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Employing ICT for Socio-‐Economic Development in Rural and

Remote Communi;es In Malaysian Borneo: A Systemic, Holis;c, Interdisciplinary, and

Par;cipatory (SHIP) Approach

Alvin W. Yeo PhD Director, Ins5tute of Social Informa5cs and Technological Innova5ons Professor, Faculty of Computer Science and Informa5on Technology

ISITI-CoERI is supported by: Long Lamai JKKK, Rurum Kelabit Sarawak

Background •  Educa;on

–  BCompMathsSc (Hons) Waikato NZ –  PhD (Human Computer Interac=on) Waikato NZ –  10+ indigenous communi=es

•  Research & Prac;ce in BTDD –  Researcher since 2002, Site leader eBario 2005 –  Director for CRI 2009 & ISITI 2011-‐Present

•  Research & Development Projects –  Areas: ICT for Development, HCI, SoPware Interna=onalisa=on

Indigenous Knowledge Management –  50 + interna=onal and na=onal projects USD 5 mil. –  100+ publica=ons

•  Knowledge Sharing & Dissemina;on –  Na=onal: Ministries, Industries, Academia, Communi=es –  Interna=onally: Europe, South-‐east Asia –  UNESCAP Guidebook & Policy Brief & APC ICT –  Presenta=ons ITU

Where is Kuching?

Kuching

Kuching

Overview •  ISITI •  Context – Long Lamai Case

•  Exemplars •  Reflec;ons & Lessons Learnt

Linking Research and Prac;ce

(Chib & Harris, 2012)

Ins;tute of Social Informa;cs & Technological Innova;ons (ISITI)

•  VISION: –  Communi=es transformed into a knowledge-‐based society by leveraging on ICT innova=ons

•  MISSION: –  To generate, disseminate, apply and preserve knowledge through innova=ve and mul= (& inter) disciplinary approaches to empower society to sustainably address their developmental needs in a wider social and economic contexts

Facul=es of: 1.  Social Sciences 2.  Economics & Business 3.  Cogni=ve Sc. & Human

Development 4.  Applied and Crea=ve Arts 5.  Engineering 6.  Computer Sc. & IT 7.  Medicine and Health

Sciences 8.  Faculty of Resource Science

& Technology Centre of: 1.  Language Studies 2.  Applied Learning and

Mul=media

Centre of Excellence for Rural Informa;cs (CoERI)

Objec;ves

•  To define the extent to which contemporary ICT could deliver sustainable social and economic development to remote rural communi;es

•  To iden;fy further needs and opportuni2es within such communi;es that can be sa;sfied by the innova2ve use of contemporary ICT

•  Development Agents & ICT Ac;vists

9

Work with (very) Remote Communi;es

Telecentres

Living Labs-‐Loca;ons

Bario

Lamai

Larapan

Buayan

Ba’Ke-‐lalan-‐

Gua Musang-‐Kelantan

Kuala Lipis, Pahang

PI1M-‐Bowang PI1M-‐Bogag PI1M-‐Skio PI1M-‐ Kg Serasot PI1M-‐ Krokong PI1M-‐Sibuluh

PI1M-‐Daro PI1M-‐Meradong

PI1M-‐Engkilili PI1M-‐Lubok Antu

PI1M-‐ Sungai Asap

PI1M-‐ Yan Kechil PI1M-‐Guar Chempedak PI1M-‐Yan Besar PI1M-‐ Bukit Besar PI1M-‐Kuala Sala PI1M-‐Limau Dalam

Northern Region: Jerlun, Pokok Sena, Langkawi Central Region: Putrajaya

Communi;es •  Bario: Kelabit •  Ba’Kelalan: Lun Bawang •  Long Lamai: Penans •  Pulau Larapan: Bajau •  Kpg. Buayan: Dusun •  Pos Sinderut, Pos Lenjang:

Semai •  Pos Gob, Pos Balar: Temiar •  Bau districts: Bidayuh •  Yan district: Malays •  Daro: Melanau •  Meradong, Engkilili, Lubok

