Sequential Timer for DC Motor Control
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Transcript of Sequential Timer for DC Motor Control
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PROJECT PRESENTED BY:-
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I WOULD LIKE TO GIVE MY SPECIALTHANKS TO SIR. MR ARVIND MISHAL, FOR HELPING
AND GUIDING US IN MAKING THIS MINI PROJECT.
THE TOPIC OF MINI PROJECT SPEED
CONTROL OF D.C. MOTOR USING PWM METHODWAS TAKEN BY OUR GROUP MEMBERS IN GUIDANCEOF SIR. ARVIND MISHAL ,SO WE HAVE HEREBYCOMPLETED OUR MINI PROJECT SUCCESSFULLYAND HOPE OUR PROJECT IS MADE AS REQUIRED BYTHE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC WORKSHOPSUBJET IN SEMESTER OF DEGREE ELECTRICAL!GTU".
WE ALSO THANKS ALL OURSUPPORTING
MEMBERS ,WHO EVER GET INDULGED IN MAKINGOUT NEW IDEAS AND TECHNIQUES RELATED TO THEPROJECT. THUS HEREBY WE THANK ALMIGHTY INORDER OF COMPLETING THIS MINI PROJECT ASREQUIRED.
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ABSTRACTThe aim of development of this project is towards providing efficient
and simple method for control speed of DC motor using pulse width
modulation technique. The modulation of pulse width is obtained
using cd4010b Schmitt trigger and rectifier 1n4140.
There are several methods for controlling the speedof DC motors. ne simple method is to add series resistance using
a rheostat. !s considerable power is consumed in the rheostat" this
method is not economical. !nother method is to use a series switch
that can be closed or opened rapidl#. This t#pe of control is termed
as chopper control. The $%& based chopper circuit smoothl#
controls the speed of general purpose DC motors.
To get desired modulation of pulse width as
output" we have used Schmitt trigger cd4010'b and rectifier
1n4010b with regulator as the source of var#ing output.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................Error! Bookmark not defned.
ABSTRACT
iiii
TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................Error! Bookmark not defned.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS......................................................................v
1. INTRODUCTION TO PWM TECHNIQUE
1.1 GOAL...........................................................................................1.2 PULSE WIDTH MODULATION PWM BASI"S.................................
2. THEORY
2.1 "OMPONENTS IN MINI P#O$E"T.................................................2.2 GOAL"D%&1&'B
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
(((( 122.)
INT#ODU"TION((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((.12
2.%
I*EATU#ES((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 12
2.+
DIAG#AM((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((1)
2.' #EGULA#"D%&1&'B((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 1%
2.,
APPLI"ATION(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((1%
2.- GOAL1N%1%-((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((.1'
2. INT#ODU"TION.................................................................1'
2.1& *EATU#ES........................................................1'
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2.11 #EGULA#1N%1%-...................................................1,2.12 APPLI"ATION......................................................................1,
3. CIRCUIT DESIGN
).1 "I#"UIT DESIGN O* MINI P#O$E"T....................Error! Bookmark
not defned.
4. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION AND WORKING%.1 E/PLANATION............................................................................%.2 GOALPWM
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((.2&%.) BLO"0 DIAG#AM O*
PWM((((((((((((((((((((..2&Error! Bookmark o
"#$%#".
&. CONC'UTION
+.1 GOAL.........................................................................................+.2 "ON"LUSION.............................................................................
(. )UTURE MODI)ICATIONS
'.1 GOAL.........................................................................................'.2 POSSIBLE MODI*I"ATIONS.........................................................
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
AC - Alternating Current
NPT - Non Punch Through
C - Cathode a" #cillo#co$e
%C - %irect Current
&C - &ntegrated Circuit
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P'( - Pul#e 'idth (odulation
VR -V#$%&'( R(')$&%#*
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1.
INTRODUCTION
TO PWM TECHNIQUE
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+.+ GOAL
T# ($&/ PULSE WIDTH MODULATION %(01/2)( / 3*(4.
+.5 P)$6( W7%1 M#7)$&%#/ !PWM" B&606
There are man# forms of modulation used for communicating
information. %hen a high frequenc# signal has amplitude varied in response toa lower frequenc# signal we have !& (amplitude modulation). %hen the signalfrequenc# is varied in response to the modulating signal we have *&(frequenc# modulation. These signals are used for radio modulation becausethe high frequenc# carrier signal is needs for efficient radiation of the signal.
