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Volume 132, Issue 9, September 2011

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Editors-in-Chief: professor Sergey Y. Yurish, tel.: +34 696067716, e-mail: editor@sensorsportal.com

Editors for Western Europe Meijer, Gerard C.M., Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Ferrari, Vittorio, Universitá di Brescia, Italy

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Abdul Rahim, Ruzairi, Universiti Teknologi, Malaysia Ahmad, Mohd Noor, Nothern University of Engineering, Malaysia Annamalai, Karthigeyan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science

and Technology, Japan Arcega, Francisco, University of Zaragoza, Spain Arguel, Philippe, CNRS, France Ahn, Jae-Pyoung, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Korea Arndt, Michael, Robert Bosch GmbH, Germany Ascoli, Giorgio, George Mason University, USA Atalay, Selcuk, Inonu University, Turkey Atghiaee, Ahmad, University of Tehran, Iran Augutis, Vygantas, Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania Avachit, Patil Lalchand, North Maharashtra University, India Ayesh, Aladdin, De Montfort University, UK Azamimi, Azian binti Abdullah, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia Bahreyni, Behraad, University of Manitoba, Canada Baliga, Shankar, B., General Monitors Transnational, USA Baoxian, Ye, Zhengzhou University, China Barford, Lee, Agilent Laboratories, USA Barlingay, Ravindra, RF Arrays Systems, India Basu, Sukumar, Jadavpur University, India Beck, Stephen, University of Sheffield, UK Ben Bouzid, Sihem, Institut National de Recherche Scientifique, Tunisia Benachaiba, Chellali, Universitaire de Bechar, Algeria Binnie, T. David, Napier University, UK Bischoff, Gerlinde, Inst. Analytical Chemistry, Germany Bodas, Dhananjay, IMTEK, Germany Borges Carval, Nuno, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal Bousbia-Salah, Mounir, University of Annaba, Algeria Bouvet, Marcel, CNRS – UPMC, France Brudzewski, Kazimierz, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland Cai, Chenxin, Nanjing Normal University, China Cai, Qingyun, Hunan University, China Campanella, Luigi, University La Sapienza, Italy Carvalho, Vitor, Minho University, Portugal Cecelja, Franjo, Brunel University, London, UK Cerda Belmonte, Judith, Imperial College London, UK Chakrabarty, Chandan Kumar, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia Chakravorty, Dipankar, Association for the Cultivation of Science, India Changhai, Ru, Harbin Engineering University, China Chaudhari, Gajanan, Shri Shivaji Science College, India Chavali, Murthy, N.I. Center for Higher Education, (N.I. University), India Chen, Jiming, Zhejiang University, China Chen, Rongshun, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan Cheng, Kuo-Sheng, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan Chiang, Jeffrey (Cheng-Ta), Industrial Technol. Research Institute, Taiwan Chiriac, Horia, National Institute of Research and Development, Romania Chowdhuri, Arijit, University of Delhi, India Chung, Wen-Yaw, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taiwan Corres, Jesus, Universidad Publica de Navarra, Spain Cortes, Camilo A., Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia Courtois, Christian, Universite de Valenciennes, France Cusano, Andrea, University of Sannio, Italy D'Amico, Arnaldo, Università di Tor Vergata, Italy De Stefano, Luca, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystem, Italy Deshmukh, Kiran, Shri Shivaji Mahavidyalaya, Barshi, India Dickert, Franz L., Vienna University, Austria Dieguez, Angel, University of Barcelona, Spain Dighavkar, C. G., M.G. Vidyamandir’s L. V.H. College, India Dimitropoulos, Panos, University of Thessaly, Greece Ding, Jianning, Jiangsu Polytechnic University, China Djordjevich, Alexandar, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

