebda, romelTa mizani qarTveli xalxis erovnuli

interesebisaTvis brZola iyo. erovnuli moZraobis mesveurni sasuliero

pirebTan kontaqtis meSveobiT cdilobdnen TavianTi rigebis gaZlierebas,

magram, radgan sasuliero pirTa umravlesobas sakuTar Tavze hqonda

gamocdili 1920–50–iani wlebis represiebi, gadasaxleba, terori, maTi

erovnul moZraobaSi CarTva saTuo iyo. axalgazrda sasuliero pirebi

erovnuli moZraobisaTvis didi monapovari iqneboda. jer

mRvdelmonazoni, Semdeg episkoposi, mitropoliti da sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II did

saqmes akeTebda _ axali sasuliero kadrebis momzadeba, sazRvargareTul

qarTul samonastro centrebTan urTierTobis aRdgena, brZola


saerTaSoriso aRiarebisaTvis Tu cxum–afxazeTis eparqiaSi saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis iurisdiqciis ganmtkiceba...

TiToeuli misi nabiji Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis

mebrZoli qarTveli axalgazrdobis STagonebis safuZveli gaxda.

patriarqis mogzauroba saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, samSoblos

siyvaruliT gamTbari qadagebebi yvela qarTvelis guls salbunad

edeboda. uwmidesma da unetaresma aRadgina saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel

samociqulo eklesiaSi qarTvel mefeTa da wmindanebad Seracxul saero

da sasuliero moRvaweTa xsenebis dReebis gansakuTrebulad sazeimo

viTarebaSi aRniSvna. aTasobiT axalgazrda kvlav daubrunda Tavis

istoriul fesvebs da gatacebiT daiwyo mravaltanjuli saqarTvelos

istoriisa da literaturis Seswavla. gasuli saukunis 70–80_ian wlebSi

yvelaze prestiJul specialobebad istorikosoba da filologoba iqca.

uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m saqarTvelos erovnul–

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis

aRorZinebiT daiwyo. XX saukunis 70–80–ian wlebSi qarTvel

axalgazrdebSi popularuli gaxda ara yamirsa da bamze gamgzavreba

SromiTi semestrebSi, aramed istoriuli mniSvnelobis eklesia–

154

monastrebis aRdgeniT samuSaoebSi monawileoba. JamTa siavisagan

mitovebul siwmideTa aRdgenam da movla–patronobam axalgazrdoba kidev

ufro daaaxlova dedaeklesiasTan. axalgazrdebi ukve kategoriulad

moiTxovdnen daviT garejis samonastro kompleqsis siaxloves moqmedi

rusuli samxedro poligonis gauqmebasa da administraciuli wesiT

daxuruli eklesiebis amoqmedebas, saqarTvelos istoriis, qarTuli

literaturis saswavlo kursis gaZlierebas skolebsa da umaRles

saswavleblebSi, sabWoTa ideologiis mier Tavsmoxveuli komunisturi

dResaswaulebis _ 7 noembris, 1 maisis, 25 Tebervlis, leninis dabadebis

dRis _ gauqmebasa da saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis mniSvnelovani

TariRebis _ daviT aRmaSeneblis, Tamar mefis xsenebis dRis,

saqarTvelos gaqristianebis, damoukideblobis aRdgenis dRis, 26 maisis,

_ aRniSvnas. erovnul–ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisa da saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis ZalisxmeviT, saqarTveloSi

azrovnebis wesis Secvlis procesi Seuqcevadi gaxda. istoriis asparezze

kvlav gabrwyindnen komunisturi ideologiisagan gafermkrTalebuli

gmirebi da mowameni: saqarTvelos didni mefeni, kaTolikos–patriarqni,

wmindanebi, erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis brZolebSi daRupulTa an

emigraciaSi aRsrulebulTa saxelebi... sabWoTa imperiis ngrevis procesi

kidev ufro TvalsaCino gaxda.

XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis movlenebTan dakavSirebiT uwmidesi da

unetaresi ilia II aRniSnavs: `Cvenma eklesiam gansakuTrebuli roli

Seasrula erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobis saqmeSi. Cvenma axalgazrda

politikosebma swored aq daiwyes TavianTi moRvaweoba... rodesac

eklesiaSi inteligenciisa da axalgazrdobis mosvlis Sesaxeb vsaubrob,

minda ganvmarto, amis mizezi iyo ara imdenad rwmena, ramdenadac Zieba

rwmenisa. maT ukve aRar swamdaT komunisturi ideebisa da eklesias

moaSures, rwmena da suliereba maT eklesiam misca“[33, II, 112]. am

viTarebaSi sabWoTa specsamsaxurebma aamoqmedes XX saukunis 20–ian

wlebSi Cadebuli naRmebi da erovnuli TavisTavadobisaTvis mebrZol urC

respublikebSi xeli Seuwyves ukanonod Seqmnil avtonomiur warmonaqmnTa

separatistul moZraobas. Tavisuflebisa da demokratiuli

155

RirebulebebisaTvis mebrZol qarTvelobas afxazi da osi seperatistebis

meSveobiT upirispirdebodnen ruseTis reaqciuli Zalebi.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis idea

kidev ufro popularuli gaxda 1988 wlis noembris masobrivi aqciebis

Semdeg. 1989 wlis mart–aprilSi, afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi

politikuri viTarebis gamwvavebis fonze, Tbilissa da saqarTvelos sxva

qalaqebSi daiwyo masobrivi gamosvlebi, romlebic mimarTuli iyo

sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri xelmZRvanelobis winaaRmdeg. 1989 wlis 4

aprilidan saprotesto aqciebis centrad Tbilisi, mTavrobis sasaxlis

wina moedani iqca. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis

aRdgenis moTxovna iyo mTavari, ramac moskovis ganrisxeba gamoiwvia.

moskovis sakavSiro mTavrobis miTiTebiT, adgilobrivma marionetulma

xelisuflebam miiRo gadawyvetileba 8 aprils mTavrobis sasaxlis wina

moednis momitingeTagan ZaliT ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. dedaqalaqSi

situacia umarTavi gaxda. momitingeTa raodenoba izrdeboda. Tbilisis

vazianis aeroportSi samxedro TviTmfrinavebiT aTasobiT jariskaci

Camoiyvanes. dedaqalaqis quCebSi samxedro teqnika gamoCnda. Ramis 12

saaTze tankebi sionis eklesiasTan, sanapiro quCaze gamovidnen. uwmidesma

da unetaresma ilia II-m gadawyvita misuliyo mTavrobis sasaxlesTan.

`Ramis 3 saaTze me mivedi mTavrobis sasaxlesTan da iq myofni

gavafrTxile, rom saSiSroeba realuri iyo. vTxove, salocavad

Sesuliyvnen iqve axlos mdebare qvaSueTis wmida giorgis saxelobis

eklesiaSi. demonstracia mSvidobiani iyo, isini aravis ar emuqrebodnen

da amitomac veravin warmoidgenda, rom maT winaaRmdeg xelketebs, niCbebs

da momwamvlel gazs gamoiyenebdnen. Tumc ar vicodi, ra unda

momxdariyo, magram saSinelma winaTgrZnobam momicva da gadavwyvite,

maTTan erTad davrCeniliyavi, rom maTi xvedri gameziarebina“[27, 2547], –

aRniSnavda misi uwmidesoba. mTavrobis saxlis win saSineli

angariSsworeba daiwyo, kbilebamde SeiaraRebuli rusi jariskacebi

daundoblad arbevdnen momitingeebs. uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II

xalxma samSvidoboze gaiyvana.

gaTenda 9 aprili. Tbilisi sabWoTa jarebis mier iyo

okupirebuli. xalxi Savi droSebiT gamovida quCebSi da ase gamoxata

156

protesti momxdaris gamo. daiRupa 21 da moiwamla aTasobiT adamiani. 9

aprils uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m sionis sapatriarqo taZarSi

daRupulTa mosaxsenebeli pirveli panaSvidi gadaixada da maT

samSoblos TavisuflebisaTvis msxverplad Sewirulebi uwoda. _ Cven

vglovobT, magram amave dros, vmadlobT RmerTs, rom gvyolia mravali

gmiri, romlebic mzad arian Tavi Seswiron samSoblos. maTi saxelebi

ukvdavia, _ Tqva man.

panaSvidis dros xalxi tiroda. saRamos sionis sapatriarqo

taZarSi ToTxmeti gardacvlili moasvenes. es iyo umZimesi dReebi yvela

qarTvelisaTvis, umZimesi iyo misi uwmidesobisaTvis, romelsac, rTuli

viTarebis miuxedavad, unda gaemxnevebina sruliad saqarTvelo. verc

komendantis saaTma da verc represiebma ver Searyia qarTveli xalxis

swrafva Tavisuflebisaken. Tbilissa da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqSi

adamianebi masobrivad tovebdnen sabWoTa kavSiris kompartiis rigebs,

mandatebs ki koconze wvavdnen.

9 aprilis movlenebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi komunisturi

xelisufleba nominaluri gaxda. sabWoTa ideologiam sruli kraxi

ganicada. sabWoTa kavSiris masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis

mcdeloba, gaevrcelebinaT dezinformacia, TiTqos 9 aprils

gaafTrebuli momitingeebis agresiisagan saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II rusma samxedroebma ixsnes,

TviTon uwmidesisa da unetaresis mkacrma gancxadebam CaSala:

`centralur presaSi araerTxel daiwera, TiTqos demonstrantebs CemTvis

Seuracxyofa moeyenebinoT da jarebma Cemi dacvis mizniT gamomiyvanes, es

swori ar aris. piriqiT, roca mSvidobiani demonstrantebis winaaRmdeg

tankebi daiZrnen, Cems win axalgazrdebma kedeli aRmarTes, raTa xifaTi

ara SemmTxveoda ra“[34, 1989, 2, 6].

uwmidesi da unetaresi sinanuliT aRniSnavda: `dadga dro ufrosi

Taobis jer arnaxuli daundobeli lanZRvisa im sababiT, TiTqos man

daRupa saqarTvelo. is ki gvaviwydeba, rom XIX–XX saukuneebSi Cveni eris

cxovrebaSi momxdari faqtebi Sedegi iyo swored qarTvelTa sulieri

donis dakninebisa, sulmokleobisa, urTierTmtrobisa“[33, II, 113].

patriarqi grZnobda, rom sxvadasxva politikur partiebad daqsaqsul

157

qarTvel erSi gaRrmavdeboda urTierTdapirispireba, romelic Cveni

qveynisaTvis mZime SedegebiT dasruldeboda. misi iniciativiT, 1990 wlis

19 marts sxvadasxva politikuri partiis liderebma sionis sapatriarqo

taZarSi erTianobis fici dades: `am dRes imZlavra CvenSi miZinebulma

siyvarulma, SeerTda daqsaqsuli qarTuli suli, sinanulis madliT

ganibana da Tanadgomisa da TanagrZnobis surviliT aRvsili erTgulebis

ficiT warsdga RvTis winaSe .... RmerTma isminos maTi, RmerTma dalocos

da Sekras saqarTvelo. “[33, I, 115].

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II Tavis qadagebebsa da epistoleebSi

afrTxilebda qarTvelobas, yofiliyo mimtevebeli, didsulovani da

winaparTa Rvawlis damfasebeli, rom Sejibri da qiSpoba, vin ufro kargi

qarTvelia, vis ufro uyvars Cveni samSoblo, Seuwynarebloba

gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis mimarT da gacxarebuli polemikis dros

erTmaneTis Semkoba samSoblos moRalatis iarliyiT saqarTvelos

momavlisaTvis did safrTxes warmoadgenda. `Tavisufleba ar aris

yvelafris ufleba, aramed igia mudmivi TviTkontroli da misi

saSualebiT codvis monobisagan Tavis daRweva; Tavisufleba mSvenieria,

sasurveli da axlobeli, magram igi, amave dros, saSiSicaa, radgan

TiToeul Cvengans did pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs. Tavisufleba adamians

aZlevs arCevanis, iniciativis gamoCenis, Sexedulebebis Secvlis

saSualebas... magram, amave dros, pasuxsac sTxovs yvela mis moqmedebasa

da gadawyvetilebaze“[30, 429], _ aRniSnavda uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II.

1989 wlis 9 aprilidan 1990 wlis oqtombramde saqarTveloSi,

faqtobrivad, orxelisuflebianoba iyo. nominalurad kvlav

funqcionirebda sabWoTa struqturebi: kompartiis centraluri komiteti,

umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumi da ministrTa sabWo, magram realuri

Zalaufleba erovnul–ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis xelSi iyo. maTi

moTxovniT, 1990 wlis martSi saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom, specialuri

dadgenilebiT, 1921 wlis TebervalSi sabWoTa ruseTis mier

saqarTveloSi jarebis Semoyvana Seafasa rogorc aneqsia da qveynis

okupacia. amave dadgenilebis safuZvelze, saokupacio xelisuflebis mier

Seqmnili struqturebi faqtobrivad ukanonod gamocxadda da maT

TviTlikvidaciisaken gadadges nabiji. 1990 wlis gazafxulamde

158

saqarTvelos erovnul–ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba erTiani iyo, xolo

1990 wlis 13–15 marts mowveul erovnul forumze gamoikveTa

saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis ori gansxvavebuli xedva.

erovnul–ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi Tavi iCina dapirispirebam,

romelic kargad gamoiyenes jer kidev Zlierma sabWoTa specsamsaxurebma.

erovnuli moZraobis ori ZiriTadi mimarTuleba urTierTbraldebebiT

cdilobda upiratesobis mopovebas. maT liderebs surdaT, rom

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesias arCevani gaekeTebina

am or mimdinareobas Soris. uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II miiCnevda, rom

eklesia aris eris mTlianobis simbolo, rom qarTvelebi, ganurCevlad

maTi politikuri Sexedulebebisa, eklesiis sulieri Svilebi arian.

eklesia ar unda gamxdariyo politikur dapirispirebaTa adgili.

patriarqis sityvebiT, `WeSmarit Tavisuflebas zecad ahyavs adamiani,

aniWebs ra mas mSvidobas, sixarulsa da bednierebas, magram Tavisuflebis

mopovebisaTvis brZolaa saWiro, brZola, pirvel rigSi, sakuTar TavTan

da masSi fesvgadgmul mankierebebTan. es rTuli procesia da sicocxlis

bolomde grZeldeba.~[30, 429].

samwuxarod, patriarqis sityvas ismendnen, magram eiforiaSi myofi

adamianebi sxva gadawyvetilebebs iRebdnen. 1990 wlis 28 oqtombris

mravalpartiuli arCevnebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi damarcxda komunisturi

xelisufleba da gaimarjva erovnul–ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis im

frTam, romelsac saTaveSi zviad gamsaxurdia edga. 14 noembers

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomared zviad gamsaxurdia airCies.

uzenaesi sabWos am istoriul sxdomas miesalma uwmidesi da unetaresi

ilia II. axalma erovnulma xelisuflebam daiwyo komunisturi sistemis

demontaJi: 1991 wlis 31 marts saqarTveloSi Catarda referendumi

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis moTxovniT, rasac

mosaxleobis umravlesobam mxari dauWira; 1991 wlis 9 aprils

saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis aRdgena gamoacxada; zviad gamsaxurdia 26 maiss gaxda

saqarTvelos pirveli prezidenti. rogorc man ganacxada, iwyeboda

saqarTvelos golgoTa. jer kidev arsebulma sabWoTa imperiam

saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg aamuSava mis xelT arsebuli yvela berketi:

159

sainformacio omi, eTnokonfliqtebis inspirireba afxazeTsa da Sida

qarTlSi, araqarTvelebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi ZirgamomTxreli

saqmianoba. amas daerTo xelisuflebis gareT darCenil opoziciur

partiaTa mkveTri dapirispireba erovnul xelisuflebasTan.

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II grZnobda Seqmnili viTarebis

seriozulobas. igi sapatriarqo rezidenciaSi xvdeboda erovnul–

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis, inteligenciis, xelisuflebis

warmomadgenlebs, mouwodebda, rom molaparakebaTa gziT gadaewyvitaT

arsebuli uTanxmoebani. sapatriarqoSi Sexvedrebze miwveuli politikur

partiaTa warmomadgenlebi ismendnen misi uwmidesobisa da unetaresobis

azrs, rom `dRes WeSmarit rwmenas urwmunoeba ki ar upiripirdeba,

aramed, cru sarwmunoeba, romelsac WeSmaritebis didi pretenzia aqvs.

namdvil Tavisuflebas TviTneboba da TavaSvebuloba cvlis, romelic

isev urcxvad iCemebs Tavisuflebis saxels..“[30, 429], magram kvlavac imaves

agrZelebdnen. uwmidesi da unetaresi afrTxilebda gauTavebeli

mitingebiTa da urTierTbraldebebiT damZimebul qarTvelobas: `gonierni

maSin viqnebiT, Tu saqmis keTebas daviwyebT ara lanZRviT, aramed

erTmaneTis gverdSi amodgomiT, erTmaneTis mosmeniT, urTierTgagebiT,

kargi ideebis gaziarebiT. sxva gza ar arsebobs, sxva gza

damRupvelia.“[33, I, 114].

samwuxarod, qarTveli xalxi ver iTvaliswinebda istoriis mware

gakveTilebs. jer kidev XV saukunis 40–50–ian wlebSi, rodesac bizantiis

imperia ukanasknel dReebs iTvlida, msoflio politikur asparezze

axali agresiuli osmaleTi gamodioda. imis nacvlad, rom mosalodneli

saSiSroeba gaeTvaliswinebinaT, qarTveli mefe–mTavarni

urTierTdapirispirebis WaobSi gadaeSvnen da Sedegad XVI–XVIII

saukuneebSi provinciebad daSlili, iran–osmaleTis saTareSod qceuli

saqarTvelo miviReT. 1990–1991 wlebSi, rodesac sabWoTa imperiam

saqarTvelos saxiT pirveli Tavisuflebismoyvare urCi respublika miiRo

da mis winaaRmdeg brZola gaaCaRa, qarTvelobas erTsulovneba da

monoliTuroba sWirdeboda. antiqarTuli isteriis koconi gizgizebda

afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi, qarTveloba urTierTdapirispirebisa

da mitingebis ferxulSi Caeba. erovnuli xelisuflebis seriozuli

160

Secdoma iyo opoziciasTan TanamSromlobaze uaris Tqma, Tumca

opoziciac verasodes gaimarTlebs Tavs imiT, rom 1991 wlis 4 seqtembris

incidentiTa da saprotesto moZraobis aRmavlobiT did erovnul saqmes

vakeTebdiTo.

uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m kidev erTxel scada

saqarTveloSi Seqmnili umZimesi politikuri viTarebis ganmuxtva.

`miuxedavad imisa, rom sulsa da xasiaTSi gvizis siCqare, sulswrafoba

unda daviokoT, xom faqtia, rom vCqarobT, bevr Secdomas vuSvebT“[33, I,

114], _ aRniSnavda igi. man 1990 wlis seqtemberSi mTavrobisa da

opoziciis warmomadgenlebi Tavis rezidenciaSi miiwvia

mosalaparakeblad. mis uwmidesobas Tavisi xeliT Camouweria

molaparakebaze gansaxilveli sakiTxebi: `1. orive mxarem SeinarCunos

poziciebi; 2. SeCerdes gamosvlebi; 3. prezidentma gaakeTos gancxadeba,

rom xalxi wavides saxlebSi; 4. dainiSnos uzenaesi sabWos sesia; 5.

televiziaSi dainiSnos opoziciis saaTi; 6. ganTavisufldnen

politpatimrebi; 7. aRiarebul iqnes opozicia.“[27, 6605]. samwuxarod,

SeTanxmeba ver moxerxda...

1991 wlis oqtomber–noemberSi saqarTveloSi daiwyo umarTavi

procesebi, romlebic gadaizarda 1991–1992 wlebis dekember–ianvris

samoqalaqo dapirispirebaSi. zviad gamsaxurdias xelisufleba samxedro

ZaliT iqna damxobili. qveyanaSi daiwyo samoqalaqo omi. uwmidesisa da

unetaresis ilia II-is mcdeloba, SeeCerebina es procesi, uSedego

aRmoCnda. uwmidesma da unetaresma 1991 wlis 23 dekembers kidev erTxel

mimarTa qarTvel ers: `umZimesia dRevandeli mdgomareoba, saqarTvelo

misulia daRupvis piramde, iRvreba qarTvelTa sisxli, saqarTvelos

emuqreba samoqalaqo omi. vxedavT ra daZabul situacias, movuwodeT

dapirispirebul mxareebs dialogisaken, raTa mSvidobiani gziT

gadawyvetiliyo problemebi, Tavidan agvecilebina ZmaTa sisxlisRvra.

dialogi marTlac Sedga, magram nayofi ver gamoiRo. vgrZnobT ra

momaval mZime Sedegebs, saqarTvelos eklesiis, samRvdeloebisa da

morwmune eris saxeliT, kidev erTxel mogmarTavT dapirispirebul

mxareebs: gamoiCineT sibrZne da goniereba, igrZeniT pasuxismgebloba

RvTisa da eris winaSe da yvelaferi gaakeTeT imisaTvis, rom mSvidobiani

161

molaparakebis gziT gadawyvitoT sadavo sakiTxebi, momavali Taoba

daafasebs Tqvens keTilgonierebas.“[33, I, 275]. samwuxarod, eris sulieri

mamis Segoneba arc amjerad Seismines.

samoqalaqo dapirispirebam saqarTveloSi ara marto materialuri,

aramed sulieri cxovrebis Rrma krizisic gamoiwvia. `ZmaTa

sisxlisRvriT gamowveuli tkivili bolomde gacnobierebuli ar aris, –

aRniSnavda misi uwmidesoba, – tragedia moxda, magram Seqmnili

mdgomareobidan gamosasvlel swor gzas ver vipoviT, Tu movlenebs

miukerZoeblad ar gavaanalizebT da yvelasaTvis samwuxaro Sedegis

mizezebs ar aRmovfxvriT. saqarTvelos istoriaSi moxda metad savalalo

faqti: eri daiyo. qalaqebsa da soflebSi, samsaxurebSi, mosaxleoba

daupirispirda erTmaneTs, daupirispirda Taobebi, ojaxis wevrebi“[33, I,

425].

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II xelaxla Seudga eris sulieri

gamTlianebis rTul process. amave dros, patriarqma saqarTvelosaTvis

Tavsmoxveuli inspirirebuli konfliqtebis pirobebSi, rodesac qveyana

realurad dadga istoriuli teritoriebis warTmevis safrTxis winaSe,

qveynis saTaveSi samoqalaqo dapirispirebis fonze mosul xelisuflebas

ki aranairi avtoriteti ar hqonda, TviTon ikisra axali qarTuli

saxelmwifos saero da sasuliero meTauris misia. man jer kidev 1992

wlis oqtomberSi mimarTa ruseTis patriarq aleqsi II-s da afxazeTSi

datrialebul tragediaSi brali dasdo ruseTis im Zalebs, romelnic

ver eguebodnen saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv damoukideblobas.

uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m gaeros generalur mdivans _ baton

butros galis mosTxova, msoflio Tanamegobrobas daecva saqarTvelo

ruseTis agresiisagan, xolo ruseTis prezident boris elcins _ qmediTi

RonisZiebebis gatareba, raTa aRkveTiliyo ruseTis federaciis

teritoriidan SeiaraRebuli boevikebis Semosvla, ruseTis samxedro

bazebidan sabrZolo teqnikis Semotana da daufaravi agresia

saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg.

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTlikos–patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi

ilia II grZnobda, rom, Tu saqarTveloSi samxedro xelisuflebis Semdeg

arCevnebis gziT mosuli axali xelisufleba ar gadadgamda qmediT

162

nabijebs erovnuli Serigebis, qveynis ekonomikis gajansaRebis,

saerTaSoriso aRiarebisa da saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela erisa da

erovnebis mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebisaken, saqarTvelos axladSeqmnil

saxelmwifos momavali ar eqneboda. patriarqi afrTxilebda im adamianebs,

romelTac Tavisufleba yvelafris uflebad miaCndaT: `gana SeiZleba

WeSmarit Tavisuflebaze saubari iq, sadac uars amboben zneobriv

cxovrebaze da mis nacvlad propaganda eweva `yvelaferi nebadarTulia“-s

princips? nuTu normaluri yofa eTqmis im garemos, sadac adamianis

katastrofuli sulieri dacemis process Tavisuflebisaken swrafvad

saxelsdeben da saSineli codvis monobas adamianis bunebriv

mdgomareobad acxadeben?~[30, 429].

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia 1991–1992

wlebis dekember–ianvris movlenebis, 1992–1993 wlebSi samoqalaqo

dapirispirebis, afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi datrialebuli

tragikuli Amovlenebis Semdeg sxvadasxva politikuri Sexedulebis

mixedviT daqucmacebul saqarTveloSi erTiani erovnuli da

saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis simbolo iyo.

saqarTvelosaTvis erT–erT mtkivneul problemad afxazeTis

sakiTxi iqca. afxazeTi istoriulad saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawilia.

XIX saukuneSi ruseTis imperiis mizani iyo saqarTvelos daqucmaceba,

erTiani erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis mospoba da

garusebuli mxaris ruseTis SidaguberniebTan integrireba. ruseTis

xelisufleba mTeli SavizRvispireTis teritoriaze asaxlebda Sida

guberniebidan wamoyvanil mosaxleobas, riTac aviwrovebda adgilobriv

mcxovreblebs. igi yovelTvis cdilobda qarTvelebisa da afxazebis

dapirispirebas. is, rac XIX saukuneSi ver moaxerxa ruseTma, XX saukunis

dasawyisidan warmatebiT ganaxorciela. afxazebis garkveul nawilSi

gaCnda qarTvelTagan gaucxoebis tendencia. garusebuli afxazebisaTvis

miuRebeli aRmoCnda 1918–1921 wlebis saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublika, magram im dros saqarTvelos mTavrobam moaxerxa

separatistuli tendenciebis aRkveTa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

mTlianobis SenarCuneba. 1921 wlis TebervalSi sabWoTa ruseTis mier

saqarTvelos dapyrobisa da avtonomiebad daqucmacebis Semdeg afxazeTis

163

avtonomiur respublikaSi, moskovis waqezebiT, antiqarTulma moZraobam

mizanmimarTuli xasiaTi SeiZina. am dros araerTi wigni da statia

daibeWda afxazebis, gaafxazebuli qarTvelebisa da rusebis avtorobiT,

romlebSic gayalbebuli iyo afxazTa da qarTvelTa urTierTobis

sakiTxebi. gayalbebuli istoria iqca afxaz separatistTa ideologiur

safuZvlad. qarTvel istorikosebs ufleba ar hqondaT, pasuxi gaecaT

istoriis gamyalbeblebisaTvis. Seiqmna paradoqsuli viTareba _

afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis teritoriaze mcxovrebi 300000–ze

meti qarTveli ganicdida diskriminacias 80 aTasi afxazisagan. afxazoba

privilegiad iqca. bevrma qarTvelma ver gauZlo wnexs da gaafxazda.

gulia, lasuria, labaxua, kania, wereTeli, abaSiZe, vaxania, janjalia da

sxva ZirZveli qarTuli warmoSobis gvarTa mqoneni afxazebad

mogvevlinen. cxum–afxazeTis eparqia istoriulad saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis ganuyofeli nawili iyo, magram

qarTuli mosaxleobis mciredmorwmuneobis gamo afxazeTis teritoriaze

mZlavrobda rusuli mrevli, romelsac ar surda saqarTvelos

sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi yofna. religiis saqmeTa rwmunebuli

afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi a. lagvilava aqtiurad

TanamSromlobda separatistul ZalebTan da cdilobda saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis iurisdiqciis Sesustebas.

saqarTveloSi erovnul–ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

aRmavlobis paralelurad afxazeTSi kidev ufro Zlierdeboda

separatistuli tendenciebi. moskovis mxardaWeriT afxazebs hqondaT

sakuTari televizia, afxazuri universiteti. 1989 wlis 9 aprilis

movlenebis Sefasebisas, rodesac qarTvel deputatebs moskovSi sruli

mxardaWera gamoucxades baltiispireTis respublikebma, ukrainam,

moldovam, saqarTvelos delegaciaSi myofma afxazebma da osebma ruseTis

reaqciuli Zalebis pozicia daikaves. xelovnurad Seqmnili

xidCatexiloba saxeze iyo. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg (1991 w. 9 aprili) afxazeTis

separatistulma Zalebma ruseTis mxardaWeriT daiwyes jer provokaciebi,

xolo 1992–1993 wlebSi _ farTomasStabiani saomari operaciebi. maT

isargebles saqarTveloSi Seqmnili mZime socialur–politikuri

164

mdgomareobiT da ruseTis regularuli samxedro nawilebisa da

Crdilokavkasieli boevikebis daxmarebiT daiwyes qarTvelTa masobrivi

xocva–Jleta. misma uwmidesobam sagangebo weriliT mimarTa afxazebs:

`saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis saxeliT, kidev erTxel gamovTqvam

did gulistkivils imis gamo, rom saqarTveloSi, kerZod _ afxazeTSi,

kvlav iRvreba sisxli gareSe Zalebis CareviT. es is Zalebi arian,

romelnic asazrdoeben centridanul elementebs, isini ki, utopiuri

ideebiT Sepyrobilni, miznad isaxaven Cveni qveynis dayofas; magram es

cdebi amaoa. afxazeTi iseTive ganuyofeli nawilia saqarTvelosi,

rogorc qarTli, imereTi, samegrelo... saukuneTa manZilze Cven da afxazi

xalxi vcxovrobdiT erTad da kvlavac vicxovrebT, Cven gvakavSirebs ara

marto erTi miwa-wyali, aramed _ naTesauri kavSiri da

urTierTpativiscema. mamaSviluri siyvaruliT mivmarTav yvelas: nu

CaidenT danaSauls, romlisac mere SegrcxvebaT, vicxovroT dalocvil

saqarTveloSi erTad, mSvidobiTa da TanxmobiT“[34, 1995, 1, 102].

ruseTis reaqciul Zalebs saukeTeso SesaZlebloba miecaT, Suri

eZiaT saqarTveloze 1993 wlis 27 seqtembers. isini soxumSi SeiWrnen da

arnaxuli barbarosoba daatriales afxazeTis miwa–wyalze: daxoces

aTasobiT qarTveli, daarbies eklesia–monastrebi, komanSi daxvrites

mRvdeli andria yuraSvili, 300 aTasi qarTveli, cxum–afxazeTis

samRvdeloebasTan erTad, sakuTari samSoblodan gamoaZeves da

ltolvilebad aqcies. ruseTis saero da sasuliero xelisufleba

yvelanairad cdilobs, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebrivi azris winaaRmdeg,

xelyos saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba da saqarTvelos

CamoaSoros es ZirZveli qarTuli kuTxe. uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II

yvela oficialur Sexvedraze xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom problemebi,

romelnic ruseTsa da saqarTvelos urTierTobebSi arsebobs,

dakavSirebulia afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionTan; saqarTvelo

arasodes Seurigdeba am teritoriebis dakargvas; ruseTs samxreTi

sazRvrebis stabilurobisaTvis erTiani saqarTvelo unda sWirdebodes.

patriarqi Tavis epistoleebSi araerTxel Seexo afxazeTis

sakiTxs. misi uwmidesoba mouwodebs gansacdelSi Cavardnil

qarTvelobas, ar gaborotdes: `siyvaruli aduRabebs da amTlianebs

165

sruliad saqarTvelos. albaT esaa umTavresi mizezi imisa, rom

warsulSic da axlac Sinauri Tu gareSe mteri ar mogvklebia – boroti

Zala ebrZvis siyvarulis matarebel ers, raTa es niWi daakargvinos,

radgan icis, miznis miRwevis SemTxvevaSi, ufals gangvaSorebs.“[33, II, 141].

misi uwmidesobisa da unetaresobis locva–kurTxeviT, cxum–afxazeTis

eparqiis samRvdeloeba gadanawilebulia im eparqiebSi, romlebSic

ltolvilebi cxovroben. patriarqi xvdeba maT, amxnevebs da afasebs maT

Tavdadebas, samSoblos TavisuflebisaTvis zvarakad SewirulTaTvis

ixdis sulis mosaxsenebel panaSvidebs. uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II

mianiSnebs afxazeTidan devnilebs, rom erTianoba, uflisa da samSoblos

siyvaruli aris is mTavari, ramac unda dagvabrunos afxazeTSi.

qarTvelTa urTierTdapirispirebam da gautanlobam didi roli

Seasrula afxazeTSi datrialebul tragediaSi. istoriis gakveTilebi

imisaTvis gvWirdeba, rom aRar gavimeoroT Secdomebi. uwmidesisa da

unetaresis locva–kurTxeviT araerTi wigni gamovida afxazeTze, mis

warsulsa da momavalze, Catarda samecniero konferenciebi, romelTa

mizani erTia _ pasuxi gaeces istoriis gamyalbeblebs, moinaxos

afxazeTTan megobruli urTierTobisa da ndobis aRdgenis gzebi, raTa

qarTvelebma da afxazebma megobrulad icxovron erTian saqarTveloSi,

rogorc es iyo istoriulad.

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiTaa

gamsWvaluli samegrelos regionis mimarT. samegrelos mosaxleoba

bolSevikur–aTeisturi mmarTvelobis xanaSic axerxebda

marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis tradiciebis dacvas. 1992–1993 wlebis

samoqalaqo omma yvelaze didi ubedureba samegrelos daatexa Tavs.

samxedro gadatrialebis Semdeg saqarTvelos xelisuflebaSi mosuli

adamianebi verasodes gaimarTleben Tavs istoriis winaSe im

ganukiTxaobisa da TanamoZmeTa Zarcva–rbevis gamo, romelic am kuTxis

mcxovrebTa TiTqmis yvela ojaxs Seexo. uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-

m sagangebod mimarTa saqarTvelos uZvelesi kuTxis _ samegrelos

mkvidrT: `qristesmier sayvarelno sulierno Svilno, mravalgzis yofila

saqarTvelo gansacdelSi, magram, RvTis madliT da ZaliT, bolos mainc

gamarjvebuli gamosula gaWirvebidan. msgavs SemTxvevebSi Cveni qveynis

166

ZirZveli kuTxe, samegrelo, gansakuTrebiT icavda saqarTvelos

mTlianobasa da damoukideblobas... saWiroa Cveni eris erTsulovneba,

saqarTvelos mTlianoba, urTierTmimtevebloba, Cven yvelam kidev erTxel

davinaxeT da sakuTar Tavze gamovcadeT, rom ar arsebobs sxva gza,

garda Sendobisa da mitevebisa, boroteba aZlierebs da amZlavrebs

borotebas. misi mkurnali mxolod siyvaruli da urTierTpativiscemaa,

esaa qristianoba... unda gvaxsovdes, rom erisaTvis gadamwyvet istoriul

periodSi mudam mZafrdeboda brZola keTilsa da borots Soris. axlac

aseTi Jami udgas saqarTvelos.... aman ar unda SegvaSinos, ar unda

dagvabrkolos. me mjera, sikeTe aucileblad gaimarjvebs da mSvidoba,

rwmena da siyvaruli kvlav daisadgurebs Cvens gulebsa da mTel

saqarTveloSi.“[33, II, 427].

uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m patriarqobis periodSi samjer

imogzaura samegreloSi (1989, 1998, 2007 wlebSi), moiloca yvela eklesia–

monasteri, foTSi, zugdidSi, senakSi, martvilSi Sexvda sazogadoebrobis

warmomadgenlebs, inaxula afxazeTis konfliqtis dros tragikulad

aRsrulebuli Jiuli Sartavas mSoblebi, anugeSa isini da kidev erTxel

gaixsena afxazeTis omSi daRupulni, samSoblosa da sarwmunoebisaTvis

mebrZolni, romelTa Rvawlic didia RvTisa da samSoblos winaSe. Tu

1977 wels samegrelos regionSi mxolod erTi _ Wyondidis eparqia iyo,

patriarqis RvawliT, 2007 wlisaTvis moqmed eparqiaTa raodenoba 5–mde

gaizarda. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis wmida

sinodis ganCinebiT, wmindanebad Seiracxnen am kuTxis Rirseuli Svilebi:

daviT aRmaSeneblis aRmzrdeli da moZRvari giorgi Wyondideli, cotne

dadiani, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi uwmidesi da

unetaresi ambrosi, beri aleqsi SuSania. uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II

cdilobs Seumsubuqos, ganuqarvos samegrelos mkvidrT gadatanili

mwuxareba da tkivili.

uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel

samociqulo eklesiaSi samsaxuri daiwyo 1960 wels aWaraSi, baTumis

sakaTedro taZarSi. iq msaxurebis periodSi man kidev ufro axlos

gaicno aWara, am kuTxis tragikuli istoria Sua saukuneebSi. swored

aWaridan gadmovida qristes mowafe andria pirvelwodebuli aRmosavleT

167

saqarTveloSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis saqadageblad. Sua saukuneebSi

aWaraSi gamorCeuli iyo Tuxarisis, asizis, forTas, anCis, ninowmidis,

tbeTis, banas, sotiropolis saepiskoposoebi; magram XVI saukunidan,

osmalTa mZlavrobiT, am kuTxeSi daiwyo qristianuli kerebis mospoba da

mosaxleobis gamahmadianeba. XIX saukunis 70–ian wlebSi aWara

dedasamSoblos daubrunda. mosaxleobis didi nawili gamahmadianebuli

iyo. qarTveli xalxis saukeTeso Svilebi _ ilia WavWavaZe, akaki

wereTeli, iakob gogebaSvili, niko nikolaZe, giorgi wereTeli, giorgi

yazbegi, dimitri baqraZe, zaqaria WiWinaZe _ yvelafers akeTebdnen, raTa

aWaris qarTvelobas, sarwmunoebrivi gaucxoebis miuxedavad, moexerxebina

mWidro kavSiri danarCen saqarTvelosTan.