Antu: Iban •  Sungai Asap: Kenyah,

Kayan, Penans

Living Labs-‐Loca;ons

Lamai

Journey to Long Lamai

Social Informa=cs Case Study

Long Lamai and the surroundings

Long Puak

Long Banga Airport

Long Banga

Long Lamai

Ngerabit eLamai vis-‐a-‐vis Smart Village •  Problem –  Very remote and lack of connec=vity

–  Limits educa=onal and economic opportuni=es

•  Solu;on – Ngerabit eLamai –  Socio-‐technical solu=on –  Integra=on of ICT & Social Systems

eLamai: Integrated ICT Systems •  Power –  Solar Power (Photo-‐voltaics ) –  10 kWh & 20 baceries

•  Telecommunica;ons –  Very-‐Small Aperture Terminal –  256 kbps link

•  Computers & LAN –  3 Dell Desktop Mini –  3 Dell Netbooks

•  Telephones –  2 public phones

•  Telecentre building –  Designed by and for community use

Inclusiveness •  Par;cipatory Ac;on Research

•  Involvement of all in: – Making decisions – Planning, Implementa=on, Maintenance

•  Community dialogue – “YES” from the community

•  Social equity –  E.g. boat service (turn taking)

Ngerabit eLamai: Social Systems

Sustainability •  Empowerment •  Telecentre: Financial and Human Resource –  Volunteering and con=nuous training

– Governance •  Ngerabit Lamai commicee

•  eTabung (Savings/fund) –  Percentage of profit gained from phone cards and future homestays

•  Running for over 5 years


eCommunity •  Address community needs •  Improved connec;vity (Social Rela;ons) –  Before: 1-‐hour walk to Long Banga –  FaceBook and telephone to keep in touch

–  Cater for young (FaceBook) and old (phone)

•  Use of ICTs –  Checking SPM (na=onal exam) results

–  Looking and applying for jobs and further studies

–  Coordina=ng logis=cs and project management

–  Adver=sing and sale of handicraPs –  Ci=zen Journalism


Ngerabit eLamai Agent for Social Transforma2on

•  Increased ICT Literacy –  Each household in Lamai has one person who is computer literate

•  Improvement of Lives –  Keeping in touch with families –  Coordina=on of projects –  Volunteers

•  Increase English passes (in na=onal-‐level primary-‐6 exam) by 25% (2011); overall about 40%

•  Window to the world •  Job and educa=on opportuni=es •  Obtained scholarships on tourism related ac=vi=es in KL and willing to return

Ngerabit eLamai: Catalyst for Growth & Economic Transforma2on

•  Recogni;on of Community & eLamai –  Knowledge Transfer Programme Project (116 successful out of over 300 submissions)

–  Japanese Gov’t funding: Micro-‐hydro Dam •  Responsible Rural Eco-‐Tourism – Wilson Bian Headman

•  Alterna;ve income –  Homestays (7 as of today) –  Boats (from 3 in 2008 to 30) –  HandicraP (500 baskets FaceBook order) & Tourist Ac=vi=es

•  Popula;on growth: Rural-‐rural Migra;on –  3 families from Ba Lai, 2 pending

23

Initiative for e-Commerce

Capacity-building of Penans in Long Lamai

community

E-commerce website

development

Community Trainings

[7] Methodology

Pain;ngs Handicrads Homestays

Cultural Ac;vi;es

Empowerment Capacity Building

eLamai Telecentre manager Garen Jengan [email protected]

Musical Instruments

Hun;ng

Raean Bracelets

Pencil Holder

Mat

Cooking Utensils

Raean Handicrads by Long Lamai Ar;sans

26

March 5, 2012

Education a lifeline for Penan kids   Wilson Bian, Long Lamai Headman, says that

the Internet has opened their eyes to the world outside and to tourism, which many welcome as a sustainable source of badly needed income.