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Kong, Ing, RMIT University, Australia Kratz, Henrik, Uppsala University, Sweden Krishnamoorthy, Ganesh, University of Texas at Austin, USA Kumar, Arun, University of South Florida, USA Kumar, Subodh, National Physical Laboratory, India Kung, Chih-Hsien, Chang-Jung Christian University, Taiwan Lacnjevac, Caslav, University of Belgrade, Serbia Lay-Ekuakille, Aime, University of Lecce, Italy Lee, Jang Myung, Pusan National University, Korea South Lee, Jun Su, Amkor Technology, Inc. South Korea Lei, Hua, National Starch and Chemical Company, USA Li, Genxi, Nanjing University, China Li, Hui, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China Li, Xian-Fang, Central South University, China Li, Yuefa, Wayne State University, USA Liang, Yuanchang, University of Washington, USA Liawruangrath, Saisunee, Chiang Mai University, Thailand Liew, Kim Meow, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Lin, Hermann, National Kaohsiung University, Taiwan Lin, Paul, Cleveland State University, USA Linderholm, Pontus, EPFL - Microsystems Laboratory, Switzerland Liu, Aihua, University of Oklahoma, USA Liu Changgeng, Louisiana State University, USA Liu, Cheng-Hsien, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan Liu, Songqin, Southeast University, China Lodeiro, Carlos, University of Vigo, Spain Lorenzo, Maria Encarnacio, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain Lukaszewicz, Jerzy Pawel, Nicholas Copernicus University, Poland Ma, Zhanfang, Northeast Normal University, China Majstorovic, Vidosav, University of Belgrade, Serbia Malyshev, V.V., National Research Centre ‘Kurchatov Institute’, Russia Marquez, Alfredo, Centro de Investigacion en Materiales Avanzados, Mexico Matay, Ladislav, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia Mathur, Prafull, National Physical Laboratory, India Maurya, D.K., Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Singapore Mekid, Samir, University of Manchester, UK Melnyk, Ivan, Photon Control Inc., Canada Mendes, Paulo, University of Minho, Portugal Mennell, Julie, Northumbria University, UK Mi, Bin, Boston Scientific Corporation, USA Minas, Graca, University of Minho, Portugal Moghavvemi, Mahmoud, University of Malaya, Malaysia Mohammadi, Mohammad-Reza, University of Cambridge, UK Molina Flores, Esteban, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla,

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Sensors & Transducers Journal (ISSN 1726-5479) is a peer review international journal published monthly online by International Frequency Sensor Association (IFSA). Available in electronic and on CD. Copyright © 2011 by International Frequency Sensor Association. All rights reserved.

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Volume 132 Issue 9 September 2011

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Research Articles

Gas Sensors Based on Inorganic Materials: An Overview K. R. Nemade ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Control Valve Stiction Identification, Modelling, Quantification and Control - A Review Srinivasan Arumugam and Rames C. Panda..................................................................................... 14 Numerical Prediction of a Bi-Directional Micro Thermal Flow Sensors M. Al-Amayrah, A. Al-Salaymeh, M. Kilani, A. Delgado ..................................................................... 25 The Linearity of Optical Tomography: Sensor Model and Experimental Verification Siti Zarina Mohd. Muji, Ruzairi Abdul Rahim, Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman, Zulkarnay Zakaria, Elmy Johana Mohamad, Mohd Safirin Karis ...................................................................................... 40 Structure Improvement and Simulation Research of a Three-dimensional Force Flexible Tactile Sensor Based on Conductive Rubber Shanhong Li, Xuekun Zhuang, Fei Xu, Junxiang Ding, Feng Shuang, Yunjian Ge...................................................... 47 Modeling and Simulation of Wet Gas Flow in Venturi Flow Meter Hossein Seraj, Mohd Fuaad Rahmat, Marzuki Khaled, Rubiyah Yusof and Iliya Tizhe Thuku ......... 57 Improvement Study of Wet Nitrocellulose Membranes Using Optical Reflectometry Hariyadi Soetedjo ............................................................................................................................... 69 Use of Balance Calibration Certificate to Calculate the Errors of Indication and Measurement Uncertainty in Mass Determinations Performed in Medical Laboratories Adriana Vâlcu ..................................................................................................................................... 76 Improved Web-based Power Quality Monitoring Instrument I. Adam, A. Mohamed and H. Sanusi ................................................................................................. 89 Design and Fabrication of a Soil Moisture Meter Using Thermal Conductivity Properties of Soil Subir Das, Biplab Bag, T. S. Sarkar, Nisher Ahmed, B. Chakrabrty .................................................. 100 Numerical Study of Mechanical Stirring in Case of Yield Stress Fluid with Circular Anchor Impeller Brahim Mebarki, Belkacem Draoui, Lakhdar Rahmani, Mohamed Bouanini, Mebrouk Rebhi, El hadj Benachour .............................................................................................................................. 108 Computer Vision Based Smart Lane Departure warning System for Vehicle Dynamics Control Ambarish G. Mohapatra ..................................................................................................................... 122