1917 wlis 9–17 seqtembers Catarebulma saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis pirvelma saeklesio krebam miiRo

gadawyvetileba baTum–Semoqmedis eparqiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. eparqia

arsebobda 1930–ian wlebamde, xolo 50–iani wlebidan isev aRorZinda.

eparqias sxvadasxva dros ganagebdnen mitropolitebi: daviT kaWaxiZe,

efrem sidamoniZe, romanoz petriaSvili. 1963 wels, wmida sinodis

ganCinebiT, arqimandriti ilia aRyvanil iqna baTum–Semoqmedeli

episkoposis xarisxSi; meufe ilia 1967 wlis 1 seqtembramde ganagebda

aRniSnul eparqias. am dros xelisufleba yvelanairad cdilobda, xeli

SeeSala aWaraSi qristianobis aRorZinebisaTvis. rodesac mitropoliti

ilia gaxda sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi, Tavis samuSao

dRiurSi, upirveles saqmeTa Soris, aWaraSi qristianobis

ganmtkicebisaTvis zrunva CainiSna. uwmidesisa da unetaresis locva–

kurTxeviT, eparqiaSi sxvadasxva dros moRvawe mRvdelmTavrebi _ Sio

(avaliSvili), konstantine (meliqiZe), iobi (aqiaSvili), dimitri

(SiolaSvili) _ gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen mosaxleobaSi

misionerul saqmianobas.

1989 wlis 19 aprils aWaraSi momxdar stiqiur ubedurebas

msxverpli da ngreva mohyva. uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II Cavida aWaraSi,

moinaxula stiqiis zona, anugeSa xalxi: `me movaled CavTvale Tavi,

movsuliyavi am adgilze da TanagrZnoba meTqva TqvenTvis... aWara

saqarTvelos uZvirfasesi kuTxea. aq iyvnen pirveli qristianebi.

168

gaxsovdeT, arasodes ar gvWirdeboda erTianoba ise, rogorc gvWirdeba

dRes. erTad unda viyoT. im tragediis wuTebidan mTeli saqarTvelo

TqvenTan iyo, aseve _ eklesiac. ase unda viyoT sul... unda giTxraT, rom

guSin saocari dRe iyo. xuTi aTasze meti kaci moinaTla baTumSi. visac

gsurT, aqac mognaTlavT, gamovgzavni mRvdelmTavrebs, Tu saWiro iqneba,

mec Camoval da mognaTlavT. naTloba es aris sulis gadarCena...“[34, 1998,

1, 60].

uwmidesisa da unetaresis am mimarTvas saocari feriscvaleba

mohyva _ aWaraSi daiwyo qristianobisaken mosaxleobis Semobrunebis

procesi. saqarTvelos sulieri mwyemsmTavris sityvebi – xSirad

gansacdeli mSvidobisa da keTildReobis winamorbediao – aWaris

mosaxleobisaTvis did nugeSad iqca.

uwmidesi da unetaresi 1990–2007 wlebSi araerTxel ewvia aWaras.

gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavi iyo 2003 weli, rodesac msoflio patriarq

barTolomeos I-Tan erTad imogzaura aWaraSi. uwmidesma barTolomeos I-

ma gancvifreba ver damala, imdenad didi iyo sxvaoba misi pirveli

vizitis Semdeg. uwmidesisa Uda unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqis ilia II-is locva-kurTxeviT, aWaraSi 1726 wels

qristes rwmenis erTgulebisaTvis muslimani Turqebis mier wamebuli

qarTvelni wmindanebad Seiracxnen. wmindanTa dass Seemata agreTve

abuseriZe tbeli.

aWaram bevr gansacdels gauZlo da dedasamSoblos, qristianuli

rwmenis darajad darCa.


patriarqi ilia II yovelTvis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiTa da interesiT

adevnebda Tvals istoriuli saqarTvelos im nawilis cxovrebas,

romelic dRes TurqeTis saqarTvelod _ tao–klarjeT-lazeTad aris

cnobili. Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos politikur–sulieri da

kulturul–saganmanaTleblo cxovrebis istoriaSi gansakuTrebulia

tao–klarjeTis roli. TiToeulma wignierma qarTvelma icis artanujis,

opizis, xanZTis, Satberdis, parexis, berTas, wyarosTavis, anCis, oSkis,

iSxanis, xaxulis, banas eklesia–monastrebi, pativs scems iq moRvawe

sasuliero pirebs, romelTac udidesi roli Seasrules saqarTvelos

169

istoriaSi. tao–klarjeTis eklesia–monastrebis, wmida xatebis,

unikaluri saeklesio wignebis gareSe xom warmoudgenelia saqarTvelos

istoria. tao–klarjeTis teritoriaze iyo 14 saepiskoposo: mawyverelis,

kumurdoelis, iSxnelis, anCelis, mtbevaris, wurwyabelis, eruSnelis,

valaSkertelis, anelis, karelis, banelis da dadeSnelis, arzrumelis...

XVII saukunis 60–ian wlebSi es saepiskoposoebi gaauqmes osmalebma.

`episkoposni ivltodian kvaladca, romelTa ara inebes gamahmadianeba:

qarTls, imereTs, odiSs, gurias, kaxeTs“[39, 287], _ dananebiT werda

vaxuSti bagrationi.

XIX saukuneSi istoriuli tao–klarjeTis nawili daubrunda

saqarTvelos... 1921 wels ki, sabWoTa ruseTsa da qemalisturi TurqeTis

mTavrobas Soris dadebuli SeTanxmebiT, tao–klarjeTi da lazeTi

TurqeTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi gadavida...

sabWoTa imperiis periodSi istoriul tao-klarjeTTan

dakavSireba TiTqmis warmoudgeneli iyo. gasuli saukunis 70–ian wlebSi

kinooperatorebma guram pataraiam da irakli onofriSvilma naxevrad

aralegalurad mainc moaxerxes tao–klarjeTis siwmindeTa gadaReba.

uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia II–is locva-kurTxeviT wmida sinodma 1978

wels miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom mawyverelis eparqiis nacvlad

Seqmniliyo axalcixisa da samcxe–javaxeTis eparqia, xolo wmida sinodis

2002 wlis 17 oqtombris ganCinebiT, axalcixis episkoposis samwysos

daemata tao–klarjeTisa da lazeTis eparqia, romelic aerTianebs am

teritoriaze istoriulad arsebul 14 saepiskoposos. sinodis am

ganCinebiT saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

iurisdiqcia ganivrco istoriuli saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze.

saqarTvelosa da TurqeTs Soris damyarebuli keTilmezobluri

urTierTobis pirobebSi SesaZlebeli gaxda turistul jgufebSi

gaerTianebul momlocvelT moelocaT tao–klarjeTis qarTuli

siwmindeni, Sexvedrodnen TurqeTis qarTvelobas.

2003 wels uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II sinodis wevrebTan erTad

estumra tao–klarjeTs, moiloca xaxulis, oSkis, iSxnis monastrebi.

msoflio patriarq barTolomeos I–Tan, aleqsandriisa da sruliad

afrikis papsa da patriarq petre VII–sTan erTad imyofeboda istoriul

170

kabadokiaSi. Ppirvelad, mravali saukunis Semdeg, wirva–locva aRevlina

wmida elenesa da konstantines saxelobis taZarSi. wirvas umetesad

qarTveli mrevli eswreboda. yvelani grZnobdnen istoriuli momentis

sidiades. aRelvebuli iyo uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II-c. `wmida mamebi

amboben, rom arsebobs sulTa kavSiri, – brZana man, – da Cven gvwams, rom

dRes, CvenTan erTad, aq imyofebian wmida ninos, wmida giorgis, wmida

basili didisa da sxvaTa, kabadokiel mamaTa da dedaTa sulebi.

aRvavlenT locvebs, rom mSvidoba, sixaruli, siyvaruli sufevdes Cvens

Soris.“[34, 2005, 2, 14].

msoflios asamde televizia iRebda liturgiis msaxurebas,

milionobiT adamiani uyurebda am eklesia–monastrebis istoriul

patronebs _ sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqsa da im

qarTvelebs, romlebic mas axldnen. TurqeTis qarTvelobas

dedasamSoblosTan siaxlovis, qarTvelobiT gamowveuli siamayis grZnoba

kidev ufro gaumZafrda. Uuwmidesisa da unetaresis locva–kurTxeviT,

saqarTveloSi gaimarTa TurqeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis (Cveneburebis)

xalxuri simRerisa da cekvis koncerti. TurqeTis qarTveloba

dedasamSoblos, winaparTa miwis yivils grZnobs... uwmidesi da unetaresi

ilia II arasodes ar iviwyebs maT: `gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliTa da

mxurvale grZnobebiT mogmarTavT Tqven, Cveno Zmebo, mcxovrebno

samSoblos sazRvrebs gareT, mogmarTavT Tqven, muslimanebo da

qristianebo, Cven sisxliTa da xorciT erTni varT, miuxedavad

gansxvavebuli religiuri Sexedulebebisa. gaxsovdeT, rom Tqveni

winaprebi ganisveneben saqarTvelos wmida miwaSi; nu daiviwyebT, vina

xarT, gaxsovdeT RvTisgan dalocvili qarTuli ena da saukuneTa

manZilze SenarCunebuli wminda qarTuli tradiciebi... Cven marad

gvaxsovxarT da dRedaRam vloculobT TqvenTvis, Cveni eris

gamTlianebisTvis.~[33, II, 406].

istoriuli ukuRmarTobiT 1921 wlidan aRmosavleT kaxeTis nawili

_ hereTi (saingilo) _ saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT darCa. es kuTxe

saqarTvelos istoriaSi cnobili iyo qristianuli sarwmunoebisadmi

TavdadebiTa da Crdilo kavkasiaSi warmoebuli misioneruli saqmianobiT.

aq moqmedi qurmuxisa da giSis saepiskoposoebi did rols asrulebdnen

171

qristianuli saqarTvelos istoriaSi. XVI saukuneSi iranelTa

mxardaWeriT am teritoriaze mZlavroben lekebi, `lekianobasTan“

brZola gagrZelda XVIII–XIX saukuneebSic.

1917 wels, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg, istoriuli hereTis _ saingilos samwyso

bodbelis eparqiaSi Sedioda. 1921 wlidan, agresiuli aTeizmis xanaSi,

azerbaijanis komunisturma xelisuflebam araerTi eklesia–monasteri

daangria saingiloSi, daxoces sasuliero pirebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom

ingiloTa nawili mahmadiania, isini TavianT Tavs qarTvelebad Tvlian da

imedis Tvali saqarTvelosken aqvT mopyrobili. uwmidesma da unetaresma

ilia II-m saingiloSi samoRvaweod gauSva sasuliero pirebi, xolo 1997

da 2005 wlebSi kavkasiis muslimanTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris Seix alax

Suqur faSa zades miwveviT orjer imogzaura saingiloSi. uwmidesma da

unetaresma moiloca kaxis, belaqnis, zaqaTalis raionebSi arsebuli

qarTuli eklesia–monastrebi, Sexvda da esaubra mosaxleobas, gadasca

maT saeklesio wignebi, xatebi. uwmidesi da unetaresi ase aRwerda

saingiloSi stumrobas: `yvela sofelSi, sadac ki mivediT, xalxi

anTebuli gulebiT, anTebuli sanTlebiTa da pur–mariliT gvxvdeboda.

bevri maTgani sixarulisgan tiroda. mTavari is iyo, rom dedasamSoblos

mowyvetilma iqaurma qarTvelebma, romlebic Cveni qveynis avbedobis gamo

axla sxva saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi arian, igrZnes, rom isini upatrononi

ar arian... xSirad mesmoda, rogor ambobdnen: Cven araferi ar gvinda, Cven

mxolod gvindoda dagvenaxa saqarTvelos patriarqio. ra Tqma unda, maT

bevri ram sWirdebaT, magram yvelaze metad isini Cvens yuradRebasa da

gulis siTbos saWiroeben.“[34, 1988, 4, 24].

patriarqis gadawyvetilebiT, 2002 wlis 17 oqtombers Seiqmna

nekresisa da hereTis eparqia, romelic istoriuli hereTis teritoriasac

moicavs.

2001 wels iranis prezidentis muhamed haTamis miwveviT iranSi

vizitisas misma uwmidesobam moinaxula fereidani, Sexvda iqaur

qarTvelobas da gaamxneva isini. Ppatriarqis fereidnidan dabrunebis

Semdeg saqarTvelos moaSura araerTma iqaurma qarTvelma. samSobloSi

Camosuli fereidnelebis patroni da maspinZelia misi uwmidesoba da

172

unetaresoba ilia II. fereidneli qarTvelebi mis uwmidesobas ocnebis

saqarTvelodan Camosuls uwodeben. misi uwmidesoba xSirad imeorebs

fereidnelTa saocar locvas _ `RmerTs ebarebodeT“.

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT

muSaobda mesxeTis problemebze. XX saukunis 70–ian wlebSi am kuTxeSi

wirva–locvebi aResruleboda somxur monofizitur da kaTolikur

eklesiebSi, xolo marTlmadidebeli eklesia saerTod ar

funqcionirebda. mesxeT–javaxeTi, rogorc sabWoTa kavSir-TurqeTis

sasazRvro zona, mowyvetili iyo danarCen saqarTvelos. awyuris iqiT

gadasvla specialuri saSvis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo. uwmidesi da

unetaresi ilia II ninowmindis raionis sofel fokaSi Caewera, raTa

daubrkoleblad gadasuliyo samcxe–javaxeTSi. misi ZalisxmeviT

moxerxda wmida marines saxelobis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis

amoqmedeba axalcixisa da samcxe-javaxeTis eparqiaSi. 1988 wlis ivlisSi

patriarqma sasuliero da saero pirebTan erTad imogzaura samcxe–

javaxeTSi. Tu ras warmoadgenda maSindeli mesxeTi, kargad Cans misi

uwmidesobis sityvidan: `Cvens periodSi gaugebrobiTa da warsuli

kulturisadmi nihilisturi damokidebulebiT, rac mtrebs gadaurCa, Cven

gavanadgureT. faqtia, rom dRevandlamde, Tu ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi

axalcixeSi ukanasknel periodSi eparqiis aRdgenas, am uZveles

kulturul samyaroSi erTi eklesiac ar moqmedebda... saqarTvelo iqaa,

sadac RmerTs qarTul enaze adideben. ase rom, Cven gvaqvs saerTo

sazrunavi: samSoblos bedniereba, xalxis keTildReoba. amaSi eklesias

Zalian bevri SeuZlia.“[34, 1988, 4, 41-42].

uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m samcxe–javaxeTis yvela eklesia–

monasteri moiloca, Sexvda qarTvel kaTolikeebs, monofizit somxebs. man

am sityvebiT mimarTa qarTvelebs: `yovelTvis unda gaxsovdeT, rom es

miwa–wyali Tqveni sapatronoa, radgan igi Tqveni iyo da aris. Tqven

cxovrobT iq, sadac daiwyo Cveni qristianoba, qarTuli kultura... unda

gaxsovdeT isic, rom rwmena, romelic gadmogces winaprebma, arasodes ar

unda daiviwyoT. am rwmenam gadagarCinaT Tqven da mTlianad saqarTvelo.

amitom garja, movla–patronoba da TvalisCiniviT gafrTxileba sWirdeba

yvelafers. vinc es daiviwya da miatova mama–papis kera, naanderZevi

173

sarwmunoeba, is gadagvarda; rwmenis dakargvas erovnebis dakargva

mosdevs.“[33, II, 275-276].

uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m mtkice gadawyvetileba miiRo,

rom faravnis tbasTan, iq, saidanac mociqulTa swori wmida nino

wamovida vazis jvriT mcxeTaSi, daefuZnebina monasteri. im dros es

gadawyvetileba ocnebas ufro hgavda, vidre realobas, magram, RvTis

SewevniT, moxerxda rogorc mamaTa, aseve dedaTa monastrebis dafuZneba.

uwmidesi da unetaresi ixsenebs: `1988 wlis ivlisSi samcxe–javaxeTSi

vimogzaure da wmida adgilebi da taZrebi davaTvaliere, gadavwyvite, rom

am mxareSi ramdenime taZari da monasteri unda aSendes, magram yvelaze

metad Cveni yuradReba faravnis tbam miipyro, sadac gansakuTrebiT

igrZnoba wmida ninos Zala da madli. saero xelisuflebisagan miviRe

nebarTva imis Taobaze, rom tbis im napirze, sadac wmida nino

brZandeboda, saeklesio centri aSendes. aqvea sofeli foka, romelSic me-

11 saukuneSi agebuli wmida ninos saxelobis mSvenieri bazilika dgas,

naxevrad dangreuli, qarTuli asomTavruli warwerebiT damSvenebuli.

samwuxarod, sofelSi arc erTi qarTveli ar cxovrobs, rom am wmida

eklesiaSi sanTeli mainc aanTos. wmida ninos saqarTveloSi Semosvlis

dResaswauli, romelic pirvel ivniss dawesda, yovel wels zeimiT unda

CavataroT faravnis tbasTan.“[30, 97].

javaxeTis ZirZvel miwaze qarTuli wirva–locva aRdga. uwmidesi

da unetaresi ilia II 2007 wlis ivlisSi kvlav imyofeboda samcxe–

javaxeTSi, moiloca iqauri siwmindeni da kmayofili darCa iqauri

eklesia–monastrebis saqmianobiT. qarTveli morwmuneni yovelwliurad

mogzauroben wmida ninos gzaze.

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II xSirad stumrobs imereTs, raWa–

leCxums, svaneTs. quTaisi, cageri, mestia da ambrolauri siyvaruliTa da

mowiwebiT egebeba Tavis sulier winamZRols. patriarqis sityva, misi

mowodeba rwmenis sidiadis, samSoblos siyvarulis, winaparTa

tradiciebis dacvis Taobaze Zvirfasia TiToeuli qarTvelisaTvis.

patriarqis locva–kurTxeviT, mcxeTaSi, mtkvrisa da aragvis SesarTavTan,

sveticxovlobas sruldeba didi naTloba, inaTleba aTasobiT qarTveli.

`naTlobiT adamiani xelaxla ibadeba, eklesiis wevri da qristes nawili

174

xdeba, Tavisufldeba rogorc adamismieri pirvelqmnili Secodebisagan,

ise _ yvela sxva codvisagan, aRsdgeba masSi xateba RvTisa, eniWeba

suliwmidis madli da yvela sikeTe misi“[30, 117]..

patriarqi warmoSobiT mTis Svilia, mTebi da aqafebuli Tergi

Tavisken izidavs mas. rodesac saqme xevSi wasvlas exeba, misTvis ar

arsebobs daRla da moucleloba. xevSi ar aris sofeli, salocavi,

sadac patriarqis RvawliT wirva–locva ar aResrulebodes. darialis

xeobaSi, ruseT–saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris siaxloves, uwmidesis

locva–kurTxeviT Sendeba wmida mTavarangelozTa _ miqaelisa da

gabrielis _ saxelobis samonastro kompleqsi, romelic Tavisi

daniSnulebiT mravalmxrivi datvirTvis iqneba: igi iqceva karibWed da,

amave dros, pirvel maspinZlad CrdiloeTidan saqarTveloSi

SemosulTaTvis da yvela Tavidanve igrZnobs, rom isini qristianul

qveyanas estumrnen.

uwmidesi da unetaresi aucileblad Seivlis xolme sofel snoSi,

sagvareulo sasaflaoze sanTlebs aanTebs, parakliss gadaixdis, didi

winapris _ Siola RuduSauris saxelobis sulierebisa da kulturis

centrSi Sexvdeba soflis mcxovrebT, moilocavs gergeTis samebas,

monastris ezodan Tvals moavlebs maradiuli TovliT dafarul

myinvarwvers, stefanwmidas, darialis xeobaSi xmauriT mimaval Tergs,

gaixsenebs did TergdaleulT da axali energiiT aRvsili gamoeSureba

sataxto qalaqisaken. 2007 wlis oqtomberSi uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia

II-m xevSi akurTxa wmida vaxtang gorgaslis saxelobis axladaSenebuli

eklesia, isaubra saxelovani winapris did Rvawlze.

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II sulierad, zneobrivad

ganspetakebuli Zlieri saqarTvelos simboloa. ocdaaTi welia igi

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelia.

urTulesi, umZimesi ocdaaTi wlis manZilze patriarqi erTgulad

emsaxureba im idealebs, romlebic wmida ilia marTalma `mamulis, enis

da sarwmunoebis“ droSiT gaaerTiana. XX saukunis miwuruls, 1991 wels,

saqarTvelom aRidgina saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba, gaxda mravali

saerTaSoriso organizaciis sruluflebiani wevri. dRis wesrigSi dadga

Crdilo atlantikuri aliansis – natos _ wevroba, kidev ufro daCqarda

175

qveynis evropizacia da amerikanizacia. saqarTvelo Tavisi

geostrategiuli mdebareobiT gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens

msoflio globalur proeqtebSi, globalizacia ki dRis wesrigSi ayenebs

axalgazrda qarTul demokratiul saxelmwifoSi iseTi sakanonmdeblo

bazis Seqmnas, romelic srul harmoniaSi iqneba dasavleTis

ganviTarebuli qveynebis RirebulebebTan. aseT viTarebaSi sul ufro

mZlavrobs erovnuli Rirebulebebisadmi nihilisturi damokidebuleba,

vinaidan nihilistebi da kosmopolitebi miiCneven, rom, rac male

ganTavisufldeba qarTveli sazogadoeba tradiciuli erovnuli

faseulobebisagan, miT ufro gagviadvildeba evro–amerikul sivrceSi

integracia. amis dasturia saqarTvelos istoriisa da qarTuli

literaturis swavlebis axali programebisa da saxelmZRvaneloebis

Seqmna, romlebSic yuradReba maxvildeba mxolod zogadsakacobrio

Rirebulebebze. qarTuli enis samoqmedo arealis TandaTan Semcireba,

fundamenturi mecnierebebis dayvana mxolod turistul–saeqskursio

momsaxureobis ganaTlebis donemde, savalalo Sedegebs gamoiRebs.

globalizaciis pirobebSi Cven Tavs verc Zlieri ekonomikiT, verc

samxedro SesaZleblobebiTa Tu mravalricxovnebiT ver davimkvidrebT.

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis, marTlmadideblobis, saqarTvelos istoriis,

qarTuli literaturis, unikaluri qarTuli tradiciebis erTguleba da

pativiscema aris Cveni erovnuli gadarCenis safuZveli. es kargad esmis

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–paatriarqs, uwmidessa da unetares

ilia II-s. igi eklesiis dangrevis da masSi reformatoruli ideebis

mqadagebel kosmopolitebs Seaxsenebs: `samSoblo adamianis sicocxlis

ganuyofeli nawilia, usamSoblo adamiani suliT Ratakia da sacodavi,

samSoblos siyvaruliT mwifdeba da yalibdeba adamianis sulieri

samyaro, misi miswrafebani. samSoblos gafrTxileba sWirdeba.~[33, I, 191].

176

Tavi VIII. ganaTleba, mecniereba, saRvTismetyvelo literatura,

Jurnal-gazeTebi

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia istoriulad

qristianuli sarwmunoebis dacvasTan erTad bevrs akeTebda ganaTlebisa

da mecnierebis ganviTarebisaTvis. IV saukunidan rogorc saqarTveloSi,

aseve sazRvargareTis qarTul samonastro centrebSi arsebobda

Teologiur–filosofiuri da mTargmnelobiTi skolebi. eklesia–

monastrebis raodenobis zrdasTan erTad izrdeboda samonastro

skolebis raodenobac. IV–XI saukuneebSi eklesia–monastrebTan arsebul

skolebs XII–XIII saukuneebSi daemata wmida mefe daviT aRmaSeneblis mier

gelaTSi daarsebuli da `sxva aTinad da meore ierusalimad“ wodebuli

gelaTis akademia. saganmanaTleblo kerebi iyo iyalToSi, gremSi,

SiomRvimeSi. XVIII saukuneSi vaxtang VI–is mier Seqmnil `swavlul kacTa

komisiis“ wevrTa umravlesoba sasuliero piri iyo. uwmidesi da

unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi anton I

samarTlianad iTvleba did enciklopedistad, romlis saxelTanac

dakavSirebulia qarTuli ganaTlebis evropul yaidaze gardaqmna,

Telavisa da Tbilisis sasuliero seminariebis daarseba. moqmed eklesia-

monastrebTan arsebul skolebSi sasuliero pirebi aswavlidnen saero da

sasuliero ganaTlebis safuZvelebs. saqarTvelos provinciebSi

sasuliero pirTa ojaxebSi iyo wignebi, Jurnal–gazeTebi.

XIX saukuneSi, avtokefaliis gauqmebis Semdeg, qarTveli

samRvdeloeba kvlav agrZelebda misionerul–saganmanaTleblo

saqmianobas. niWieri axalgazrdebi jer Tbilisis sasuliero seminarias

177

amTavrebdnen, Semdeg ki sasuliero ganaTlebis gasaRrmaveblad

mieSurebodnen yazanis, kievis, peterburgis sasuliero akademiebSi. XIX–

XX saukuneebis qarTveli samRvdeloebis umravlesoba sasuliero

akademiadamTavrebuli iyo da gamoirCeoda Rrma sulierebiTa da

inteleqtiT. sakmarisia gavixsenoT episkoposebi: gabrieli (qiqoZe),

aleqsandre (oqropiriZe), antoni (giorgaZe), petre (konWoSvili), daviTi

(kaWaxiZe); kaTolikos–patriarqni: kirion II, leonide, ambrosi,

qristefore III, kalistrate, melqisedeki, efrem II, romelTac

marTlmadideblur samyaroSi icnobdnen, rogorc gamoCenil Teolog–

mecnierebs.


avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg kaTolikos–patriarqebi _ kirion II,

leonide, ambrosi, qristefore, kalistrate da melqisedeki _

cdilobdnen, mcxeTaSi an TbilisSi sasuliero seminaria gaexsnaT, magram

komunisturi xelisuflebis uaryofiTi poziciis gamo es ver moxerxda.

oficialurma xelisuflebam yvelaferi gaakeTa imisaTvis, rom

sazogadoebis TvalSi eklesia mxolod naTlobasTan an micvalebulis

wesis agebasTan gaigivebuliyo da sazogadoebisagan srul izolaciaSi

yofiliyo.

1963 wels uwmidesisa da unetaresis sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqis efrem II-is ZalisxmeviT mcxeTaSi gaxsnili

saRvTismetyvelo saswavlebeli saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis did

warmatebad Sefasda. ramdenime weliwadSi misi xelmZRvanelis,

Semoqmedeli episkoposis _ ilias RvawliT saswavlebeli seminariad

gadakeTda. magram es sakmarisi ar iyo.

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II patriarqad aRsaydrebis pirveli

dReebidanvee Seudga ganaTlebasa da mecnierebaze zrunvas. igi

gansakuTrebiT dainteresda zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi Seqmnili

viTarebiT, araerTxel Sexvda rogorc praqtikos maswavleblebs, aseve _

pedagogikis, fsiqologiis dargis mecnierebs. uwmidesma aRniSna, rom 70–

90–iani wlebis skolebSi yuradReba ZiriTadad gadatanili iyo ama Tu im

saganSi faqtologiuri masalis meqanikur dazepirebaze, arada

aucilebelia Rrma azrovnebis swavleba: `Rrma azrovnebasTan ziareba

bavSvs gauadvilebs sxva sagnebis aTvisebas. amasTan, Cven aRvzrdiT

178

ganaTlebul axalgazrdebs, romlebic icxovreben da imoqmedeben ara

emociebiT, Tavisufalni iqnebian maqsimalizmisagan da Cvenze ufro

gonierad, rwmeniT, da simarTliT warmarTaven cxovrebas“[33, I, 117].

uwmidesi da unetaresi miiCnevs, rom moswavleebTan maswavleblis

urTierTobis warmateba damokidebulia siyvaruliTa da rwmeniT

aRzrdaze. patriarqi moiTxovda sabWoTa skolis programebisa da

saxelmZRvaneloebis seriozul gadamuSavebas, xolo pedagogebisTvis _

meti Tavisuflebis micemas, raTa maT saSualeba hqonodaT, srulad da

SemoqmedebiTad gamoevlinaT TavianTi SesaZleblobebi, vinaidan

daTrgunuli, SeSinebuli pedagogi Tavisufal, laR Taobas verasodes

aRzrdis. PTumca, misi uwmidesobis azriT, skola verasodes SeZlebs imis

Sevsebas, rac axalgazrdas ojaxma unda misces. maRali zneobrioba,

mimtevebloba, moyvasis siyvaruli, samarTlianoba – es yvelaferi

mozardma ojaxSi unda SeiTvisos da, Tu mSobelni piradi magaliTiT ar

gamoirCevian, yovelgvari mcdeloba amao iqneba. jansaRi momavali Taobis

aRzrdis surviliTaa nakanaxevi misi uwmidesobis mowodeba mSoblebisa

da pedagogebisadmi: `saqarTvelom jer kidev uZvelesi droidan SeiTvisa

maRali kulturis sxvadasxva nakadi. misTvis axali ar iyo kacobriobis

sulis yvelaze mtkivneuli da amaRlebuli problemebi: sulis

srulyofisa da adamianis ganRmrTobisa sarwmunoebisa da siyvarulis

saSualebiT.“[33, I, 144]. uwmidesi da unetaresi miiCnevs, rom saqarTvelos

kargi momavali sazogadoebis ganaTlebasa da codnazea damokidebuli. im

adamianebis gasagonad, romelnic codnasa da rwmenas erTmaneTs

upirispireben, igi maqsime aRmsareblis sityvebiT pasuxobs: `codna, RvTis

SiSisagan aulagmavi, Sobs qedmaRlobas“.

XX saukunis saganmanaTleblo sistema ZiriTadad sabWour

ideologiur dogmebze iyo dafuZnebuli, politizirebuli iyo yvela

saswavlo disciplina. saqarTvelosa da sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali

respublikebis saswavlo sagnebis nusxasa da swavlebis Sinaarss

gansazRvravda sabWoTa kavSiris ganaTlebis saministro. oficialuri

xelisufleba seriozulad fiqrobda erovnuli cnobierebis mospobis

gziT axali sabWoTa xalxis formirebas. aqedan gamomdinare, idevneboda

is saswavlo sagnebi, romelTa swavleba erovnul suliskveTebas

aamaRlebda axalgazrdobaSi. saqarTveloSi SezRuduli iyo qarTuli

179

agiografiis swavleba. saskolo programidan ramdenjerme amoiRes ioane

sabanisZis `abo tfilelis wameba“. samagierod, Seitanes saqarTvelos

sakolmeurneo cxovrebis amsaxveli nawarmoebi _ konstantine

lorTqifaniZis `kolxeTis ciskari“. qarTvel klasikosTa Semoqmedebis

swavlebisas maswavleblebs miTiTeba eZleodaT, yuradReba

gaemaxvilebinaT ara nawarmoebis Rirebulebebze, aramed _ ideur mxareze.

saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovani istoria faqtobrivad aRar iswavleboda

(daswreba ar iyo savaldebulo), maSin, rodesac sabWoTa kavSirad

wodebuli ruseTis istorias IV klasidan X klasis CaTvliT 500 saaTi

hqonda daTmobili.

istoria momavlis winaswarmetyvelebaa warsuliT. gardasul

gmirTa sidiadis, zneobrivi magaliTebis, samSoblosa da

sarwmunoebisaTvis Tavdadebis Cveneba momavali Taobebis sulieri

ganspetakebis saukeTeso saSualebaa. garda amisa, samSoblos istoriis

swavlebiT axalgazrdoba did winaparTa saqmeebis damfasebeli da

gamgrZelebli xdeba. uwmidesi da unetaresi grZnobda sabWoTa

ganaTlebis sistemis xarvezebs da cdilobda, aRmoefxvra sabWoTa

periodSi skolasa da eklesias Soris sagangebod Seqmnili gaucxoeba.

saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi Seiqmna saswavlo komiteti, romelsac

saTaveSi Caudga sionis sapatriarqo taZris winamZRvari, protopresviteri

giorgi gamrekeli. saswavlo komitetma Tavis garSemo Semoikriba niWieri,

perspeqtiuli da morwmune specialistebi, romelTac miznad daisaxes

SeemuSavebinaT axali programebi da saxelmZRvaneloebi

zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebisTvis.

erovnul–ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRmavlobis paralelurad

sazogadoebaSi TandaTan imsxvreoda sabWoTa ideologiuri dogmebi. 1989

wlis 9 aprilis Semdeg saqarTveloSi komunisturma ideologiam sruli

kraxi ganicada. devnili saqarTvelos istoria, qarTuli literatura

axali sidiadiT gabrwyinda. xelovnurad Seqmnilma gmirebma

(sinamdvileSi antigmirebma) datoves istoriis asparezi da maTi adgili

daikaves WeSmaritma gmirebma. isev daubrunda qarTvelTa mexsierebas abo

tfilelis, ioane, eqvTime, giorgi mTawmindlebis, dosiTeoz quTaTelis,

eqvTime gaenaTelis, filadelfos kiknaZis, imerTa mefe solomon II-is,

solomon lioniZis, 1918–1921 wlebis damoukidebeli saqarTvelosaTvis

180

TavdadebulTa saxeebi, axali sidiadiT gamobrwyinda bolSevikuri

ideologiisagan `antisabWoelad, xalxis mtrebad~ monaTluli uwmidesisa

da unetaresi ambrosis, mitropolit nazaris saxeebi. saqarTvelos

skolebsa da umaRles saswavleblebSi marqsizm–leninizmis safuZvlebis

swavleba Seicvala religiaTa istoriis swavlebiT, romlis programebi

da saxelmZRvaneloebi marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis safuZvlebze iyo

agebuli. axalgazrdoba daewafa qristianul faseulobaTa Seswavlas,

skolebsa da umaRles saswavleblebSi Seiqmna samlocvelo saxlebi,

aSenda eklesiebi, sapatriarqos egidiT gaixsna gimnaziebi, liceumebi.

ganaTlebis sistema erovnul tradiciebze gadavida.

XXI saukunis dasawyisSi viTareba kvlav Seicvala. jer

arasamTavrobo organizaciebis saxeliT daiwyo ganaTlebis sferoSi

eklesiis rolis kritika, xolo 2004 wels damtkicebuli ganaTlebis

axali kanonis Sesabamisad, saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi gauqmda

samlocvelo oTaxebi, religiuri umciresobebis uflebebisa da

religiuri grZnobebis dacvis sababiT Sewyda religiaTa istoriis

swavleba, saqarTvelos istoria integrirebul iqna msoflio istoriasa

da geografiasTan. Aaxali kanoni moiTxovs Tavis Sekavebas erovnuli

Rirebulebebis warmoCenisagan. amJamad arasamTavrobo organizacia

`mravalerovani saqarTvelo“ monitorings atarebs saqarTvelos istoriis

swavlebaze, raTa arsad aRmoCndes fraza an winadadeba, romelic

miuRebeli SeiZleba aRmoCndes erovnuli umciresobebisaTvis.

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II inteligenciis, mecnierebis

sxvadasxva mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebTan Sexvedraze yovelTvis

xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom `inteligencia xalxs unda daexmaros

WeSmaritebis SecnobaSi; magram rogor SeZlebs igi amas, Tu Tavad iqneba

mowyvetili RvTaebrivi sibrZnis wyaros – eklesias? ... inteligencia unda

iqces mrevlis im nawilad, romelic viTarca anTebuli sanTeli,

wyvdiadSi myof ers RvTisaken mimaval gzas gaunaTebs.~[33, I, 278].

miuxedavad amisa, mainc aRmoCndnen iseTebi, romelTac sjeraT, rom

rwmena da mecniereba SeuTavsebelia. uwmidesi da unetaresi brZanebs:

`gana SeiZleba mecniereba da rwmena daupirispirdes erTmaneTs, roca

isini adamianis SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis sruliad gansxvavebul

sferoebs miekuTvnebian: erTi fizikurs, xolo meore _ suliers?! isini ki

181

ar upirispirdebian, aramed avseben erTmaneTs. mecniereba RvTisgan

nakurTxia, igi adamianis inteleqtis, rogorc RvTis xatebis, miRwevaa.“[33,

I, 373].

. saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi samarcxvino furclad darCeba

sazogadoebriobis warmomadgenelTa saxeliT sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqisaTvis gagzavnili erTi tendenciuri werili,

romelSic Cans saocari umaduroba, urwmunoeba da mkrexeluri

rekomendaciebi, Tu ra unda akeTos saqarTvelos marTlmadidebelma

samociqulo eklesiam. mimarTva imdenad gamomwvevi da miuRebeli toniT

iyo Sedgenili, rom uwmidesma da unetaresma 2003 wlis 27 ivliss samebis

sakaTedro taZridan upasuxa werilis avtorebs da maTi saxiT _ yvela im

adamians, visac ar esmis an ar unda gaigos saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis roli da daniSnuleba Cveni eris

cxovrebaSi. mimtevebeli da Semwynarebeli sulieri mama saocrad

pirdapiri da Seuvalia Tavis pasuxSi: `adamianis cxovreba rTulia, es

aris gansacdeliTa da sxvadasxva gamocdiT savse gza. bednieria is, vinc

SeZlebs am gzaze msvlelobisas naTlad gaarCios, sad aris keTili da

sad _ boroti, sad aris TeTri da sad _ Savi... xSiria SemTxveva, roca

boroteba iniRbeba, faravs Tavis namdvil saxes da cdilobs, keTilad

warmoCindes... Cven vcxovrobT iseT dros, roca aRrevaa yvelafrisa, roca

bevr rames fuli gansazRvravs, roca ufrosi da umcrosic ki ver cnoben

erTmaneTs da dapirispirebaa TviT mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris. aseT

pirobebSi erTaderT sayrdenad da navTsayudelad rCeba eklesia,

marTlmadidebeli, WeSmariti, samociqulo; magram imasac vxedavT, rom am

bolo dros araeklesiuri adamianebi cdiloben aqac SfoTi Semoitanon.

iseTi pirovnebani, romelnic ara marto araeklesiurni, aramed

urwmunonic arian, raRac rekomendaciebsa da rCevebs aZleven eklesias

presisa da televiziis meSveobiT. es, ra Tqma unda, maTi saqmea, magram

Cven unda vicodeT, saidan modis es. viciT kidec... me guli mtkiva, rom

mteri rogorc adre, axlac Tavisi miznebisaTvis qarTvel adamianebs

iyenebs... mivmarTav sruliad saqarTvelos, mtkiced idgnen WeSmaritebis

gzaze.“[40, 4-10, VIII].

qarTvelma inteligenciam, sazogadoebam gamoxata Tavisi pozicia

am samarcxvino mimarTvis mimarT. `moZraoba sulieri da zneobrivi

182

saqarTvelosaTvis“ saxeliT Sedgenil pasuxSi naTqvamia: `qristiani

Tundac imiT gansxvavdeba araqristianisagan, rom misi zneoba arasodes

gamijvnia erovnulobas. Tu yvelaferi es asea, maSin sazogadoebis

saxeliT laparakis ufleba yvelas ar unda hqondes... rodesac aris

mcdeloba, eklesias gadaabralo qveynis gasaWiri da ubedureba, xeli

Seaxoco mas, es, upirveles yovlisa, zneobrivi sazRvrebis dakargvis

momaswavebelia, es erovnuli saxis gauferulebas niSnavs, an kidev

ganzraxvas sazogadoebis TvalSi eklesiis mimarT undoblobis

damkvidrebisa. erTaderTi siwmide, eris sulieri potencialis saxiT,

qveynis gardaqmnis mZime process ar unda Seewiros. qveynis miwieri

problemebis mogvareba sulierebis dakargvis xarjze ar unda moxdes.

eris sulieri wvrTniTa da zneobrivi srulyofiT eklesiam qveynisa da

xalxis keTildReobis sanukvari amocana unda gadawyvitos.“[27, 15764].

uwmidesi da unetaresi patriarqobis pirvelive wlebidan

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda eklesiisa da inteligenciis

urTierTobas. misi azriT, saqarTvelos kulturul-inteleqtualuri

aRorZineba sulierebiT unda daiwyos. mecnierebisa da inteligenciis

suliereba iqneba Cveni qveynis ganaxlebis saTave. uwmidesi da unetaresi

ilia II miiCnevs, rom `inteligenciis da, saerTod, gavlenian pirovnebaTa

bednierebac da ubedurebac imaSia, rom maT TavianTi mrwamsiT, TavianTi

cxovrebiT SeiZleba sulierad gadaarCinon an daRupon ara marto

sakuTari Tavi, aramed _ garSemo myofni da sxva mravalnic“[30, 132],

amitom maTi nabijebi da qmedeba did sifrTxilesa da mokrZalebas

moiTxovs.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis meTauri 1977

wlidan oficialuri xelisuflebis winaSe svamda sakiTxs sasuliero

akademiis gaxsnis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. ruseTis eklesias ori, somxeTis

samociqulo eklesias ki erTi akademia hqonda, da ratom ar unda

hqonoda umaRlesi saRvTismetyvelo saswavlebeli saqarTvelos

avtokefaliur samociqulo eklesias?! rogorc uwmidesi da unetaresi

ixsenebs, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi patriarqis Sesaxeb, romelic

ase dabejiTebiT iTxovda sasuliero akademiis gaxsnas, gakvirvebiT

ambobdnen – Cveni patriarqi, rogorc Cans, realobas mowyvetilia, ra

dros akademiis gaxsna an axali eklesiebis amoqmedebaa sayovelTao

183

aTeizmis qveyanaSio. saqarTvelos mTavroba moskovis uars imizezebda,

moskovis centraluri mTavroba ki acxadebda, saqarTvelos mTavrobaa

winaaRmdegio. am viTarebaSi patriotizmisa da moqalaqeobrivi vaJkacobis

magaliTi aCvena saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWosTan arsebuli

religiis saqmeTa rwmunebulma batonma anzor wiklaurma, romelmac

moskovSi centralur mTavrobas Seatyobina, rom saqarTvelos mTavroba

Tanaxma iyo, dafuZnebuliyo Tbilisis sasuliero akademia, xolo

saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomares, n. WiTanavas moaxsena, rom

moskovi winaaRmdegi ar iyo, rom akademia gaxsniliyo TbilisSi.

misma uwmidesobam Tbilisis sasuliero akademiis gaxsnis Taobaze

oficialuri gancxadeba 1987 wlis 25 dekembers gamarTul wmida sinodis

sxdomaze gaakeTa. umaRlesi sasuliero saswavleblis

funqcionirebisaTvis mosamzadebeli muSaoba TiTqmis erTi wlis

ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda. 1988 wlis 14 oqtombers TbilisSi, sionis

sapatriarqo taZris pirdapir, samsarTulian istoriul SenobaSi,

sazeimo viTarebaSi gaixsna Tbilisis sasuliero akademia. akademiis

gaxsnaSi uwmidessa da unetares sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarq ilia II–sa da wmida sinodis wevrebTan erTad monawileobdnen

qarTuli inteligenciis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi. uwmidesma da

unetaresma ilia II-m Tbilisis sasuliero akademia gelaTis, gremis,

iyalTos akademiaTa didi tradiciebis gamgrZeleblad gamoacxada da

aRniSna: `akademiaSi unda mimdinareobdes ara marto momavali

ganaTlebuli sasuliero pirebis momzadeba, aramed saswavlebeli unda

iqces kvlevis centrad, romelTanac dakavSirebulni iqnebian rogorc

Cveni sasuliero pirni, ise _ mecnierebi, kavSiri gveqneba rogorc

umaRles saswavleblebTan, ise _ marTlmadideblur da, saerTod,

qristianul umaRles centrebTan.“[34, 1988, 4, 7]. akademiis gaxsnis

istoriul mniSvnelobaze isaubres: akademiis reqtorma, wilknelma

episkoposma zosimem (SioSvili), religiis saqmeTa rwmunebulis

moadgilem ilia ruruam, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis reqtorma,

akademikosma nodar amaRlobelma, sasuliero akademiis proreqtorma,

profesorma giorgi cincaZem da sxvebma.

akademiasTan erTad TbilisSi gadmovida mcxeTis sasuliero

seminaria. akademiis pirvel nakadSi Cairicxa 15 studenti. uwmidesma da

184

unetaresma ilia II-m akademiaSi leqciebis wasakiTxad miiwvia saero

umaRlesi saswavleblebis mecnierebi. pirvel wlebSi iyo siZneleebi,

saero mecnierebs ar hqondaT sasuliero saswavlebelSi muSaobis

gamocdileba. rTuli iyo sasuliero sagnebis _ patrologia, dogmaturi

RvTismetyveleba, saeklesio samarTali, religiaTa istoria – wakiTxva,

magram droTa ganmavlobaSi yvelaferi mogvarda. 1998 wels, sasuliero

akademiis aTi wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil samecniero sxdomaze sasuliero

akademiisa da seminariis reqtorma, WiaTuris mTavarepiskoposma abraamma

aRniSna, rom aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi sasuliero akademiasa da

seminariaSi studentTa raodenoba 30–dan gaizarda 200–mde.

1990 wels akademiaSi Seiqmna qristianuli xelovnebisa daA DA

qristianuli anTropologiis specialobebi, xolo 1994 wlidan maT

bazaze Camoyalibda saRvTismetyvelo instituti. 1993 wels daarsda

saqarTvelos istoriis kaTedra (gamge profesori sergo vardosaniZe),

1998 wels _ RvTismetyvelebis kaTedra (gamge profesori ediSer WeliZe),

imave wels Seiqmna qristianuli xelovnebis kaTedra (gamge profesori

zaza sxirtlaZe). arsebul kaTedrebs 1999–2007 wlebSi Seemata qarTuli

enisa da literaturis (gamge profesori griver farulava), ucxo enebis

(gamge profesori iuri mosiZe), religiaTmcodneobis (gamge profesori

lela xaCiZe) kaTedrebi. sasuliero akademiasa da seminariaSi leqciebs

kiTxuloben: mariam lorTqifaniZe, griver farulava, revaz baramiZe,

revaz siraZe, sergo vardosaniZe, guram kacitaZe, lela xaCiZe, ciala

qurcikiZe, zaza sxirtlaZe, dimitri TumaniSvili, lamara qajaia, beJan

javaxia, eldar bubulaSvili, meri WeliZe, rusudan wiqvaZe, zurab

WumburiZe, guram bedoSvili, nana gelovani, juli SoSiaSvili, gvanca

koplataZe.

uwmidesisa da unetaresi ilia II-is locva–kurTxeviT, sasuliero

akademia–seminariasa da saRvTismetyvelo instituts daemata xalxuri

simRerebis umaRlesi skola (xelmZRvaneli anzor erqomaiSvili),

mowyalebis debis instituti (dekani mama adami), mxatvar–

restavratorobisa da Weduri xelovnebis fakulteti (dekani mama iosebi),

dekoratiuli xelovnebis fakulteti (dekani zurab SevardnaZe). Tu 1988

wels akademiasa da seminariaSi mxolod 30 studenti iyo, amJamad

aRniSnul saswavleblebSi studentTa raodenoba 1000–s aRemateba.

185

Tbilisis sasuliero akademiam Rirseuli adgili daikava qarTul

saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi. uwmidesisa da unetaresi ilia II–is

gansakuTrebuli zrunva sasuliero akademiaze imiTac gamoixateba, rom

igi TviTon xelmZRvanelobs akademiis saswavlo–samecniero saqmianobas.

misi uwmidesoba Tvlis, rom yoveli weli akademiis winsvliT xasiaTdeba

da Sors ar aris is dro, rodesac igi Rirseul metoqeobas gauwevs

ufro xangrZlivi tradiciebis mqone sasuliero saswavleblebs.

1995 wels uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqis ilia II–is locva–kurTxeviT quTaisSi daarsda

wmida gabriel episkoposis saxelobis sasuliero seminaria, aRdga

gelaTis sasuliero akademia, romlis reqtorad dainiSna quTaTel–

gaenaTeli mitropoliti kalistrate (margalitaSvili). gelaTis

sasuliero akademia dafuZnda gelaTis samonastro kompleqsTan.

akademiaSi leqciebs kiTxuloben Tbilisis umaRlesi saswavleblebis

profesor–maswavleblebi, adgilobrivi swavlulebi. misi uwmidesoba

miiCnevda, rom gelaTis akademia, romelic `meored ierusalimad da sxuad

aTinad“ dafuZnda, miznad isaxavda umaRlesi saRvTismetyvelo-

filosofiuri skolis Camoyalibebas, sadac unda momxdariyo yvelaze

ufro mniSvnelovani Teologiuri Sromebis Targmna-komentireba. am

skolis filosofiuri mimarTuleba imiTac warmoCnda, rom iTargmna

warmarTi filosofosis, amonio ermisis cnobili logikuri Sromebi. rac

Seexeba gelaTis akademiis saRvTismetyvelo simaRles, ikmarebda Tundac

imaze miTiTeba, rom swored am akademiaSi iTargmna wmida maqsime

aRmsareblis urTulesi terminologiuri naSromebi. aqve ganxorcielda

katenebiani bibliis Targmna, rasac gelaTis biblia ewodeba da rac

udidesi movlena iyo qarTveli eris sulier cxovrebaSi. amitom iyo

aucilebeli quTaisisa da gelaTis istoriuli funqciis srulad

aRdgenisaTvis iseTi samecniero dawesebulebis Seqmna, romelic saero da

sasuliero mecnierebis gamaerTianebeli iqneboda.

1995 wlis 25 maiss saqarTvelos saxelmwifo meTauris, eduard

SevardnaZisa da sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-s

erToblivi brZanebiT, `qarTuli enisa da sruliad saqarTvelos

mosaxleobis sulieri da zneobrivi amaRlebisa da misi inteleqtualuri

ganviTarebis mizniT,~ q. quTaisSi daarsda gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademia.

186

amiT aRdga wmida mefe daviT aRmaSeneblis mier dafuZnebuli gelaTis

akademiis tradicia. gelaTis akademiaSi namdvil wevrebad arCeul iqnen

TvalsaCino mecnierebi (sul 21 wevri). akademiis prezidenti 1995–2007

wlebSi iyo cnobili filologi magali Todua. amJamad akademiis

prezidentia profesori mixeil qurdiani. akademia gamoscems yovelTviur

samecniero Jurnals, romelSic ibeWdeba mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebi

Teologiis, eklesiis istoriis, Zveli qarTuli enis, literaturis,

qristianuli xelovnebis mniSvnelovan problemebze. gelaTis sasuliero

da mecnierebaTa akademiis aRdgeniT uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m

saqarTveloSi sasuliero ganaTlebis sruli reabilitacia–aRorZineba

moaxdina. sasuliero seminariebi funqcionirebs axalcixeSi, gorSi,

foTsa da baTumSi. Yyvela moqmed eparqiaSia sasuliero gimnaziebi,

profiluri skolebi. sul am tipis saswavlebelTa ricxvi 50–ze metia.

bolo periodSi SeimCneva ganaTlebis saministros mesveurTa mier

erTgvari survili am saswavleblebis saswavlo programebis

koreqtireba–optimizaciisa, rac Seasustebs zogadsaganmanaTleblo

saswavleblebSi sasuliero tradiciebs, magram, RvTis SewevniT, skolebi

inarCuneben im mimarTulebis erTgulebas, romelic qristianuli

pedagogikis marTlmadideblur mrwamss ukavSirdeba.


patriarqi ilia II Rirseulad agrZelebs saqarTvelos saero

universitetebTan urTierTobis im tradicias, romelsac XX saukunis

dasawyisSi safuZveli Cauyara uwmidesma da unetaresma kirion II–m. ar

darCenila umaRlesi saswavlebeli, sadac misi uwmidesoba ar

Sexvedroda profesor–maswavleblebs, studentebs. uwmidesi da unetaresi

arCeulia Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis, teqnikuri universitetis,

sulxan–saba orbelianis pedagogiuri universitetis sapatio profesorad.

saqarTvelos yvela umaRles saswavlebelSi 2005 wlamde ikiTxeboda

religiis istoriis (marTlmadideblobis) mokle kursebi,

funqcionirebda religiaTmcodneobis kaTedrebi.

2005 wels uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II arCeul iqna

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis sapatio akademikosad.

misma uwmidesobam akademiis wevrebs mimarTa: `me Tavs vixri Cveni

mecnierebis winaSe. didia Tqveni Rvawli, Tqveni wvlili erisa da

187

eklesiis winaSe... me vityodi, rom is, rac aq xdeba, istoriuli aqtia,

rac warmoudgeneli iqneboda sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi. Ees aris

pirveli SemTxveva, rom kaTolikos-patriarqi mecnierebaTa akademiis

sapatio wevrad iqna arCeuli... saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia dRes

mZlavri samecniero centria, romelsac unda gavufrTxildeT da, amasTan

erTad, unda vizrunoT mis gaZlierebaze. aRmasvlis procesi uwyveti unda

iyos~[30, 184].

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi yovelTvis xazgsmiT aRniSnavs,

rom saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia

politizirebuli Zala ar unda gaxdes, radgan eklesia mowodebulia

imisaTvis, rom mTel ers amTlianebdes. sasuliero saswavleblebi _

akademia, seminaria, gimnazia _ magaliTi unda iyos saero

saswavleblebisTvisac.

saqarTveloSi sasuliero ganaTlebis aRorZinebisaTvis didi

mniSvneloba aqvs msoflios marTlmadideblur saswavleblebTan

kontaqtebs, maTi gamocdileba da miRwevaTa sworad gaazreba did

daxmarebas gauwevs Cvens saswavleblebs. uwmidesisa da unetaresis

locva–kurTxeviT, Cveni warCinebuli studentebi gacvliTi programebis

meSveobiT swavlas agrZeleben moskovisa da peterburgis sasuliero

akademiebSi, agreTve saberZneTSi, CexeTSi, kviprosze, germaniaSi, romSi.

saqarTvelos eklesiis meTauri zrunavs ara marto sasuliero

ganaTlebis problemebze, aramed zogadad sabunebismetyvelo–teqnikuri

da humanitaruli mecnierebebis ganviTarebazec. patriarqTan xSirad

ikribebian mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargis specialistebi da msjeloben

aqtualur sakiTxebze. uwmidesisa da unetaresis locva–kurTxeviT, 2005

wlis 8 Tebervals, wmida mefe daviT aRmaSeneblis xsenebis dRes,

daarsda sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis saerTaSoriso

saqvelmoqmedo fondi _ `sulierebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis

aRorZineba da ganviTareba“. fondis Tavmjdomarea uwmidesi da unetaresi

ilia II, aRmasrulebeli mdivani _ dekanozi giorgi zviadaZe. fondis

prezentaciaze misma uwmidesobam ase gansazRvra fondis samoqmedo gegma:

` es fondi izrunebs aramarto sulierebis ganmtkicebisTvis, aramed

kulturisa da mecnierebis aRorZinebisa da ganviTarebisTvis, rasac

udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos momavlisaTvis. amitom, Cven

188

gveqneba Zalian mWidro kavSiri Cvens mecnierebaTa akademiasTan, Cvens

universitetebTan da yvelafers gavakeTebT imisaTvis, rom daxmarebis

xeli gavuwodoT mecnierebs, magram mTavari mainc erovnuli da

saxelmwifoebrivi azrovneba ganmtkicebaa.~[30, 183].

fondis mmarTvel sabWoSi Sedian TvalsaCino adamianebi,

mecnierebis, kulturisa da xelovnebis moRvaweni. fondis mizania

daafinansos erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis proeqtebi.

fondis xelSewyobiTa da dafinansebiT aRdga qarTuli Jurnalebis:

`ciskaris,~ ,,mnaTobisa” da ,,literatura da xelovnebis” gamocema;

dafinansda mravali samecniero, literaturuli, istoriuli, saswavlo-

SemecnebiTi Tu avtobiografiuli xasiaTis wigni da gamocema, maT Soris:

_ axalgazrda mecnieris irakli gunias wigni ,,saqarTvelos monastrebi;”

- Rvawlmosili mecnieris, mixeil gafrindaSvilis fundamenturi naSromi

,,qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis istoria”;

- profesor vaxtang jobaZis naSromi ,,adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli

monastrebi istoriul taoSi, klarjeTsa da SavSeTSi”;

- mweral SoTa xodaSnelis wigni ,,moqandake, restavratori – karlo

bakuraZe”;

- profesor amiran arabulisa da eTer TaTaraiZis wigni-albomi

,,SendobiT momixsenieT”;

- wigni - ,,Seni ca ana”, romelic eZRveneba cnobili qarTveli poetis ana

kalandaZis 80 wlis iubiles.

- mayvala berianiZis wigni - ,,gulSi dateuli didi saqarTvelo”. wigni

warmoadgens saqarTvelos istorias bavSvebisaTvis (5 nawilad).

fondis TanadgomiT gamomcemloba ,,xelovnebam” dabeWda trilogiis

pirveli wigni ,,saqarTvelos sulieri saganZuri”, romelSic

warmodgenilia saqarTveloSi arsebuli eklesia-monastrebis istoria da

maTi mniSvneloba Cveni kulturisa da sulierebisTvis. naSromi gamoica

qarTul da inglisur enebze.

fondis erT-erTi mTavari prioritetia kulturuli TanamSromloba

ucxoeTSi mcxovreb Cvens TanamemamuleebTan.

am programis farglebSi:

- Caiwera lazuri folkloruli simRerebis pirveli kompaqt-diski;

- dafinansda qarTuli delegaciis gamgzavreba, istoriulad lazur

qalaq arqabiSi (TurqeTi) gamarTul folklorul festivalze, sadac

pirvelad aJRerda sapatriarqos radio `iveriis~ studiaSi Cawerili

axali lazuri simRerebi;

- daarsda kulturuli centri da sastumro saxli fereidaneli

qarTvelebisaTvis.

fondi did yuradRebas uTmobs qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa

da energetikuli usafrTxoebisaTvis aucilebeli proeqtebis

mecnierulad damuSavebasa da momzadebas. am mizniT, fondTan Seiqmna

,,navTobisa da gazis” droebiTi komisia, romelic muSaobs saqarTvelos

navTobisa da gazis saZiebo da mompovebeli dargis ganviTarebis

erovnuli programis SemuSavebaze.

patriarqis fondi yovelwliurad atarebs did saerTaSoriso

festivals - ,,aRdgomidan amaRlebamde,” romlis mizania axalgazrdobis

daintereseba qarTuli da msoflio klasikuri xelovnebiT, ucxoeTSi

189

moRvawe qarTvel xelovanTa da qarTuli kulturiT dainteresebul

ucxoel SemsrulebulTa Semoqmedebis popularizaciiT saqarTveloSi.

2006 wels, sruliad saqarTvelos kaToliko-patriarqis fondTan

daarsda qarTuli sagaloblisa da xalxuri simReris saerTaSoriso

centri, romlis mizania lotbarebis momzadeba, samgaloblo

saswavleblebisa da folkloruli centrebis daarseba da qarTuli

kulturis popularizacia sazRvargareT.

fondi aqtiurad monawileobs qveynis kulturuli memkvidreobis

dacvisa da gadarCenis saqmeSi.

fondma daafinasa saxelmwifo saistorio arqivSi daculi, XII-XIII

saukuniT daTariRebuli erT-erTi uZvelesi qarTuli xelnaweri Zeglis –

anCis saxarebis (oTxTavi) restavracia.

fondi aqtiurad TanamSromlobs sxvadasxva qarTul da

saerTaSoriso telemauwyebelTan; misi patronaJiTa da dafinansebiT

safuZveli Caeyara sxvadasxva saswavlo-SemecnebiT teleproeqts;

dafinansda sxvadasxva Janris satelevizio-dokumenturi filmebi, maT

Soris, saxelmwifoTaSorisi teleradiokompania ,,mir”-is saqarTvelos

warmomadgenlobis mier warmodgenili proeqti - ,,eris sulieri

aRorZineba”; fondis aqtiuri mxardaWeriT mauwyeblobs damoukidebeli

qarTuli telekompania ,,iberia”.

fondi zrunavs gamoCenil da axalgazrda qarTvel mxatvarTa

Semoqmedebis popularizaciaze. am programis farglebSi, moewyo mxatvar

reno Turqias dabadebis 80 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saRamo da

ferweruli da grafikuli namuSevrebis gamofena. agreTve, periodulad

tardeba Tematuri niSniT Seqmnili sabavSvo naxatebis gamofena-konkursi.

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis locva-kurTxeviT

fondi aqtiurad muSaobs demografiuli problemis mogvarebisaTvis

saWiro erovnuli programis Seqmnaze. programis amoqmedeba dagegmilia

2008 wlis dasawyisisTvis.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom fondSi, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

patriarqTan, xSirad ikribebian qarTveli mecnierebi, mwerlebi,

xelovnebisa da kulturis muSakebi, sazogadoebis warmomdgenlebi, sadac

msjeloben sxvadasxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze; gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba eTmoba afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis Temas da im gzebis

Ziebas, romelic aRadgens Cveni xalxebis mSvidobian Tanacxovrebas

erTian saxelmwifoSi.

uwmidesma da unetaresma aRorZinebuli `mnaTobis“ prezentaciaze

xazgasmiT aRniSna: `mwerloba, literatura ar SeiZleba waiSalos, ar

SeiZleba daeces proza da poezia Cvens sulSi... ra iqneboda, rom ara

gvqonoda Zveli qarTuli saeklesio mwerloba? ver aRorZindeboda is

saero literatura, romelsac ase veTayvanebiT da romliTac ase

vamayobT. qarTuli literatura iyo, aris da iqneba eris winamZRoli“[41,

2].

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia XXI saukunis

dasawyisSi erovnuli mecnieruli da inteleqtualuri Rirebulebebis

mowinaaRmdegeTa pasuxad mtkice qomagad daudga qarTul mecnierul–

190

inteleqtualur Zalas. 2005 wlis 7–9 noembers stambulSi Catarebul

saerTaSoriso konferenciaze `mSvidoba da Semwynarebloba“ patriarqi

kvlav Seexo Tanamedroveobis erT-erT aqtualur problemas _

civilizaciaTa dialogis sakiTxebs _ da aRniSna, rom kvlav aqtualuria

civilizaciaTa dialogis iseTi modelis Seqmna, romelic xalxebs

saSualebas miscems, gaaerTianon Zalebi globaluri da lokaluri

sakiTxebis gadasaWrelad. sazogadoeba unda dafiqrdes eris sulieri

winamZRolis miniSnebaze, rom TaobaTa erToba da erTsulovneba dRes

Cveni qveynisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa. eSmaki yofs da

apirispirebs, RmerTi aerTianebs da arigebs. patriarqi Seaxsenebs yvelas,

visTvisac mecniereba, eris inteleqtualuri potenciali

meorexarisxovania, rom `qveyanam ar unda dakargos is samecniero

monapovari, rac mas gaaCnia... mraval dargSi saqarTvelos msoflioSi

aRiarebuli mkvlevarebi hyavs. saerTod, nebismieri qveynis ganviTarebaSi

samecniero sfero gadamwyvet rols asrulebs. mis Camoyalibebas didi

Tanxa da didi dro sWirdeba. gamousworebeli Secdoma iqneba, qveyanam ar

gamoiyenos is samecniero potenciali, romelic mas gaaCnia“[42, 11].

qarTveli mecnierebi, mwerlebi, SemoqmedebiTi inteligenciis

warmomadgenlebi Seqmnil rTul viTarebaSi eris inteleqtualuri

potencialis mfarvelad da gadamrCenlad sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqs, saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesias miiCneven.

XIX saukunemde saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo

eklesiaSi originaluri Tu naTargmni saRvTismetyvelo literaturis

problema ar arsebobda. V saukunidan qarTul enaze iTargmna wmida

werilis calkeuli wignebi, aqedanve iRebs saTaves originaluri

sasuliero mwerloba. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesia yovelTvis did yuradRebas uTmobda qarTuli saRvTismetyvelo

literaturis ganviTarebas. am mizniT didi samuSaoebi sruldeboda

rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve _ sazRvargareTis qarTul samonastro

centrebSi. aTonis iverTa monasteri gamorCeuli iyo Sua saukuneebSi

rogorc originaluri sasuliero literaturis Seqmnis, aseve

mTargmnelobiTi TvalsazrisiT. am didma tradiciebma, XV-XVIII

saukuneebis rTuli politikuri da ekonomikuri viTarebis miuxedavad,

mainc moaRwia sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarq anton I-is

191

moRvaweobis dromde. ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobisa da

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebis Semdeg

qarTuli saRvTismetyvelo literaturis ganviTareba, qarTul enaze

wmida wignebis gamocema saqarTveloSi damkvidrebuli rusi

egzarqosebisaTvis miuRebeli gaxda. miuxedavad amisa, XIX saukuneSi

mainc moxerxda aucilebeli sasuliero wignebis gamocema qarTul enaze.


aRdgenis Semdeg, 1917 wels, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis sakaTolikoso sabWos dadgenilebiT, daiwyo sapatriarqos

oficialuri Jurnalis `sveticxovlis“ gamocema, romelSic unda

asaxuliyo saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

saqmianoba. Jurnalis redaqtori iyo pavle ingoroyva. samwuxarod, eqvsi

nomris meti ver gamoica.

1918 wels mRvdel qristefore cicqiSvilis redaqtorobiT

gamovida Jurnali `axali sityva“, romelic saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis, sakaTolikoso sabWos,

kaTolikos–patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresi kirion II–is mimarT

opoziciurad iyo ganwyobili. JurnalSi gamoqveynebul statiaTa

umravlesobas polemikuri xasiaTi hqonda. gamovida Jurnalis mxolod 9

nomeri.

1918 wels kaTolikos–patriarq kirion II-is locva–kurTxeviT

daibeWda saeklesio kalendari, romlis arc erT egzemplars Cvenamde ar

mouRwevia.

1921 wlidan saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesias surda

gamoeca sapatriarqos uwyebani, magram saokupacio xelisuflebis

pirobebSi es SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. 1927 wlidan yovelwliurad unda

gamocemuliyo `saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari“, magram gamoica

mxolod 1927 da 1928 wlebisa.

gasuli saukunis 40–ian wlebSi uwmidesma da unetaresma

kalistratem aRadgina saeklesio kalendris gamocema. gansakuTrebuli

movlena gaxda 1963 wels uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis efrem II–is locva–kurTxeviT `axali

aRTqmis“ gamocema. marTalia, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Zveli

qarTuli enis kaTedra, k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti

192

mecnieruli komentarebiT aqveynebda bibliis teqstebs, wmindanTa

cxovrebas, magram eklesia marTlmadidebluri wignebis naklebobas

ganicdida; amitom es mainc didi movlena iyo.

uwmidesisa da unetaresis kaTolikos–patriarq daviT V–s dros

moxerxda saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendris (1976, 1977 wlebis) calke

wignebad gamoqveyneba, romelTa Sinaarsic, saeklesio dResaswaulebis

garda, bevr saintereso informacias moicavda saqarTvelos eklesiis

istoriisa Tu marTlmadidebluri dogmatikis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.

saeklesio kalendarma oficialuri xelisuflebis gaRizianeba

gamoiwvia.

1977 wlis 25 dekembers axladarCeulma patriarqma ilia II-m

kompetenturi, mcodne kadrebis naklebobis gamo Tavis Tavze aiRo 1978

wlis saeklesio kalendris Semdgenel–redaqtoroba da kidev ufro

gaamravalferovna wina wlebis kalendrebSi arsebuli masalebi.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis yovelwliuri

kalendari Tavisi mecnieruli doniT, damwyebi morwmuneTaTvis

aucilebeli locvebiT, saeklesio dResaswaulebis mokle mimoxilviT

sazogadoebisaTvis sasurvel gamocemad iqca. 1977–1986 wlebSi misi tiraJi

SezRuduli iyo, magram xalxi mainc axerxebda saeklesio kalendarSi

arsebuli aucilebeli masalis gadawerasa da gamravlebas. patriarqis

locva–kurTxeviT, 1980–1982 wlebSi kalendrebSi daibeWda `fsalmunni

daviTisi“, Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebis calkeuli Tavebi. uwmidesisa

da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis locva–

kurTxeviT, yovelwliur sqeltanian saeklesio kalendars daemata mcire

formatis `jibis kalendari“ (1979 wlidan) da kedlis kalendari. amJamad

gamodis rogorc sapatriarqos oficialuri kalendari, aseve ibeWdeba

eparqiebis mier momzadebuli kalendrebic.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, 1978 wels uwmidesisa da unetaresis,

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis ilia II-is locva–

kurTxeviT gamovida saqarTvelos sapatriaqos ilustrirebuli Jurnali

`jvari vazisa“, romelic Tavisi mrvalferovani SinaarsiT, saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis yoveldRiuri saqmianobis

mimoxilviT saqarTvelos eklesiis ukanaskneli ocdaaTwliani istoriis

yvelaze sando wyarod iqca. Jurnali emsaxureba misi uwmidesobis mizans

193

_ sruliad saqarTvelos sulier gamTlianebas. Jurnalis sagangebo

nomrebi _ `tao–klarjeT–mesxeTi~, `saingilo~, àfxazeTi~, àWara~,

`kaxeTi~, ìmereTi~, `raWa–leCxum–svaneTi~, `samegrelo~, `guria~, `Sida

qarTli~ _ qarTvelobas acnobs am regionebSi arsebul problemebs da

cdilobs daafiqros sazogadoeba maTi mogvarebis gzebze.

1978–1990 wlebSi uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqis ilia II-is locva–kurTxeviT mcire tiraJiT

gamodioda `saRvTismetyvelo krebuli“, romelSic ibeWdeboda

Teologiuri, filosofiuri, istoriuli xasiaTis gamokvlevebi da

Targmanebi.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiisaTvis didi

mniSvneloba hqonda bibliis sruli teqstis dabeWdvas. uwmidesisa da

unetaresi ilia II–is locva–kurTxeviT Seiqmna bibliis mecnierulad

dadgenili teqstis gamomcemelTa jgufi, romlis mravalwliani Sromis

Semdeg 1989 wels daibeWda bibliis sruli teqsti axal qarTul enaze.

amas mohyva bibliis Zvel qarTul enaze dabeWdvac. marTalia, tiraJi

mcire iyo, magram imdenad didi iyo moTxovnileba, rom gamocema

ramdenjerme ganmeorda. sapatriarqos SekveTiT, bibliis Targmnis

institutma milionobiT tiraJiT gamosca àxali aRTqma da fsalmunni“.

uwmidesisa da unetaresi ilia II-is locva–kurTxeviT, 1989 wlidan

daiwyo gazeT `madlis“ gamocema. 1999 wlis 7 ianvridan gamodis

`sapatriarqos uwyebani“, romelic Tavisi SinaarsiT mravalferovania da

moicavs saeklesio cxovrebis yvela sferos. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos

egidiT gamodis Jurnalebi: `karibWe“ da `krialosani“. saqarTvelos

samociqulo eklesiis yvela eparqias aqvs Tavisi gazeTebi da Jurnalebi:

`xvamli~, `Tabori~, `fuZe~, `dedaeklesia~, `samreklo~, `kandeli~,

`mrevli~. sapatriarqoSi arsebobs saRvTismetyvelo wignebis Seswavlisa

da redaqtirebis komisia (Tavmjdomare urbnisisa da ruisis

mitropoliti iobi (aqiaSvili)), gamomcemlobisa da recenzirebis

departamenti (Tavmjdomare foTisa da xobis mitropoliti grigoli

(berbiWaSvili)), sainformacio samsaxuri _ prescentri (Tavmjdomare

baTumisa da qobuleTis mitropoliti dimitri (SiolaSvili)),

sagamomcemlo ganyofileba (Tavmjdomare profesori gvanca koplataZe).

sapatriarqos aqvs Teologiuri literaturiT mdidari biblioTeka.

194

saintereso muSaoba mimdinareobs sapatriarqos arqivSi (ufrosi mzia

kacaZe), damuSavda unikaluri fondebi. patriarqis aRsaydrebis 30–e

wlisTavs eZRvneba sapatriarqos arqivis masalebze dayrdnobiT

gamocemuli SesaniSnavi wigni-albomi `patriarqi“ , romelic Seadgina

qalbatonma mzia kacaZem.

sapatriarqos radio `iveria“ Tavisi erovnuli Sinaarsis

gadacemebiT gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobs mosaxleobaSi.

2007 wlidan funqcionireba daiwyo qarTulma telemauwyebloba `iveriam“,

romelsac xelmZRvanelobs giorgi andriaZe.

2007 wlis maisSi, uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos–patriarqis locva–kurTxeviT, daarsda saqarTvelos

sapatriarqos wmida andria mociqulis saxelobis saero universiteti.

sainiciativo jgufma, romlis SemadgenlobaSi arian: baTumisa da

qobuleTis mitropoliti dimitri, sasuliero akademiisa da seminariis

proreqtori, dekanozi giorgi zviadaZe, profesorebi: sergo vardosaniZe,

zaza abaSiZe, seriozuli samuSao Seasrula. 2007 wlis ivnisSi jgufi

gafarTovda. Ppatriarqis locva-kurTxeviT universitetis reqtorad

dainiSna parmen margvelaSvili. ganisazRvra universitetis profili da

specialobebi. ganzraxulia Seiqmnas sami fakulteti: 1. humanitaruli

(istoria–filologia), 2. socialur mecnierebaTa (filosofia,

iurispudencia, ekonomika), 3. sabunebismetyvelo-teqnikuri. mecnierTa

jgufebs daevalaT SeedginaT saswavlo gegmebi. mimdinareobs muSaoba

saganTa mixedviT silabusebis Sedgenaze. universitetis mizania erovnuli

mniSvnelobis mecnierebaTa miRwevebis SenarCuneba da ganviTareba, im

tradiciebis dacva, romlebic saukuneTa manZilze mniSvnelovani iyo

qarTuli saxelmwifos interesebisaTvis.

IX. ukvdavebaSi gardasul saxeTa ardaviwyeba


patriarqi ilia II saukeTeso magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor unda vcemdeT

pativs Cvens did winaparTa saxelebs, maT xsovnas. uwmidesi da unetaresi

wmindanebad Seracxul qarTvel mefeTagan gansakuTrebiT gamoarCevs

wmida mirians, wmida vaxtang gorgasals, wmida arCils, wmida daviT

195

aRmaSenebels, wmida Tamars, luarsab wamebuls, wmida qeTevan dedofals...

saeklesio kalendris mixedviT maTi xsenebis dReebSi wirvis Semdeg

patriarqi mrevls araerTxel esaubra maT sulier simaRleze,

samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebaze. uwmidesi xSirad stumrobs gelaTis

monasters. daviT aRmaSeneblis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis, mis diad

saqmeTa SexsenebiT qarTvelobas ganumtkicebs warsuli istoriiT

awmyosa da momavlis rwmenas. patriarqi xSirad ixsenebs qarTl–kaxeTis

mefis, erekle II-is mier samSoblosaTvis Tavganwirvas, krwanisis

brZolas, sadac 75 wlis moxuci mefe ukanasknelad gavida brZolis

velze. uwmidesma da unetaresma 300 aragvelis baRSi araerTxel

gadaixada paraklisi aRa-mahmad xanis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi daRupul

qarTvel meomarTa sulebis mosaxseneblad. manve gadaarCina 300

aragvelis baRi gasxvisebas. uwmidesma da unetaresma sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqma 1987 wlis 20 ivliss, wmida sinodis

TanxmobiT, didi qarTveli mwerali, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobis aRiarebuli meTauri ilia WavWavaZe wmindanad Seracxa. wmida

ilia marTali XX saukunis dasawyisSi social–demokratebis msxverpli

gaxda, misi saxeli idevneboda XX saukunis 20_30–ian wlebSi, xolo 40–

70–ian wlebSi xan revolucioner–demokratad, xan ki ganmanaTleblad

iwodeboda. wmindanad Seracxvis Semdeg ilia WavWavaZem Tavisi kuTvnili

adgili daikava qarTveli eris, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis istoriaSi.. patriarqma aRasrula ilia WavWavaZis

TanamebrZolis _ akaki wereTlis winaswarmetyveleba: Tu saqarTvelos

sikvdili ar uweria, maSin Senc ukvdavi iqnebio. wmida ilia marTlis

ukvdaveba 1987 wlidan daiwyo.

