Sentences&

Verb tenses&

Readings

Sergio Pizziconi

Plan of the day

Plan

- Review- A survey on made-in-Italy abroad- Relative clauses- Personal and possessive pronouns- Verb tenses- Readings

- Review- A survey on made-in-Italy abroad- Relative clauses- Personal and possessive pronouns- Verb tenses- Readings

EXTRA-CLASS work: Read Chp 2 cases 1 (AMWAY) and 5 (BIC) [MARK relative clauses]

Keep on working on your CVs and cover letter [try to make the sample letter in the text-book YOUR OWN letter]

Keep working on your project.

Tomorrow,bring a spillettato class

Review: Phonology 1/1Vowels: exercises from /i/ to /a/ and from /u/ to /ɒ/ (lowering your jaw) from /i/ to /u/ mind driven; puff of air (see IPA chart). // Where accent falls is relevant: 1) OBject (n.) – obJECT (v.), 2) if lost, stress the first syllable, you’re likely to sound right. // Stress movement shortens/weakens previously stressed vowels (also in writing): proNOUNce pronunCIAtion // This Miss /s/ unvoiced These Ms. /z/ voiced// “gh” mute (though, thought) OR /f/ (rough, tough)

Review: Morphology 1/1ADJ+lyADV; N+lyADJ // V+er N(s.o./s.t. does V) // To+N(and most words)V (googleto google; wowto wow) // V + ance/ence N (differ+ence, perfom+ance) // Help+less antonym help+ful //Adj+ en V (to make s.o./s.t Adj) //Adj(max2syll.) + er Adj (comparative: more Adj)Adj(max2syll.) + est Adj (superlative: most Adj)BUT: good – better – best; bad – worse – worst //Singular: Thesis, Analysis, Hypothesis, Axis /s/ unvoicedPlural: Theses, Analyses, Hypotheses Axes /z/ voiced //Datum (sing.) Data (pl.)Criterion, phenomenon (sing.) Criteria, phenomena (pl.)

Review: Syntax 1Verbs: transitive Vs. intransitive (Direct object, Indirect object, Oblique object)// passive Vs. active (mentioned)//AUXILIARY verb for the perfect tenses (actually, aspect) ALWAYS to have (e.g., Things have changed)BUT: passive voice (e.g., Rules were changed by the CEO) or few constructions (e.g., are you finished?) //Phrasal verbs. Verb+ ADV or Prep. To bring about = to cause, to engender (causare, determinare) //

Typical declarative sentence structure: Subj + Verb +…..Typical negative: Subject + do/does/did + not+ V(base form)Typical question: Do/Does/Did + Subject + V(base form)

N.B. When some sort of auxiliary is already in the sentence USE IT instead of adding to doEmphatic statement Subj +do/does/did +V(base form) //What brings about unemployement? (what = SUBJECT)What does unemployment bring about? (what = ????)

WRONG: I’m interesting in fashion RIGHT: ????

Review: Syntax 2Skoda is…, Italy/France/Japan is… [WITHOUT article] BUT The United States of America, The United Kingdom, The Netherlands //Once upon a time there was a small village in the country. The village was… [see vignette below]In light of (mainly US) In the light of (mainly UK) [see FOEs for possessive case and article]//

TRANSITIVE: to raise (raised – raised); to lay (laid – laid)INTRANSITIVE: to rise (rose – risen); to lie (lay – lain) (lying)N.B.: to lie (to say something untrue) (lied – lied) (lying)

Review: Syntax 3Syntax: Modal verbs: can, may, will, shall, must, could,

might, would, should + BARE INFINITIVE (without to)Interrogative: MODAL + Subj + BARE INFINITIVE (must I go?)Negative: Subj + MODAL + not + BARE INFINITE (I mustn’t

go, I cannot go OR I can’t go, I won’t go)They do not take to before or after:

WRONG To may, to must, to could… WRONGWRONG I can to go, you may to talk… WRONG

They do not take –s for 3° person singularWRONG he cans do, she mays do… WRONGThey have no tense it’s a matter of distance from reality:Next year, I am/will be/can be/ may be/could be/might be in the UK

I want TO focus/analyzeI would like TO focus/analyze

Review: syntax 4

S V(D.O.)