  “I understand tourism can bring about changes. There are fears of

negative influences, but we have faith that we can manage these changes with clearly set rules. There are many ways to make a project successful so that it benefits the community. We are keen to learn new things,” says Wilson.

Socio-‐Technological Innova;ons

Leading to Socio-‐Economic Benefits

Why PAR in Sodware Development?

•  In the HCI domain, success of par=cipatory design •  Opportuni=es to learn and improve

–  Cost and opera=onal efficiency •  Based on experience, PAR in development projects (IDRC &

UNIMAS) •  Par=cipatory Ac=on Research (PAR)

1.  Par=cipa=on: “Research is a par=cipatory process that requires the equal collabora=ve involvement of the ‘community of research interest’;

2.  Ac=on: Research should be more than just finding out; research should also involve a component that seeks to engender posi=ve change.” (Walter, 2006)

Social change process SoBware development process

(1) Obtaining consent

(2) Needs

Assessment

(4) Hypothesis forma=on

(5) Solu=on Design

(9) Reflec=on

(7) Implemen-‐ ta=on & Tes=ng

(6) Methodology Selec=on (3)

Problem Agreement

feedback

PRiSMA v3

(8) System

Evalua=on

Botanical Walks in the Deepest Jungles of Borneo

Long Banga Airport

Long Puak

Long Banga

Long Lamai

Tajem Poison for darts

Selungang Kunil

Poisonous plants

Poisonous: Fatal if consumed Racun: Boleh ma2 jika makan

Digi;sing and preserving, Oro, asynchronous “Secret” language of the Penans

Objects: Branch, twig or s=ck

Interpreta;on: This symbol used to tell Penan people that we are friends. The whole picture bring out the meaning of I am your friend and I am hungry.

Rules: Bend the twig or s=ck into two equal length.

Sign:

Example of transcrip;on of Oroo:

Oroo’ Tangibles: Tools for learning secret sign language of forest

Implemen;ng Telecentre Programme for Orang Asli

Gua Musang-‐Kelantan

Kuala Lipis, Pahang

Implemen;ng Telecentre Programme for Orang Asli

TPOA Infrastructure Development and Community Development Programmes

Community Development Programmes Training •  Dr Peter Nwanesi

Educa=on •  Dr Sharifah Sophia

Agribusiness •  Dr Goy

Indigenous Knowledge •  Nicholas Gani

Tourism •  Dyg Aizza

Health •  Juna Liau

Infrastructure Development Telecentre Development •  AP Dr Al-‐Khalid

Energy Supply •  AP Dr Al-‐Khalid

Telecommunica=on •  AP Dr Tan CE

Informa=on System Design (ICT Components) •  AP Dr Tan CE

ICT Platorms (OA Gateway) Web Portals eLearning CD ROM eCommerce

Outcomes / Objec;ves/ Goals

Deliverables

Approaches – Planning & etc

Budgets (es;mates)

Mul;-‐disciplinary Approach

Par;cipatory Ac;on Research -‐ Pos Balar, Gua Musang

Par;cipatory Ac;on Research -‐ Pos Gob, Gua Musang

Par;cipatory Ac;on Research -‐ Pos Lenjang, Kuala Lipis

Par;cipatory Ac;on Research Pos Sinderut, Kuala Lipis

Influencing Prac;;oners & Policy Makers

ISITI-CoERI is supported by: MOHE, DAGS, MOSTI, Telekom Malaysia, Japan Official Development Assistance,

Long Lamai JKKK, Rurum Kelabit Sarawak, City-Link Express

Changing Mindsets: Influencing Policy Makers & Industries

•  Iden;fy Best Prac;ces –  SHIP Approach –  Engage respec=ve stakeholders –  Collate & tests successes

•  “Sandbox” Trial •  Sejng expecta;ons

of stakeholders –  Sustainability: success rate of SMEs

–  Essen=al items to do •  Needs analysis •  Building Rela=onships

–  Community Engagement •  Communica;on/Networking/ Coordina;on

–  All stakeholders “sit at the same table”