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II samarTlianad Tvlida, rom cotne

dadianis gmiroba da moyvasisaTvis Tavdadeba sakmarisi iyo misi

wmindanad kanonizaciisaTvis. 1999 wlis 26 oqtombers, wmida sinodis

gadawyvetilebiT, erovnuli gmiri cotne dadiani wmindanad Seiracxa.

patriarqma aseve ukvdavyo XVII–XVIII saukuneebSi sparseTSi daRupulni

`wmida mowameni qarTvelni~, sarwmunoebisaTvis Tavdadebulni lazni,

saqarTvelos mefe vaxtang III, romelic aResrula 1303 wels. didi

qarTveli mecnieris eqvTime TayaiSvilis Rvawli yvela

inteleqtualisaTvis cnobilia. misi dauRalavi saqmianobiT XIX–XX

196

saukuneTa mijnaze SesaZlebeli gaxda mravali ucnobi xelnawerisa da

saistorio sabuTis moZieba da gadarCena. fasdaudebeli iyo mecnieris

mier mowyobili samecniero eqspediciebi rogorc saqarTvelos sxvadasxva

kuTxeSi, aseve _ TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, istoriul tao–klarjeTSi.

eqvTime TayaiSvili patronobda 1921 wels emigraciaSi wasuli

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis mier gatanil

qarTul siwmindeebs. samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg am didma adamianma

bolSevikuri xelisuflebisgan damcireba, Seuracxyofa, ciliswameba da

mravali usiamovneba gadaitana. igi aResrula 1953 wels. qarTveli

sazogadoeba sinanuliT ixsenebs mecnieris samSobloSi cxovrebis bolo

wlebs. mravali wigni da samadlobeli werili mieZRvna mis xsovnas,

magram yovelive es mis damsaxurebasTan SedarebiT zRvaSi wveTi iyo.

uwmidesma da unetaresma sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqma

ilia II-m 2002 wlis 18 oqtombris sinodis sxdomaze eris winaSe

gansakuTrebuli damsaxurebisaTvis mowamebrivad aRsrulebuli eqvTime

TayaiSvili wmindanad Seracxa da mas wmida eqvTime RvTiskaci uwoda.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis es istoriuli

gadawyvetileba didi adamianis ukvdavebisa da STamomavlobis mier

daSvebuli Secdomebis gamosworebis ubadlo magaliTia.

saukuneTa manZilze qarTvel wmindanTa Sesaxeb cnobebi Taobidan

Taobas gadaecemoda. bevri wyaro daikarga, bevri Rirseuli moRvawe Tavis

droze ver iqna saTanadod dafasebuli. uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II–

m sapatriarqoSi Seqmnil wmindanTa kanonizaciis komisias (xelmZRvaneli

cxum–afxazeTis mitropoliti danieli) daavala, moeZia masalebi

saqarTvelos eklesiisa da qarTveli xalxis winaSe gansakuTrebuli

Rvawlis mqone pirovnebebze, raTa wmida sinodis sxdomebze moexdinaT

maTi wmindanebad Seracxva. 1996 wlis 23 dekembers wmindanebad Seiracxnen

wmida ninos mSoblebi _ zabiloni da susana, 2002 wlis 18 oqtombers _

qarTlis pirveli kaTolikosi petre I, kaTolikosi samoel I, sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi melqisedek I, XVI saukunis

saeklesio moRvawe zosime kumurdoeli. uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II–m

episkoposebis: gabrielis, aleqsandres, mitropolit nazarisa da

samRvdelo krebulis, mRvdel–monazon aleqsi SuSanias, ilarion

yanCavelis, grigol feraZis, eqvTime kereseliZis, ioane maisuraZis,

197

giorgi mxeiZis, mitropolitebis: dosiTeozisa da eqvTimes wmindanebad

SeracxviT istoriuli samarTlianoba aRadgina.

1995 wlis 18–19 seqtembers saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis gafarToebul saeklesio krebaze uwmidesma da

unetaresma ilia II–m sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi

ambrosi wmindanad Seracxa. rodesac patriarqma es gadawyvetileba amcno

krebis monawileebs, cremli ver Seikava. es iyo sinanuli im adamianTa

nacvlad, romelTac qarTveli xalxis politikuri da eklesiuri

TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZol kaTolikos ambrosis mravali usiamovneba

miayenes, saqarTvelos eklesiis saWeTmpyrobeli samSoblos Ralatis

braldebiT cixeSic ki gamoketes. kaTolikos-patriarqma ambrosim Tavis

sasamarTlo procesze qristes sityvebiT mimarTa mrevls: `asulno

ierusalimisano, nu stiriT Cemda, aramed itireT TavTa TqvenTa da

SvilTa TqvenTa“. wmida ambrosi aRmsarebeli axlad Seracxul wmindanTa

dasSi gamorCeulad brwyinavs.

uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m mecnier istorikosebTan

mravalwliani konsultaciebis Semdeg kidev ufro srulad gaiazra

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis istoriaSi

avtokefaliuri moZraobis meTauris, didi mecnierisa da sazogado

moRvawis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqis kirion II-is

Rvawli. kirion II–m mravali dabrkoleba, ciliswameba, devna–gadasaxleba

gadaitana, magram saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis avtokefaliis

aRdgenisaTvis brZola ar Seuwyvetia. man aRasrula Tavisi sityvebi:

`mamuliSvilobis gvirgvini samSoblos samsxverploze hkidiao“ da 1918

wlis 27 ivniss martyofis monasterSi mowameobrivad aResrula. qarTvel

mecnierTa da sasuliero wreebSi oTxmoc welze met xans ar Sewyvetila

dava da azrTa urTierTWidili, Tu ra moxda 1918 wlis 27 ivniss

martyofis monasterSi. uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m uwmidesi

kaTolikos–patriarqis, kirion II-is wmindanad SeracxviT Rirseulad

daafasa didi winamorbedis Rvawli qarTveli erisa da dedaeklesiis

winaSe.

uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m aseTive pativi miago

samSoblodan usamarTlod devnili bagratovanTa samefo saxlis

warmomadgenlis, 1815 wels trapizonSi aRsrulebuli imerTa mefis

198

solomon II–is xsovnas: 1990 wels panaSvidebi gadauxada sionisa da

sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZrebSi, xolo 2005 wlis 27 ivniss

samSoblos damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli Tavdadebuli mefe wmindanad

Seracxa. patriarqma am gadawyvetilebiT kidev erTxel cxadyo, rom

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia Rirseul pativs

miagebs did winaparTa xsovnas.

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II did winamorbedTa saqmis Rrseuli

gamgrZelebli da, amave dros, maTi Rvawlis saocari damfasebelia. igi

araerTxel Sexebia 1927–1932 wlebis saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis umZimes mdgomareobas da aRuniSnavs patriarq

qristefore III-is alRo da moqniloba, axal sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan

dialogi da TanamSromloba, romliTac man sruli ganadgurebisgan ixsna

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia.

uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II–m 1979 wels sapatriarqoSi Seqmna

sagangebo jgufi, romelsac unda moeZia masalebi uwmidesi da unetaresi

kalistrates Sesaxeb. Seikriba uwmidesi kalistrates TanamedroveTa

mogonebebi, ramac kidev ufro TvalsaCino gaxada didi patriarqis

Rvawli da damsaxureba. Mmisi uwmidesoba ilia II studentobis periodSi

araerTxel Sexvedria uwmides da unetares melqisedek III–s. uwmidessa da

unetaress misaloc baraTebSi lakonurad, magram srulad warmouCenia

uwmidesi da unetaresi kaTolikos–patriarqebis: efrem II–isa da daviT V–

is Rvawli saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis winaSe.

patriarqi erTnairad yuradRebiania mRvdelmTavrebisa da rigiTi

sasuliero pirebis mimarT. man pativi miago sionis taZris

protopresviters _ paxum obolaZes, mitropolitebs: giorgis (RonRaZe),

zinobs (maJuga), grigols (cercvaZe), konstantines (meliqiZe).

uwmidesi da unetaresi saocrad mimtevebelia. amis dasturia

patriarqis pativiscema baTum–Semoqmedeli mitropolitebis _ romanozisa

(petriaSvili) da Sios (avaliSvili) mimarT, romelnic Tavis droze misi

uwmidesobis Seurigebeli oponentebi iyvnen. isini, patriarqis

gadawyvetilebiT, sionis taZris ezoSi dakrZales. xolo rodesac

gardaicvala Wyondideli mTavarepiskoposyofili ioane (ananiaSvili),

uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m miiRo gadawyvetileba misi samTavros

monastris ezoSi dakrZalvis Sesaxeb.

199

uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m didi pativi miago merab

kostavas, zurab WavWavaZis, giorgi Wanturias, akaki baqraZis, zviad

gamsaxurdias xsovnas. 2007 wels groznodan saqarTveloSi gadmoasvenes

saqarTvelos pirveli prezidentis, zviad gamsaxurdias, neSti. qarTveli

xalxi Tvalcremliani miacilebda mravaltanjuli adamianis cxedars

sveticxovlis taZridan mTawmindisaken. Uuwmidesma da unetaresma TviTon

gadauxada panaSvidi gansvenebul prezidents.

misi uwmidesoba gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliTa da pativiscemiT

epyroba bagratovanTa samefo saxlis warmomadgenlebs, miiCnevs, rom

bagrationebs jer kidev bevri aqvT gasakeTebeli saqarTvelosaTvis. igi

ar gamoricxavs saqarTveloSi konstituciuri monarqiis iseTi saxiT

aRdgenis SesaZleblobas, roca mefe mefobs, magram ar marTavs.

patriarqis locva–kurTxeviT, XX saukunis 90–ian wlebidan ganaxlda

bagrationTa samefos saxlis gardacvlil wevrTa sveticxovlis

sapatriarqo taZarSi dakrZalvis procesi.

sionis sapatriarqo taZarSi SabaTobiT Savosani adamianebi

ikribebian. maT saxeze udidesi tkivili da mwuxarebaa aRbeWdili.

umravlesobas cxovrebaSi didi tragedia daatyda Tavs _ isini

Svilgardacvlili dedebi arian. Tu ara eklesia, uwmidesi da unetaresi

ilia II–is yuradReba, maTi cxovreba maSin damTavrdeboda, rodesac

sakuTar Svilebs gamoeTxovnen. patriarqma maT uCvena sulieri cxovrebis

gza xsnisa.

`vcxovrobdi wuTisoflis oromtrialSi yoveldRiuri sazrunaviT

Cems ojaxTan erTad, RmerTi ki ratomRac ar gvaxsovda. magram RmerTma

TviTon gagvaxsena Tavisi arseboba. samsaxureobrivi movaleobis

Sesrulebis dros borotmoqmedis mier nasroli tyviiT gardaicvala Cemi

ufrosi vaJi _ 21 wlis kaxaberi. dro TiTqos gaCerda, SiSma Semipyro,

momavals veRar vxedavdi. erT dRes mominaxula Svilgardacvlilma

dedam. igi Turme sionSi arsebuli Svilgardacvlili dedebis jgufSi

iyo da uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–

patriarqis ilia II-is locva–kurTxeviT, gardacvlili SvilebisaTvis

SekveTil wirvebs eswreboda. man eklesiaSi wamiyvana da iqidan daiwyo

Cemi eklesiuri cxovreba. davdiodi wirva–locvebze, vismendi moZRvrisa

da TviT uwmidesisa da unetaresis qadagebebs. vgrZnobdi, rom Cemi goneba

200

ukve sxvagvarad azrovnebda. mivxvdi, rom rwmenis gareSe sicocxle

bneli, SiSismomgvreli da gaumarTlebeli iyo. axla ki aris wuTebi,

rodesac guli sixaruliT mevseba da es momaval cxovrebaSi SvilTan

Sexvedris sixarulia, romelic adre warmoudgenlad meCveneboda; magram

win didi gzaa gansacdelebiT savse wuTisoflisa da mis gakafvaSi misi

uwmidesoba didad gvexmareba. patara bavSviviT gulSi gvixutebs da

gvefereba, Cveni gancda gulTan miaqvs da gvarigebs, rom usazRvro glova

da godeba, tirili amZimebs Cveni Svilebis ukvdav sulebs da vamZimebT

ojaxur cxovrebasac... madloba ufals da mis uwmidesobas, rom gvixsna

sulieri sibrmavisagan, agvacila im gansacdels, romelic Cveni warsuli

urwmunoebiTi cxovrebis mixedviT saukuno cxovrebaSi gvelodeboda“[43,

54-55], – wers liana barnova.

uwmidesisa da unetaresis RvawliT, Svilgardacvlili dedebi

mravali keTili saqmis aRmsrulebelni arian. maTTvis misi uwmidesoba

rwmenis, imedis, sixarulisa da siyvarulis xatebaa. auRelveblad ver

waikiTxav im mravalricxovan samadlobel baraTebs, romlebic

Svilgardacvlilma dedebma mis uwmidesobas gaugzavnes. sapatriarqos

arqivis gamgem, qalbatonma mzia kacaZem 1987 wlis 6 dekembers ori Svili

_ mixeili da maiko dakarga. `myavs ori Svili mixeili da maiko, amJamad

mkvidrni zeciuri saqarTvelosi, – wers qalbatoni mzia, – rogorc yvela

deda, imdenad viyavi Cemi Svilebis siyvaruliT dabrmavebuli, rom TviT

RmerTic ki ar maxsovda. araferi mindoda amqveynad garda imisa, rom

isini karg mamuliSvilebad aRmezarda. SedegiTac ar viyavi ukmayofilo.

mSobelTa krebebidan sixarulisgan Tavbrudaxveuli vbrundebodi. ra

Tqma unda, Cems Svilebs wamiT gverdidan ar viSorebdi, magram im saRamos,

mec ar vici, rogor, axloblebis daJinebuli TxovniT, me da Cemma

meuRlem isini marto davtoveT da megobris qorwilSi wavediT. ramdenime

saaTSi ukan mobrunebulebs Cveni saxlis win saxanZro manqanebi da

uamravi xalxi dagvxvda. Cemi saxl–kari cecxlis alSi iyo gaxveuli da

Cemi ori Svilic SigniT iyo. advili warmosadgenia, ra mdgomareobaSi

aRmovCndebodiT me da Cemi meuRle. bolomde ar mindoda damejerebina,

rac Semdgom moxda. simarTlis Tqmas veravin mibedavda. me TviTon mivxvdi

yvelafers, CemTvis yvelaferi damTavrda... darCa mxolod erTaderTi gza

_ me da Cems meuRles Svilebis dasaflavebis Semdeg Tavi mogvekla,

201

magram, sanam amas CavidendiT, mivsuliyaviT saqarTvelos patriarqTan da

gvekiTxa, Tu RmerTi marTla arsebobs, ase ratom gagvimeta.

am dros ojaxis axlobelma Segvatyobina, rom CvenTan ojaxSi

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi ilia II mobrZandeboda.

oTaxSi kaTolikosis SemobrZanebisTanave ramdenime wuTis win sigiJis

zRvarze misuli gaafTrebuli deda, axla ukve gawonasworebuli,

wamovdeqi, swrafi nabijebiT gaveSure misi uwmidesobisken, davemxe mis

muxlebTan, mWidrod Semovxvie xelebi, gulSi Cavikari da Svela vTxove.

man frTxilad wamomayena da moZRvars TvaliT aniSna, rom panaSvidi

daewyo. saeklesio wesis Sesrulebis Semdgom patriarqma brZana: `Tqven

bednieri mSoblebi xarT, Tqveni Svilebi angelozebi arian, RmerTi aseT

ubedurebas dedamiwaze ar moawevda, magram etyoba Zalian dasWirda

Tqveni Svilebi da isini ara marto Tqven, bevr sxvasac gadaarCeneno“.

me da bednieri?, _ vifiqre gonebiT, magram guliT ki yvelaferi

viwame da dameufla saocari simSvide. es ramdenime winadadeba iqca Cemi

Semdgomi cxovrebis sulier sazrdod. wabrZanebis win misma uwmidesobam

mTxova, cremlebiT ar damemZimebina maTi sulebi, fsalmunebi mekiTxa,

eklesiaSi mevlo, sapatriarqos karebi mudam Ria iqneboda CemTvis.

gadmomca sanTlebi, xatebi, jvrebi Cemi SvilebisaTvis, Semdeg gulSi

Tbilad Camikra da gamomemSvidoba. im dRidan Cemi cxovrebis wesi

radikalurad Seicvala... davrwmundi, rom suli ukvdavia, rom sicocxle

sikvdiliT ar mTavrdeba, aramed aRdgomiTa da amaRlebiT grZeldeba da

rom arsebobs gardacvaleba da ara sikvdili. da rom gardacvaleba aris

maradiulobis sawyisi.

TbilisSi Svilgardacvlil dedaTa raodenobam 600-s gadaaWarba.

didma tkivilma gaaerTiana isini. rogorc misma uwmidesobam brZana, aseTi

erToba Svilgardacvlili dedebisa erTaderTia qristianobis

ocsaukunovan msoflio istoriaSi. dedebis erTad yofna xom

marTlmadideblobis usityvo qadagebaa~[43, 9-11].

Svilgardacvlili dedebi mraval sasikeTo saqmeTa iniciatorebi

arian. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania maTi saqmianoba sapatriarqosTan

arsebul mowyalebis saxlSi, romelic daarsda 1994 wels da sadac

asobiT upovar adamians yoveldRiurad umzadeben sadilebs, utareben

ufaso samedicino Semowmebas. `Cvenma erTobam, – aRniSnavs qalbatoni

202

mzia, – mravali mSobeli gadaarCina im saSineli codvis Cadenas,

romelsac TviTmkvleloba hqvia. axladSvilgardacvlil mSoblebs,

romlebic ganadgurebulebi, imeddakargulebi modian sionSi SabaTis

wirvaze, sadac isini nugeSiniscemulni arian saRvTo madliT, siTboTi da

siyvaruliT. bevr maTgans Tavidan arc esmis, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania

wirva-locvaSi monawileobis miReba, magram RvTis wyalobiT isini

TandaTanobiT Tavadac iwyeben eklesiur cxovrebas.“[43, 13].

uwmidesma da unetaresma umZimesi piradi tragediiT sulSeZrul da

amqveyniur cxovrebaze xelCaqneul araerTi adamians daubruna cxovrebis

survili. mravalricxovani samadlobeli werilebidan msaxiob gogi

xarabaZis werili uwmidesisa da unetaresisadmi mkafiod aCvenebs

Svilgardacvlil mSobelTa saocar siTbosa da madlierebas eris

sulieri winamZRolisadmi: `iseTi saocari adamianebis garemocvaSi

aRmovCndi im saRamos sionis sakaTedro taZarSi, rom yvelaze urwmuno

Tomac ki aRiarebda RmerTis arsebobas. 7 aprils, xarebas, Tqveno

uwmidesobav, kidev erTxel magrZnobineT, ra araCveulebrivi qveynis

Svili var, qveynisa, romlis sulieri mamac Tqven brZandebiT. gmadlobT

rwmenisaTvis. gmadlobT adamianuri TanadgomisaTvis.~[27, 10486].

afxazeTSi daRupuli erovnuli gmiris _ Jiuli Sartavas deda,

qalbatoni nino (fenia) daraselia-Sartava uwmidesisa da unetaresi ilia

II-sadmi gagzavnil samadlobel werilSi aRniSnavs: `xalxis msaxurebis

gza ekliania, magram amdenad Seufasebelia saqarTvelos patriarqis

Rvawli sruliad saqarTvelosa da piradad Cveni ojaxis winaSe. dRes,

marTalia, fizikurad dauZlurebulni, magram sulierad gaZlierebulni,

vavedrebT ufals saqarTvelos da mis saWeTmpyrobels sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs ilia II-s, madloba ufals, madloba

patriarqs yvelafrisaTvis! Uufalma didxans acocxlos Cveni

saTayvanebeli qarTveli eris mama, eris imedi, uwmidesi da unetaresi

Cveni patriarqi~[43, 20].

uwmidesi da unetaresi saocar yuradRebas, siTbosa da siyvaruls

Tanabrad unawilebs yvelas, maT Soris uZReb Svilebsac, da WeSmariti

qristianuli cxovrebis magaliTs aZlevs sazogadoebas. igi sulieri

simtkicisaken mouwodebs maT da afrTxilebs: `icodeT, Semoqmedi imaze

mZime jvars ar gargunebT, risi tarebac Tqven ar SegiZliaT. simSvidiTa

203

da simdabliT miiReT cxovrebis tvirTi da mudam gaxsovdeT, yvelaze

metad suls sWirdeba gafrTxileba: masze Zvirfasi ara aris ra

kacisaTvis. igi gansazRvravs Cveni maradiuli sikvdil–sicocxlis

sakiTxs.“[30, 367].

X. erisa da eklesiis interesebis sadarajoze

`mkacri iSviaTad var, magram, Tu es Seexeba samSoblosa da

eklesiis beds, Seuvali vxdebi. RvTisa da eris moRalates mkacri

sasjeli SemiZlia davado, amave dros, sul velodebi misgan sinanuls da,

Tu moinaniebs, mzad var yvelaferi vapatio~[30, 379], _ brZanebs uwmidesi

da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II.

mZime da sapasuxismgebloa eris sulieri winamZRoloba.

adamianebis umravlesoba garedan xedavs patriarqis saqmianobas.

patriarqi locvazea, patriarqi wiravs, taZarSi sazeimod imoseba,

zogierTs ainteresebs, oqrosia Tu ara patriarqis mitra, kverTxi...

204

uwmidesi grZnobs amas da gvafrTxilebs: ¬`rodesac Tanamedrove

istorikosebi da zogjer RvTismetyvelnic eklesiaze weren, ufro xSirad

mis garegnul mxareze amaxvileben yuradRebas an warsulis mixedviT

afaseben mis rols. eklesia gacilebiT ufro didia, vidre Cven

gvgonia~[30, 436].

misi uwmidesobis patriarqobis ocdaaTwliani xana, esaa xiluli

da uxilavi winaaRmdegobebis daZlevis periodi. 1977 wlis 25 dekembridan,

rodesac misma uwmidesobam sveticxovelSi ganacxada, rom Segnebuli

hqonda is sapatio movaleoba, romelic daakisra wmida taZris TaRebqveS

maRalma RmerTma, patriarqs erTi dRec ar hqonia mSvidi cxovreba.

sabWoTa imperiis mesveurni cdilobdnen eklesia xalxisgan mowyvetili

yofiliyo. saTqmelad advilia, sionis sapatriarqo taZars mrevli

moawydao, magram am Ziebis procesSi myof adamianebs mofereba,

gafrTxileba da WeSmarit marTlmadideblur RirebulebebTan ziareba

sWirdebodaT. xelisuflebas aRizianebda xalxis eklesiisaken

Semobruneba. rogorc misma uwmidesobam gaixsena, mas pirdapir uTxres,

rom iqneb umjobesi yofiliyo mxolod didi saeklesio dResaswaulebis

dros ewira sionSi. patriarqi ar dasTanxmda am winadadebas. misTvis

yvelaze rTuli iyo 1977 wlis 9 noembridan 25 dekembramde periodi.

rogori sisastikiT ibrZodnen mis winaaRmdeg, magram igi yovelTvis

simSvides inarCunebda. uwmidessa da unetaress sayveduric ki ar uTqvams

im adamianebisaTvis, romelTac usamarTlo ciliswamebiT guli atkines

mas; magram patriarqobis pirvelive dReebidanve igi mtkice da Seuvali

iyo erovnuli da saeklesio interesebis dacvaSi.

XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis axalgazrdoba, verc momdevno Taoba

siRrmiseulad ver gaiazrebs 60-80-iani wlebis sabWoTa politikuri

sistemis realobas. am dros bewvis xidze unda gevlo, raTa

SegenarCunebina Seni mrwamsi, gebrZola mrevlTan misasvlel gzebze

xelisuflebisagan Seqmnil dabrkolebaTa gadasalaxavad.

uwmidesisa da unetaresi ilia II-is mzardma avtoritetma

oficialuri xelisufleba SeaSfoTa. maT daiwyes eklesiis SigniT

dasayrdeni Zalis Zieba, raTa Sidasaeklesio areulobiT eklesiis mimarT

sazogadoebis undobloba gamoewviaT. amas emsaxureboda 1982-1983 wlebis

sazogadoebisaTvis naklebad cnobili movlenebi, rodesac arnaxuli

Seteva daiwyo saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

winaaRmdeg. saqarTvelos partiuli xelmZRvanelobis mier miRebuli

dadgenileba `mavne tradiciebisa da wes-CveulebaTa winaaRmdeg brZola~

faqtobrivad erovnuli da sarwmunoebrivi interesebis winaaRmdeg iyo

mimarTuli. am brZolas Seewira ramdenime maRali ierarqic.

patriarqi Cveuli sibrZniTa da SeupovrobiT nabij-nabij zrdida

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis avtoritets.

oficialuri xelisuflebis survili _ saqarTvelos eklesia Tavisi

politikuri interesebisaTvis gamoeyenebina _ uSedegod damTavrda.

1983 wels, moskovis miTiTebis Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi didi

zeimiT unda aReniSnaT georgievskis traqtatis 200 wlisTavi.

adgilobrivma xelisuflebam patriarqs mosTxova, saqarTvelos

samociqulo eklesiac gamoxmaureboda am mniSvnelovan TariRs. maSin

uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m miiRo gadawyvetileba, aReniSna

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis 1500, avtokefaliis aRdgenidan 65 da

Tavisi patriarqad aRsaydrebidan 5 wlisTavi. saqmeSi Cauxedavi zogierTi

pirovneba ki amtkicebda, TiTqos misi uwmidesoba gasuli saukunis 70-80-

205

ian wlebSi erideboda oficialur saero xelisuflebasTan

dapirispirebas. konfrontacia-dapirispireba ar aris misi uwmidesobis

cxovrebis wesi, magram 1980 wlis dasawyisSi uwmidesisa da unetaresis

ilia II-is werili, gagzavnili saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWos

maSindeli Tavmjdomaris zurab patariZisadmi, bevr kiTxvas scems pasuxs.

saqme exeba saero xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebas saqarTvelos eklesia-

monastrebSi sakoncerto RonisZiebebis Catarebis Sesaxeb.

`CvenTvis gaugebaria, _ werda uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II,_ ratom angariSi ar gauwies imas, rom SiomRvimis monasteri moqmedi

monasteria, am monasters hyavs winamZRvari da aq RvTismsaxureba ar

Sewyvetila; xom sakiTxavia, ra unda qarTul monasterSi orRans?.. gadavavloT Tvali sxva taZrebis mdgomareobasac. metexis taZarSi, sadac

dakrZalulia wmida didmowame SuSaniki, axalgazrduli Teatria,

speqtaklebi da cekvebi imarTeba; biWvinTis didebul taZarSi, sadac iyo

kaTedra dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebisa, amJamad

orRania da koncertebi imarTeba; TbilisSi wmida nikolozis eklesia

sakoncerto darbazadaa qceuli; anCisxatis sapatriarqo taZarSi

saxelosnoa, naZaladevisDEiveriis RvTismSoblis eklesiaSi abanoa,

wyneTis eklesiaSi _ puris sacxobi. saqarTvelos qalaqebsa da raionebSi

mravali monasteri, eklesia gadaqceulia sawyobebad, saxalxo garTobisa

da dasasvenebel adgilebad. msoflioSi Znelad moiZebneba iseTi qveyana,

sadac ase upativcemulod epyrobian uZveles siwmideebs. xom

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom es eklesia-monastrebi Cvenma winaprebma

salocavad aaSenes da ara gasarTob adgilebad... Cven sinanuliT

mivstiriT aTonis iverTa monasters, ierusalimis jvris monasters im

dros, rodesac saqarTveloSi arsebul taZrebsa da monastrebs udierad

veqceviT... me, rogorc sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi,

valdebuli var RvTisa da eris winaSe, vTqva gulwrfeli, gulmarTali

sityva am uaRresad didi da sulierad faqizi saqmis Sesaxeb~[27, 6578].

1983 wlis 18 noembers qarTvel axalgazrdebs (soso wereTels,

Zmeb iverielebs, gega kobaxiZes, daviT miqaberiZes), romelTac sabWoTa

sinamdvilisadmi protestis niSnad Tbilisis aeroportidan scades

TviTmfrinavis gataceba da ucxoeTSi gaqceva, sabWoTa sasamarTlom

ulmobeli ganaCeni gamoutana _ isini unda daexvritaT, maT Soris _

beTaniis monastris mRvdeli Teimuraz CixlaZe, romelic im

TviTmfrinavSi ar imyofeboda. oficialuri xelisufleba sainformacio

saSualebebis meSveobiT Seecada sazogadoebrivi azris Seqmnas daxvretis

muxlis mxardasaWerad, magram mecnierebisa da inteligenciis

warmomadgenlebma daiwyes xelmowerebis Segroveba axalgazrdebis

dasacavad. uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m 1984 wlis 14 agvistos

sagangebo weriliT mimarTa saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos

prezidiumis Tavmjdomares pavle gilaSvils: `saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis wmida sinodisa da Cemi saxeliT,

mogmarTavT TxovniT Tqven da prezidiumis wevrebs, SeiwyaloT da

sicocxle SeunarCunoT maT, vinc dakavSirebulni arian TviTmfrinavis

gatacebis mcdelobasTan~[27, 10708]; magram xelisuflebas sazogadoebis

daSinebis mizniT maTi daxvreta gadawyvetili hqonda da saswrafo wesiT

aRasrula ganaCeni.

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II Seuvali da mtkice iyo

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis eparqiebis aRorZinebis, axali

206

mRvdelTavrebis kurTxevis saqmeSi da ar iTvaliswinebda oficialuri

xelisuflebis `rekomendaciebs~.

dRes siamayiT vambobT, rom 1990 wels msoflio sapatriarqom

aRiara saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis istoriuli

avtokefalia, magram es iolad ar momxdara. 1977-1990 wlebSi stambulsa

da TbilisSi araerTi daZabuli molaparakeba gaimarTa. msoflio

sapatriarqos warmomadgenlebTan erT-erTi Sexvedris dros berZenma

mRvdelmTavrebma ganacxades, rom wmida mirons TavianTi xarjebiT

gamogzavnidnen xolme. patriarqi wamodga, misi saxe Seuvali gaxda. _

qarTveli xalxi aseT aRiarebas ar miiRebs, istoriis winaSe

pasuxismgeblobas, rom avtokefaliuri eklesia mirons

konstantinopolidan iRebs, veravin ikisrebs, _ ganacxada man.

patriarqi daemSvidoba msoflio sapatriarqos warmomadgenlebs...

SeTanxmeba ver Sedga. berZnebi wavidnen, aeroportidan darekes msoflio

sapatriarqoSi da saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

meTauris poziciis Sesaxeb moaxsenes. msoflio sapatriarqo iZulebuli

gaxda daeTmo da mieRo saqarTvelos eklesiis mier wamoyenebuli

pirobebi.

XX saukunis 80-90-iani wlebidan saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-

politikurma cxovrebam didi gamocda mouwyo rogorc mTel ers, aseve

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesias. 1989 wlis 9 aprils saqarTvelo iyo

erTiani da diadi. marTalia, mTavrobis sasaxlesTan sisxli daiRvara,

magram zneobrivad amaRlebulma qarTvelma erma daamarcxa sabWoTa

imperia. verc komendantis saaTi da verc Tbilisis quCebSi mogriale

tankebi veRar SeaCerebdnen qarTveli xalxis swrafvas Tavisuflebisa da

damoukideblobisaken.

samwuxarod, qarTvelTa es erToba didxans ar gagrZelebula.

Tavi iCina piradma ambiciebma, Seqmnili viTarebis realurad

Seufaseblobis tendenciebma, gaCnda uamravi politikuri partia Tavisi

liderebiT, droSebiTa da himnebiT. TiToeuli maTgani qarTvel xalxs

hpirdeboda sanukvar Tavisuflebas, ekonomikur saswaulebs, qveynis

demokratiuli mowyobis mravalferovan modelebs. politikur partiaTa

liderebisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis mxardaWerasa da keTilganwyobas.

politikur partiaTa liderebi xvdebodnen uwmidessa da unetares ilia

II-s, sakuTar Jurnal-gazeTebSi beWdavdnen uwmidesTan gadaRebul

fotoebs da cdilobdnen sazogadoeba daerwmunebinaT imaSi, rom

uwmidesi da unetaresi iwonebda maT programas. uwmidesi da unetaresi

ilia II mamaSvilurad ganumartavda maT, rom saqarTveloSi adgili ar

unda hqonoda dapirispirebas, rom partiebad qveynis dayofas kargad

gamoiyenebdnen damoukideblobisa da TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli

qarTveli xalxis mtrebi, rom TavisuflebisaTvis brZola unda

eyrdnobodes maRalzneobas da ara urTierTupativcemulobasa da

ciliswamebas, rom saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia

aris ara calkeuli partiebisa da pirovnebebis interesebis gamomxatveli,

aramed igi unda darCes qarTveli xalxis sulieri erTianobis simbolod,

rom eklesia arasodes ar unda Caerios wvrilman partiul

dapirispirebaSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom uwmidesisa da unetaresis am mkafio,

marTalma poziciam politikuri partiis bevri lideris gaRizianeba

gamoiwvia, drom daamtkica misi marTebuloba. uwmidesma da unetaresma

207

ilia II-m araerTxel mouwoda politikur partiaTa liderebs

urTierTpativiscemisa da Serigebisaken, gamoTqva mzadyofna maT Soris

molaparakebebis sapatriarqoSi Catarebisa, magram, samwuxarod,

saqarTvelo 1991-1992 wlebSi SidadapirispirebaTa da gare Zalebis

meSveobiT samoqalaqo omis qar-cecxlSi gaexvia. `ZmaTa sisxlisRvriT

gamowveuli tkivili bolomde gacnobierebuli ar aris, _ aRniSnavda misi

uwmidesoba, _ tragedia moxda, magram Seqmnili mdgomareobidan

gamosasvlel swor gzas ver vipoviT, Tu movlenebs miukerZoeblad ar

gavaanalizebT da yvelasTvis samwuxaro Sedegis mizezebs ar

aRmovfxvriT... eri daiyo qalaqebsa da soflebSi, samsaxurebSi, ojaxebSi...

mosaxleobis nawilis gaRizianeba gamovlinda eklesiis mimarTac. imis

nacvlad, rom eklesia TviTon daecvaT politikisagan da am mZime Jams

eris erTobis, mSvidobisa da keTildReobisaTvis aRevlinaT

gulmxurvale locva RvTisadmi, mas dapirispirebul mxareTa Soris

arCevanis gakeTeba mosTxoves. gana SeiZleba eklesia dadges politikis

gamo orad gaxleCili eris romelime mxares da Tavisi mxardaWeriT

misces moraluri ufleba eris erT nawils meoris gasanadgureblad?~[33,

I, 275].

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II mtkice, Seuvali da principuli

iyo ruseTis reaqciuli Zalebis mier afxazeTsa da Sida qarTlSi

inspirirebuli konfliqtebis SefasebaSi. im dros, rodesac saero

xelisufleba iaraRis ZaliT iqna damxobili, saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia iyo erTaderTi, romelic

gamoxatavda qarTveli eris sulier da politikur interesebs. patriarqma

sagangebo weriliT mimarTa gaeros generalur mdivans, msoflio

patriarqs, ruseTis prezidents, ruseTis patriarqs. man daufaravad

mianiSna ruseTis agresiaze axalgazrda, damoukidebeli qveynis mimarT

da, rogorc 1922 wels _ uwmidesma da unetaresma ambrosim, mouwoda

msoflio Tanamegobrobas, daxmarebodnen saqarTvelos. uwmidesma da

unetaresma ilia II-m saqarTveloSi XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi

datrialebuli movlenebiT SeZrwunebul Tanamemamuleebs am sityvebiT

mimarTa: `Cvens swrafad cvalebad da urTierTdapirispirebul droSi

kidev ufro kargad gamoCnda, rom eklesia aris is erTaderTi

gadamrCeneli xomaldi, romelsac Seswevs Zala, gadalaxos cxovrebis

gzis aboboqrebuli talRebi da napirze mSvidobiT migviyvanos~[30, 437].

uwmidesma da unetaresma 1993-2007 wlebSi kvlav imogzaura

saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi, Sexvda mosaxleobas, adgilobriv

inteligencias, sasuliero pirebs da mouwoda maT, rom arc erTi

politikuri gaerTianeba, ragind mimzidveli programac unda hqonoda, ar

daeyenebinaT qarTveli eris erTianobis interesebze maRla, rom is

gamocda, romlis winaSec ufalma qarTveli xalxi daayena, dafiqrebisa

da sulieri amaRlebis safuZveli unda gamxdariyo...