(I.O.)Why?

Where? When?

How?

On what condition?

(Att)

Links within the text

About the relation between interlocutors

Circumstances Textual markers

General structure of the sentence

• What sentence constituent is the underlined subordinate clause replacing?

– I think (that) you can do excellent projects– Io penso che …

– Can you replace “that” (“che”) with “which” (“il/la/i/le quale/i”)?

• What’s the difference between the two uses of “honestly” below?– Honestly, I don’t think you can win the game

– I don’t think you can honestly win the game

Review: Syntax 5

D.O. replacing subordinate

clause

Discourse Marker

(relation to interlocutors)

Vs.Circumstance

Review: Syntax 6We have already sold the books

that

we received XXXX yesterday

We have already sold the books

that

XXXX were delivered yesterday

A Main Clause with a Noun Phrase

A relative pronoun

A clause with a missing element

A Main Clause with a Noun Phrase

A relative pronoun

A clause with a missing element

Basic relative clauses

Review: Syntax 7• Omitted relative pronoun:

– From AMWAY: These distributors sell to people [that/whom] they know or meet.

• Whiz (omitted which and auxiliary to be):

– From BIC: Most large companies produce a variety of goods and services XXX XXX [which are] designed to meet customers’ needs…

• Fused relative pronoun:

– From BIC: This case study shows how [the way in which] BIC understands product life cycles

Other details about relative clauses

Review: Pragmatics 1/1Pragmatics: Do not pick on students or class fellows. //“See you

later.”// Language varies across jobs. //Think it over before saying “No, this is wrong” Recommended: “Very interesting point/question. Let me point out though that…” or some sort of hedging (softening expression).// FORMAL: Dr. Pizziconi, your course is interesting [NOT: his/her]. INFORMAL: Sergio, your course is interesting. {“On a first name basis” “May I call you Sergio?”}.// How is it going? How (are) you doing? What’s up? Wassup? Sup? It’s always Good.// Expectation of truthful statement. // Lag time between turns: When asking for questions, wait for a longer time.// Greetings (see next slide)//

Review: Pragmatics (Appendix)Pragmatics:

Informal Formal

Greetings Sup?Wassup?What’s up?How you doing?How is it going?

How are you doing?

Good morning/afternoon/evening

Intro “ (very) nice/glad/pleased to meet you!How do you do?

Parting after first meeting

(very) nice/glad/pleased meeting you!

Review: Tools 1/1Tools: www.thefreedictionary.com Also, the financial and legal

dictionaries within and the Idioms section. // Check for the frequency of sentences googling them in quotes “……..” // Semantics of prototypes //

Google advanced search: with pdf and site: .edu (US universities) or .ac.edu (UK universities)

SUNECO’s library’s link to “online sources” (Open access journals)

FOEs 1/4- Information (uncountable: much information NOT many

informations , NOT an information)- Economy Vs Economics

- Security (against criminal actions) Vs Safety (against dangerous actions)

- Across (time, space whether real or abstract) Vs Through (space; means/tool)

- Frequent (a bar, a restaurant) Vs attend (a course/program/school)

- I study English Vs I study the English language- Aim/Attempt at (+ N; V-ing) OR to (+ V-base form)

- A + consonant sound! OR pronounced h : a house, a university

An + vowel sound! OR mute h: an unpredictable even, an hour.

FOEs 2/4- I’m graduated FROM Aversa high school I graduated FROM/AT Aversa high school- Such as (listing examples) as (in the function of)- Comparison and manner: As (+entire clause) like

(+noun)- Wal-Mart is one of the largest employers in the US. In

fact it’s the largest (A dire il vero)- Industry usually means productive sector. Plant,

factory (are the words for the place where things are manufactured)

- When a word is not used because of its meaning but as a word to be dealt with, mark it somehow: The verb can expresses…; The verb “can” expresses…; The verb can expresses

FOEs 3/4• What’s wrong in the sentence below?

– Is more correct to use “may” to mean permission.• You need a subject!