Reflec;ons & Lessons Learnt

ISITI-CoERI is supported by: MOHE, DAGS, MOSTI, Telekom Malaysia, Japan Official Development Assistance,

Long Lamai JKKK, Rurum Kelabit Sarawak, City-Link Express

Complex Socio-‐Technical Systems: SHIP Perspec;ve •  Reflec;on using SHIP Approach

–  Systemic, holis=c, interdisciplinary, par=cipatory (Manuaba,2007)

•  Systemic Approach to Problems –  Sub-‐systems: economic, cultural,

poli=cal, ecological –  Demand Driven

•  Holis;c Socio-‐technical solu;ons –  Development Agents and

ICT ac=vists –  Appropriated & Integrated –  Interdisciplinary

•  Concerted Effort –  Engagement/Par=cipatory –  Academia, Gov’t, Industry, Community

Community Telecentre

Cultural/Knowledge

Homestay

e-Commerce

Government

Tourism activities

Local transportation

Human resources

Travel agencies

Banking/ Finance

Handicraft

Material resources

Environment

Pollution

Agriculture

Food

Water

Irrigation

Cultural groupsChurch

Logistics

Hydro power

Households

Social

Economic

Environment

Cultural

Figure: SHIP approach for sustainable rural tourism in Long Lamai 46

Community Telecentre

Cultural/Knowledge

Homestay

e-Commerce

Government

Tourism activities

Local transportation

Human resources

Travel agencies

Banking/ Finance

Handicraft

Material resources

Environment

Pollution

Agriculture

Food

Water

Irrigation

Cultural groupsChurch

Logistics

Hydro power

Households

Social

Economic

Environment

Cultural

Figure: SHIP approach for sustainable rural tourism in Long Lamai 47

•  Socio-‐technical issues •  How to collect payment? •  How to send out? (cost-‐effec;ve

logis;cs) •  How do we share the proceeds? Who

gets what? •  Need the community to understand

“Supply chain” –  Cost of marke=ng

Community Centred Research: Ripple Effects towards a Smart Village

Telecentre • Community Par=cipa=on

• Needs Analysis

•  Infractructure

eToro •  Indigenous Knowledge Preserva=on

• Plant collec=on

New proj. • HandicraPs • Tourism Research

• Micro-‐hydro • eOroo’

CoERI Model

Community Engagement & Needs Analysis

Planning & Design

Technology access &

Deployment

Evalua=on & Reflec=on

Social Scien;sts

Social Scien;sts Technologists Economics & Business

Technologists Economics & Business

Social Scien;sts Technologists

Economics & Business

Local Champion

Interna=onal Experts

Fellow Researchers (Students)

Innova;on “broker”: Win-‐win situa;on

•  Community-‐ini=ated research themes •  Agreement of focus •  Researcher/Student-‐project –  “Match-‐making” Mul=ple stakeholders

•  Field trips, mentoring, & engagement for Student’s educa=on –  Formal knowledge content –  Skills (community engagement) – Avtudes

Values ICTQ : S3RI

Community & Ins=tute

Trust

Respectul Responsible Resilient Sustainable Innova=ve

Quality

CULTURAL PROTOCOLS OF LONG LAMAI

•  Guidebook for visitors •  Flowchart for community-‐researchers engagement ac;vi;es

•  Guidelines for researchers •  Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPI&C) Agreement

Cultural Protocols

Guidelines for Researchers

Respect indigenous world views Capacity building for ac;ve par;cipa;on

Ac;ve par;cipa;on in conclusion and interpreta;on of data

“Peer review”

1. Respect indigenous world views

2. Jurisdic;on over research process

3. Par;cipatory-‐research: shared power and decision making

4. Free Consent: collec;ve and individual

5. Privacy and confiden;ality

6. Support mechanism for sacredness of IK

7. Explicit acknowledgment of IPRs

8. Mutual benefits

9. Capacity building for ac;ve par;cipa;on

10. “Peer review”