XX saukunis miwuruls saqarTveloSi mravlad arsebuli

arasamTavrobo organizaciebis nawilma aSkarad, daufaravad gailaSqra

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiis winaaRmdeg. am

organizaciaTa mravalricxovan Jurnal-gazeTebSi ibeWdeboda

publikaciebi, romelTa avtorebic amtkicebdnen, rom saqarTvelos

evropul sivrceSi integracias aferxebda saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesia, romelic, maTi azriT, Suasaukunoebrivi

tradiciebis damcveli iyo. am organizaciebma Seadgines saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis gaTanamedroveobis mravali

208

proeqti, scades eklesiis SigniT dasayrdenis mopoveba, daiwyes erovnuli

Rirebulebebis gamocxadeba CamorCenil azrovnebad. isini Cveni cxovrebis

yvela sferos liberalizacias moiTxovdnen. saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis pasuxi am gamowvevebze kargad

Cans uwmidesisa da unetaresi ilia II-is saaxalwlo, saaRdgomo da

saSobao epistoleebSi, sakvirao qadagebebSi. vinc guldasmiT gaecnoba

maT, dainaxavs 1990-2007 wlebis saqarTvelos politikuri, kulturuli da

sulieri cxovrebis obieqtur suraTs. `zogierTs iqneb hgonia, rom

mociqulTa da wmida mamaTa mier dadgenili qristianuli Rirebulebani

drois Sesabamisad unda icvlebodes. aseTi adamianebi sulierebaSi

saerTod ver erkvevian da sarwmunoebas mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis

msgavsad ganixilaven. maT ar esmiT, rom marTlmadidebloba es aris

qristes eklesia dedamiwaze, qristes eklesia ki aris suliwmidis madliT

ganaxlebuli sicocxle qristesTan da qristeSi~[30, 435], _ werda misi

uwmidesoba.

gasaocari iyo eklesiis arakeTilmosurneTa aqtiuroba 2002-2004

wlebSi, gansakuTrebiT _ samebis sakaTedro taZris gaxsnis win. mavanni

amtkicebdnen, rom ekonomikurad SeWirvebul saqarTveloSi

mizanSeuwoneli iyo aseTi grandiozuli masStabis taZris mSenebloba.

cnobismoyvare Jurnalistebi patriarqs sTxovdnen, gamoeTqva Tavisi azri

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis mimarT kritikulad

ganwyobil pirTa Sesaxeb. patriarqma mSvidad, RimiliT upasuxa maT _

samebis sakaTedro taZris gaxsna yvela kiTxvaze pasuxs gascemso. igi arc

Semcdara. 2004 wlis 23 noembers, wmida giorgobis dResaswaulze,

saocari sanaxavi iyo saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi. saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis yvela moqmedi eparqiidan

aTasobiT morwmune, eparqiis mRvdelmTavrebisa da samRvdeloebis

TanxlebiT, wmida xatebiTa da saeklesio droSebiT elias mTaze wmida

samebis sakaTedro taZris gaxsnaze miiCqaroda. mravalricxovani

morwmuneni iyvnen mcxeTa-Tbilisis eparqiis eklesiebidanac. samebis

sakaTedro taZris ezosa da SemogarenSi asi aTasamde adamiani Seikriba.

es iyo saukeTeso pasuxi eklesiis arakeTilmosurneTa mimarT.

prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma daufaravad aRniSna, rom man TviTon naxa

im gegmaTa monaxazi, romelic saqarTvelos eklesiis daSlas

iTvaliswinebda da, rogorc qveynis prezidentma, uwmidessa da unetares

ilia II-s sruli mxardaWera gamoucxada.

uwmidesi da unetaresi Tavisufali azrovnebiTa da qceviT

gatacebulebs Seaxsenebs: `saxelmwifoebrivi azrovneba, upirveles

yovlisa, RirsebiTa da pasuxismgeblobiT xasiaTdeba. SeuZlebelia,

sazogadoebas Sinaganad ar surdes Tavisufleba da sxvaze

damokidebulebas amjobinebdes, SeuZlebelia, sazogadoebas ar hqondes

pasuxismgebloba winaprebisa da momavali Taobebis winaSe da man Seqmnas

raime Rirebuli; SeuZlebelia, ers ar hqondes sakuTari Rirsebis grZnoba

da aaSenos srulfasovani saxelmwifo~[30, 227]. uRirsebo eris damoneba

yvelaze advilia. saukuneTa manZilze mtrebi yovelTvis cdilobdnen,

qarTvel xalxSi CaeklaT erovnuli Rirsebis grZnoba, magram amas ver

axerxebdnen. ukiduresi gansacdelis Jams eris wiaRidan amoizardnen

zneobrivad da sulierad gautexeli gmirebi wmida SuSanikis, wmida mefe

arCilis, wmida aSot kurapalatis, wmida demetre Tavdadebulis, wmida

cotne dadianis, wmida beri Tevdores, wmida luarsab II-is, wmida qeTevan

dedoflis, wmida ilia marTlis, wmida kirionis, wmida ambrosi

209

aRmsareblisa da sxvaTa saxiT, romelTa mowamebrivi cxovreba iyo

qarTveli xalxis erovnuli Rirsebis dacvisa da sulieri simtkicis

diadi magaliTi.

XX saukunis bolosa da XXI saukunis dasawyisis

saqarTvelosaTvis aqtualuria sakiTxi, rogor ipovos Tavisi adgili

msoflio TanamegobrobaSi. uwmidesi da unetaresi afrTxilebs

sazogadoebis im nawils, romelsac uyvars sakuTaris uaryofis xarjze

sxvisi mibaZva: `postimperiul sazogadoebaSi xSir SemTxvevaSi uCndebaT

arasrulfasovnebis gancda, rac maT damoukideblobis mopovebis nacvlad

xSirad axali `keTili¬ batonis~ Ziebisaken ubiZgebs. amas SeiZleba

pirobiTad provincializmi vuwodoT, roca arasrulfasovnebis gancdis

gamo xdeba upirobo aRiareba sxvisi primatisa, maqsimaluri damsgavseba

da monuri ltolva misadmi, sakuTari faseulobebis ugulebelyofis

xarjze~[30, 427]. samwuxaroa, magram am saSiSroebis winaSe realurad

aRmoCnda qarTveli sazogadoeba. patriarqi Riad acxadebs: `Tu

pirovnebas, xalxs, saxelmwifos ara aqvs swori religiuri da erovnuli

ideologia, liberalizmi aucileblad mtrebis sasargeblod imuSavebs

da Sinaganad daangrevs qveyanas. is ubiZgebs sazogadoebas

fsevdodemokratiisa da cru Tavisuflebisaken, gaaufasurebs erovnul

Rirebulebebs, daarRvevs formasa da Sinaarss sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebisas~[30, 426].

Cveni sazogadoeba imdenad gaitaca evroamerikul procesebSi

integraciis propagandam, rom, Cvenda samarcxvinod, dagvaviwyda ilia

WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, vaJa-fSavelas, iakob gogebaSvilis saiubileo

TariRebi. arc marabdoba, arc didgoroba, arc krwanisoba gvaxsovs.

saskolo da sauniversiteto programebidan da saxelmZRvaneloebidan

TandaTan qreba sulieri da zneobrivi Rirebulebebis mqone masala,

romelic erovnul siamayesa da qarTvelobas aRvivebda axalgazrdobaSi.

es im dros, rodesac Cveni mezoblebisaTvis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi

ideologia imas efuZneba, ris daviwyebasac Cven vcdilobT. uwmidesi da

unetaresi ilia II gvafrTxilebs: `rogorc adamianisaTvis miwieri

survilebiT gataceba aris didi codva da uazroba, aseve uazrobaa

saxelmwifo interesebis Semofargvla marto yofiTi problemebiTa da

miwieri sakiTxebiT. Tu xelisuflebas surs, ar Caeflos amaoebis WaobSi

da ar unda, sazogadoebis wevrebi gawiros umizno yofisaTvis, mas

yovelTvis da yovel saqmeSi caTa sasufeveli unda hqondes da yvelgan

da yvelaferSi qristianuli cxovrebis wesis damkvidrebas unda

cdilobdes. aseTi saxelmwifoa sicocxlisunariani, suliT Zlieri da

gautexeli. aucilebelia, rom saqarTvelom, rogorc Zvelma qristianulma

saxelmwifom, ixelmZRvanelos qristianuli eTikiT da aaSenos erovnuli

saxelmwifo Cvens tradiciebsa da marTlmadideblur sarwmunoebaze

dayrdnobiT~[30, 426].

erovnuli saxelmwifos aSeneba, erovnulobis, qristianuli

cxovrebis wesis damkvidrdeba garegnul efeqtebs gamodevnebiT

SeuZlebelia. yvelafer amas didi nebisyofa da sulieri simaRle

sWirdeba. sazogadoebis arc erTi wevri Tavs damcirebulad, usasood ar

unda grZnobdes. uwmidesi da unetaresi brZanebs: `imis saSiSroebac

aSkaraa, rom Cveni mTavari yuradReba mipyrobilia teqnikuri, ekonomikuri

da finansuri efeqtebis miRwevaze, urTierTobis zneobrivi mxare ki

sruliad daviwyebulia, ufro metad, lamis iZulebiT xdeba zneobriobis

gadagvareba, es ki sulieri da fizikuri ganadgurebis realur safrTxes

210

qmnis. RmerTi namdvilad ar gvapatiebs TavaSvebuli cxovrebis wesis

damkvidrebas da es yvelam unda gaiTavisos~[30, 431]. patriarqi im

adamianTa sayuradRebod, visac saqarTvelos eklesiis daSla-danawevreba

surT, acxadebs, rom eklesia Seuvalia da amaoa maTi imedebi, vinc amaze

ocnebobs.

erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi da saeklesio interesebi eris

sulieri winamZRolis did sifxizlesa da yuradRebas moiTxovs. uwmidesi

da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi brZeni

winamZRolia. yvela qarTvelma unda daimaxsovros misi sityvebi: `me

vafrTxileb Cvens xalxs, Cvens morwmuneT: iyaviT dakvirvebulni da

yuradRebianebi, nu dakargavT WeSmaritebas, nu dakargavT Cvens

sarwmunoebas, Cvens erovnul Rirebulebebs. miwier sacdurze nu

gavcvliT maradiul cxovrebas, Torem mere gvin iqneba~[30, 435].

XI. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis

sapatriarqos samsaxurebi


avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg, 1917 wlis eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis

debulebis Tanaxmad, Seiqmna sakaTolikoso sabWo, romelic kaTolikos-

patriarqis TavmjdomareobiT yovelkvireul sxdomebze ixilavda

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis saWirboroto

sakiTxebs. sakaTolikoso sabWos wevrebi (sul 11 kaci) iyvnen rogorc

sasuliero, ise saero pirebi. sakaTolikoso sabWos garda muSaobda

sakaTolikoso sasamarTlo, romelsac, sruliad saqarTvelos

211

kaTolikos-patriarqis TavmjdomareobiTa da saero da saeklesio

samarTlis cnobili specialistebis monawileobiT, gamohqonda

gadawyvetilebani. sapatriarqoSi iyo sakaTolikoso kancelaria, Jurnal

`sveticxovlis~¬ redaqcia.

saqarTvelos sapatriarqos samsaxurebis saqmianoba SeizRuda 1921

wlis Semdeg. 1923 wels saokupacio xelisuflebam saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesias oficialurad CamoarTva

sapatriarqo rezidencia. am dros saqarTvelos eklesias aseve

CamorTmeuli hqonda iuridiuli piris statusi. 1927 wlidan gauqmda

sakaTolikoso sabWo, ufro adre _ sakaTolikoso sasamarTlo.

sapatriarqoSi Seiqmna patriarqis sameurneo-safinanso TanaSemwis _

qorepiskoposis _ samsaxuri. sakaTolikoso sabWo Secvala sasinodo

plenumma, romelic 1932 wlidan kaTolikosis Tanai sinodad gardaiqmna,

XX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan ki mas wmida sinodi ewoda. saqarTvelos

sapatriarqoSi aRar funqcionirebda arc erTi samsaxuri. xelisuflebam

moaxerxa eklesiis sazogadoebisagan izolacia. sapatriarqo darCa

kaTolikos-patriarqis, misi TanaSemwisa da qorepiskoposis amara. XX

saukunis 70-ian wlebSi uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarqi efrem II gulistkiviliT aRniSnavda, rom

saxelmwifo-safinanso struqturebis sagadasaxado politikis wyalobiT

yvela samsaxuri upatronod darCa da ise Cans, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos

likvidaciamde erTi nabijiRa darCao.

1977 wels, rodesac uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II gaxda, man miznad daisaxa

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis sapatriarqo

struqturebis Seqmna, romlebic dakompleqtebuli iqneboda morwmune da

profesionali adamianebiT. 1979 wels sapatriarqoSi funqconirebda: 1.

sagareo saqmeTa sammarTvelo, 2. saSinao saqmeTa sammarTvelo, 3.

saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sammarTvelo, 4. saeklesio nagebobaTa,

arqiteqturul-saremonto da bunebis dacvis ganyofilebebi.


patriarqi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda sapatriarqos sagareo

ganyofilebas. am ganyofilebas mWidro kavSiri unda hqonoda qarTvel

mecnierebTan, unda moegvarebina msoflios marTlmadidebeli eklesiebis

meTaurTa saqarTveloSi vizitebis detalebi, Seedgina kaTolikos-

patriarqis ucxoeTSi vizitis samuSao grafiki. 1977-2007 wlebSi

sapatriarqos sagareo ganyofilebas xelmZRvanelobdnen: mitropoliti

nikolozi (maxaraZe), mitropoliti daviTi (Wkadua), mitropoliti daviTi

(maxaraZe), mitropoliti abraami (garmelia). amJamad ganyofilebis

xelmZRvanelia mitropoliti gerasime (SaraSeniZe).

XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos sapatriarqos saxeliT

yovelwliurad ibeWdeboda mxolod saeklesio kalendari, magram,

uwmidesisa da unetaresis RvawliT, SesaZlebeli gaxda saeklesio

Jurnalis, saRvTismsaxuro da saeklesio wignebis Zveli qarTuli

xelnawerebis mixedviT momzadeba da gamocema, sxvadasxva enidan

aucilebeli sasuliero literaturis Targmna. yovelive es did muSaobas

moiTxovda. uwmidesis locva-kurTxeviT, sapatriarqoSi funqcionirebs

sagamomcemlo ganyofileba (gamge profesori gvanca koplataZe),

saRvTismsaxuro wignebis Seswavlisa da redaqtirebis komisia

(Tavmjdomare mitropoliti iobi (aqiaSvili)), gamomcemlobisa da

saRvTismetyvelo wignebis recenzirebis departamenti (Tavmjdomare

212

mitropoliti grigoli (berbiWaSvili)). sapatriarqos egidiT ibeWdeba

mravalferovani sasuliero literatura dogmatikis, saeklesio kanonikis,

RvTismetyvelebis, saeklesio samarTlis sakiTxebze.

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis miwuruls, uwmidesisa da unetaresis

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-is locva-

kurTxeviT, sasuliero pirTa da mecnierTa jgufma Seadgina wmida ninos

saqarTveloSi Semosvlis marSruti faravnis tbidan mcxeTamde. am

marSrutiT momlocvelebma daiwyes mogzauroba. isini sasuliero

pirebTan erTad xvdebian ninowmidis, axalqalaqis, axalcixis, borjomis,

xaSuris, qarelis, goris, kaspis, mcxeTis raionebis mosaxleobas,

esaubrebian saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoriaze, wmida ninos

mociqulebriv Rvawlze. maTi meSveobiT mravali adamiani moinaTla,

daubrunda dedaeklesias. uwmidesi da unetaresi momlocvelebs

sveticxovelSi xvdeba 1 ivniss da maT samaxsovro saCuqrebiT ajildoebs.

momlocvelebi aseve mogzauroben wmida andria pirvelwodebulis gzaze

didaWaridan awyuramde. sapatriarqos misiisa da evangelizaciis

ganyofileba, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs mitropoliti danieli

(daTuaSvili), koordinacias uwevs maT saqmianobas. uwmidesis locva-

kurTxeviT sapatriarqoSi Seqmnili momlocvelobis samsaxuri (gamge

arqidiakoni demetre daviTaSvili) awyobs qarTvel morwmuneTa

organizebul gasvlebs sazRvargareTis qarTul siwmideTa mosalocad.

1987-2007 wlebSi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis mier wmindanad Seiracxa araerTi gamoCenili saeklesio da

saero moRvawe. wmindanad ama Tu im pirovnebis Seracxvas win didi

samuSaoebi uZRvis. wyaroebis, literaturis, saeklesio kanonikis

Sejerebis safuZvelze Tavidan iwereba misi biografia, romelSic

mkafiod unda Candes pirovnebis damsaxureba eklesiisa da eris winaSe,

misi sulieri cxovrebis detalebi. yovelive amas warmatebiT asrulebs

sapatriarqos wmindanTa kanonizaciis komisia, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs

mitropoliti danieli (daTuaSvili).

jer kidev 1970-ian wlebSi istoriul da kulturul

memkvidreobaTa dacvis mizniT saqarTveloSi funqcionirebda ZeglTa

dacvis komiteti, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda profesori irakli

ciciSvili. am komitetma araerTi monastris restavracia SeZlo, magram

oficialuri xelisuflebisaTvis eklesia-monastrebs mxolod

kulturuli memkvidreobis mniSvneloba hqonda da xSir SemTxvevaSi

ewinaaRmdegeboda aRdgenil eklesia-monastrebSi RvTismsaxurebis

Catarebas. gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebidan daiwyo eklesia-monastrebis

sapatriarqosaTvis dabrunebis rTuli procesi, Seudgnen axali

eklesiebis mSeneblobas. Seqmnili viTareba moiTxovda sapatriarqosTan

xuroTmoZRvrebis, xelovnebisa da restavraciis centris Seqmnas,

romelic saeklesio kanonikis dacviT warmarTavda am process. uwmidesisa

da unetaresis locva-kurTxeviT, centris xelmZRvanelad dainiSna

mitropoliti daviTi (maxaraZe). jer kidev 1957 wels sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis

melqisedek III-isadmi gamogzavnil werilSi zagorskis sasuliero

akademiis I kursis studenti ilia SiolaSvili saWirod miiCnevda xalxSi

gabneuli saeklesio siwmideebis Segrovebas da, saeklesio muzeumis

Seqmnas. uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m sapatriarqoSi Seqmna

siwmideebis moZiebisa da dacvis ganyofileba, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs

mTavarepiskoposi elise (joxaZe).

213

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs mravalsaukunovani qarTuli

saeklesio galobis Seswavlis, dacvisa da RvTismsaxurebis dros misi

gamoyenebis sakiTxebs. 1977 wlidan saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiaSi

aRdga qarTuli tradiciuli galoba. uwmidesi da unetaresi araerTi

qarTuli sagaloblis avtoria. sapatriarqoSi funqcionirebs

samgaloblo centri, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs axalcixis, tao-

klarjeTisa da lazeTis mitropoliti Teodore (WuaZe). patriarqis

locva-kurTxeviT, 2006 wlidan amoqmedda galobis umaRlesi skola,

romelsac xelmZRvanelobs cnobili lotbari anzor erqomaiSvili. bolo

xans saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis sasuliero da saero pirTa

erTma jgufma scada berZnul erTxmian samgaloblo melodiebze agebuli

qarTuli galobis Semotana. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis wmida sinodma amgvari eqperimenti miuReblad miiCnia. uwmidesma

da unetaresma amasTan dakavSirebiT mkafiod Camoayaliba Tavisi pozicia

da ganacxada, rom es aris Seuracxyofa qarTuli galobisa da qarTuli

tradiciebisa, mamebisa da Cveni warsulisa. Mmisma uwmidesobam 2003 wlis

14 Tebervals berZen musikaTmcodne grigorius staTisTan Sexvedraze

aRniSna: “vfiqrob, rom berZnuli musikis qarTul sityvebze galoba cota

uxerxulia. Cven did pativs vcemT saerTod bizantiur musikas, magram

yvela ers Tavisi galoba da Tavisi tradiciebi aqvs.”

mravalxmiani unikaluri qarTuli galobis SenarCuneba da

ganviTareba uwmidesisa da unetaresis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli.

sapatriarqoSi funqcionirebs gamwvanebisa da ekologiis

departamenti, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs mTavarepiskoposi saba

(gigiberia). sapatriarqoSi funqcionirebs agreTve agrosamrewvelo

departamenti, romelsac arqimandriti miqael gabriWiZe xelmZRvanelobs.

sapatriarqos aRniSnul samsaxurebs mWidro urTierToba aqvT garemos

dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministrosTan. eklesia zrunavs

saqarTvelos unikaluri florisa da faunis dasacavad.

saqarTvelos sapatriarqos SeiaraRebul ZalebTan da

samarTaldamcav dawesebulebebTan urTierTobis ganyofileba

(xelmZRvaneli dekanozi zaqaria maCitaZe) koordinacias uwevs

SeiaraRebul ZalebSi saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis sulieri

Svilebis qristianul cxovrebas, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis dislokaciis

adgilebSi sasuliero pirTa saqmianobas. msjavrdebulebTan urTierTobis

ganyofileba, dekanoz giorgi TevdoraSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT,

sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebebSi msjavrdebulebTan agzavnis

sasuliero pirebs aRsarebisa da ziarebis mosurneTa sulieri

moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. uwmidesi da unetaresi TviTonac

sistematurad dabrZandeba sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebebSi, xvdeba

msjavrdebulebs. Mmas miaCnia, rom sasjelaRsrulebis adgilebSi iseTi

pirobebi unda iyos, rom msjavrdebuls saSualeba mieces, daufiqrdes

Cadenil danaSauls, moinanios da ifiqros gamosworebaze. uwmidesi da

unetaresi ilia II Tvlis, rom am bolo dros farTod gavrcelebuli

daavadeba _ narkomania _ adamianSi cxovrebis siZneleebis SiSiTa da

amqveyniuri problemebisagan ganridebis surviliT aris gamowveuli.

patriarqis iniciativiT, sapatriarqoSi araerTi Sexvedra gaimarTa

narkomaniis winaaRmdeg brZolis problemebze.

sapatriarqoSi funqcionirebs safinanso-ekonomiuri sabWo

(Tavmjdomare dekanozi zaqaria maCitaZe), xalxuri rewvis ganyofileba

214

(ufrosi eliso arabuli), sapatriarqos biblioTeka (xelmZRvaneli

monazoni nino grigolaZe), saeklesio xelovnebis centri (xelmZRvaneli

profesori zaza sxirtlaZe), sainformacio samsaxuri (Tavmjdomare

mitropoliti dimitri SiolaSvili). uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs

axalgazrdobasTan urTierTobas, momavali Taobis marTlmadidebluri

rwmeniTa da sulierebiT aRzrdas. am amocanis warmatebiT Sesrulebas

emsaxureba sapatriarqos axalgazrdobis sulieri da inteleqtualuri

ganviTarebis centri (Tavmjdomare episkoposi stefane kalairjiSvili),

axalgazrduli centri `Zlevai~ (xelmZRvaneli konstantine svaniZe).

sapatriarqos sasuliero saswavleblebs, skola-liceumebsa da gimnaziebs

xelmZRvanelobs sapatriarqos saswavlo komiteti (Tavmjdomare

protopresviteri giorgi gamrekeli). sapatriarqosTan arsebobs

socialuri dacvis uzrunvelyofisa da janmrTelobis dacvis

departamenti (Tavmjdomare iRumeni adam axalaZe), romelic exmareba

SeWirvebul adamianebs. sapatriarqos arqivs xelmZRvanelobs mzia kacaZe.

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs organizaciuli sakiTxebis

mogvarebaSi exmarebian: qorepiskoposi _ mitropoliti Teodore (WuaZe),

kaTolikos-patriarqis mdivani _ dekanozi miqael botkoveli, kaTolikos-

patriarqis mdivan-referenti Sorena TeTruaSvili, kancelariis gamge

ioane gagua. sapatriarqos prescentri (xelmZRvaneli dekanozi daviT

SaraSeniZe) uwmidessa da unetaresTan SeTanxmebiT sazogadoebas acnobs

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis wmida sinodis,

uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis

pozicias qveynis mniSvnelovan politikur-ekonomikur da sulier

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.

saqarTvelos sapatriarqos samsaxurebis gamarTuli,

SeTanxmebuli saqmianoba saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis warmatebis safuZvelia.

XII. patriarqi

a) urTierToba politikur da religiur liderebTan, sazogado

moRvaweebTan

uwmidessa da unetaress, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

patriarqs ilia II-s Tavisi sasuliero moRvaweobis naxevarsaukunovan

istoriaSi saintereso Sexvedrebi hqonda msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis

politikur moRvaweebTan, religiur liderebTan. 1977 wels saqarTvelos

sapatriarqos sagareo ganyofilebis Tavmjdomare, cxum-afxazeTis

215

mitropoliti ilia deliSi Sexvda indoeTis respublikis prezidents _

Sri faxrudan ali axmeds da premier-ministrs _ indira gandis. Aam

Sexvedraze indoeTis xelmZRvanelobam pirvelad miiRo vrceli

informacia sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali erT-erTi respublikis _

saqarTvelos, misi istoriis, kulturisa da religiuri aRmsareblobis

Sesaxeb.

1988 wlis aprilSi saqarTveloSi stumrad myofma amerikis

SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo mdivanma jorj Sulcma survili

gamoTqva, Sexvedroda sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs.

sionis sapatriarqo taZarSi misi uwmidesoba gulTbilad miesalma

sapatio stumars, ganumarta saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis roli da

mniSvneloba. Tavis mxriv, amerikis saxelmwifo mdivanma ganacxada: `is

miznobrivi roli, romelic saqarTvelos eklesiam Seasrula qarTuli

kulturis, enisa da sulis amaRlebasa da ganmtkicebaSi, namdvilad

STambeWdavia.~[34, 1988, 22, 17].

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II 1991 wels TbilisSi Sexvda da

esaubra amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis eqsprezidents riCard niqsons,

1995 wels Sexvda rumineTis prezidents ion ilieskus, 1996 wels _

germaniis federaciuli respublikis prezidents roman hercogs. Mmisi

uwmidesoba 1993 wels TbilisSi Sexvda ruseTis federaciis prezidents

boris elcins, xolo 2005 wels moskovSi _ prezident vladimer putins.

ruseTis xelmZRvanelebTan Sexvedrebis dros misi uwmidesoba xazgasmiT

aRniSnavda, rom ruseT-saqarTvelos saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierToba

unda emyarebodes urTierTpativiscemasa da teritoriuli mTlianobis

upirobo aRiarebas. 1995 wels patriarqma Tavis rezidenciaSi umaspinZla

ukrainis prezident leonid kuCmas, xolo 2006 wels _ prezident viqtor

iuSCenkos. uwmidesi da unetaresi araerTxel Sexvedria Aazerbaijanis

respublikis prezidentebs: heidar alievsa da ilxam alievs.

1995 wels uwmidessa da unetares ilia II-s Sexvedra hqonda

saberZneTis mefe konstantinesTan. Ppatriarqma am Sexvedras istoriuli

uwoda: `TiTqos aRdga 1000 wlis winandeli tradicia, roca bizantiis

imperatorebi ewveodnen xolme saqarTvelos da Cveni mefeebi Cadiodnen

saberZneTSi. Tqvens vizitSi Cven vxedavT niSans RvTis didi gangebisa da

amitomac fsalmunis sityvebiT vambobT: `ese ars dRe, romel qmna

ufalman, vixarebdeT da viSuebdeT amas Sina~. Tqvenma CamobrZanebam

saqarTvelos miwaze warsul saukuneTa sunTqva moitana da gagvaxsena

Cveni qveynebis urTierTobebTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi.~[30, 354].

uwmidesi da unetaresi erevansa da TbilisSi araerTxel Sexvda

somxeTis parlamentis spikers Kkaren demirWians, somxeTis respublikis

prezidentebs: leon ter-petrosiansa da robert qoCarians. Aam

Sexvedrebze ganxiluli iyo qarTul-somxuri urTierTobis sakiTxebi.

uwmidesi da unetaresi 2000 wlis dekemberSi, wmida miwaze

qristeSobis dResaswaulis aRniSvnis dros, Sexvda palestinis

ganTavisuflebis organizaciis Tavmjdomares iasir arafats. 2001 wels

iranis islamuri respublikis prezident muhamed haTamTan Sexvedrisas

misma uwmidesobam aRniSna: `saqarTvelo-iranis urTierTobis fesvebi

Zveli welTaRricxvis Soreuli warsulidan iwyeba. im uZvelesi droidan

XIX saukunemde ar damcxrala dapirispireba Cvens qveynebs Soris. irani

iyo saxelmwifo, romelsac yovelTvis surda, Tavis mflobelobaSi

hqonoda Cveni miwa-wyali da am miznis misaRwevad mkveTr nabijebs dgamda.

miuxedavad uricxvi Semosevisa, qarTveli xalxi bolomde ar gamtydara

216

da mravalgzis darbeuli da ganadgurebuli, Semdeg ki feniqsiviT

aRmdgari, kvlav iwyebda brZolas damoukideblobisaTvis~[30, 286].

uwmidesma da unetaresma gamoTqva rwmena, rom XXI saukuneSi or

gansxvavebuli politikuri da religiuri sistemis qveyanas Soris

SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda urTierTTanamSromloba da urTierTpativiscema.

2001 wels uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II axali iustinianesa da sruliad kviprosis

mTavarepiskopos qrizostomosis miwveviT imyofeboda kviprosSi da Sexvda

kviprosis respublikis prezidents. Uuwmidesi da unetaresi qarTveli

xalxis saxeliT miesalma mas da brZana: `Cven didi siyvaruliT CamovediT

Tqvens brwyinvale qveyanaSi da gvaqvs survili, gavagrZeloT saukuneTa

manZilze arsebuli Zmuri urTierToba. Kkviprosis siwmideebsa da

eklesia-monastrebs did pativs scemdnen Cveni mefeebi da didebulebi,

amitomac xSirad exmarebodnen. amasTan, qarTvelebic mravlad

cxovrobdnen aq. maT kolonia hqondaT niqoziaSi, ramdenime monasteri _

alamanis raionSi, maT Soris _ Ralias, igive Jalias eklesia, romelic

ganamSvena da Seamko Tamar mefem. Cveni ori qveynis istoriaSi

gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia kikos monasters. Aaq dResac daculia

didebulTagan Sewiruli saeklesio nivTebi, maT Soris _ erekle

mefiseuli cnobili dafarna, romelic saxes ufaravda yovladwmida

RvTismSoblis luka maxarebliseul xats~[30, 253].

Uuwmidessa da unetaress Sexvedrebi hqonda safrangeTis ekonomikisa

da finansebis ministr fransua Jiskar de stenTan, germaniis sagareo

saqmeTa ministr klarus kinkelTan, evrogaerTianebis komisar torben

xoliosTan, saqarTveloSi akreditebul ucxoeTis saxelmwifoTa

elCebTan. Aam Sexvedrebis dros uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi da erovnuli mniSvnelobis, msoflio

globaluri politikis problemebs ixilavda. Mmisi uwmidesobis

daxvewil diplomatias, movlenebis swor xedvas erTxmad aRniSnavdnen

xolme Sexvedridan gamosuli stumrebi.

Ppatriarqobis ocdaaTi wlis manZilze uwmidessa da unetares ilia

II-s urTierToba hqonda saqarTvelos mmarTvel politelitasTan. gasuli

saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi saqarTvelo, rogorc sabWoTa imperiis erT-

erTi mokavSire respublika, imarTeboda moskovis mier daniSnuli

adgilobrivi kompartiis centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivnebis

meSveobiT. 1972-1985 wlebSi saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri

komitetis pirveli mdivani iyo eduard SevardnaZe. Aim dros saqarTvelos

politikur xelmZRvanelobas mizanad hqonda dasaxuli, rom saqarTvelo

gadaeqciaT sayovelTao aTeizmis qveynad. bunebrivia, aseT viTarebaSi

axladarCeul patriarqsa da saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri

komitetis pirvel mdivans Soris urTierToba sakmaod rTuli iqneboda.

e.ESevardnaZe ise gadaiyvanes moskovSi sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa

ministrad, rom erTxelac ar Sexvedria sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarqs.

1978 wlis oqtomberSi z. faliaSvilis saxelobis operisa da

baletis saxelmwifo akademiur TeatrSi Catarda wmida SuSanikis wamebis

daweridan 1500 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo sxdoma. sxdomis

prezidiumSi miwveul iyvnen partiisa da sabWoTa organoebis maSindeli

xelmZRvanelebi, mecnierebi. sxdomas eswreboda uwmidesi da unetaresi

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II. es iyo misi

epizoduri Sexvedra e. SevardnaZesTan. 1986 wels moskovis aeroportSi e.

217

SevardnaZe SemTxveviT Sexvda uwmidessa da unetares ilia II-s, xeli

CamoarTva da am sityvebiT mimarTa: `me vamayob TqveniT~. Tavis mxriv,

uwmidesma da unetaresma warmateba usurva mas da Seaxsena, sakuTari

samSoblo arasodes dagaviwydeso.

1985-1989 wlebSi saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis

pirveli mdivani iyo jumber patiaSvili. Ddrois es monakveTi sabWoTa

kavSirSi `perestroikis~ anu gardaqmnebisa da reformebis xanadaa

cnobili. Zirgamompali sabWoTa sistemis gadarCenis mcdeloba iyo

komunisturi partiis mier XX saukunis 20-70-ian wlebSi Cadenil

danaSaulTa monaniebis, Tavisufali, demokratiuli azrovnebis

damkvidrebisaken gadadgmuli nabijebi. Ooficialurma xelisuflebam

aRiara eklesiasTan damokidebulebaSi daSvebuli Secdomebi da sindisis

Tavisuflebis deklarirebuli aRiarebidan mis praqtikul

ganxorcielebas Seudga. gamartivda administraciuli wesiT daxuruli

eklesiebis oficialuri registracia da amoqmedeba. aseT viTarebaSi

sapatriarqosa da saero xelisuflebas Soris TanamSromloba

konstruqciuli gaxda. xelisuflebam neba darTo saqarTvelos

samociqulo eklesias, gaexsna Tbilisis sasuliero akademia. jumber

patiaSvili ramdenjerme Sexvda saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs,

uwmidessa da unetares ilia II-s. 1989-1990 wlebSi saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis

pirveli mdivani iyo givi gumbariZe. 9 aprilis cnobili movlenebis

Semdeg saqarTveloSi, faqtobrivad, orxelisuflebianoba damyarda _

erTi mxriv, arsebobda oficialuri xelisufleba, romelsac xalxSi

aranairi avtoriteti aRar hqonda, da, meore mxriv, _ erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, romelic realur Zalas flobda da

akontrolebda saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebis yvela

sferos. Ggivi gumbariZis mmarTvelobis dros saqarTvelos sapatriarqos

daubrunda is istoriuli Senoba, romelic 1923 wels bolSevikurma

saokupacio xelisuflebam eklesias CamoarTva.

1990 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTveloSi Catarebuli pirveli

mravalpartiuli arCevnebis Semdeg daemxo komunisturi mmarTveloba da

xelisuflebis saTaveSi movida erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

aRiarebuli winamZRoli zviad gamsaxurdia. zviad gamsaxurdia morwmune

pirovneba iyo. igi jer kidev 1972 wels uWerda mxars sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis taxtze cxum-afxazeTis mitropolit

ilias kandidaturas da mas saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo

eklesiaSi yvelaze gamorCeul, naTel pirovnebad miiCnevda.

1979 wlis 19 agvistos zviad gamsaxurdiam aseTi Sinaarsis werili

gaugzavna patriarqs: `uwmideso da unetareso! dRes, rodesac aRsrulda

qarTveli xalxis sanukvari ocneba da Tqven moevlineT mamamTavrad

iveriis wmida samociqulo eklesias, yoveli qarTvelis uwmidesi

movaleobaa, amogidgeT mxarSi da Tavisi Tundac mcire wvlili Seitanos

Cveni eklesiis aRorZinebis did saqmeSi. WeSmaritad didi da sasixarulo

cvlilebebia Cvens saeklesio cxovrebaSi, Tqveni madliani xeli daetyo

yovelives, WeSmaritad ar yofila ganwiruli wmida iveria, magram, amave

dros, unda aRiniSnos, rom warsulis zogierTi mankiereba jerac ar

aRmofxvrila da bevri ram moiTxovs yuradRebas~[27, 15585].

zviad gamsaxurdia 1979-1989 wlebSi sionis sapatriarqo taZris

mrevli iyo, eswreboda wirva-locvebs, cdilobda administraciuli wesiT

daxuruli eklesiebis amoqmedebas, monawileobda daviT garejis

218

samonastro kompleqsis gadarCenis RonisZiebebSi, aqtiurad

TanamSromlobda saqarTvelos sapatriarqosTan.

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II daeswro saqarTvelos uzenaesi

sabWos sesias 1990 wlis 14 noembers, daloca sesiis monawileebi, zviad

gamsaxurdias miuloca uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomared arCeva da

warmatebebi usurva saqmianobaSi. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia

erovnuli mTavrobis gverdiT idga da cdilobda erovnuli Tanxmobis

SenarCunebas, romlis gareSec axalgazrda demokratiul qveyanas

gauWirdeboda sabWoTa imperiis marwuxebidan Tavis daRweva.

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia miesalma saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas 1991 wlis 9 aprils,

miuloca zviad gamsaxurdias saqarTvelos prezidentad arCeva. uwmidesi

da unetaresi Tvlida, rom eklesia pirdapir arasodes ar unda Caerios

politikur procesebSi, rom misTvis Znelia arCevanis gakeTeba

TanamemamuleTa Soris partiuli niSnis mixedviT. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom

iyo mcdeloba eklesiis politizaciisa, uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m ar dauSva movlenebis aseTi ganviTareba. 1991 wlis Semodgomaze

saqarTveloSi Seqmnili rTuli politikuri viTarebis ganmuxtvis mizniT

saqarTvelos sapatriarqom scada sapatriarqoSi molaparakebebi gaemarTa

xelisuflebasa da saparlamento Tu arasaparlamento opoziciis

warmomadgenlebTan. Uuwmidesma da unetaresma sagangebo werilebiT

mimarTa zviad gamsaxurdias, akaki asaTians, besarion guguSvils,

politikur partiaTa liderebs, opozicias. `saqarTveloSi Seqmnilma

politikurma daZabulobam Tavis mwvervals miaRwia, _ naTqvami iyo

werilSi, _ qarTveli qarTvels daupirispirda, mosalodnelia ZmaTa

Soris sisxlisRvra, ar unda moxdes es samarcxvino faqti. Nnu CavidenT

saSinel codvas RvTisa da eris winaSe. mogiwodebT, dauyovnebliv

daiwyos dialogi Tqvens Soris da mSvidobian viTarebaSi gadawydes

yvela sadavo sakiTxi. Tu iqneba Tqveni survili, mzad var monawileoba

miviRo am dialogSi~[27, 6870].

samwuxarod, arc xelisuflebasa da arc opozicias ar eyo

goniereba, da saqarTveloSi daiwyo samoqalaqo dapirispireba. z.

gamsaxurdia iZulebuli gaxda, saqarTvelodan wasuliyo. Mmisi momxreebi

gaRizianebuli iyvnen saqarTvelos eklesiaze, magram, droTa viTarebaSi,

movlenebis obieqturi Sefasebis Semdeg, mixvdnen, rom saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia arCevans ver gaakeTebda uRirs da

Rirseul Svilebs Soris. is, rac moxda, iyo ubedureba, magram eklesia

unda darCeniliyo qarTveli xalxis erTianobis simbolod.

rTuli iyo uwmidesisa da unetaresis urTierToba samxedro

sabWosTan im dros, rodesac qveyanaSi samoqalaqo omi, ekonomikuri

siZneleebi da politikuri krizisi grZeldeboda. samxedro sabWo, T.

siguas, T. kitovanisa da j. ioselianis saxiT, gadaulaxavi problemebis

winaSe aRmoCnda. aseT viTarebaSi 1992 wlis 7 marts moskovidan

saqarTveloSi dabrunda eduard SevardnaZe, romelic jer _ saxelmwifo

sabWos Tavmjdomared, saparlamento arCevnebis Semdeg _ saxelmwifos

meTaurad, xolo 1995 wlidan saqarTvelos prezidentad iqna arCeuli.