%hen communication b# pulses was introduced" the amplitude" frequenc# andpulse width become possible modulation options. +n man# power electronicconverters where the output voltage can be one of two values the onl# option ismodulation of average conduction time.
Fig. 1.1 Unmodulated, sine modulated pulses
1. Linear Modulation
The simplest modulation to interpret is where the average ,time of the pulses varies proportionall# with the modulating signal. Theadvantage of linear processing for this application lies in the ease of de-modulation. The modulating signal can be recovered from the $%& b# lowpass filtering. *or a single low frequenc# sine wave as modulating signalmodulating the width of a fied frequenc# (fs) pulse train the spectra is asshown in *ig 1./. Clearl# a low pass filter can etract the modulating
component fm.
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Fig. 1.2 Spectra of PW
2. Sawtooth PWM
The simplest analog form of generating fied frequenc# $%& isb# comparison with a linear slope waveform such as a saw tooth. !s seen in*ig 1./ the output signal goes high when the sine wave is higher than the sawtooth. This is implemented using a comparitor whose output voltage goes tologic + when ne input is greater than the other. ther signals with straightedges can be used for modulation a rising ramp carrier will generate $%& withTrailing 2dge &odulation.
Fig. 1.! Sine Sa"toot# PW
+t is easier to have an integrator with a reset to generate the rampin *ig1.4 but the modulation is inferior to double edge modulation.
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Fig.
1.$
Trailing %dge odulation
3. Regular Sampled PWM
The scheme illustrated above generates a switching edge at theinstant of crossing of the sine wave and the triangle. This is an eas# scheme toimplement using analog electronics but suffers the imprecision and drift of allanalog computation as well as having difficulties of generating multiple edgeswhen the signal has even a small added noise. &an# modulators are nowimplemented digitall# but there is difficult# is computing the precise intercept ofthe modulating wave and the carrier. 3egular sampled $%& maes the widthof the pulse proportional to the value of the modulating signal at the beginningof the carrier period. +n *ig 1.5 the intercept of the sample values with thetriangle determine the edges of the $ulses. *or a saw tooth wave of frequenc#fs the samples are at /fs.
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Fig. 1.& Regular Sampled PW
There are man# wa#s to generate a $ulse %idth &odulatedsignal other than fied frequenc# sine sawtooth. *or three phase s#stems themodulation of a 6oltage Source +nverter can generate a $%& signal for eachphase leg b# comparison of the desired output voltage waveform for eachphase with the same sawtooth. ne alternative which is easier to implement ina computer and gives a larger modulation depth is using space vectormodulation.
4. Modulation Depth
Fig. 1.'
Saturated
Pulse
Widt#odulation
*or a single phase inverter modulated b# a sine-sawtoothcomparison" if we compare a sine wave of magnitude from -/ to 7/ with atriangle from -1 to 71 the linear relation between the input signal and theaverage output signal will be lost. nce the sine wave reaches the pea of thetransgle the pulses will be of maimum width and the modulation will thensaturate. The &odulation depth is the ratio of the current signal to the casewhen saturation is just starting. Thus sine wave of pea 1./ compared with a
triangle with pea /.0 will have a modulation depth of m80.'.
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2.
THER!
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5.+
C&$,2,TS 9S2D +, &+,+ $3:2CT
;S$22D C,T3< * D.C. &T3
9S+, $%& &2TD=
"#TTER!
$#P#$%TR
R%#"LE RE'(L#TR
H%'H SPEED D%DE 1)414*
S$HM%TT TR%''ER $D4*1*+"
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RES%STR
MTR
#MPL%,%ER TR#)S%STR
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IN)ORMATION
ON
S*+m% r%,,#r CD-1(B
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5.5 GOAL
T# 6%)78 &3#)% S019%% %*''(* CD+;B &/7 %6 4)/0%#/ / %1(
0*0)%.
5. t#pes are supplied in 14 lead hermetic dual-in-line ceramicpacages (D and * suffies)"14-lead dual-in-line plastic pacage(2 suffi)"
and in chip form ( suffi).