Simple Implementation of an Electronic Tongue for Taste Assessments of Food and Beverage Products Abdul Hallis Abdul Aziz, Ali Yeon Md. Shakaff, Rohani Farook, Abdul Hamid Adom, Mohd Noor Ahmad and Nor Idayu Mahat........................................................................................... 136 Aluminum-Selective Electrode Based on (1E,2E)-N1,N2- dihydroxy )-N1,N2- bis (4-hydroxy phenyl) Oxalimidamide as a Neutral Carrier Aghaie M., Esfandyar Baghdar, Fekri Lari F., Ali Kakanejadifard, Aghaie H. .................................... 151

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Aluminum-Selective Electrode Based on (1E,2E)-N1,N2- dihydroxy)-N1,N2- bis (4-hydroxy phenyl)

Oxalimidamide as a Neutral Carrier

cAghaie M., a Esfandyar Baghdar, b Fekri Lari F., d Ali Kakanejadifard, e* Aghaie H.

a, b Ph.D.Student, Department of Chemistry,Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

cFaculty of Chemistry, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran dOrganic Chemistry, No30, Amiri Alley, Motahary Street, Khorramabad, Iran

Tel.: 6813887668, 09161610244 eDepartment of Chemistry,Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran,

E-mail: esfandyarbaghdar@yahoo.com, faranakfekri@yahoo.com, marmin20042000@yahoo.com, Alikakanejadifard@yahoo.com, hn_aghaie@yahoo.com

Received: 11 May 2011 /Accepted: 19 September 2011 /Published: 27 September 2011 Abstract: A synthesized,(1E,2E)- , - dihydroxy- , -bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) oxalimidamide (DBO) , has been used as an ionophore in order to preparation of a new ion-selective electrode. An optimized membrane was prepared by mixing of 70mg PVC powdered, 2mg of considered ionophore, 100 mg of plasticizer and 2mg of additive. The sensor exhibits reversible potential responses with an almost Nernstian slope for Al3+ ions in the concentration range from1.0× 10-6 M to 1.30× M. The limit of detection (LOD) was 2.50× 10-7M. The electrode’s response is indep-endent of pH in the range of 3.2-7.8. The response time of the electrode is about 15s and can be used for 50 days without any divergence in potential. The practical application of the electrode was tested by using it as indicator electrode to determine the end point in the potentiometric titration of with

EDTA solution. Copyright © 2011 IFSA. Keywords: Ionophore; Additive; Limit of detection; Ion-selective electrode; Nernstian slope.