11. Ensure Accessible and understandable communica;on 12. Respect the rights of community generated from data 13. Transfer of data and informa;on to third party 14. Consent for secondary use of data and informa;on 15. The other party’s product “on loan”

16. Ac;ve par;cipa;on in conclusion and interpreta;on of data 17. Explicit way of acknowledgement for community’s contribu;on in research

Guidelines for Researchers

Community takes co-‐ownership of research agenda

and ac=vi=es

Co-‐Researchers

Community makes sugges=ons,

recommenda=ons and valida=ons

Validators

Community is informed about

the wider context -‐Open ques=ons -‐Community can ask ques=ons and make sugges=ons

Informed Par=cipants

Community answers

researchers’ ques=ons

Informants

Degree of Community Engagement

Degree of Community Engagement Re

searcher

Informants Informed Par=cipants Validators Co-‐Researchers

Community

Cri;cal Success Factors •  People, people, people •  Champions from all stakeholders

–  Formal and informal leadership •  Develop rela=onship with

community –  Responsibility & Respect

•  Addressing the needs •  Sustainable Development

–  Empowerment, Inclusiveness & Equity, Ownership

–  Free, Prior, Informed Consent •  Top management support (e.g.

from University) •  Mul=-‐disciplinary teams

•  Smart Partnerships

–  Community-‐Government-‐Academia

–  Opportuni=es •  Changing Roles

–  Gatekeeper / Proxy •  Liaison •  Myth-‐bus=ng

–  Collaborators •  Raising awareness & engagement

Research making an impact

Community Engagement

Free Prior Informed Consent

Cultural Protocols

Community first

Research

Dev’t Agents & ICT Ac;vists

Dev’t & Tes=ng Hypothesis

Analysis and Findings

Development & Commercialisa;on

Applica;on & Replica;on in other Sites

Techniques Tools

Training Standardisa=on

Policy Research & Development

Success stories to influence Policy Makers

Ecosystem: Mul=-‐

stakeholder Mul=-‐

disciplinary

Summary

•  Bridging Digital Divide using telecentres •  Leveraging on ICTs to bring about socio-‐economic development,

•  Genera=ng knowledge through research ac=vi=es in the area of ICT for Development – No one-‐size fits all

•  Bridging the theory-‐prac=ce gap (SHIP) •  Influencing policy makers and industry •  Pathways to impact through research and innova=on

eBorneo Knowledge Fair (eBKF V) Ba’ kelalan, 18-‐20 November, 2015

TOPICS •  Paper Presenta=ons •  Postgraduate Colloquium •  Workshops/walkshops

–  Tourism –  HandicraP –  Indigenous knowledge –  Smart Villages –  Climate change –  Aerial photography –  Service Learning

•  Community-‐Driven Workshops

PARTNERS •  Community

–  FORMADAT –  Sarawak, Sabah, Kalimantan

•  Academia –  UNIMAS, Smart Village

Ini=a=ve –  Cornell University

•  Government –  MCMC & MCMC Sarawak –  EPU –  ICT Unit, Sarawak

•  Industry –  MAXIS –  Sacofa

Long Lamai 4 Days/3 nights D1 (Sat): Flights & Boat D2 (Sun): Telecentre, Solar-‐ PVs D3 (Mon): Micro-‐hydro D4 (Tues): Boat, Flights (LBP-‐MYY-‐KCH) Other aerac;ons •  Handicrad making •  River-‐picnic •  Padi farms •  Botanical Walk •  Nature walks

Ba’Kelalan 4 Days/3 nights

D1 (Sat): Flights (MYY-‐BKM) D2 (Sun): Telecentre, Solar-‐PVs D3 (Mon): Micro-‐hydros D4 (Tues): 4WD, Flights (LWY-‐MYY) Other aerac;ons •  Padi farms •  Apple Farm Visit •  Award-‐winning school •  Nature walks •  Handicrad making

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