TbilisSi dabrunebuli e. SevardnaZe pirvelad sionis sapatriarqo

taZarSi mivida da amiT yvelas mianiSna, rom saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiasTan mWidro TanamSromlobis

gareSe saqarTvelos saxelmwifos gauWirdeboda mravalricxovani

seriozuli problemebis mogvareba. Uuwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II

219

Tvlida, rom umZimesi viTarebidan saqarTvelos gamosayvanad aucilebeli

iyo e. SevardnaZisaTvis mxardaWera da ara partiul-nomenklaturuli

warsulis gamo misi kritika. Uuwmidesma da unetaresma araerTxel

daafiqsira misadmi mxardaWera. 1993 wels, rodesac ruseTis reaqciuli

Zalebis mier afxazeTis teritoriaze kidev ufro gamZafrda

dapirispireba, patriarqma sagangebo werilebiT mimarTa gaeros

generalur mdivans, msoflio patriarqs, romis kaTolikuri eklesiis

meTaurs, ruseTis prezidentsa da patriarqs da mouwoda sworad

SeefasebinaT afxazeTSi datrialebuli movlenebi da saswrafod mieRoT

zomebi sisxlisRvris Sesawyvetad.

1993 wlis 31 dekembers e. SevardnaZem am sityvebiT miuloca axali

weli mis uwmidesobas: `Zvirfaso batono ilia, afxazeTSi gamgzavrebis

win gadavwyvite oriode sityviT SegexmianoT da axali weli mogilocoT,

Tqven da mTel qarTvel xalxs vusurvo, rom aseTi mZime weli aRar

ganmeorebuliyos saqarTvelos momaval istoriaSi. piradad Tqven

gulwrfel madlobas mogaxsenebT mxardaWerisaTvis, Tqveni locva-

kurTxevisaTvis, romelic rwmenas, Zalasa da energias matebs Cvens

mravaltanjul xalxs. gilocavT axal wels~[27, 7191].

1996 wels elias mTaze safuZveli Caeyara wmida samebis sakaTedro

taZars. prezidenti e. SevardnaZe yovelmxriv daxmarebas uwevda taZris

mSeneblobas. 1997 wlis 25 dekembers sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

patriarqad ilia II-is aRsaydrebidan 20 wlisTavze saqarTvelos

prezidentis brZanebulebiT misi uwmidesoba dajildovda saqarTvelos

saxelmwifos umaRlesi jildoTi _ `wmida daviT aRmaSeneblis ordeniT~.

dajildoebis dros prezidentma e. SevardnaZem aRniSna: ` Znelia es gza,

erisa da yoveli Cvenganis sulieri ganwmendis gza, magram Tqveni locva-

kurTxeviTa da SegonebiT mjera, saqarTvelo am gzas gaivlis. Mme vici,

Tqven ar gsurdaT xmauriani yofiliyo Tqveni saiubileo TariRebis

aRniSvna, magram eri cxovrobs am TariRebiT, fiqrobs da loculobs

TqvenTan erTad, radgan Tqven eris, droisa da istoriis kuTvnileba

xarT~[27, 16459]. 2002 wlis 14 oqtombers saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel avtokefaliur samociqulo eklesias

Soris gaformebuli konstituciuri SeTanxmeba-konkordati prezidentisa

da patriarqis seriozuli TanamSromlobis Sedegia.

Ee. SevardnaZis prezidentobis dros adamianTa garkveuli jgufi

Seecada saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeumSi daculi erovnuli siwmideebi

ucxoeTSi gamofenaze gaetana. eklesiisa da xalxis kategoriuli

moTxovniT es mcdeloba CaiSala. e. SevardnaZes mimarTes saprotesto

weriliT, romelsac 100 000-ze meti adamiani awerda xels: ~batono

prezidento, qveynis dRevandeli mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, intensiuri

sulieri eqspansiis dros, dauSveblad migvaCnia, saqarTvelo macxovris

Sobis 2000 wlisTavis saiubileo dResaswauls erovnul siwmideTa gareSe

Sexvdes. keTilmorwmune qarTveli eri umorCilesad gTxovT, ar dauSvaT

erovnul siwmideTa sazRvargareT gamgzavreba~[27, 2203, 14537].

2003 wlis noembris `vardebis revoluciis~ dros e. SevardnaZe

gadadga saqarTvelos prezidentis postidan. uwmidesma da unetaresma

ilia II-m mis am nabijs mamacuri da eris winaSe pasuxismgeblobis

gamomxatveli uwoda. Uuwmidesi da unetaresi qristianuli siyvaruliTa

da pativiscemiT moikiTxavs xolme eqsprezidents. 2005 wlis 30 aprils e.

SevardnaZem ase Seafasa saqarTvelos sulier winamZRolTan Tavisi

mravalwliani urTierToba: `vamayob imiT, rom mravali wlis

220

ganmavlobaSi Cven Tanamoazreni da saqarTvelos bednierebisaTvis

mebrZolni varT. ramdenad dalxinebuli varT, es sxva sakiTxia, magram

uflisa da Cveni xalxis winaSe pirnaTelni varT. rom ara saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia da Tqveni uwmidesobis didi

Rvawli, damoukideblobisaTvis brZola kidev ufro did siZneleebTan da

msxverplTan iqneboda dakavSirebuli. yvelafrisaTvis didi madloba~[27,

16458].

2004 wlidan saqarTvelos prezidentia mixeil saakaSvili.

axalgazrda prezidentis inauguracia-kurTxeva Sesrulda gelaTSi, wmida

daviT aRmaSeneblis saflavTan. uwmidesma da unetaresma sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma ilia II-m am sityvebiT mimarTa

prezident mixeil saakaSvils: `Tqveno aRmatebulebav, batono

prezidento! Yyvelaferi amqveynad RvTis gangebiT xdeba. Ggangebam

uflisam dagadginaT dRes Tqven am didebul taZarSi, raTa mogeniWoT

madli RvTisa Cveni qveynis warsamarTeblad. Ees aris wmida daviT

aRmaSeneblis mier daarsebuli is savane, romelic saukuneTa manZilze

iyo simbolo qarTveli eris sibrZnisa da gonierebisa, rwmenisa da

sulieri simaRlisa; es aris is wmida adgili, sadac daRvrilia mravali

cremli da aRvlenilia mravali locva uflis winaSe saqarTvelos

mTlianobisa da keTildReobisaTvis. Tqveni warmatebis didi garanti aris

xalxis ndoba. Ees metad sasixarulo movlenaa, magram igi gansakuTrebul

pasuxismgeblobasac gakisrebT da mas gafrTxileba unda. arian

xelisufalni, romelnic saTnoeyofian kacTa da mxolod miwieri

sazrunaviT moculni cdiloben drois Sesabamisad imoqmedon. aseTi

adamianebi ver qmnian saxes istoriisas. Aarian xelisufalni, romelnic

Tavisi qmedebebiT, upirveles yovlisa, saTnoeyofian ufals da jildod

miwier didebasac iReben. rogorc wesi, maTi saxeli saukuneebs axsovT.

arCevani Tqvenzea. Aaq, am taZridan iwyeba Tqveni, rogorc saqarTvelos

prezidentis, moRvaweobis pirveli dRe. inebos RmerTma, rom es gza iyos

Cveni qveynis winsvlisa da keTilwarmatebis momtani… gelaTSi, wmida

daviT aRmaSeneblis saflavze ficis dadeba simboluria da didad

sapasuxismgeblo, vinaidan aq ara marto dRevandeli, aramed mTeli

zeciuri saqarTvelo dgas da Tqvengan `Cueulebisaebr mamulisa svlas~

moiTxovs~[27, 15764].

2004-2007 wlebSi prezident saakaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT

mimdinareobs ekonomikuri reformebi. saqarTvelom ivaldebula

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gadayvana natos standartebze. Catarda

sasamarTlo da policiis sistemebis reorganizacia, gadaidga nabijebi

samoqalaqo seqtoris, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebisaken, magram

erovnuli tradiciebisa da Rirebulebebis gaufasurebis tendenciac

aSkaraa. mTeli rigi arasamTavrobo organizaciebi Riad upirispirdebian

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiasa da mis meTaurs.

aris mcdeloba, gadasinjul iqnes saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris

gaformebuli konkordati, romelic, faqtobrivad, ar muSaobs. samwuxaro

gaugebroba moxda 2007 wels aWaraSi, feriis mTaze, sadac daangries

mSenebare eklesia. Uuwmidesi da unetaresi ase axasiaTebs Seqmnil

viTarebas: `mimdinareobs saeklesio sakiTxebze arakoreqtuli, xSir

SemTxvevaSi ki Seuracxmyofeli da cilismwamebluri msjelobebi.

yvelafer amas erTgvari organizebuli saxe aqvs da masSi monawileobas

iReben rogorc eklesiis wevrebi, ise mis gareT myofi pirebi. CvenTvis

gaugebaria aRniSnul procesebSi im adamianTa monawileoba, romelTac

221

eklesiasTan kavSiri ara aqvT, vinaidan maT amis arc codna, arc

moraluri da iuridiuli ufleba ara aqvT; xolo isini ki, romelnic

eklesiis wevrad miiCneven Tavs da eklesiasa da mis ierarqs ki sajarod

ganikiTxaven, arRveven uZveles saeklesio wessa da tradicias, romlis

ugulebelyofac nebismieri motiviT sruliad gaumarTlebelia… problemebi yvela sazogadoebasa da yvela droSi iyo, aris da iqneba,

iseve _ rogorc eklesiaSi, oRond maTdami midgoma da Sesabamisi qmedebaa

orgvari. erTis safuZveli siZulvili, mizani ki zianis motanaa, meorisa

_ siyvaruli da gamosworebis survili. Oorive damokidebuleba advilad

icnoba. eklesiasTan dakavSirebiT dRes mimdinare procesebic naTlad

avlens, Tu sinamdvileSi rasTan gvaqvs saqme~[38, 583].

saqarTvelos prezidents, mixeil saakaSvils, araerTxel

aRuniSnavs misi uwmidesobisa da unetaresobis, saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gansakuTrebuli roli saqarTvelos

istoriaSi, Cvens Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi. 2007 wlis 28 agvistos,

mariamobis dResaswaulze, sionis sapatriarqo taZarSi man kidev erTxel

daadastura saqarTvelos xelisuflebis sruli mxardaWera saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis, misi uwmidesobis mimarT da

gamoTqva imedi, rom patriarqis aRsaydrebis 30 wlisTavis iubile gaxdeba

Cveni eklesiis sidiadis warmoCenis saukuTeso saSualeba… uwmidessa da unetares ilia II-s sasuliero pirad yofnis

naxevarsaukunovani istoriis manZilze mravali saintereso Sexvedra

hqonda marTlmadidebel da aramarTlmadidebel eklesiaTa meTaurebTan,

araqristianuli denominaciebis sulier liderebTan. Uuwmidesi da

unetaresi kargad icnobda ruseTis patriarqebs: aleqsi I-s, pimens. 1997 wels moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patriarq aleqsi II-sTan erTad

sergi radoneJelis lavraSi saRmrTo liturgiaze uwmidesma da

unetaresma ilia II-m ganacxada: `swored aq, am lavraSi, wmida sergis

mfarvelobiTa da kurTxeviT, avirCie Cemi cxovrebis gza _ beroba.

moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patriarqma aleqsi I-ma swored aq, wmida sergis taZarSi damasxa xeli mRvdelmonazvnad. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom am

movlenebidan ukve mravali weli gavida, lavrasa da mis damfuZneblebTan

suliersa da locviT kavSirs mudmivad vgrZnob~[30, 243].

Uuwmidesi da unetaresi araerTxel Sexvda konstantinopolis

msoflio patriarqebs: uwmides dimitrios I-sa da barTolomeos I-s. 1992 wels uwmides barTolomeos I-Tan Sexvedris dros man aRniSna: `Cven

friad viwonebT da metad vafasebT msoflio sapatriarqos Rvawlsa da

Sromas marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi erTsulovnebisa da msoflioSi

marTlmadideblobis ganmtkicebisaTvis~[30, 213].

gansakuTrebiT Tbili, megobruli urTierToba akavSirebda

uwmidessa da unetares ilia II-s aleqsandriisa da sruliad afrikis

papsa da patriarq unetares nikoloz VI-sTan. Uunetaresi nikoloz VI gancvifrebuli da aRfrTovanebuli iyo uwmidesisa da unetaresis

pirovnebiT, misi yuradRebiT da yovel zafxuls Camodioda

saqarTveloSi. erTxel man isurva patriarqis mSobliuri kuTxis, xevis,

naxva. rogorc TviTon brZanebda, nanaxma yovelgvar molodins gadaaWarba.

yoveli axaliDCamosvla mas ganumtkicebda im azrs, rom qarTveli

adamianisaTvis stumari RvTis wyalobad aris miCneuli.

unetaresi nikoloz VI-is gza ganagrZes unetaresma parTeniosma

da petre VII-m.

222

uwmidessa da unetares ilia II-s xangrZlivi megobruli

urTierToba akavSirebda ierusalimis patriarqebTan: uwmides benediqte I-Tan da diodorosTan. 2000 wels, macxovris Sobis dResaswaulze,

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II da msoflios sxva marTlmadidebeli

eklesiebis meTaurebi ewvivnen wmida qalaq ierusalims, Sexvdnen da

esaubrnen uwmides diodoross.

Uuwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II araerTxel Sexvda rumineTis

patriarq Teokstites, bulgareTis patriarq maqsimes, sruliad kviprosis

eklesiis meTaurs, mTavarepiskopos qrizostomoss, amerikisa da kanadis

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis meTaurebs, mitropolitebs: Teodoss, hermanes.

1999 wels vaSingtonSi, wmida nikolozis saxelobis taZarSi, saRmrTo

liturgiis Semdeg, uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m am sityvebiT

mimarTa unetares Teodoss: `Tqveni unetaresobis mowveviT, sixaruliT

vestumreT aSS-s. es aris Cemi meoTxe viziti Tqvens qveyanaSi, magram igi

gansakuTrebulia imiT, rom amJamad aq CamovediT damoukidebeli,

Tavisufali saqarTvelodan. Cveni mizania, ganmtkicdes urTierToba

saqarTvelosa da amerikis marTlmadidebeli eklesiebisa da gaRrmavdes

TanamSromloba Cvens or saxelmwifos Soris~[27, 14221].

uwmidessa da unetares ilia II-s megobruli urTierToba akavSirebs

eladis eklesiis meTaur unetares qristodulosTan, serbeTis eklesiis

meTaur uwmides pavlesTan. 1996 wlis agvistoSi uwmides pavlesTan

Sexvedrisas misma uwmidesobam aRniSna: `serbi da qarTveli xalxis

istoria aRsavsea mZime gansacdelebiTa da tragikuli movlenebiT. Cveni

xalxebi mudam medgrad icavdnen TavianT miwa-wyals ucxo

dampyrobelTagan, icavdnen marTlmadideblur sarwmunoebas, enasa da

kulturas. gansacdelis dros Cveni eklesiebi mudam Cveni erebis gverdiT

idgnen da misi Wirisa da lxinis moziareni iyvnen~[27, 4662].

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi megobrul

urTierTobas inarCunebs aramarTlmadidebluri qristianuli konfesiebis

liderebTan: romis papTan, anglikanuri eklesiis meTaurTan,

aRmosavleTis koptur-monofizituri eklesiebis meTaurebTan. Uuwmidesi

da unetaresi bevrjer Sexvda yovelTa somexTa patriarq-kaTolikosebs:

vazgen I-s, garegin I-s, garegin II-s. guliTadi megobroba akavSirebs mas

kavkasiis muslimanTa sabWos TavmjdomaresTan Seix alax Suqur faSa

zadesTan.

mis uwmidesobas aseTive megobruli urTierToba aqvs saqarTveloSi

arsebul aramarTlmadidebluri konfesiebis xelmZRvanelebTan. 2002 wlis

11 seqtembers TbilisSi gardaicvala somxuri samociqulo eklesiis

saqarTvelos eparqiis winamZRoli, mTavarepiskoposi gevorq seraidariani,

romelic 30 weli msaxurobda TbilisSi. Uuwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II daeswro mis dakrZalvas, daexmara somxuri eparqiis warmomadgenlobas,

raTa gansvenebuli mTavarepiskoposis neSti daekrZalaT wmida giorgis

saxelobis somxuri eklesiis ezoSi.

patriarqTan xSirad stumroben sxvadasxva konfesiis

warmomadgenlebi da gamoxataven TavianT pativiscemasa da madlierebas

misadmi.

uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi

qarTuli sulisa da qarTuli xasiaTis mqone pirovnebaa. mas araerTxel

aRuniSnavs: `miuxedavad mravalerovani mosaxleobisa, saqarTveloSi

arasodes hqonia adgili erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi niSniT devnas, amitomac

aris, rom aq gverdigverd saukuneebia mSvidobianad mkvidroben muslimebi,

223

iudevelebi, qristianebi da sxva religiebis mimdevarni. maSinac ki,

rodesac mwvavdeboda urTierToba ama Tu im saxelmwifosTan,

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi am qveynis warmomadgenlebisadmi

damokidebuleba kvlav Semwynarebluri rCeboda. urTierTobis es wesi ar

Secvlila Cvens Tanamedrove yofaSic. moyvasisadmi aseTi midgoma

qarTvel adamianSi marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis didi pativiscemidan

da siyvarulidan momdinareobs~[30, 363].


ilia II Sexvda 1989 wels TbilisSi Camosul deda terezas, iuneskos

generalur mdivans frederiko maiors. Uuwmidesi da unetaresi araerTxel

Sexvedria did germanel dramaturgs herman vedekinds.

ai, ras werda poloneli dekanozi henrik paprocki: `uwmidessa da

unetaress, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs pirvelad 1995

wels Sevxvdi, saocari adamiania, xSirad masTan urTierTobisas Tu

saubrisas migrZvnia, rom es ar aris ubralo adamiani, igi zeciuri

stumaria dedamiwaze… bednieria eri, romelsac aseTi mwyemsmTavari hyavs,

rameTu mas gadaSeneba ar uweria~[27, 15769].

patriarqi, rogorc didi Teologi, mecnieri da Semoqmedi pirovneba,

qarTveli mecnierebisa da xelovnebis moRvaweebis megobari da

xelisSemwyobia. uwmidesma da unetaresma 2001 wlis saaRdgomo

epistoleSi gaixsena inteligenciasTan, axalgazrdobasTan Tavisi

urTierTobis pirveli wlebi: `msurs erTgvari siamayis grZnobiT

aRvniSno, rom saqarTveloSi inteligentTa Soris TiTqmis ar yofilan

mebrZoli aTeistebi. marTalia, umravlesobam komunistur periodSi

eklesiuroba dakarga, magram RvTisadmi Sinagani rwmena SeinarCuna da am

grZnobas bolomde Tan atarebda. Aamitomac iyo, rom 1977 wels, rodesac,

RvTis gangebiT, sapatriarqo taxtze amirCies, eklesiis dasaxmareblad

pirvelad inteligencia da axalgazrdoba movida. Ddidi madlierebiT

minda gavixseno q-ni babo dadiani, aleqsandre (Sura) banZelaZe, guram

pataraia, levan cucqiriZe, lamara da grigol abaSiZeebi, irakli abaSiZe,

erasti da elene vaCnaZeebi, nana xatiskaci, medea jafariZe, rezo

TabukaSvili, lili gegelia, rezo CxeiZe, medea Caxava, zurab kiknaZe,

elguja giunaSvili, giorgi cincaZe, mariam lorTqifaniZe, baCana bregvaZe

da sxvani. maT uTvalTvalebdnen, aviwroebdnen, uSlidnen CvenTan

siaxloves, magram isini ar uSindebodnen zewolas. minda SevCerde

axalgazrdebzec, romelTa yofna eklesiaSi maSin, faqtobrivad,

Tavganwirva iyo. ramdeni winaaRmdegobis gadalaxva mouxda, magaliTad,

zurab WavWavaZes, rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi SeenarCunebina

TanamSromloba da kavSiri sapatriarqosTan. Ees gza gaiara komunisturi

mmarTvelobis dros eklesiaSi mosuli axalgazrdobis udidesma

nawilma~[38, 804].

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia, uwmidesi da

unetaresi ilia II qarTveli inteligenciis _ mecnierebis, xelovnebisa da

literaturis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebisaTvis komunisturi

mmarTvelobis xanaSi momavlis imedad iqca. sapatriarqos kari mudam Ria

iyo maTTvis. isini xvdebodnen eris sulier winamZRols da am

Sexvedrebidan gamosulni didxans siyvaruliT uambobdnen axloblebs

TavianTi gancdebis Sesaxeb. inteligenciis warmomadgenelTa

mravalricxovani werilebidan moviyvanT zogierT nawyvets, miZRvnils

uwmidesisa da unetaresisadmi.

224

afxazeTis ukanaskneli mTavris SviliSvili, qalbatoni babo

dadiani erT-erTi gamorCeuli pirovneba iyo. igi sionis sapatriarqo

taZarSi usmenda uwmidesi da unetaresi kaTolikos-patriarqebis:

kirionis, leonides, ambrosis, kalistrates qadagebebs, 1977 wlidan ki

uwmidesisa da unetaresi ilia II-s wirva-locvebze idga

mravalgansacdelgamovlili es aristokrati qalbatoni. igi mudam

grZnobda patriarqis siTbosa da siyvaruls. 1980 wlis 20 dekembers

uwmidesisa da unetaresi ilia II-sadmi gagzavnil werilSi igi wers:

`uwmideso da unetareso, muxlmodrekiT, Cemi Tavis umdablesad daxriT,

uRrmesi madlobis grZnobiT veamborebi Tqvens xels. ver agiwerT Cems

bednierebasa da sixaruls, gamowveuls Tqveni esoden didi wyalobiTa da

yuradRebiT Cemdami. vevedrebi ufals Tqvens xangrZliv, janmrTel

sicocxles Cvenda mfarvelad~[27, 792].

patriarqisadmi siyvaruli, pativiscema da mowiwebaa gamoxatuli

cnobili mecnieris kalistrate salias mier parizidan gamogzavnil

werilSi: `Tqveno uwmidesobav, uwinares yovlisa, muxlmodrekiT vemTxvevi

marjvenas Tqvensas. Llocva-kurTxevis Tqvengan miReba da saubari

dauviwyar momentad darCeba samSoblos ganSorebul, tanjul, miwuruls

mimdgar Cems cxovrebaSi. Tqveno uwmidesobav, Tqven brZandebiT

winamZRvari istoriiT datvirTuli qarTuli eklesiisa, romlis meTaurT

Tavs xSirad edgaT mowamis gvirgvini da akvirvebdnen samyaros

SeudrekelobiT, mxneobiT, gamZleobiT, TavganwirviT sjulisa da

samSoblos dasacavad. dideba Tqven da im wmida gvirgvins, romlis

tareba bedma da qarTvelma erma mogandoT~[27, 1846].

poeti jansuR Carkviani 1987 wlis 31 ivliss aseTi Sinaarsis

werils ugzavnis mis uwmidesobas: `Tqveno uwmidesobav, RirsmyaviT, raTa

uRrmesi madloba SemogbedoT didi ilias wmindanad SeracxvisaTvis~[27,

963].

uwmidesisa da unetaresis yuradRebiT aRfrTovanebuli poeti moris

focxiSvili ki mas Tavis gadamrCenels uwodebda. asakSi Sesulma poetma

mxedveloba dakarga, depresiaSi Cavarda da Tavis mokvlaze daiwyo fiqri.

am dros telefonma dareka da moaxsenes, rom masTan Sexvedra da saubari

surda uwmidessa da unetares ilia II-s. poeti madlierebiT ambobda, rom

misma uwmidesobam meored aCuqa sicocxle. P

1983 wlis 9 maiss ivane javaxiSvilis Svilma aleqsandre (lali)

javaxiSvilma patriarqs aseTi Sinaarsis werili gaugzavna: `Tqveno

uwmidesobav, gulwrfel madlobas mogaxsenebT werilisaTvis, romlis

Rirsi gamxadeT Cemi dis gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebiT. Tqveni wmida

sityva udidesi nugeSia am mZime wuTebSi CemTvis, mTeli Cemi

ojaxisaTvis~[27, 1779].

akademikosi roin metreveli mis uwmidesobas madlobas moaxsenebs

oqros jvriT dajildoebis gamo.

akademikosi Tamar dekanosiZe 1980 wlis 12 ivniss, patriarqis

saaRdgomo epistoles gacnobis Semdeg, misi uwmidesobisadmi gagzavnil

werilSi aRniSnavs: `Tqveno uwmidesobav, uRrmes madlobas mogaxsenebT

SesaniSnavi epistolesaTvis. masSi mravali faqtia Cveni samSoblos

istoriidan, romelTa codnac bednierebaa. Ddidi mniSvnelobisaa Tqveni

swori pozicia politikuri da socialuri problemebis gadawyvetis

sakiTxebSi~[27, 1823].

uwmidesisa da unetaresis pirovnebiT aRfrTovanebuli jon

(malxaz) SalikaSvili wers: `Tqveno uwmidesobav, is STabeWdilebebi da

225

gansakuTrebuli Sexvedrebi, rac ganvicade TqvenTan, arasodes

damaviwydeba~[27, 9695].

qeTevan bagrationi im dros, rodesac Tbilisis quCebSi

ZmaTamkvleli omi mZvinvarebda, saqarTvelos gadarCenis erTaderT imedad

mis uwmidesobas miiCnevda da italiidan 1992 wlis 2 ianvars gamogzavnil

werilSi werda: `imedi maqvs, rom, Tqveni uspetakesi pirovnebis locva-

kurTxeviTa da RvTis wyalobiT, isev daudgeba Cvens samSoblos

mSvidobiani Soba da Cveni eri, misTvis Cveuli sibrZniT, kvlav Seudgeba

Rrma iarebis moSuSebas~[27, 6291].

mwerali grigol abaSiZe uwmidesisa da unetaresi ilia II-sadmi gagzavnil werilSi aRniSnavs: `Cveni boboqari saukunis Znel gzebze

didxans uZRodes da mxneobas matebdes Tqveni locva-kurTxeva

sarwmunoebis didi tradiciebis mqone qarTvel xalxs, Tqvens wmida

samwysos~[27, 732].

inteligenciis gansakuTrebuli madliereba eris sulieri

winamZRolisadmi kargadaa gamoxatuli werilSi, romelsac xels aweren

qarTuli inteligenciis cnobili warmomadgenlebi: `gveamayeba, rom xarT

naTeli magaliTi kacTmoyvareobisa, romlis niadagzec izrdeba Cveni

awmyo da momavali. saqmeTa did dinebaSi poulobT dros, raTa piradad

gauwodoT xeli da unazesi mamobrivi siyvaruliT CaixutoT Cveni

samSoblos warCinebulni, mxatvari Tu mwerali, musikosi Tu istorikosi,

msaxiobi Tu sportsmeni… ar mohklebia Tqveni locva, darigeba,

saqarTvelos mamav-moZRvaro~[27, 1341].

qarTuli inteligenciis warmomadgenlebidan uwmidesTan

megobrobiT amayoben ramaz xuroZe, lia sturua, rezo amaSukeli, roin

metreveli, vaxtang sarTania, guram doCanaSvili, oTar meRvineTuxucesi,

sofiko Wiaureli, liana isakaZe, paata burWulaZe, SoTa nadiraSvili,

Tamaz gamyreliZe, Tamaz wivwivaZe da sxvebi.

uwmidesi da unetaresi rom ara, bevri adamiani saerTod

gamoeTiSeboda cxovrebis dinebas. Ddidi mwuxarebis dros misi

uwmidesoba TiToeuli qarTvelis gverdiTaa da anugeSebs maT. `dRes

gansakuTrebiT gvsurs muxlmodrekiT kabis kalTaze gemTxvioT da aTasi

madloba gadagixadoT. rac ar unda movimoqmedoT, yovelive uferulia

Tqvendami uRrmesi pativiscemisa da madlierebis gamosaxatavad… Tqven

SeZeliT CvenSi, Svilgardacvlil dedebSi, gageRviZebinaT sicocxlis

survili, azri amqveynad cxovrebisa da Tu romelime Cvengani

sazogadoebis srulfasovani wevria, amas Tqven unda gimadlodeT, Tqveno

uwmidesobav~[27, 14414]., _ wers qalbatoni mzia kacaZe.

saqarTvelos istoriaSi iSviaTia SemTxveva, didma adamianma

sicocxleSive aseTi aRiareba da sazogadoebis yvela fenis siyvaruli

daimsaxuros. misi uwmidesoba, am mxriv, gamonakliss warmoadgens.

b) patriarqis aRsaydrebis dRis aRniSvna

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia, morwmune

mrevli gansakuTrebuli zeimiT aRniSnavs uwmidesisa da unetaresis

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis aRsaydrebis

dResaswaulebs.

1978 wlis 24 dekembers sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZarSi saRmrTo-

sadResaswaulo wirva aRasrula uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m. taZari

226

saqarTvelos yvela kuTxidan mosuli xalxiT gaivso, yvelas surda

uwmidesisa da unetaresisaTvis mieloca patriarqad aRsaydrebis dRe.

saRamos xelovnebis muSakTa saxlSi gaimarTa saiubileo sxdoma,

romelsac Tavmjdomareobda cxum-afxazeTis mTavarepiskoposi nikolozi

(maxaraZe). inteligencias, morwmune mrevls uCvenes dokumenturi filmi

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresi

ilia II-is aRsaydrebis Sesaxeb.

1980 wlis 25 dekembers sionis sapatriarqo taZarSi saRmrTo-

sadResaswaulo liturgiis Semdeg, romelic patriarqis aRsaydrebis

mesame wlisTavs mieZRvna, quTaTel-gaenaTelma mitropolitma Siom

(avaliSvili) mis uwmidesobas mimarTa: `ukve sami weli gvaSorebs im

RirSesaniSnav 25 dekembris TariRs, rodesac mcxeTis sveticxovlis

sapatriarqo taZarSi RvTis gangebam kaTolikos-patriarqis gvirgvini

daadga Tavis rCeuls Tavze. me vulocav saqarTvelos samociqulo

eklesiasa da qarTvel morwmune xalxs RvTisgan kurTxeul am axal

dasawyiss Cveni sulieri aRmavlobisas. cnobili ambavia, rom advili

rodia sulieri cxovrebis aRmavlobis gzaze dayeneba... RvTis maRali

gangeba didi xnis winaT gamzadebdaT Tqven mcxeTis sveticxovlis

sapatriarqo taZarSi misasvlelad, im didi naTlis wiaRSi, rac RvTisgan

rCeulTa xvedria mxolod. xSirad gvekiTxebian xolme, rom patriarqis

gvirgvini oqrosia Tu ara? Hhoi, adamianuro simdablev Tu

cnobismoyvareobav!.. patriarqis gvirgvini arc oqrosia da arc

briliantebiT Semkuli raRac... patriarqis gvirgvini RvTis madlia,

naTliT mosili... patriarqis gvirgvins fasi ara aqvs, igi ar iyideba da

arc brZoliT moipoveba... patriarqis gvirgvini ar iwoneba da arc

izomeba, arc mxatvaria misTvis vinme, arc xelovani gamomWedeli, TvaliT

xiluli... mas Wedavs mxolod uxilavi RmerTis marjvena... da mogilocavT

Tqven, Tqveno uwmidesobav da unetaresobav, rom Tqveni moRvaweobiT

daimsaxureT aseTi xelTuqmneli wmida gvirgvini.

yoveli dRe Cveni saeklesio Sromisa gvarwmunebs imaSi, rom qarTvel

morwmune xalxs RmerTTan siaxlove swyuria, uyvars qriste da

qristianoba... maSasadame, ara codvebiT daRupva, aramed maradiuloba da

ukvdaveba swyuria Cvens suls... Cveni locva, Cveni madloba da

Tayvaniscema maRal RmerTs imisaTvis, rom Tqveni saxiT mogvivlina didi

moZRvari maradiulobisa da ukvdavebis gzis maswavleblad. xom

cnobilia, rom morwmune eris siyvarulsa da pativiscemas oqro-

vercxliT ver Seisyidi, verc brZoliTa da ZaladobiT moipoveb... xalxma

rom guli gagixsnas da Segiyvaros, amisaTvis RvTisgan rCeuli unda iyo

da madliT mosili. RmerTi unda uZRodes win saqmeebs Sensas da misi

tkbili siyvaruli gzas ginaTebdes... Cven gilocavT, Tqveno uwmidesobav,

rom maRalma RmerTma moganiWaT es didi jildo, da ase uangarod

uyvarxarT guliT keTil da patiosnebiT savse morwmune qarTvel xalxs.

qristianTaTvis ra unda iyos da sad unda iyos imaze didi bedniereba,

risi mowmenic Cven gaxlavarT am did taZarSi. angelozis dRes _

orSabaTobiT, saqarTvelos angelozebi, Cveni Svilebi da SviliSvilebi,

ikribebian xolme am taZarSi da ieso qriste locavs Cvens Svilebs da

camde asulni aRtacebiT vuyurebT xolme, Tu rogor upyriaT Cvens

momavlebs saxareba wmida xelebze, da maRldeba zecisaken suli Cveni

erisa... gilocavT Tqven, Cveno mamav da maswavlebelo, mTel am sikeTes da

vulocavT Cvens mrevlsa da samSoblos Cvensas, rom Cveni momavali

uwmides xelebs upyriaT saxarebis saRaRadeblad. zogjer daCoqeba umZims

227

xolme axalgazrdasac, Cems moxuc guls ki uyvars igi da emsubuqeba... me

maCoqebs xolme RvTis siyvaruli... da viCoqeb axlac im guliTa da im

sixaruliT, rogoriTac aq dganan frTebgaSlili Cveni bavSvebi

orSabaTobiT _ angelozis dRes~[34, 1980, 2, 45].

1981 wlis 25 dekembers sionis sapatriarqo taZarSi sazeimod

aRiniSna uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

patriarqis aRsaydrebis meoTxe wlisTavi. uwmidessa da unetaress

misasalmebeli sityviT mimarTa urbnelma mTavarepiskoposma konstantinem

(meliqiZe). misma uwmidesobam madloba gadauxada Sekrebil sazogadoebas

da ganacxada: saqmeni, romelnic saqarTvelos eklesiaSi keTdeba, uflis

nebaa, amitom yvelam madloba unda SevswiroT ufals wyalobisaTvis.

mTavarepiskoposma Tadeoz ioramaSvilma leqsiT miuloca mis

uwmidesobas aRsaydrebis dRe:

`macxovris kverTxis mpyrobeli xeliT,

SeWidebuli uxilav mterTan,

simxniT da RvawliT aRuricxvelTa

uZRvi cad mimarT cxovarTa SenTa.

ayvavebuli sanTlebi xatTan

sikeTis dReTa iyavn macneni,

siwmidis madliT da saswauliT

mSobelTa locviT aRmonakvesni

imedmosxmulan Seni dReebi,

siyvaruls yovels rom uwiladeb,

Seni fiqria, Seni mamuli

samaradisod naTliT brwyinavdes,

Tu saqarTvelo wmida jvaria,

natrob samoTxis karTan iyoso,

Seni sicocxle ers uxaria,

mravalJamier, kaTolikoso.~

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi 25 dekembris,

patriarqis aRsaydrebis dRis, sazeimod aRniSvna tradiciad iqca. Tu

pirvel wlebSi mxolod samRvdeloeba da morwmune mrevli ikribeboda,

xolo mecnierebisa da inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi misaloci

werilebiT kmayofildebodnen, XX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan ukve isinic

aqtiurad CaerTvnen sayovelTao sazeimo dReebis aRniSvnaSi.