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1. Introduction Aluminum has an important role in the pathology of Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases. It is an effective factor in the preparation of drinking water. Therefore, we intensively need to measure the concentration of aluminum in samples of prepared and fresh water. Classical methods such as spectrometry are used in the determination of aluminum in samples of water but these methods are costly and time–consuming. Ion-selective electrodes are known as sensor in determining of ionic particles in samples. They have many more advantages over the traditional methods. They provide accurate, reproducible, fast and often selective determination of various ionic particles [1, 10]. The ISEs are used in order to determine ion in small amounts of samples without causing problems. Because of these merits, the use of the ISEs are increased daily in different fields; for example in agriculture, industry, medicine and environment [11]. The ISEs are used extensively to direct selective detection of ionic particles in complex phases [12, 13]. The formation constant of ion ionophore complex within the membrane phase is a very important parameter that indicates the practical selectivity of the sensor [14, 15].In some cases a good correlation between selectivity coefficients and the ratio of experimental formation constants obtained in ordinary polar solvents [16, 20].How ever, most ion carriers form weak complex in such solvents. The optimization of membrane phase is very important in the preparation of the ISEs, because optimized membranes give high selectivity, wide linear concentration range, good life time and good reproducibility. The ISEs based on ionophore are used widely and especially plasticized poly vinyl chloride (pvc) membrane. The ISEs based on several kinds of neutral carriers reported for cations and charged carriers for anions [21, 23]. 2. Experimental 2.1. Reagents The ionophore (Figure 1) was synthesized and purified in the laboratory of Lorestan University by prof. Ali kakanejadifard. Tetrahydrofuran (THF), plasticizer (TBP), Oleic acid (OA), poly vinyl chloride (PVC) were used (all from Merck or Fluka). These reagents were of guaranteed grade and used as received. The chloride and nitrate salts of the cation (all from Merck or Fluka) with highest purity grade were used as received. 2.2. Apparatus A metrohome pH/mV meter, an AgAgCl/ kCl (sat) electrode in conjunction with the respective indicator electrode (SCE) and a Hooke model FK2 circulation water bath at 25.0 0.2 were used to carry out the respective experiments.

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Fig. 1. Structure of (1E,2E)N1,N2 –dihydroxy N1 , N2bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) oxalimidamide (DBO).

2.3. Electrode Preparation The ion-selective membranes were prepared as follow: After mixing thoroughly 30.0 mg of ionophore in 2 mL of dry freshly plasticizer (TBP) and 2 mg of ionophre in 2 mL of dry freshly distilled THF, the resulting THF solution was poured into a glass dish of 2 cm diameter. The solvent was evaporated slowly at room temperature. A pyrex tube (5 mm o.d) was dipped in to the mixture for about 10 s. So that a nontransparent membrane of about 0.3 mm thickness was formed. The tube was then pulled out from the mixtur and kept at room temperate for about 2 hither tube was then filled with internal solution 2.0× M ion with pH=4 The electrode was finally conditioned for 8h by soaking in a

1.0× M solution with pH=4.

2.4. Emf Measurements All emf measurements were carried out with a following electrochemical cell assembly: AgAgCl/ internal solution (1.0×103M , pH=4)/PVC membrane/ test solution/ KCl (satd)/ Hg Cl/

Hg. The potentimetric measurements were performed with a metrohm pH meter at 52.0 0.1 .

3. Results and Discussion In this work DBO was examined as alominum ion-Selective ionophore in polymeric membrane ISEs. In preliminary experiments, to investigate the suitability of the DBO different membrane electrodes with this ionophore were prepared and potential responses of these electrodes to different cationt were measured. As seen in Fig. 2, except for , all other cations tested showed weak responses that due

to lower interaction with the ionophore in the membrane. Therefore, membrane electrode based on DBO was found to be highly responsive to alominum ions relative to several other cations. In order to test the membrane, various preformance characteristics such as effect of membrane composition, response time, effect of internal solution and pH were investigated. 3.1. Preliminary Potentiometric Studies Solutions of each considered cation with the concentration range of 1.0× M to1.0×10-1 M were prepared. Then corresponding electrode to each cation was immersed in own solutions and its emf was measured. The potential responses of various ion-Selective electrodes based on DBO are shown in Fig. 2 .Except for the ion-Selective electrode in all other cases the slope of the corresponding potent-ionpM plots are much lower that the expected Nernstian slopes.

HO

H H

N OH

N N

OH HO

N

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Fig. 2. Potential response at pH = 4 against different cations for ion-Selective electrode containing DBO as ionophore.