• Io sono d’accordo I agree with+N/ to +Vbase form (clause)…. [NOT: I am agree]

• A Facebook page is/isn’t useful to keep in touch [NOT for to keep in touch]

• Possessive case:

The doctor’s house Vs X Dr. Smith’s house

The consumer’s choice Vs The consumers’ choice

BUT The child’s toy Vs The children’s toy

BUT X Giordano’s book Vs The Giordano book

FOEs 4/4 (charts)• Fall – fell – fallen• WRONG: his trend is regular RIGHT: ????• ITA: media ENG: mean (on average)• Price varies according to volume• WRONG: It is steadily for the first part• RIGHT: It is steady. It levels steadily. It is steadily high.• WRONG: After there is a slowly fall RIGHT: ????• WRONG: Before it varies RIGHT: ????• PREPOSITIONS

April May June

IN JuneON May 23rd

DURING the month

AT the end of June

Survey on made-in-Italy abroad

• A study by Walter Giordano, Laura Di Ferrante and I (OR myself)

• 5 Italian products marketed abroad.

• Stage 1: survey on the qualities of made-in-Italy products

• https://it.surveymonkey.com/s/LSWABC14

Refresh: Relative clauses

• Try to figure out what the pair below has to do with relative clauses:

Restrictive Vs Non-restrictive

The car that is parked in front of the department is mine

My car, which is parked in front of the department, is a FIAT

PossessiveMyYourHisHerItsOurYourTheir

Luke’s

mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs

Tony’s

car is affordable is expensive

Verb tenses 1• Past (simple)

• Non-past: present (simple)

NOW

PastNon-Past

I go to school tomorrowI go to school everydayIn 1776 the USA declare their independence

Verb tenses 2• Past (simple)

• Non-past: present (simple)

NOW

PastNon-Past

Futurity:I go to school tomorrowI am going to school tomorrowI’m going to go to school tomorrowI will go to school tomorrow

Verb tenses…actually aspects 3They usually refer to a habitual action:I go to school [as my main activity today]I went to school last year [as my main activity then]

To remark habits in the past:I used to go to school last yearI would go to school everyday

• Past (simple)

• Non-past: present (simple)

NOW

PastNon-Past

Verb tenses…actually aspects 4• Simple

• Continuous/Progressive

Habitual process

On-going process:To be + V-ing

NOW

Their price is decreasing

When I bought the shares,their price was decreasing

Their price will be decreasing

Verb tenses…actually aspects 5Habitual process

On-going: To be + V-ing

NOW

I have started this project two weeks ago

The deadline was yesterdaybut I had started the project two months ago

When you will be back, they will have finished the project

• Simple

• Continuous/Progressive

• Perfect Some link with ensuing time: To have + V-ed

Verb tenses…actually aspects 6Habitual process

On-going: To be + V-ing

NOW

I have started this project two weeks ago

The deadline was yesterdaybut I had started the project two months ago

When you will be back, they will have finished the project

• Simple

• Continuous/Progressive

• Perfect Some link with ensuing time: To have + V-ed

I started the project two months ago because the deadline was yesterday

I have been working on this project for four weeksI have been working on this project since last month (2013)

Duration form 7Habitual process

On-going: To be + V-ing

NOW

• Simple

• Continuous/Progressive

• Perfect

• Perfect continuous Some link with ensuing time: To have + V-ed

Some link with present and on-going : To have + BEEN + V-ing

BUT: I have known you all since March 10th

MUSTs & MUST-NOTs MINIMUM MUSTs

• MUST rephrase

• MUST cite sources

• MUST circumscribe your scope

MUSTs for “GOOD/HARD WORK” assessment

• MUST carry out YOUR OWN analysis

MINIMUM MUST-NOTs

• MUST NOT copy and paste

• MUST NOT hide sources

• MUST NOT write your paper in the slides

MUST-NOTs for “GOOD/HARD WORK” assessment

• MUST NOT just repeat what other scholars wrote

In-class activity

TV Intro - Cheers (USA, 1982-1993)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1irjgfMC3ASonic premium beef hot dogs accentshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWOzuvdZ6J8

3 lines: explain the connection between Sonic’s campaign and BIC product life cycle strategy