1987 wlis 25 dekembers uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis aRsaydrebis aTi wlisTavi

gansakuTrebul sazeimo viTarebaSi aRiniSna. sazogadoebis

warmomadgenlebi sasuliero pirebTan erTad cdilobdnen, gamoexataT

patriarqisadmi didi pativiscema da siyvaruli. TavianT gamosvlebSi

isini aRniSnavdnen uwmidesisa da unetaresi ilia II-is gansakuTrebul

damsaxurebas. patriarqma mravalmxriv saintereso sityviT Seajama

sazeimo sxdoma, madloba moaxsena yvelas keTili survilebisaTvis da

aRniSna: `ukve aTi weli gavida, rac patriarqis uRels vewevi, romelic,

marTalia, metad mZimea, magram, amave dros, didia Sewevnac RvTisa. Tu

adamiani mis nebas asrulebs, ufali mas misi wilxvedri jvris zidvas

uadvilebs. ar minda visaubro imaze, Tu am xnis manZilze ra gavakeTe.

rogorc Zveli romaelebi ambobdnen, gavakeTe is, rac SevZeli, xolo

ukeTesi sxvam gaakeTos. rac gakeTda, im saqmeTa aRmsrulebeli ufali,

yovladwmida samebaa, xolo Cven vmadlobT RmerTs, rom mis nebas

xandaxan mainc vasrulebdiT... minda madloba movaxseno Cvens

228

mRvdelmTavrebs, romelnic bevrs akeTeben Cveni eklesiisa da

xalxisaTvis. xSirad morwmuneTaTvis SeumCneveli rCeba is didi jafa,

romelsac episkoposebi ewevian, magram es albaT asec unda iyos, radgan

mTavari isaa, RvTis saqme gakeTdes. minda aseve davloco da madloba

movaxseno Cvens moZRvrebs, ber-monazvnebs, diakvnebs, mgaloblebs im didi

sulieri moRvaweobisaTvis, romelsac isini mrevlisaTvis ewevian,

madloba mogaxsenoT Tqven da mTel qarTvel ers im didi

siyvarulisaTvis, romelsac iCenT~[33, II, 68-69].

kaTolikos-patriarqis aRsaydrebis dRis aRniSvna martooden sazeimo

milocvebiTa da survilebiT ar mTavrdeboda. uwmidesi da unetaresi

Tavis Semajamebel sityvaSi piruTvnelad afasebda ganvlili wlebis

saqmianobas da, amave dros, samomavlo gegmebzec saubrobda. 1992 wlis

dekemberSi, rodesac misi uwmidesobisa da unetaresobis aRsaydrebis 15

weli Sesrulda, saqarTveloSi rogorc politikuri, aseve ekonomikuri

TvalsazrisiT urTulesi viTareba iyo. samoqalaqo dapirispireba jer ar

Camcxraliyo, daZabuloba iyo afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi.

miuxedavad am urTulesi viTarebisa, sapatriarqos istoriul

rezidenciaSi, sadac 1991 wlidan samuSaod gadavida misi uwmidesoba,

Catarda sazeimo Sexvedra, manamde ki sionis sapatriarqo taZarSi

Sesrulda sazeimo wirva. iyo milocvebi, keTili survilebi. patriarqma

arc amjerad uRalata tradicias da sagulisxmo sityviT mimarTa

sazogadoebas:

`marTlac didia da istoriuli dRevandeli dRe, magram ara imitom,

rom dRes TxuTmeti weli Sesrulda Cemi intronizaciidan, aramed didia

igi im movlenebis mniSvnelobiT, romlebic am 15 wlis manZilze moxda

Cveni erisa da eklesiis cxovrebaSi. ganvlo wamebis TxuTmetma welma.

imdenad mZimea jvari saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqisa, rom XX

saukuneSi mxolod uwmidesma da unetaresma kalistratem gauZlo mis

tarebas oci wlis manZilze. metad mZime iyo Cemi aRsaydrebis dro, roca

oficialurad TiTqmis Tavisufali iyo eklesia, sinamdvileSi ki

idevneboda; magram ufro mZime wlebic hqonia saqarTvelos eklesias,

ufro metad yofila igi Seviwroebuli. magaliTad, kaTolikos-patriarqi

ambrosi xelaia daapatimres da daxvretac ki miusajes. iseTi periodic

hqonia saqarTvelos eklesias, rodesac sakaTolikoso sabWos (sinodis)

mTeli Semadgenloba cixeSi ijda da mis SenobaSi, romelic dRes isev

sapatriarqo rezidencias warmoadgens, mxolod mdivani darCa _ es iyo

mRdelmonazoni efremi, romelic Semdeg saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

patriarqi gaxda... saqme iqamde mivida, rom saqarTveloSi arsebuli 1500

eklesiidan mxolod ormocdaaTiRa darCa moqmedi.

ai, aseT mZime dros momixda me RvTis gangebiT kaTolikos-patriarqad

aRsaydreba... amgvar pirobebSi, roca moqmedebda araoficialuri devizi,

rac ufro bevri cudi iqneba eklesiaSi, miT ufro kargia, didi

mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTvelos mTavrobis damokidebulebas kaTolikos-

patriarqis arCevis sakiTxisadmi. saqmes isic arTulebda, rom me, rogorc

imdroindeli reJimisaTvis saSiS pirovnebas, ise miyurebdnen, magram

RvTis gangebas win veravin daudgeba da ai, 1977 wlis 25 dekembers am

taZarSi Sedga Cemi aRsaydreba.

rogorc patriarqma, pirvel rigSi, Cems umTavres movaleobad erisa

da eklesiis gaerTianeba miviCnie. eklesia TiTqos mowyvetili iyo

erisgan, gansakuTrebiT mTavrobasa da inteligencias iyo daSorebuli. am

mdgomareobis gamosworebis mizniT Cven davukavSirdiT saqarTvelos

229

inteligenciis cnobil warmomadgenlebs yvela sferoSi. Cvenda

sasixarulod, maTac didi interesi gamoiCines eklesiis mimarT.

urTierTSexvedrebma saocari Sedegi gamoiRo, ufali mivida yvelasTan.

TviT isinic ki, romelTac TavianTi Tavi aTeistebad miaCndaT,

aRiarebdnen, rom sapatriarqos rezidenciaSi stumrobisas sulieri

simSvide euflebodaT. am dros maTze gadmodioda madli, romelic

mizezi xdeboda WeSmariti rwmenis dabadebisa. me mimaCnia, rom

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi mamamTavari da moZRvari unda iyos

ara mxolod im adamianebisa, romelnic yoveldRiurad modian eklesiaSi,

aramed yoveli qarTvelisa, da, saerTod, Cveni qveynis yoveli mkvidrisa.

kaTolikos-patriarqma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda miaqcios imas,

visac ar SeuZlia an sulieri Zala ar hyofnis eklesiaSi mosasvlelad.

aseT kacTan igi TviTon unda mivides, mxrebiT itvirTos da ise miiyvanos

ufalTan... da bolos, im saocrebasac moveswari, rom saqarTvelo orasi

wlis Semdeg isev damoukidebeli saxelmwifo gaxda. Tumca siZnele isev

mravalia. upirveles yovlisa, Cvens ers imis Segneba sWirdeba, rom

WeSmariti damoukidebloba yoveli Cvenganis Sinagani ganTavisuflebiT

unda daiwyos... ase gavida TxuTmeti weli, romelic, rogorc vTqvi,

wamebis wlebi iyo, magram isic unda vTqva, rom Cven mudam vgrZnobdiT

siaxloves uflisas, vgrZnobdiT, rom CvenTan iyo RmerTi; da, radganac

CvenTan ars RmerTi, veraviTari mteri, verc xiluli da verc uxilavi,

veras daaklebs verc saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo

eklesiasa da verc saxelmwifos.~[33, II, 93-96].

uwmidesisa da unetaresis es sityva mravalmxriv sayuradReboa

istorikosebisaTvis. masSi naCvenebia is ZiriTadi mimarTulebani, Tu

rogor unda daiweros saqarTvelos eklesiis uaxlesi istoria.

1997 wlis dekemberSi qarTvelma xalxma gansakuTrebulad aRniSna

uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis

aRsaydrebis 20 wlisTavi. saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi gaimarTa

samecniero konferencia, sadac araerTi saintereso moxseneba iqna

wakiTxuli uwmidesisa da unetaresis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.

am striqonebis avtorma Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTa mis uwmidesobas:

`Tqveno uwmidesobav da unetaresobav, oci weli gvaSorebs im

RirSesaniSnav dRes, rac saqarTvelos sapatriarqo taxtze moxda Tqveni

aRsaydreba. mogesalmebiT sionis sapatriarqo taZris 70-iani wlebis im

mrevlis saxeliT, romelic Tqven SeqmeniT saqarTvelos eklesiaSi da

romelic manamde, samwuxarod, ar arsebobda. 1977 wlis noemberSi,

rodesac gardaicvala sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi

uwmidesi da unetaresi daviT V, mis mosaxsenebel panaSvidebs wesis

mixedviT aRasrulebdnen qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebi. maTi umravlesoba

xandazmuli iyo. rodesac Tqven SemobrZandiT taZarSi, sazogadoebis is

nawili, vinc ar gicnobdaT, verc warmoidgenda, rom qarTveli

mRvdelmTavari SeiZleba yofiliyo aseTi axalgazrda da gamorCeuli.

bevrs ucxoeTidan CamobrZanebuli stumari egoneT.

Tu ra savalalo mdgomareoba iyo saqarTvelos eklesiaSi, kargad

Cans Semdegi monacemebiT: Teoriulad moqmedi 15 eparqiidan realurad 4-5

eparqias hyavda sakuTari mRvdelmTavari da hqonda moqmedi eklesiebi...

eqvsi patriarqi airCia saqarTvelom sabWoTa xelisuflebis

mmarTvelobis periodSi, magram arc erTi patriarqis kurTxevaze aseTi

mravalricxovani sazogadoeba ar Sekrebila. yvela grZnobda, rom

saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriaSi axali era iwyeboda. amas albaT

230

xelisuflebac grZnobda da maqsimalurad cdilobda eklesiis

izolaciasa da Seviwroebas. sabednierod, Tqveni brZnuli, mwemsmTavruli

moRvaweobis gamo amas ver axerxebda. pirveli nabiji, romelic

saqarTvelos eklesiam XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi gadadga, iyo mrevlis

Semokreba da Tqven, Tqveno uwmindesobav, iyaviT pirveli maswavlebeli

sionis mrevlisa, im axalgazrdebisa, romlebic movdiodiT eklesiaSi,

magram mcireodeni eklesiuri ganaTlebac ar gvqonda, ar vicodiT

taZarSi dgomis wesi, locva, sasuliero ierarqisaTvis mimarTvis

formebi. Tqven yvelafers gvaswavlidiT.

pirvel xanebSi gviWirda taZarSi didxans dgoma, magram Tqven

gvamxnevebdiT da gvixsnidiT wirva-locvaze daswrebis mniSvnelobas.

Tqveni gansakuTrebuli damsaxurebaa is, rom warmarTTa TavSesafrad

gadaqceuli saqarTvelos udidesi eklesia-monastrebi kvlav aRorZinda;

alaverdoba, TeleToba, sveticxovloba, lomisoba kvlav did qristianul

dResaswaulebad iqca... dRes Zalian advilia laparaki aRorZinebuli,

gamSvenierebuli, gaZlierebuli eparqiebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb, magram

bevrma ar icis, ra sirTuleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli Teoriulad

arsebuli eparqiebis praqtikulad amoqmedeba... saqarTvelos eklesiis

uaxlesi istoria ukve iwereba... Tqven sicocxleSive ukvdavebis binadari

gaxdiT... vRelav, saocrad vRelav da ar vici, rogor gamovxato is

gansakuTrebuli siTbo, siyvaruli da pativiscema, rasac Tqven

imsaxurebT qarTveli xalxisagan, qarTveli mrevlisagan. saqarTveloSi

saerTod ase ician: did adamians Zalian gauSinaurdebian xolme. dro,

distancia aris saWiro, rom es sidiade srulad aRiqva. gansxvavebuli

azris motrfiale qarTveloba erTsulovania Tqvens SefasebaSi.

saqarTvelos warsuls, awmyosa da momavalze fiqrSi gatarebuli uZilo

Rameebis, umravlesobisaTvis dafaruli didi Rvawlis dafasebaa eris

usazRvro siyvaruli da pativiscema Tqvendami.~

uwmidesisa da unetaresis sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

patriarqis ilia II-is aRsaydrebis 20 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili daskvniTi

sazeimo sxdoma gaimarTa operisa da baletis saxelmwifo akademiur

TeatrSi. uwmidessa da unetaress miesalmnen mecnierebis, xelovnebis,

SemoqmedebiTi inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi. saqarTvelos prezidentma

e. SevardnaZem gaixsena oci wlis wina movlenebi, is daZabuli viTareba,

romelic saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi Seiqmna

axali patriarqis arCevis win. raoden didi iyo inteligenciisa da

axalgazrdobis survili, sapatriarqo taxtze exilaT cxum-afxazeTis

mitropoliti ilia. prezidentma ganacxada, rom pirveli pirovneba

saqarTvelos istoriaSi, vinc wmida daviT aRmaSeneblis ordeniT

dajildovdeboda, misi uwmidesoba da unetaresoba ilia II iyo.

uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia II-m am sityvebiT mimarTa qarTvel ers:

`iseve rogorc pirovnebis gansacdeli, eris gansacdelic RvTisgan misi

sulieri amaRlebisaTvis xdeba. axla swored am process gavdivarT da

darwmunebuli var, RvTis wyalobiT igi iqceva zecad aRmyvanebel Cvens

sulier kibed. is ki, vinc gaurbis RvTisgan daSvebul am gamocdas da

iol gzas eZebs, uars ambobs didebis gvirgvinze. me mivmarTav mTel Cvens

ers, saqarTvelos mosaxleobas, gadadgiT nabijebi erTmaneTisa da

RvTisaken. ecadeT, yovel Tqvens moqmedebas siyvaruli edos safuZvlad,

raTa iyoT msaxuri uflisa da macxovrisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi...

qarTvelno, erTad _ RvTisaken.~[30, 439].

231

2003 wlis dekemberSi saqarTvelom aRniSna Tavisi didi sulieri

winamZRolis aRsaydrebis 25 wlisTavi. `drois usasrulo mdinarebaSi

wuTic ki ar aris 25, Tundac 70 weli, magram amqveyniuri saTvalaviT igi

cota araa. sruliad axalgazrda da mSvenieri, RvTiuri naTliT

STagonebuli aRzevdiT Tqven qarTuli eklesiis sapatriarqo taxtze...

Tqveni patriarqobis pirveli dReebidanve daiwyo da TiTqmis mTlianad

mowesrigda saqarTvelos eklesiuri cxovreba. uangaro Rvawli, romelsac

Tqveni winamorbedi patriarqebi eweodnen maTTvis mZime moRvaweobis

periodSi, Tqven ganamravleT. qarTuli eklesiis namdvili gamoRviZebis

misia Tqven gxvdaT wilad... wlebis manZilze umRvdlebod darCenil

eklesiebs TandaTan daubrundaT, an ubrundebaT TavianTi saxe... gelaTis,

iyalTos, tbeTis uZvelesi, odesRac eladis simaRleze mdgari, magram

mtrisgan iavarqmnili akademiebis nafuZarze kvlav gaiRviZa sicocxlem...

Tqveni mudmivi sazrunavi iyo da aris, Cvens qveyanaSi, saerTod Cvens

Soris, sufevdes WeSmariti qristianuli siyvaruli. Tqven eris yvela

Svils mouwodebT rwmenisa da sikeTisaken... RvTisgan gansakuTrebuli

locva-kurTxeviT xeldasxmuli brZandebiT... iyaviT dRegrZeli. didxans

mSvidobianad gemarToT wmida saWe qarTuli eklesiisa~[34, 2005, 1, 5-6], _

am sityvebiT miuloca Jurnalma `jvari vazisa~ mis uwmidesobas

saiubileo TariRi.

2007 wels Sesrulda uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-is dabadebidan 75, berad

aRkvecidan 50, mRvdelTmTavrad dadginebis 44 da patriarqad

aRsaydrebidan 30 weli. qarTveli xalxi gansakuTrebulad emzadeboda

misi uwmidesobis saiubileo TariRebis aRsaniSnavad.

2007 wlis 12 oqtombers daiwyo misi uwmidesobis aRsaydrebis 30

wlisTavisa da mcxeTis jvris monastris 1400 wlis saiubileo

dResaswaulis oficialuri nawili. saqarTveloSi stumrad CamobrZandnen:

konstantinopolisa da axlisa romisa msoflio patriarqi,

yovladuwmidesi barTolomeos I; kviprosis eklesiis meTauri,

mTavarepiskoposi qrizostomos II; Cexoslovakiis marTlmadidebeli

eklesiis meTauri, mitropoliti qristefore; ukrainis egzarqosi,

mitropoliti vladimeri; antioqiisa da sruliad aRmosavleTis eklesiis

episkoposi nifoni; ierusalimis eklesiis mTavarepiskoposi Teofile,

ruseTis eklesiis orenburgis mitropoliti valentini, serbeTis

eklesiis mTavarepiskoposi amfiloqi, rumineTis eklesiis mitropoliti

iosebi, bulgareTis eklesiis mitropoliti dometiani, eladis eklesiis

mitropoliti ambrosi, albaneTis eklesiis mitropoliti ignatiosi,

poloneTis eklesiis mTavarepiskoposi simoni, amerikis marTlmadidebeli

eklesiis episkoposi irineosi. stumrebs sazeimo miReba mouwyves

sapatriarqo rezidenciaSi, sadac sityva warmoTqva yovladuwmidesma

barTolomeos I-ma: `didia Cveni sixaruli, vinaidan TqvenTan erTad

vimyofebiT, unetareso da usayvarleso Zmao, Tqvens stumarTmoyvare da

istoriul qveyanaSi, saqarTveloSi, romelTanac Cvens konstantinopolis

msoflio sapatriarqos mWidro, saukeTeso sulieri da, amasTanave,

kanonikuri urTierToba akavSirebs… Tavi moviyareT dRes aq, raTa erTad

aRvniSnoT misi uwmidesobis aRsaydrebidan 30 wlisTavi… Tqven iseT

mdgomareobas gauZeliT, rom CvenTvis, visac is uSualod ar gangvicdia,

misi aRqmac ki ar ZalgviZs, magram, amave dros, Tqven gadmogecaT samwyso,

mowyurebuli RvTisa da Rvaebriv siyvaruls, da, miuxedavad imisa, rom

xalxs metad uWirda, Tqven didi gamocdileba da Tavganwirvis grZnoba

232

SegZinaT… moxarulni varT, aRorZinebis suls rom vgrZnobT. Ees aris

suli nugeSinismcemeli uflisa Cvenisa, romelic msWvalavs mociqulTa

ofliT gaJRenTil da mowameTa sisxliT ganbanil am qveyanas. Eeklesiis

es aRorZineba, misi winsvla ar moxdeboda, Tuki 1977 wels sapatriarqo

taxtze esoden Rirseuli pirovneba ar asuliyo, ar iqneboda winsvla,

Tuki qveyanas ar eyoleboda esoden zneobrivi, mSromeli, SorsmWvreteli,

sibrZniTa da moTminebiT mmarTveli patriarqi, romelic Tavis xalxs

meore sulieri dabadebiT marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wiaRSi da mis

ZiebaSi daabrunebda~[36, 2007, 32, 10].

13 oqtombers Tbilisis wmida samebis sakaTedro taZarSi msoflio

patriarqma barTolomeos I-ma marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa mier

warmogzavnil mRvdelmTavrebTan, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

patriarq ilia II-sa da saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis wmida sinodis

wevrebTan erTad sazeimo locva aRavlina. Uukrainis delegaciam waikiTxa

ukrainis prezidentis, viqtor iuSCenkos, misalmeba da gadawyvetileba,

misi uwmidesobis ilia II-is ukrainis saxelmwifos umaRlesi jildoTi _

Tavad miroslav brZenis ordeniT dajildoebis Sesaxeb.

14 oqtombers sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZari, misi Semogareni

xalxs ver itevda. taZarSi mobrZandnen: misi uwmidesoba sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposi

ilia II, msoflio patriarqi yovladuwmidesi barTolomeos I, marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa delegaciebi, saqarTvelos eklesiis wmida

sinodis wevrebi, samRvdeloeba, qarTuli inteligenciis TvalsaCino

warmomadgenlebi. sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZarSi misi uwmidesobis

aRsaydrebis 30 wlisTavis misalocad mobrZandnen saqarTvelos

prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili da parlamentis Tavmjdomare nino

burjanaZe. uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II miesalma stumrebs, madloba

moaxsena CamobrZanebisaTvis da aRniSna: ès 30 weli, romelic

saqarTvelom ganvlo, metad mniSvnelovania Cveni qveynisaTvis.

saqarTvelos eklesia mudam gzas uCvenebda qarTvel ers.

MmarTlmadidebeli sarwmunoeba mudam iyo da iqneba Cveni erisa da Cveni

sulierebis ganmamtkicebeli, SemaerTebeli, SemduRebeli. Cven yvelafers

viRonebT imisaTvis, rom es erToba ar iyos darRveuli. am 30 wlis

ganmavlobaSi bevri ram gakeTda, magram me ar SemiZlia vTqva, rom es Cemi

gakeTebulia. maxsendeba sityvebi wmidisa mefisa daviT

winaswarmetyvelisa: ùfali mefobs~. rodesac mefe daviTs xalxi aqebda

da ambobda, rom man gaamTliana israeli, mefem gaaCuma isini da uTxra:

ùfali mefobs~. Uufali mefobs, ufali qmnis, ufali amTlianebs, xolo

boroti Zala anawevrebs~[36, 2007, 32, 4].

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis wmida sinodis

saxeliT mis uwmidesobas miesalma mitropoliti anania (jafariZe),

romelmac aRniSna: `mravali Cvengani mowmea imisa, rom misma uwmidesobam

am 30 wlis win Caibara ucxo qveynis mpyrobelobis Sedegad damcrobili

eklesia, materialurad univTo, naklovani da qancmileuli, aTeist

mmarTvelTa mZlavrobiT daSinebuli sul ramdenime aTeuli samRvdelo

piriT. Dda ai, gavida 30 weli da Cven vxedavT, Tu ra warmatebiT Seegeba

Cveni eklesia axal aTaswleuls… Tqveni yoveldRiuri saqmiTa da

sityviT iyaviT da xarT WeSmariti moZRvari da maswavlebeli, wmida

etaloni ara mxolod sulier-eklesiurisa, aramed _ yofiTisa, eTikisa

Tu esTetikisa. Yyvela Cvenganma yvelaferi Tqvengan Seiswavla, ufro

sworad Tu vityviT, unda Seiswavlos, radgan Tqven ukvdavi saRmrTo

233

magaliTi brZandebiT wyalobisa da qvelis saqmisa, locvisa da marxvisa.

rogorc ityvian, vin aRricxavs Tqvens saxierebas zecaTa mamis garda? 30

wlis winandel qaotur sasuliero dasSi dainerga wesiereba da kanoni

da Tqveni moridebiT da krZalviT veravin ikadrebs uweso svlas.

patiosneba da Rirseba Tavis adgils imkvidrebs. monastrebi,

saepiskoposoebi da eklesiebi wesiTa da rigiT aRasruleben saRmrTo

msaxurebas~[36, 2007, 32, 4-5].

15 oqtombers zaqaria faliaSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis operisa da

baletis saxelmwifo akademiur TeatrSi gaimarTa uwmidesisa da

unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-is aRsaydrebidan 30 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo saRamo, romelsac

eswrebodnen: sazRvargareTis marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa delegaciebi,

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis wmida sinodis mRvdelmTavrebi,

samRvdeloeba, saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da parlamentis wevrebi, qarTuli

inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi. uwmidessa da unetaress saiubileo

TariRebi miuloces: msoflio patriarqma barTolomeos I-ma, rumineTis

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis warmomadgenelma, mitropolitma iosebma,

antioqiis eklesiis warmomadgenelma, episkoposma nifonma, romelmac

antioqiis patriarqis saxeliT uwmides da unetares ilia II-s Tval-

margalitiT Semkuli oqros panaRia miarTva. Aamerikis SeerTebuli

Statebis elCma saqarTveloSi, b-ma jon teftma waikiTxa amerikis

SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis jorj buSis milocvis teqsti

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq ilia II-sadmi: `Tqveno

uwmidesobav, amerikeli xalxis saxeliT, guliTadad gilocavT

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis patriarqad aRsaydrebis 30

wlisTavs. Tqveni xelmZRvanelobiT eklesia gaZlierda. vici, raoden

gafasebT qarTveli xalxi Tqven da yvela Tqvens miRwevas. gisurvebT

saukeTeso janmrTelobas da Semdgom warmatebebs~[36, 2007, 32, 15].

msoflio patriarqma barTolomeos I-ma gakvirveba da aRtaceba ver damala im saerTo erovnuli zeimis masStabebisa da misi uwmidesobis

mimarT qarTveli xalxis gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebis gamo da

aRniSna: `vxarobT gamouTqmeli da keTili sixaruliT, rameTu axlodan

davinaxeT madli uflisa, gardamosuli msxmoiare venaxsa zeda

saqarTvelos eklesiisa… vxarobT uTvalavi didebuli taZris

mSeneblobis xilviT, patiosani monastrebidan gamomavali asketuri

cxovrebis Zlieri majiscemiT, vxarobT yovelive imiT, rasac TvaliT

vxedavT, gonebiT vwvdebiT da yuriT vismenT. mTeli guliT gisurvebT,

rom ufalma RmerTma samaradisod dagicvaT marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

wiaRSi, raTa ar dainTqaT amqveyniuri cxovrebis boboqari da

Semmusvreli zRvis talRebSi~[36, 2007, 32, 13].

uwmidesisa da unetaresis sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

patriarqis ilia II-is aRsaydrebidan 30 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnilma

saiubileo dReebma kidev ufro TvalsaCino gaxada misi Rvawli

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis, qarTveli eris

winaSe. QqarTvelma xalxma Tavisi sulieri winamZRolis mimarT kidev

erTxel gamoxata udidesi pativiscema da siyvaruli.

234

g) patriarqis Semoqmedeba

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi

ilia II RvTisgan dajildoebulia mravalmxrivi SemoqmedebiTi niWiT. misi

xelnawerebi qarTuli kaligrafiis saukeTeso nimuSia. Ggasaocaria,

rogor moaxerxa misma uwmidesobam aseTi daxvewili, lamazi kaligrafiis

SenarCuneba, miT umetes, rom studentobisa da cxum-afxazeTis eparqiaSi

moRvaweobis dros ZiriTadad rusul enaze uxdeboda muSaoba. patriarqi

grZnobs unikaluri qarTuli anbanis TiToeuli aso-niSnis sidiades da

mas Tavisi xelweriT kidev ufro amaRlebulad warmoaCens.

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ferweriT gatacebis

Sesaxeb Zalian cotam icoda. pirvelad sazogadoebam amis Sesaxeb Seityo

didubis RvTismSoblis eklesiis moxatvis dros, 1978-1979 wlebSi.

didubis eklesiis moxatvaze muSaobda cnobili mxatvari aleqsandre

(Sura) banZelaZe. morwmuneni xedavdnen, rom uwmidesi da unetaresi

TiTqmis yoveldRe modioda taZarSi. didubis eklesiaSi, istoriuli

gadmocemebis Tanaxmad, jvari dauweria wmida mefe Tamars. uwmidesma da

unetaresma didubis eklesiis kedelze Tamar mefis xati Seqmna. wmida

mefe Tamaris oTx freskas, eklesiis kedelze gamosaxuls, miemata mexuTe

_ uwmidesisa da unetaresi ilia II-is mier Sesrulebuli.

saqarTvelos Zvel sapatriarqo rezidenciaSi uwmidesma da

unetaresma ilia II-m dawera wmida didmowame giorgis xati, romelic erT-

erTi gamorCeulia uwmidesisa da unetaresis SemoqmedebaSi. wmida mefe

vaxtang gorgaslis portreti ierusalimis erT-erT qarTul monasterSi

yofila, romelic, samwuxarod, droTa viTarebaSi daikarga. uwmidesma da

unetaresma Seqmna wmida mefe vaxtang gorgaslis xati, romelic

xelovnebis, xatweris brwyinvale nimuSia. axovan mefes erT xelSi droSa

uWiravs, meoreSi _ etrati. uyureb am STambeWdav portrets da Cven

Tvalwin cocxldeba samSoblos Tavisuflebisa da

damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli didi mefis Seudrekeli xasiaTi da

qristianuli sarwmunoebisaTvis Tavdadeba. uwmidesisa da unetaresis mier

aris Sesrulebuli wmida samebis xati, romelzec amotvifrulia

patriarqis mier Seqmnili locva: `samebao dausabamoo, mamao, Zeo da

sulo wmidao, dideba Senda! yovladwmidao samebao, Semoqmedo caTa da

qveynisao, simarTliTa da mowyalebiTa ganmgebelo yovelTa

dabadebulTao, madloba Senda! Sen gigalobT, Sen gakurTxebT da maradis

Tayvans gcemT Sen, samwmidao, erTarsebao, mamao, Zeo da sulo wmidao,

ufalo uflebaTao, RmerTo ZalTao, da gevedrebiT Sen, siyvarulo da

sasoebao Cveno, gardamoixile zeciT da ixile, da moxede venaxsa amas, da

daamtkice ese, romel daasxa marjvenaman Senman, amin~[30, 398].

saqarTvelo aris RvTismSoblis wilxvedri qveyana. deda RvTisa

mfarvelobs da icavs Cvens xalxs. RvTismSoblis saxelobis mravali

eklesia-monasteria saqarTveloSi, Cvenma winaprebma RvTismSoblis

araerTi xati Seqmnes. `Sen xar venaxic~ xom RvTismSoblis sadidebeli

himnia. uwmidesisa da unetaresis SemoqmedebaSi yovladwmida

RvTismSoblis xati erT-erTi gamorCeulia. patriarqma sagangebod Seqmna

yovladwmida RvTismSoblis locva: `dedao RvTisav, gardamoixile Cvenze

da gvacxovne Cven! yovladwmidao RvTismSobelo, patrono iveriisao,

brwyinvale varskvlavo ciskrisao, mzeo qveynisao, aRmatebulo

angelozTao, Semweo yovelTa davrdomilTa da SeWirvebulTao, mamisgan

235

uflis dedad gamorCeulo da mfarvelo orTav soflisao, mowyale

TvaliT gardamoixile Sens wilxvedr qveyanas _ saqarTvelos da

uricxvTa codvaTa CvenTa Sendobai SesTxove yovladwmidasa samebasa _

mamasa, Zesa da sulsa wmidasa. wyalobiTa SeniTa kvalad aRgvadgine,

mSierni daapure, SiSvelni Semose, sapyrobilesa Sina myofni

ganaTavisufle da simarTlis gzaze daayene, uZlurni gankurnen, mtiralT

nugeSiec, WabukTa da yrmaTa simxne miec da sulierad aRamaRle,

asakovanni sibrZniT aRavse da maTi STamomavalni keTildReobiT gaaxare.

dedao mowyaleo, mogvec simtkice WeSmariti rwmenisa, sasoeba, SiSi

RvTisa da Seuorgulebeli siyvaruli eklesiisa da moyvasisa, erTguleba

mamulisa da qarTuli enisa; mogvmadle guli wmida da suli wrfeli,

goneba maxvili da Rrma, sxeuli jansaRi da uvnebeli; ganamtkice ojaxebi

qarTvelTa da akurTxe igini SvilTa simravliTa, aRavse beRelni Cvenni

puriTa da venaxebi Cvenni _ yurZniTa, ganamravle mosavali miwisa da

monagebi pirutyvTa.

RvTismSobelo dedao, SecTomilni Zeni da asulni iveriisani

WeSmaritebis gzaze daayene, ucxoeTSi myofni qarTvelni samSobloSi

mSvidobiT daabrune, mtradmosulni ucxo tomni Cvens uvneblad Tvisav

qveyanasa Sina ganawese, xolo Cven, mkvidrTa saqarTveloisaTa, mogvec

Zali urTierTTanadgomisa, raTa mwuxareTa Tana vtirodeT da SeveweodeT

maT, xolo mxiarulTa Tana vixarodeT.

dedao mariam, eri qarTvelTa, mTavroba da eklesia Cveni sulierad

Sekar da aRdgenilsa mamulsa Sina Cvensa erT ganuyofel samwysod

RvTisad daadgine; taZrad Senda hyav saqarTvelo da xilul da uxilav

mterTagan keTilsurnel iaTa maxviliTave marad daicev. mermeca

gevedrebi, raTa Seewio marTlmadideblobiT aRsrulebulTa CvenTa

axlobelTa da winaparTa da sulni maTni Senis meoxebiT savanesa

marTalsa daawese. ganuzomelia wyaloba Seni Cven zeda, RvTismSobelo

dedao, didebasa da madlobas gwiravT Sen, meoxo Cveno, Sens ferxTa qveS

ganvafenT gulTa CvenTa da kandlad aRginTebT locvasa Cvensa, zecisa

sasufevlidan vidre saqarTvelomde, viTarca fiandazsa dagifenT

siyvarulsa Cvensa da mTelisa qveynis yvavilebiT ganvamSvenebT mas.

muxlmodrekiT SegTxovT, ar gangvSorde arca Jamsa mas meored mosvlisa

Zisa Senisasa da sruliad saqarTvelo uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristes

marjveniT daadgine, raTa SenTana vixarebdeT da vadidebdeT

dambadebelsa Cvensa, yovelTa Semwynarebelsa da siyvarulsa

dausrulebelsa, mamasa, Zesa da wmidasa sulsa aw da maradis da ukuniTi

ukunisamde amin.~[30, 399.

TviTon unda iyo didi Teologi, rom srulad Seafaso uwmidesisa

da unetaresis mier Seqmnili locvebi... daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikoss

erTxel aRmoxda _ homerosis ena unda gqondes, rom am didi mefis `didni

saqmeni~ srulyofilad aRweroo. albaT msgavsi gancda daeufleba

nebismier adamians, vinc moindomebs srulad warmoaCinos misi

uwmidesobisa da unetaresobis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

patriarqis cxovreba da moRvaweoba.

uwmidesisa da unetaresis mier didi siyvaruliTaa dawerili wmida

mefeebis _ daviT winaswarmetyvelisa da solomonis _ xatebi. misi

uwmidesobis SemoqmedebaSi didi adgili ukavia saxelovan winaprebs.

Siola RuduSaurs miuZRvna man rogorc skulpturuli namuSevari, aseve

ferweruli tiloc. uwmidesisa da unetaresis mSoblebis _ natalia

236

kobaiZisa da giorgi SiolaSvilis _ portretebidan Semogvcqerian

Rrmad morwmune, qristiani adamianebi.

XX saukuneSi araerTi gamoCenili mxatvari moRvaweobda

saqarTveloSi, magram kanonikuri xatweris didi tradicia TiTqmis

daviwyebuli iyo. uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II XX saukuneSi qarTuli

kanonikuri xatweris fuZemdebelia. mis uwmidesobas surda, rom

saqarTveloSi kvlav aRorZinebuliyo tixruli minanqris, Weduri

xelovnebis istoriuli tradicia. erTi SexedviT, es ganuxorcielebel

keTil survilad Canda, magram, Tu dRes am mxriv warmatebebi gvaqvs, es

misi uwmidesobis damsaxurebaa. fokis dedaTa monastris tixruli

minanqris skoliT, dedaTa mier Sesrulebuli namuSevrebiT nebismieri

eri iamayebs.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebelma samociqulo eklesiam XIX-XX

saukuneebSi urTulesi periodebi gaiara. avtokefaliis gauqmebisa da

egzarqosobis xanaSi qarTuli wirva-locva, galoba rusulma Secvala.

erTeuli adamianebis Tavganwirvis wyalobiT gadarCa qarTuli

sagaloblebis notebi, magram musikaTmcodneebi maT, rogorc istoriuls,

ise aRiqvamdnen da fiqradac aravis mosdioda, rom es unikaluri

qarTuli sagaloblebi kvlav gamoeyenebina. uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia

II patriarqad aRsaydrebis pirveli dReebidanve Seudga qarTul

saeklesio sagaloblebze zrunvas. am saqmeSi mas daexmara didi

musikaluri niWi da gataceba. misi uwmidesoba aRniSnavs: `musika

bavSvobidanve miyvarda, rogorc ambobdnen, saukeTeso smena mqonda. ra

Tqma unda, yvelaze saamo CemTvis qarTuli sagaloblebis mosmenaa.

amasTanave, saaTobiT SemiZlia vijde da vusmino klasikur musikas.

gamorCeulad miyvars mocarti, faliaSvili. RmerTma yvela ers misca

siyvarulis madli, maT Soris _ Cvenc, qarTvelebs, romelic, pirvel

rigSi, Cvens uZveles xalxur simRerasa da saeklesio galobaSi Cans.

qarTuli galoba aris siyvaruli uflisadmi, xolo qarTuli simRera _

siyvaruli moyvasisadmi, musikaSi aJRerebuli da gadmocemuli~[30, 380].

uwmidesisa da unetaresis locva-kurTxeviT, Zveli qarTuli

sagaloblebis Sesruleba daiwyo jer sionis, Semdeg _ anCisxatis

taZrebSi. amJamad saqarTvelos yvela eklesia-monasterSi aRdga Zveli

qarTuli sagaloblebis TanxlebiT wirva-locva. uwmidessa da unetaress

ekuTvnis brwyinvale sagaloblebi: `gixaroden, friad mSveniero~, `modi

CemTan, ufalo~, `ufalo ieso qriste~, `wmidao RmerTo~, `mamao Cveno~,

`mrwamsi~, `diptiqi~, `micvalebulTa kvereqsi~, `Cemi vedreba~.