3.2. Influence of Membrane Composition In general; the selectivity, working concentration range and stability of an ion-Selective sensor depends not only on the nature of ionophore, but also are strongly influenced by the nature and amount of solvent mediator. There fore, we investigated systematically for the optimization of the membrane composition for the pvc electrodes based on Bothe results of the potential responses were summarized in Table 1. Among several plasticizers, AP, DBP and TBP, the ISEs using TBP showed the best

potential response in slope sensitivity (mV per decade) and linearity (M). The 5th membrane in Table 1 resulted in almost the Nernstian response of the ISE over relatively wide concentration range in case of the composition of ionophore: OA: PVC: TBP weight percent ratio of 0.02:0.0133:30.0:66.66, respectively.

Table 1. Electrochemical characteristics of several ISEs based on DBO

with different membrane compositions.

Membrane composition (wt.%)

No ionophore

(mg) Additive

(mg) PVC (mg)

Plastisizer (mg)

Slope (mVperdecade)

Linear range (M)

1 - 2.0(OA) 40.0 20.0(Ap) 1.88 1.0×10-6 to 1.0×10-5 2 1.0 2.0(OA) 40.2 60.0(TBP) 7.57 1.0×10-6 to 1.0×10-5 3 1.0 1.0(NaTPB) 40.5 60.0(AP) 16.16 1.0×10-6 to 1.0×10-2 4 2.0 2.0(OA) 40.8 80.0(TBP) 13.5 1.0×10-5 to 1.0×10-2 5 3.0 1.0(OA) 45.0 100.0(TBP) 19.2 1.0×10-6 to 1.3×10-1 6 3.0 - 45.0 100.0(TBP) 18.8 1.0×10-6 to 1.0×10-1 7 1.0 1.0(NaTPB) 45.0 100.0(TBP) 14.3 1.0×10-6 to 1.0×10-2

It should be noted that ionic additives did not improve the Nernstian response. Lipophilic and immobilized ionic additives or salt of two lipophilic ions could diminish the membrane resistance and eliminate the diffusion potential [24, 28].

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3.3. Calibration Curve The potentiometric response of the membrane electrode to different concentration of was exam-

ined over the concentration range 1.0× -1.0× M using the optimized membrane. According

to the Fig. 3, the electrode based on DBO exhibited linear response to the concentration of ions in

the range of 1.0× M to 1.3× .The respective slopes of calibration graphs were per decade

and the limit of detection was 2.50× M. The limit of detection determines from the intersection of

the two extrapolated segments of the calibration graphs.

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

0 5 10 15

pM

E(m

V)

Fig. 3. Calibration curve of Al3+ ISE based on DBO.

3.4. Effect of pH on response characteristics of ISEs The pH influence of the electrode system for a test solution (2.0× M ) on the potential response is shown in Fig. 4. pH adjustments in solutions were made with 0.1 M HNO3 or 0.1 M NaOH solution. As was not affected on the response of ISE in preliminary experiments, as test

solution was used as fixing ionic strength. As shown in Fig.4, the working pH range found to be from 3.3 to 7.8 in pH value.

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 2 4 6 8 10

pH

E(m

V)

Fig. 4. Effect of pH on potential response of Al3+ISE based on DBO at a 2.0×10-4 M Al3+ concentration.

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3.5. Effect of Internal Reference Solution The internal solution may affect the electrode response when the membrane internal diffusion potential is appreciable [29]. Therefore, the influence of the concentration of internal standard solution on the potential response of the ISE was studied. The concentration of internal solution was varied from 1.0× M to 1.0× M and the potential response of the electrode was obtained (Fig. 5). The results showed that the concentration of the internal solution does not case any significant difference in the corresponding potential response.

Fig. 5. Effect of concentration of internal reference solution on the electrode response at various internal Al3+ concetration in the range of 1.0×10-1M -1.0×10-4M.

3.6. Response Time The response time of an ion-Selective electrode is one of the important factors in the analytical application of the ISEs [30]. The response time, i.e. is the time taken by the electrode to achieve stable and low noise potentials. The average time required for the membrane electrode to reach a potential within ± 1 mV of the final equilibrium value after successive immersion of ion solutions, each having a10 fold difference in

concentration, was investigated. A potential time plot for the electrode is given in Fig. 6.The static response time of the PVC membrane that obtained was15s for concentration1.0×10-7M – 1.0×10-1M. 3.7. Selectivity of the Electrode Selectivity behavior is one of the most important characteristics of potentiometric sensors. Potentiometric selectivity coefficients( ) describing the preference of the membrane for an

interfering ion Mn+relative to Al3+.The experimental selectivity coefficients depend on the activity and the method of their determination.

