Sensory receptors animal systems
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MO Figure
Sensory Receptors
and the CNS
Perennou Nuridsany/Science Source.
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Sensory pathwaysInvolve four steps
• Sensory reception: sensory receptors
detect a stimulus
• Sensory transduction: in response to
the stimulus, ion channels open or close,
which changes the membrane potential
• Transmission: an action potential is
carried to the CNS
• Perception: awareness of the stimulus
occurs in the brain.
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Figure 1
Sensory reception
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Figure 1a
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Figure 1b
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Figure 2
Amplification is the
process through which a
signal is strengthened;
often involves signal
transduction pathways.
Amplification
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Figure 2a
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Figure 2b
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Sensory perceptionIntegration: several weak stimuli are added into one
large perceived stimulus. Occurs at several steps:
• During signal transduction, separate stimuli are
added together to generate an action potential.
• During transmission, several rapid action potentials
are integrated into one.
• In the CNS, signals from multiple sensory cells are
integrated into one signal.
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Sensory adaptation
Sensitivity of sensory receptors changes
in response to constant stimulation
• Enables an animal to adjust to
changing environmental conditions.
• Enables an animal to ignore constant
stimuli that might otherwise be
distracting.
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Types of sensory receptor
• Mechanoreceptors
• Chemoreceptors
• Electromagnetic receptors
• Thermoreceptors
• Nociceptors (pain receptors)
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Mechanoreceptors
• Respond to mechanical stimulation, such
as pressure and sound.
• Responsible for senses of touch and
hearing
• Ion channels open or close in response to
deformation or movement.
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Figure 3
Skin mechanoreceptors
Sensory
receptors in the
skin and
surrounding hair
follicles respond
to pressure.
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Figure 4
Lateral line system
Used to sense movement
of water.
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Figure 4a
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Figure 4b
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Chemoreceptors
Bind chemicals, responsible for senses of taste
and smell.
Olfaction: sense of smell, involves detection of
airborne chemicals called odorants.
Gustation: sense of taste, involves detection of
dissolved chemicals called tastants.
Aquatic animals do not have distinct senses of
taste and smell.
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Figure 5
Pheromones
for navigation
Lampreys detect
pheromones secreted
by the larvae of their
species to navigate to
breeding sites.
(a) Jacana/Science Source. (b)
Gary Meszaros/Science Source.
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Electromechanical receptors• Detect electromagnetic energy such as light,
electricity, and magnetism
• Photoreceptors detect light and are responsible for
vision.
Visual organs:
Eyespots (planaria): sense light and dark
Compound eyes (insects): detect motion.
Single-lens eyes (vertebrates and some invertebrates):
focus image.
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Figure 6
Photoreception
Planaria move away from light sources using
photosensitive eyespots.
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Figure 7
Electromagnetic reception
Monarch butterflies
use magnetite to orient
themselves with
respect to Earth’s
magnetic field and
navigate during winter
migrations.
Courtesy of Gene Nieminen/USFWS.
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Sense changes in temperature
Thermoreceptors
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(pain receptors)
• Detect injurious stimuli such as extreme
heat, pressure, and dangerous chemicals.
• In humans, many nociceptors are naked
dendrites of other types of receptors;
thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and
chemoreceptors can act as nociceptors.
Nociceptors
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MO Figure
Auditory and
Balance System
Courtesy of B. Peterson/USFWS.
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Figure 1
The Auditory System
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Figure 2
The Cochlea
Primary site of auditory sense reception. Contains
the fluid-filled vestibular and tympanic canals.
Vibration of the basilar membrane causes cilia on
hair cells to bend. Signals are transmitted to the
brain through the auditory nerve.
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Figure 2a
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Figure 2b
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Figure 2c
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Figure 3
Hair
cellsBend back and forth in
response to fluid
movements from sound
waves. The bending
movements are translated
into neural signals that are
transmitted to the brain.
© 2004 Nature Publishing Group Modified from Frolenkov, G. I., et al., Genetic insights
into the morphogenesis of inner ear hair cells. Nature Reviews Genetics 5, 489–498
(2004) doi:10.1038/nrg1377. Used with permission.
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Figure 4
Mechanism
of hearing
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Figure 4a
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Figure 4b
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Figure 4c
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Figure 5
Mechanism of hearing
The basilar
membrane
gets thinner
and more
flexible
toward the
center of the
cochlea.
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Figure 5a
Mechanism of hearing
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Figure 5b
Mechanism of hearingThe basilar membrane gets thinner and more
flexible toward the center of the cochlea.
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Figure 6
The balance systems
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Figure 6a
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Figure 6b
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Figure 6c
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Semicircular canals
Clearly visible in normal newborns (left) and
missing in CHARGE affected newborns (right).
Figure 7
© 2007 Nature Publishing Group Sanlaville D. & Verloes, A. CHARGE syndrome: an update. European Journal of
Human Genetics 15, 389–399 (2007) doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201778. Used with permission.
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MO Figure
Vision
Courtesy of Gary M. Stolz/USFWS.
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Figure 1
Eyespots
Planaria have primitive eyespots with
photosensitive tissue.
Eric V. Grave/Science Source.
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Figure 2
Compound eyes
Contain many ommatidia, each with its own
lens. Highly sensitive to motion.
Thomas Shahan/Science Source.
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Figure 3
Eye and retina anatomy
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Figure 3a
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Figure 3b
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Figure 4
Both have lenses that refract light.
Both can focus an image.
Both have an iris that adjusts light
levels.
Microscope vs. eyes
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Figure 4a
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Figure 4b
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Figure 5
Myopia, hyperopia,
and astigmatism
Abnormal curvature of the lens or cornea results
in light focusing incorrectly on the retina.
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Figure 5a
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Figure 5b
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Figure 5c
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Figure 6
Retinal
neuronsSeveral types of neurons in
the retina communicate with
each other to refine, sharpen,
and process visual stimuli.
These include bipolar cells
(green), rod photoreceptors
(red/purple), cones, amacrine
cells, ganglion cells, and
others.© 2010 Nature Publishing Group Markus, A. Speedy rod
signaling. Nature Neuroscience 13, 410 (2010)
doi:10.1038/nn0410-410. Used with permission.
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Figure 7
Visual processing
Although images are inverted at the retina, the visual cortex of the
brain reorients the images properly.
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MO Figure
Taste and Smell
Picture Partners/Science Source.
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Figure 1
Chemoreceptors
Insects have olfactory receptors that are typically
found on their antennae. Gustatory receptors can
be found on mouthparts and legs.
Robert Noonan/Science Source.
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Figure 2
Taste buds
Associated
with papillae of
the tongue.
Contain cells
that detect
sweet, salty,
bitter, sour, and
umami (savory)
tastes.
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Figure 2a
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Figure 2b
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Figure 2c
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Figure 3
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Figure 4
Olfaction
Skunks use odorants for defense.
Greg Dimijian/Science Source.
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Figure 5
Binding of odorants
to chemoreceptor
neurons triggers
action potentials that
are transmitted to
the olfactory bulb
and brain.
The
olfactory
pathway
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Figure 5a
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Figure 5b