2.4 ,eature-
Schmitt-trigger action with no eternal components
#steresis voltage(t#p.) 0.?6 at 6DD856" /.@6 at 6DD8106" and @.56at 6DD8156
,oise immunit# greater than 50A
,o limit on input rise and fall times
StandardiBed" s#mmetrical output characteristics
100A tested for quiescent current at /06
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&aimum input current of 1m! at 16 over full pacage-temperature
range100n! at 16 and/5EC
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F'.L#'0 7&'*&9 !+ #4 ; S019%% %*''(*6"
5.; REGULAR CD+;B
CD+;B SCHMITT TRIGGERBY TE?AS INSTRUMENTS
5.@ A$0&%#/6
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%ave and pulse shapers
igh-noise-environment s#stems
&onostable multivibrators
!stable multivibrators
INTRODUCTION
ON
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H'1 6((7 7#7(
+N+
5. GOAL
;To stud# about high speed diode 1,414=
5. INTRODUCTION
The 1,414 is a standard siliconswitching diode.
+t is one of the most popular and long-lived switching diodes
because of its dependable specifications and low cost.
+ts name follows the :2D2Cnomenclature.
The 1,414 is useful in switching applications up to about
100 &B with a reverse-recover# timeof no more than 4 ns.
The 1,414 comes in a D-@5glass pacage for thru-
holemounting.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JEDEChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode#Reverse-recovery_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DO-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through-hole_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through-hole_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JEDEChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode#Reverse-recovery_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DO-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through-hole_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through-hole_technology -
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This is useful for breadboardingof circuits. ! surface
mountdevice" 1,414%S" is available in aplastic SDpacage.
5.+ FEATURES
H(*9(%0&$$8 6(&$(7 $(&7(7 '$&66 SOD5@ !DO-
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5.+5 APPLICATION
H'1-6((7 6%01/'.
3.
CIRCUIT DESIGN
3.1 /C%r*0% "#%, o$ ##" *oro o$ ".*.
moor4
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-.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
AND WORKING23
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-.1 E5P'ANATION6
Here is a simple PWM moor ##" *oro#r circuit
that can be used for varying the speed of lo poer !"motors #
$he variation in speed is achieved by varying the duty
cycle of the pulse supplied to drive the motor#
%f the to gates of &" "!40106' ( )1 is ired as an
inverting *chmitt $rigger astable multi vibrator forproducing pulses and )2 as an inverting buffer to drive
the transistor during positive cycles at base#
$he duty cycle is set from resistor +2#
+1 limits the base current of transistor *, 100# $he circuit
is ideal for controlling toy motors(hand held mini fans (
small bloers etc#
.5 GOAL
T# ($&/ #*/' #4 %1( PWM 0*0)%.
4.3 "#S%$ "L$ D%#'R#M
!s shown in bloc diagram there are mainl# three blocsF !stable&ultivibrator" &onostable &ultivibrator and Driving Circuit.
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Fig. $.1 Bloc( )iagram
T1( B&60 B$#06 &*( ($&/(7 3($#:
#-ta/le Multi0i/rator This bloc produce square pulses of same frequenc#
according to time constant RC. These pulses are fed to net bloc as triggeringpulses.
Mono-ta/le Multi0i/rator This bloc produces square pulses of variable
frequencies. The frequenc# of output pulse can be varied b# changing thevalue of resistor shown in figure. These pulses are fed to the driving circuit.
Dri0ing $iruitThis bloc provides power required to drive the motor. !s the
frequenc# of output pulses of &onostable multivibrator changes" the averagevoltage supplied to motor changes. ence" the speed of motor changes.
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&.
CONC'USION
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=.+ GOAL
T# 0#/0$)7( %1( #* 0&**(7 #)%.
=.5 CONCLUSION
*rom the project wor" following points can be concluded.
+. +t fulfils all the requirements for its application.
5. The motor responds to the average value of the pulses and not to the
individual pulses as the chopper wors at high frequenc#.
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(.
)UTUREMODI)ICATIONS
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;.+ GOAL
T# 1'1$'1% #663$( 9#740&%#/6 %1&% 0&/ 3( 9&7( / %1(
*#(0% 4#* 9*#>/' (*4#*9&/0(.
;.5 POSSIBLE MODIFICATIONS
Following are the possible future modifications in our project work.
TAB)E *+-* ,TE (%&,&CAT&N
S*.
N#.
M#740&%#/ P)*#6(
1 9se of micro-
controllerGmicro-processor
for closed loop operation
Constant speed variation
/ 9se of &S*2T or +>T igher voltage and power requirement