2007 wlis 4 marts misi uwmidesobisa da unetaresobis moskovSi

oficialuri vizitis dros macxovris sakaTedro taZarSi samebis

sakaTedro taZris mgalobelTa gundma Seasrula `kirieeleison~. ruseTis

patriarqma uwmidesma aleqsi II-m sTxova mis uwmidesobas, iqneb am

uZvelesi da ulamazesi sagaloblis notebi gviSovoTo. raoden didi iyo

misi gaoceba, rodesac Seityo, rom am sagaloblis avtori uwmidesi da

unetaresi ilia II-a.

qarTuli mravalxmiani sagaloblebis dacvasa da ganviTarebas

emsaxureba misi uwmidesobis locva-kurTxeviT samebis sakaTedro

taZarTan Seqmnili qarTuli sagaloblebis umaRlesi skola, romelic

niWier axalgazrdebs saSualebas aZlevs, Rrmad daeuflon qarTul

galobas.

uwmidesisa da unetaresis Semoqmedebis Seswavla momavalSi

specialistebis saqmea, magram ar SeiZleba ramdenime sityviT ar

237

aRvniSnoT misi saocrad harmoniuli damokidebuleba bunebasTan.

patriarqs uyvars bunebis Svilebi _ cxovelebi, frinvelebi...

gansakuTrebiT gatacebulia mcenareebiT. igi yvelas arigebs, rom unda

SeeZloT bunebis silamazis aRqma da misiT tkboba. mis uwmidesobas

uyvars bunebaSi ganmartoeba, radgan Rrmad swams, rom `zogjer

ganmartoebiTac unda davtkbeT, raTa yuradReba Sinagan cxovrebaze

gadavitanoT da umaRlesi realobis arseboba vigrZnoT. swored sakuTar

TavTan ganmartoebisasaa SesaZlebeli urTierTobis damyareba RmerTTan,

swored amgvari martoobisas ibadeba didi ideebi~[30, 375].

patriarqis saxiT saqme gvaqvs universalur pirovnebasTan, romelic

Cven, Cveulebriv adamianebs, misi saocari ubraloebisa da mokrZalebis

gamo Cvennairi gvgonia. albaT esec ar aris SemTxveviTi, radgan

ubraloebaSi aris sidiade.

d) warsuli, awmyo da momavali. samebis sakaTedro taZari

saukuneTa manZilze qarTveli xalxis erTiani erovnul-

saxelmwifoebrivi da sulieri cnobiereba iyo is Zala, romelic

gansazRvravda Cvens meobas, samSoblosadmi Tavdadebasa da siyvaruls.

`samSoblo _ esaa ena qarTuli, esaa suli Cveni didebuli winaprebisa,

aTasobiT wmida mowamisa, mefeTa, kaTolikos-patriarqTa, RirsTa da

RmerTSemosilTa mamaTa da dedaTa; esaa Cveni uTvalavi taZari da

monasteri, Cveni siwmideni, xelovneba, arqiteqtura, mwerloba, esaa Cveni

xasiaTi da azrovnebis wesi, esaa Cveni warsuli, awmyo da momavali.

samSoblo Cveni didi imedia. misadmi grZnoba iseve amaRlebuli da

saTuTia, rogorc siyvaruli RvTisadmi.~[38, 225-226], _ brZanebs uwmidesi

da unetaresi ilia II. magram misi uwmidesobisa da unetaresobisaTvis

ucxoa saqarTvelos warsulisadmi advokatur-gamosarClebiTi midgoma,

vinaidan kargad icis, rom, Tu eri marto warsuliT cxovrobs, mas awmyo

da momavali ar aqvs; amitom igi afrTxilebs Tavis samwysos: `saerTod,

Zvel kulturul qveynebs, erebsa da xalxebs warsuliT siamaye

axasiaTebT. gamonaklisi arc Cven varT. Zalian xSirad vlaparakobT imis

Taobaze, Tu ra gaakeTes Cvenma winaprebma da es gvaxarebs. ra Tqma unda,

es siamaye samarTliania, magram, upirveles yovlisa, imaze unda vifiqroT,

ras vakeTebT, an Cveni momavali Taoba ras gaakeTebs.~[33, II, 71].

rogorc XIX saukuneSi ilia WavWavaZes ainteresebda, ra iyo is

Zala, ramac uricxvi mtrebiT garSemortymul erT muWa qarTvelobas

SeaZlebina moeRwia XIX saukunemde, maSin, rodesac didi qveynebi _

urartu, asureTi, babiloni, egvipte da sxva imperiebi _ gaqrnen istoriis

asparezidan, uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II-c daaxloebiT amgvarad svams

kiTxvas da TviTonve argumentirebulad pasuxobs: `Cven xSirad vusvamT

sakuTar Tavs kiTxvas, rogor SeZlo qarTvelma erma, romelsac

gamudmebuli brZola uxdeboda Tavis dasacavad, amgvari didebuli

kultura Seeqmna? rodis moicala jvrisa da sveticxovlis, sionisa da

gelaTis aSenebisaTvis? rodis monaxa dro, Seeqmna iseTi xatebi,

rogoricaa xaxulis RvTismSobeli, an iseTi mxatvroba, rogoric atenis,

238

yinwvisis Tu ubisis taZrebs amSvenebs? rodis Seqmna aseTi mdidari da

mravalferovani mwerloba? yvelaferi es iyo RvTis wyalobisa da

qarTveli kacis SemoqmedebiTi geniis Sedegi.~[33, II, 161].

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II gansakuTrebuli mokrZalebiTa da

mowiwebiT moixseniebs wmida mefe mirianis, wmida mefe vaxtang gorgaslis,

wmida mefe daviT aRmaSenebelis, wmida Tamaris Rvawls. daviT

aRmaSenebels qristes mxedars uwodebs, romelmac `Tavisi cxovrebiT,

Tavisi moRvaweobiT srulyofis kibis maRal safexurs miaRwia. man icoda,

rom adamiani gulsavse mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos, Tu misi

guli gaxdeba taZari RvTisa, taZari sulisa wmidisa, rac mxolod maSinaa

SesaZlebeli, Tu pirovneba igrZnobs, rom miuaxlovda RmerTs~[38, 286].

uwmidessa da unetaress daviT aRmaSeneblis saxeli marto warsulis

gaxsenebisaTvis ki ar sWirdeba, aramed _ awmyosa da momavlisaTvis.

patriarqi Tvlis, rom `yoveli eri, misi bunebidan gamomdinare, erTi

garkveuli ideis ganxorcielebas emsaxureba... qarTuli idea istoriis

manZilze da momavalSic siyvarulis samsaxuria... swored siyvarulis

samsaxurma gadaarCina Cveni eri da qveyana... mivmarTav Cvens

xelisuflebas, mTavrobas, parlaments, yvela politikur moRvawes, rac

unda gansxvavebuli azrisa da Sexedulebebisa iyoT, RvTisa da

samSoblos siyvarulis gamo, amoudeqiT erTmaneTs mxarSi~[33, II, 97-98].

saqarTvelom 1977 wlidan dRemde mravali gansacdeli gadaitana.

1978 wlis 14 aprils qarTuli enis dasacavad pirveli arasanqcirebuli

demonstracia gaimarTa rusTavelis gamzirze. 1980-iani wlebidan

rusifikaciis winaaRmdeg brZola erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel brZolaSi

gadaizarda. demonstraciebi, saprotesto aqciebi Cveulebriv movlenad

iqca. Tu manamde sazogadoeba politikuri sakiTxebis mimarT

indiferentuli iyo, axla ukve politizebuli gaxda. erovnuli da

politikuri lozungebi erTmaneTs enacvleboda, mravalricxovani

politikuri partiebis programebSi lamazi ferebiT iyo daxatuli

saqarTvelos momavali, magram realuri cxovreba ufro mkacri da mZime

aRmoCnda. 9 aprili, samoqalaqo dapirispireba, inspirirebuli

eTnokonfliqtebi da saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis darRveva _

yovelive aman sazogadoebaSi erovnuli SesaZleblobebisadmi erTgvari

nihilizmi da momavlisadmi pesimisturi ganwyobileba gamoiwvia.


ilia II qarTvel ers moTminebisa da ganvlili cxovrebis gonebis TvaliT

Sefasebisaken mouwodebs. `yvela gonier adamians aRelvebs da ainteresebs

ara marto sakuTari bed-iRbali, aramed Tavisi xalxis da, saerTod,

mTeli msoflios awmyo da momavali, _ aRniSnavs misi uwmidesoba, _

rodesac uyureb mimdinare procesebs, zogjer gulgatexiloba geufleba,

geCveneba, TiTqos kacobrioba sadRac uZiro ufskrulisaken mieqaneba da

aRar arsebobs Zala, romelic moaxloebul tragedias SeaCerebs, magram

es ase ar aris. yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom is, rac kacTaTvis

SeuZlebelia, RvTisaTvis aris SesaZlebeli. oRond mTavaria, swor gzaze

vidgeT da sworad vicxovroT.~[30, 439].

uwmidesi da unetaresi amxnevebs Tavis samwysos da acxadebs, rom

adamiani RvTis xatad aris Seqmnili da Seswevs unari, daaRwios Tavi

sibnelis wyvdiads da aRadginos gawyvetili kavSiri RmerTTan.

rodesac ecnobi patriarqis mosazrebebs Tanamedrove msoflioSi

mimdinare procesebze, xvdebi, rom misi azrovneba dros yovelTvis

uswrebs, igi kargad icnobs XX saukunis bolosa da XXI saukunis

239

dasawyisis kacobriobis globalur problemebs. uwmidesis marTebuli

SefasebiT, `samwuxarod, mecnierul-teqnikur ganviTarebasTan erTad

xdeba adamianis individualuri saxis dakargva, ufasurdeba sicocxle,

iqmneba iseTi meqanizmebi, romlebic TiTqos aRar emorCileba adamianis

kontrols da, faqtobrivad, misTvis mtrul Zalad SeiZleba iqces.

yovelive amis paralelurad kacobrioba ayalibebs erTian

kontrolirebad sistemas, romelsac aucileblad sWirdeba WeSmariti

sarwmunoebiT aRvsili, siyvaruliT, nebisyofiTa da pasuxismgeblobis

grZnobiT dajildoebuli adamianebi, razec naklebad fiqroben~[38, 558].

uwmidesi da unetaresi gulistkivils gamoTqvams Tanamedrove yofis

realobaze _ Rirseba daikarga, guli gaqvavda, sicocxle gaufasurda.

axalgazrda qarTuli saxelmwifo eZiebs Tavis adgils Tanamedrove

msoflioSi. patriarqi gvafrTxilebs, rom warsulisa da awmyos

gaTvaliswinebiT saqarTvelom momavalze swori arCevani unda gaakeTos.

`saqarTvelo aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis, CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis

gzajvaredinze mdebareobs da, bunebrivia, ganicdis mis gavlenas; magram

Cveni Rirseba swored is iqneba, Tu WeSmarit rwmenasa da erovnul

Rirebulebebs SevinarCunebT, sxvaTa gamocdilebas gaviTvaliswinebT da

am yovelives drois moTxovnilebebs SevusabamebT.~[38, 575].

uwmidesi da unetaresi mogviwodebs _ WeSmarit Tavisuflebaze

saubari ar SeiZleba iq, sadac zneobriv cxovrebaze uars amboben.

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmidesi da unetaresi

ilia II jer kidev XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi fiqrobda, ra unda

moemoqmeda, rom qarTveli xalxi Rirseulad Sexvedroda qristeSobis

2000 wlisTavs. igi xvdeboda mecnierebs, kulturis warmomadgenlebs,

sasuliero pirebs, ainteresebda, ras SesTavazebdnen isini. didi fiqrisa

da gansjis Semdeg misma uwmidesobam miiRo gadawyvetileba TbilisSi

wmida samebis sakaTedro taZris aSenebis Sesaxeb. daiwyo adgilis Zebna.

gamoiTqva mosazreba, taZari vakeSi, yofili studqalaqis teritoriaze,

aSenebuliyo, magram misma uwmidesobam daarwmuna yvela, rom sakaTedro

taZris aSeneba avlabarSi, wmida elias mTaze yvelaze swori iqneboda.

1988 wlis 5 Tebervals Seiqmna sakonkurso komisia misi

uwmidesobis ilia II-is TavmjdomareobiT, xolo konkursi momavali

taZris proeqtze gamocxadda 1989 wels. sazogadoebis cxoveli interesi

gamoiwvia sakonkursod warmodgenilma proeqtebma. rogorc misi

uwmidesoba aRniSnavda, konkursze warmodgenili proeqtebi iyo

gamoxatuleba Cveni sazogadoebis mrwamsis, azrovnebisa da kulturisa.

konkursze gamarjvebulad gamoacxades arqiteqtor arCil mindiaSvilis

mier Sesrulebuli proeqti. 1997 wlis 9 marts uwmidesma da unetaresma

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma ilia II-m saqarTvelos

mosaxleobas mimarTa: `qristes mier sayvarelo Cveno suliero Svilebo!

rogorc TqvenTvis cnobilia, TbilisSi, macxovris Sobis 2000 da

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis avtokefaliis 1500

wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT, Sendeba wmida samebis sakaTedro taZari,

romelic aRimarTeba sadideblad RvTisa da Cveni eris sulieri

gaZlierebisa da ganmTlianebisaTvis. taZris mSeneblobaSi monawileoba

unda miiRos sruliad saqarTvelom, yovelma qarTvelma, saqarTveloSi

mcxovrebma yvela eris warmomadgenelma~[27, 10789].

uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

patriarqis ilia II-isa da saqarTvelos prezident e. SevardnaZis

erToblivi gadawyvetilebiT, samebis sakaTedro taZris mSeneblobis

240

fondis Tavmjdomared dainiSna batoni irakli andriaZe. gansakuTrebul

sazeimo viTarebaSi aTasobiT morwmunis, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyroblis, wmida sinodis, samRvdeloebis,

saqarTvelos prezidentis, parlamentis Tavmjdomaris, mecnierebis,

kulturis moRvaweebis TandaswrebiT, sazeimod akurTxes is adgili,

sadac taZris saZirkveli unda gaeWraT. kurTxevis Semdeg gaiWra

saZirkvlis adgili, sadac uwmidesisa da unetaresis locva-kurTxeviT

Caawyves Semdegi siwmideni: `qva sinas mTidan, sadac ufalma mose

winaswarmetyvels gadasca aTi mcneba; qva iordanedan, sadac naTel iRo

ufalma; qva nazareTidan, sadac exara deda RvTismSobels macxovris

Soba; qva ierusalimidan, sadac dakrZaluli iyo RvTismSobeli; miwa

ierusalimis jvris qarTvelTa monastridan, aWaridan, goniodan, saidanac

Semovida mociquli andria; qva faravnis tbidan, saidanac SemobrZanda

wmida nino; siwmideebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan, eklesia-

monastrebidan~[27, 1535]. rogorc misma uwmidesobam ganacxada: `wmida

samebis sakaTedro taZris mSenebloba udidesi mniSvnelobis movlenaa.

taZari saqarTveloSi mudam iyo Cveni sulieri da fizikuri simtkicis

gamomxatveli. igi umsubuqebda mZime jvris mtvirTvelobas qarTvel ers

da ganamtkicebda masSi momavlis rwmenas.~[30, 188].

saqarTveloSi im droisTvis arsebul rTul politikur da

ekonomikur pirobebSi gamoCndnen adamianebi, romelnic amtkicebdnen, rom

am grandiozuli masStabis taZris aSenebisaTvis Seuferebeli dro iyo

da verc moxerxdeboda misi aSeneba. aseTi azrebi ara marto eklesiis

arakeTilmosurneebs hqondaT, aramed _ gulwrfel pativismcemlebsac.

rogorc msaxiobi gogi xarabaZe ixsenebs, rodesac veeberTela Rrmuli

davinaxe, vifiqre, amis aSenebas me ver moveswrebi-meTqi, magram misi

uwmidesoba yvelas aocebda Tavisi opitmizmiT da es optimizmi xalxzec

gadadioda. igi yvelas gasagonad ambobda: `kacobrioba imyofeba

msoflioSi istoriis meore da mesame aTaswleulTa mijnaze da amitomac

qristeSobis 2000 wlisTavis, saqarTvelos ocsaukunovani qristianobisa

da samiaTaswlovani qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis umniSvnelovanesi

TariRis aRsaniSnavad ar moiZebneba ufro didi da yovlismomcveli

sulieri da kulturuli movlena, vidre epoqaluri taZris agebaa~[30, 190].

taZris mSeneblobaSi Tavisi wvlili Sehqonda mTel saqarTvelos.

yvela adamiani cdilobda, guliT Seewira Tundac mciredi Tanxa.

cnobilma qarTvelma biznesmenma biZina ivaniSvilma Tavis Tavze aiRo

taZris mSeneblobis ZiriTadi dafinanseba. uwmidesi da unetaresi Tavis

samuSao dRes samebis mSenebare taZris monaxulebiT iwyebda, xvdeboda

muSebs, mSeneblebs, aZlevda rCeva-darigebebs. mSeneblobis paralelurad

mimdinareobda ezos keTilmowyoba da sul raRac 8 weliwadSi wmida

elias mTaze wamoimarTa grandiozuli kompleqsi, romelic Tbilisis

yvela kuTxidan mkafiod Cans.

2004 wlis 23 noembers, giorgobis dResaswaulze, moxda wmida

samebis sakaTedro taZris sazeimo kurTxeva. aTasobiT morwmune,

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis wmida sinodi,

samRdeloeba sagangebod Seikriba wmida samebis sakaTedro taZarSi.

daiguguna wmida samebis zarebma, uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II taZarSi

SebrZanda. TiTqos mRelvarebam moicva igi, magram mainc mtkice nabijiT

gaemarTa sakurTxevlisaken. patriarqi sazeimo wirvisaTvis Seimosa, Tavze

is gvirgvini daidga, romelic Tavis droze exuraT uwmidessa da

unetares kirions, leonides, ambrosis, qristefores, kalistrates,

241

melqisedeks, efremsa da daviTs. patriarqis es oqros gvirgvini (mitra)

xom mowme iyo XVII-XX saukuneebis saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis

yvela warmatebisa da warumateblobisa.

uwmidesma da unetaresma sazeimo wirvis Semdeg sazogadoebas

mimarTa: `Tqveno aRmatebulebav, batono prezidento, yovladsamRvdelono

mRvdelmTavarno, Cveno Zvirfaso stumrebo, Zmano da dano. wmida mefe

daviT winaswarmetyveli brZanebs: `did xar Sen, ufalo, da sakvirvel

arian saqmeni Senni~. Cven varT momswreni RvTis erTi saocrebisa:

SeWirvebis Jams qarTvelma xalxma SeZlo aReSenebina didebuli taZari

ese wmidisa samebisa, sadideblad RvTisa da mosaqcevad erisa Cvenisa;

magram, mowyale RmerTo, Cven viyaviT oden mdabalni muSakni Senni. es Sen

mogvec gulisxmisyofa da Zala, raTa Sens sadideblad da Cvenda nugeSad

mogverTmia es Sesawiri. aq daiRvreba mravali cremli sinanulisa da

ganeldebian gulni Cvenni codvaTagan momymarni, ganiwmideba suli Cveni

da aRdgeba saqarTveloc mkvdreTiT, viTarca lazare. iverielno da

yovelno mkvidrno saqarTveloisa, ismineT sityvani uflisani: `aha, esera

momicemia winaSe kari ganRebuli, romlisa daxSvad vervin SemZlebel

ars~ (gam. 3,8). maS, SevideT kariTa amiT, raTa Rirs viqneT sasufevelisa.

scaniT warmarTTa da iZlieniT, rameTu CvenTan ars RmerTi.

wmidano mefeno, dedofalno, mamamTavarno da kaTolikos-patriarqno

saqarTveloisano, mRvdelmTavarno, mowameno, Rirsno mamano da dedano,

ixareT savaneTsa marTalTasa da Tqveni locviT meoxgveyaviT winaSe

RvTisa, raTa ganmtkicdes CvenSi marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoeba,

siyvaruli da sasoeba, raTa ufalma mogvaniWos mSvidoba, erToba, sulTa

CvenTa cxovneba da didi wyaloba.

simboluria is faqti, rom macxovris Sobis 2000 wlisTavisadmi

miZRvnili da Cveni ocsaukunovani qristianuli istoriis simbolurad

gamomxatveli wmida taZris kuTxeva Sedga saqarTvelos gansakuTrebuli

mfarvelis _ wmida giorgis xsenebis dRes, Sedga im wels, roca

Sesrulda 1700 weli misi wamebidan. SevTxovT RmerTs, yovladwmida

RvTismSobels, didmowame giorgis, dalocon yoveli adamiani, romelmac

miiRo monawileoba am wmida taZris mSeneblobaSi. wmida samebam

dalocos, gaaZlieros isini da maTi ojaxebi. RvTivkurTxeulno iverno

da yovelno mkvidrno saqarTveloisano, gilocavT am bednier dRes,

RmerTs ebarebodeT. ixareT orsave sofelsa Sina~[30, 201].

wmida samebis sakaTedro taZari, uwmidesis sityviT, `simbolurad

aris gamaerTianebeli saqarTvelos, mTeli qarTveli xalxisa. mTavari is

aris, rom qarTvelma erma amiT Seqmna avtoportreti da yvelas uCvena, Tu

Sinaganad rogori Zlieri yofila. es dafaruli iyo CvenSi da

gamovlinda... am taZarma Cvens xalxs Tavisi Tavis rwmena da imedi

SesZina~[30, 202].

msoflios qristianul qveynebSi qristeSobis 2000 wlisTavTan

dakavSirebiT araerTi taZari aSenda, magram wmida sameba maT Soris erT-

erTi gamorCeulia. mis mnaxvel ucxoelebs pirvelad aseTi kiTxva

uCndebaT _ saqarTvelos ekonomikuri SesaZleblobis pirobebSi rogor

SeZlo qarTvelma xalxma, misma sulierma winamZRolma iseTi taZris

aSeneba, romelic eyrdnoba mravalsaukunovan qarTul tradiciebs da

masStabebiT namdvilad grandiozulia.

rodesac taZari moiloca msoflio patriarqma, uwmidesma

barTolomeos I-ma, ganacxada, rom es taZari uwmidesisa da unetaresis

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis moRvaweobis gvirgvinia.

242

amJamad uwmidesisa da unetaresis yoveldRiuri mzrunvelobiTa da

yuradRebiT mimdinareobs taZris mowesrigebis Sida samuSaoebi. taZris

sakurTxevelSi, sadac patriarqis taxti unda iyos, wmida samebis taxtia,

patriarqis savarZeli ufro dablaa. rogorc uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia

II ganmartavs, `aseTi taxti mxolod sinas mTaze dgas. iq

maRaldasajdomeli sakurTxevelSi aRmosavleTis mxares aris da masze

aravin jdeba, arc erTi patriarqi... aseTi tradicia, sinas mTis garda,

arsad ar aris. ase rom, sinas mTis tradicia damkvidrdeba wmida samebis

did taZarSi~[38, 198].

uwmidesisa da unetaresis locva-kurTxeviT male daiwyeba taZris

moxatva...

wmida samebis sakaTedro taZari Cveni drois qarTvelebis savizito

baraTi iqneba momavali TaobebisaTvis. Uuwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II erT-erT interviuSi aRniSnavs: `Zalian xSirad mekiTxebian, ra iyo

mniSvnelovani Cemi patriarqobis periodSi… Cemi patriarqobis dro iyo mziani Rame. Mmziani Rame isev grZeldeba da male gaTendeba~[44, 11].


erT-erT saSobao epistoleSi brZanebs: `suliereba xalxSi

Tavdapirvelad gzas ikvlevs calkeul madlmosil pirovnebaTa

wyalobiT, Semdeg ki es niWi efineba mTel ers, aRamaRlebs mas. amitomac

pirovnebis roli qveynis cxovrebaSi udidesia. arian adamianebi, RvTis

niSniT gamorCeulni, romelnic Tesen siyvaruls, saTnoebas, qmnian,

aSeneben, TviTon iwvian da sxvas gzas unaTeben~[33, I, 284].

Tqveno uwmidesobav, Tqven brZandebiT is pirovneba, romelic

sasuliero pirad yofnis 50 da patriarqobis 30 wlis manZilze,

saqarTvelos istoriis umZimes da urTules periodSi, WeSmaritebisaken

miuZRviT Cvens ers. TqvenSi aisaxeba yvela is gansacdeli da warmateba,

romelic gadaitana Cvenma mravalWirnaxulma xalxma. Cven didi wyaloba

mogvaniWa ufalma RmerTma, mogvca SesaZlebloba, Tqveni didi siwmidisa

da siyvarulis frTebqveS Sexiznulebma gadavitanoT epoqis yvela

sirTule da imediT viyoT ganwyobili momavlisadmi.

Серго Вардосанидзе.

Грузинская Православная Апостольская Церковь в ХIX-XX веках.

Жизнь и деятельность Святейшего и Блаженнейшего Католикоса-

Патриарха Всея Грузии Илии II.

243

В начале ХIX века Российская империя насильственным путем

упразднила Картлийско-кахетинское и Имеретинское царства, а глава

Грузинской Православной церкви, Католикос-Патриарх Всея Грузии

Святейший и Блаженнейший Антон II был отправлен в ссылку в Россию.

Автокефалия Грузинской Апостольской церкви была упразднена в 1811 году

по приказу Российского императора Александра I, главой церкви стал

подчиненный Российскому Священному Синоду экзарх. Началась тяжелая

эпоха в истории Грузии. Целью российского колониального режима было

уничтожение многовековых грузинских традиций и национальных

достояний, ассимиляция грузинского народа. Русские экзархи, выражая

интересы официального правительства, выделялись своей антигрузинской

политикой. Грузинский народ и духовенство боролись против реакционной,

антигрузинской политики русских экзархов: Феофилакта Русинова, Евгения

Багнанова, Евсевия Ильинского, Павла Лебедева, Иоаникия Руднева,

Алексия Ипритоцкого, Никона, Платона Рождественского, протоиерея

Иоанна Восторгова.

Во второй половине ХIX века руководители национально-

освободительного движения Илья Чавчавадзе, Акакий Церетели, Якоб

Гогебашвили, Нико Николадзе вместе с требованием о политической свободе

Грузии, выдвинули требование о восстановлении незаконно упраздненной

автокефалии Грузинской Апостольской церкви. В этом движении

участвовало грузинское духовенство, выдающиеся епископы: Гавриил

(Кикодзе), Александр (Окропиридзе), Кирион (Садзаглишвили), Леонид

(Окропиридзе), Антон (Гиоргадзе), протоиереи: Каллистрат (Цинцадзе),

Никита (Талаквадзе), Христофор (Цицкишвили), архимандрит Амвросий

(Хелая). Требование о восстановлении автокефалии Грузинской

Православной церкви из научно-теоретических рассуждений в начале ХX

века приняло практический характер. В 1905 году в Тбилиси на особом

Съезде грузинского духовенства и в 1906 году в Петербурге на заседании

244

Священного Синода встал вопрос о необходимости восстановления

автокефалии Грузинской православной церкви.

12 (25) марта 1917 года собравшееся во Мцхета грузинское

духовенство объявило о восстановлении автокефалии Грузинской

Православной Апостольской церкви, а 17 сентября того же года избрало

главу, Католикоса-Патриарха Всея Грузии. Первым Патриархом стал епископ

Кирион (Садзаглишвили) под именем Католикоса-Патриарха Всея Грузии,

Святейшего и Блаженнейшего Кириона II. С 1917 по 1977 год в Грузинской

Православной Апостольской церкви было проведено одиннадцать церковных

соборов. В этот период главами Грузинской Православной Апостольской

церкви были Святейшие и Блаженнейшие: Кирион II (1917-1918 гг.), Леонид

(1918-1921 гг.), Амвросий (1921-1927 гг.), Христофор III (1927-1932 гг.),

Каллистрат (1932-1952 гг.), Мелхиседек III (1952-1960 гг.), Ефрем II (1960-

1972 гг.), Давид V (1972-1977 гг.). Для Грузинской Православной

Апостольской церкви с 25 февраля 1921 года настала тяжелая эпоха, когда

Российское оккупационное большевистское правительство захватило

Грузию. Оккупационный режим объявил Грузинскую Православную церковь

организацией вне закона, в административном порядке закрывались церкви и

монастыри, изымалось церковное имущество, разрушались храмы, судили и

расстреливали духовных лиц. Было время, когда весь Священный Синод

Грузинской православной церкви находился в тюрьме (1924-1925 гг.). В

результате агрессивной атеистической политики к 1977 году в Грузии

оставалось всего 50 действующих храмов, 3 монастыря, где служили около

80 духовных лиц, в то время как в 1921 году было 1450 действующих

церквей, 25 монастырей, где служило свыше 1600 человек.

В истории Грузинской Православной церкви начинается новая эра

после возведения в патриархи Святейшего и Блаженнейшего Илии II.

Святейший и Блаженнейший Илия II прошел длинный жизненный путь.

Родился в 1933 году 4 декабря в г. Владикавказе (Орджоникидзе), где его

родители временно проживали, переехав туда из села Сно Казбегского

245

района. Будущего Патриарха крестили в грузинской церкви Святой Нины во

Владикавказе. В 1941-1952 годах Ираклий Шиолашвили учился в 22-ой

средней школе Владикавказа, в 1952-1956 годах в Московской Духовной

семинарии. В 1957 году в Александро-Невском храме г. Тбилиси Ираклий

Шиолашвили был пострижен в монахи под именем Илия.

В 1960 году, после окончания Московской Духовной академии,

иеромонах Илия вернулся в Грузию и был назначен заместителем настоятеля

Батумского кафедрального собора. 23 августа 1963 года архимандрит Илия

был возведен в сан епископа Шемокмеди и по благословению Католикоса-

Патриарха Всея Грузии Ефрема II был назначен ректором Мцхетской

Духовной семинарии. В 1967-1977 годах сначала епископ, а затем

митрополит Илия руководил Цхум-Абхазской епархией, отделом внешних

церковных сношении Грузинской Православной церкви. 23 декабря 1977

года на ХII Церковном Соборе Грузинской Православной Апостольской

церкви митрополит Илия был избран Католикосом-Патриархом Всея Грузии.

25 декабря в Светицховели была проведена интронизация.

Святейший и Блаженнейший Католикос-Патриарх Всея Грузии Илия II

успешно разрешил проблемы, стоявшие перед Грузинской церковью.

Задействовали до того номинально существовавшие епархии, их количество

с 15 возросло до 37, открылись закрытые церкви и монастыри, были

основаны Тбилисская и Гелатская Духовные академии, семинарии, духовные

учебные заведения. Международное признание исторической автокефалии

Грузинской Православной церкви также связано с именем Святейшего и

Блаженнейшего Илии II. С его именем связано восстановление связи с

древнейшими монастырскими центрами (Афон, Иерусалим, Петрициони),

также восстановление духовной связи с грузинской диаспорой за границей.

Святейший и Блаженнейший Илия II сыграл большую роль в национально-

освободительном движении Грузии в 70-90 годы ХХ века. Патриарх был с

народом во время событий 9 апреля 1989 года. В раздробленной на партии

Грузии сам Патриарх и Православная церковь стали символами

246

национального единства. Благодаря Святейшему и Блаженнейшему

возродилась монастырская жизнь, было построено множество церквей и

монастырей. Если в 1977 году количество духовных служителей было до 80,

а действующих церквей до 50, то к 2007 году в Грузинской Православной

церкви свыше 1500 церквей и монастырей, где служат до 2000 духовных лиц.

Благодаря Святейшему и Блаженнейшему Католикос-Патриарху Всея Грузии

Илие II 14 октября 2002 года в патриаршем соборе Светицховели была

подписана Конституционная договоренность (конкордат) между Грузинской

Православной Апостольской церковью и государством, которая

упорядочивает отношения между мирскими и церковными правителями,

определяет статус Грузинской Православной церкви.

Патриарх – личность с многообразными интересами. Грузинский народ

знаком с живописными полотнами, церковными песнопениями своего

духовного предводителя. Венцом тридцатилетней деятельности Католикоса-

Патриарха Всея Грузии является Кафедральный собор Святой Троицы в

Тбилиси, построенный по благословению Его Святейшества в кратчайшие

сроки. В истории Грузии редко встречаются личности, получившие при

жизни признание за свои великие дела. Католикос-Патриарх Всея Грузии

Святейший и Блаженнейший Илия II, при жизни ставший легендой, завоевал

огромную любовь и признание грузинского народа.

Sergo Vardosanidze

The Orthodox Church of Georgia in XIX-XX cc Life and ministry of His Holiness and Beatitude, the Catholicos-Patriarch of

All Georgia Ilia II

247

At the onset of the XIX century Russia annulled the 1783 Treaty of Georgievsk, annexed Georgia and abolished the autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Georgia. The head of the Church, the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Anton II was exiled to Russia. Within 1811-1917 the Church of Georgia was ruled by the exarches, who were subjected to the synod of the Russian Church. Russian authorities set about complete assimilation of the conquered country. This fuelled an acute response from the Georgian people. In the first half of the XIX century an anti-Russian uprising was staged in Georgia to be followed by the national liberating movement in the second half of the XIX century. With particular intensity the movement raised demand for the restoration of the state and church independence. On 12 (25) March 1917 the Orthodox Church of Georgia managed to restore the autocephaly which it had illegitimately been deprived of 116 years earlier. From 1917 right to the 1997 the Orthodox Apostolic Church of Georgia under the leadership of the Catholicos-Patriarchs: Kirion II, Leonide, Ambrosi, Christephore III, Calistrate, Melkisedek III, Ephrem II, David II, went through innumerable tribulations. Owing to the effort of the atheist Bolshevik leaders, hundreds of churches were destroyed, thousands of clergymen were either killed or forcefully precluded from performing their ministry; churches and monasteries were closed down. Until the year 1921, 1450 churches and 25 monasteries had been functioning and there were 1600 clergymen in Georgia. By 1977 only 50 churches, 3 monasteries and about 80 clergyman remained. After the Metropolitan of Tskhum-Abkhazia Ilia was elevated to the throne of Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, a new era set in in the history of the Orthodox Apostolic Church of Georgia. Through the vigorous ministry of His Holiness and Beatitude Ilia II, Georgian community was reunited in the bosom of the Church. Close ties were established with circles of science and intelligentsia, the churches which had been closed down by the Soviet government, began to be functioning again, numerous new churches and monasteries were erected. The number of existing eparchies increased from 15 to 37 and that of the functioning churches to 1500. By the ministry of His Holiness and Beatitude Ilia II the Apostolic Church of Georgia reinstated its historic place and authority among the local orthodox churches. By the blessing of the Patriarch, the historical tradition of theological education was restored in the Georgian Church. Tbilisi Theological Academy was established and Gelati Theological Academy was restored. Numerous theological institutions and seminaries were opened. Theological books, newspapers and journals were published. By the blessing of His Holiness and Beatitude new saints were canonized. The Apostolic Church of Georgia restored ties with the Georgian monastic centers as well as the Georgians living abroad. The Orthodox Church of Georgia is a symbol of national and state self-awareness of the Georgian people. Patriarch Ilia II enjoys particular love in Georgia and he earned this love through his indefatigable ministry and purity. He completely dedicated his life to God, motherland and the Georgian people. At the initiative of the Georgian Orthodox

248

Church, a constitutional agreement (concordant) between the Church and the State was concluded on 14 October 2002, through which the legal status, which the Church had been deprived of since 1921, was reinforced. The Holy Trinity Cathedral in Tbilisi is the crown of the 30-year long ministry of His Holiness and Beatitude Ilia II, who continues his most important ministry to the benefit of the Orthodox Church of Georgia and the state.

wyaroebi da literatura:

1. platon ioseliani, `cxovreba giorgi XIII-isa~, Tbilisi, 1936

2. bagrat batoniSvili, `axali moTxroba~, Tbilisi, 1941

3. eldar bubulaSvili, `saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi anton II~,

Tbilisi, 2002

4. nikoloz durnovi, `bedi saqarTvelos eklesiisa~, moskovi, 1907

5. sargis kakabaZe, `qarTveli xalxis istoria 1783-1921 ww.~ Tbilisi,

1997

249

6. kalistrate cincaZe, `Cemi mogonebebidan~, Tbilisi, 2001

7. sergo vardosaniZe, ` sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi

uwmidesi da unetaresi kalistrate~, Tbilisi, 2004

8. qarTuli mwerloba, t. IX, Tbilisi, 1992

9. ilia WavWavaZe, Txz. xuT tomad, t. IV, Tbilisi, 1987

10. akaki baqraZe, ìlia WavWavaZe~, Tbilisi. 1984

11. ioseb uTuraSvili, `dimitri yifiani~, Tbilisi, 1989

12. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis kalendari, Tbilisi

13. a. baqraZe, ìlia da akaki~, Tbilisi, 1992

14. sergo vardosaniZe, `sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi

uwmidesi da unetaresi kirion II~, Tbilisi, 1993

15. sergo vardosaniZe, `saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesia 1917-1952 wlebSi~, Tbilisi, 2001

16. sergo vardosaniZe, `qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis problemebi~,

Tbilisi, 2004

17. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, kaTolikos-patriarq leonides

fondi

18. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1918, #71

19. g. leoniZis sax. literaturis muzeumi, kaTolikos-patriarq

leonides fondi, #1304

20. `saqarTvelos istoria. XX saukune~, prof. v. gurulis redaqciiT,

Tbilisi, 2003

21. k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa instituti, vasil karbelaSvilis

fondi


uwmidesi da unetaresi ambrosi~, Tbilisi, 2005

23. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saistorio arqivi

24. k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti, kalistrate

cincaZis fondi

25. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, kaTolikos-patriarq melqisedek

III-is fondi

26. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq efrem II-is fondi

27. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi


uwmidesi da unetaresi efrem II~, Tbilisi, 2000

29. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, kaTolikos-patriarq daviT V-is

fondi

30. `patriarqi~, Semdgeneli mzia kacaZe, Tbilisi, 2006

31. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia

II-is fondi

32. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, XII sasuliero krebis masalebi

33. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II. èpistoleni,

sityvani, qadagebani~, or tomad, Tbilisi, 1997

34. Jurn. `jvari vazisa~, Tbilisi

35. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis uwmidesisa da

unetaresi ilia II-is moskovSi vizitis masalebi

36. `sapatriarqos uwyebani~, Tbilisi

37. Jurn. `religia~, Tbilisi, 2002, #7-8-9.

38. `naTeli qristesi, saqarTvelo~, t. II, Tbilisi, 2006

39. SoTa lomsaZe, `samcxe-javaxeTi~, Tbilisi, 1975

40. gazeTi `kviris palitra~, Tbilisi, 2003, 4-10 agvisto

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41. Jurn. `mnaTobi~, Tbilisi, 2006, #1-2-3

42. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II. `saaRdgomo

epistole~, Tbilisi, 2006

43. `werilebi patriarqs~, Semdgeneli mzia kacaZe, Tbilisi, 2007

44. Jurn. `iverielni~, Tbilisi, 2007, #3

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