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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 10 20 30 40 50

t(s)

E(m

V)

Fig. 6. Static response time of proposed electrode by changing the Al3+concentration from 1.0×10-4M to 1.0×10-3M.

Different methods of selectivity determination have been found in the literatures. In the present study, the selectivity coefficients were determined using the separate solution method (ssm), according to IUPAC recommendations using 1.0 10-3M solution of Al3+and interfering ions. The potentiometric selectivity coefficients of the proposed electrode are summarized in Table 2. It is seen that the electrode has a good selectivity for Al3+ions over a number of other cations. Except for Fe2+, the selectivity coefficients of common cations were less than 103.

Table 2. Potentiometric selectivity coefficient of various interfering cations (Mn+).

Interfering Cation

Logarithms of selectivity coefficients

Ag+ -4.0 Na+ -3.2 Hg+ -3.6 Co2+ -2.2 Fe2+ -1.2 Pb2+ -4.0 Cu2+ -2.4

3.8. Analytical Application One of the most important properties of EDTA as a titrant is its reaction with some metallic aions by the ratio of 1:1. This reaction takes place in low acidic condition. The practical application of the electrode was tested by using it as an indicator electrode to determine the end point in the potentiometric titration of with EDTA solution (Fig. 7).

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-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 100 200 300 400 500

V

E(m

V)

Fig. 7. Potentiometric titration curve of 20mL of 1.0×10-4M Al3+ solution with 1.0×10-3M EDTA using proposed electrode as an indicator electrode.

4. Conclusions A new pvc membrane electrode selective to ion was made using DBO as a neutral carrier. The prepared ISEs showed almost the same Ne rnstian slope for in a concentration ranges

from1.0× Mto1.30× M. An optimized membrane composition investigated was ionophore, pvc, plastisizer (TBP) and additive(oA) 2.0:30 .0:66 .6:1 .33 (wt ), respectively. The prepared ISEs have a response time of

15s and detection limit of 2.50× M. The ISEs worked effectively in the pH range of 3.3 7.8. The good result is application of ISEs in potentiometric titration of ions by using of EDTA

as a titrant. References [1]. W. E. Morf, The principles of Ion-Selective Electrodes and of Membrane Transport, Elsevier, New York,

Vol. 1, Issue 2, 1981, pp. 60-70. [2]. Y. Tani, Y. Umezawa, Ion-Selective electrodes, Sens. Lett., Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2005, pp. 99-107. [3]. T. Werner, T. Mayer, Highly selective optical sensing of copper (II) ions based on fluorescence quenching

of immobilised luciyer yellow, Analyst, Vol. 127, Issue 2, 2002, pp. 248-252. [4]. E. Baghdar, F. Fekri. Lari, M. Giahi, S. Farhadi, M. Aghaie, Thermodynamic study of Cu(II) ion-selective

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[6]. M. F. Mousavi, S. Sahari, N. Alizadeh, M. Shamsipur, Pb(II) ion-selective based on 1,10-Dibenzyl – 1,10- diaza-18-crown-6, Anal. Chim Acta., Vol. 484, Issue 2, 2000, pp. 189.

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[8]. A. Rahmani, M. Barzegar, M. Shamsipur, H. Sharghi, M. F. Mousavi, New potentiometric membrane sensors responsive to Pb(II) based on some recently Synthesized 9,10-Androquinone derivatives, Anal. Lett., Vol. 33, Issue 13, 2000, pp. 2611.

(

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[19]. H. Aghaie, M. Giahi, M. Monajjemi, M. Arvand, G. H. Nafissi, Tin(II) selective membrane potentiometric sensor using a crown ether as neutral carrier, Sensors and Actuators B, Vol. 2. 2005, pp. 756-761.

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