Sensor Technology for Civil Infrastructure Monitoring
44
Sensor Technology for Civil Infrastructure Monitoring Ming L. Wang Professor Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Northeastern University
Transcript of Sensor Technology for Civil Infrastructure Monitoring
Sensor Technology for Civil
Infrastructure Monitoring
Ming L Wang
Professor
Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering
Northeastern University
Prof Ming L Wang
Director and PI for VOTERS Sensor Systembull 20 years of research experience in sensor technology
development for infrastructure applications
bull Successfully transferring academic research and development
of sensors to market place
Major achievement
bull Health monitoring for bridges
bull EM sensors technology for steel cables up to 300mm in size
bull Gas Nano-sensors for hydrogen and explosive detection
bull Wireless thin film PVDF strain sensor technology
bull VOTERS Sensor System for road subsurface defects detection
Wireless Gas Nano-sensor
conditioner
CPU
Sensor
Bridge Health Monitoring System EM Sensor Technology
EM sensor
Reading Unit
EM sensor
Multi channel Reading Unit
PVDF Wireless Strain Sensor
Wireless Sensor Network
VOTER Sensor System
Bridge Collapsesbull Bridge failures have occurred in the United States
ndash More than 130 bridge collapses from 1989-2009
ndash Designconstruction error
Tacoma Narrows Bridge November 7 1940
Design error - aerodynamic instability
I-35W Bridge August 1 2007
Design error ndash under designed gusset plates
Bridge Collapsesbull Bridge failures have occurred in the United States
ndash More than 130 bridge collapses from 1989-2009
ndash Designconstruction error
ndash Triggering events (eg vehicle impact scour earthquakes)
Schoharie Creek Bridge April 5 1987
Scour induced collapse
San Francisco Bay Bridge October 17 1989
Earthquake induced collapse
Bridge Collapsesbull Bridge failures have occurred in the United States
ndash More than 130 bridge collapses from 1989-2009
ndash Designconstruction error
ndash Triggering events (eg vehicle impact scour earthquakes)
ndash Long-term deterioration also a contributor to bridge failures
De la Concorde Overpass September 30 2006
Long-term deterioration caused collapse
I-70 Overpass Collapse December 27 2005
Corrosion and wear-and-tear possible causes
Structural Health Monitoring
(SHM)
The integration of sensing and possibly also
actuation devices to allow loading and abnormal
conditions of a structure to be recorded analyzed
localized and predicted
-Life cycle measurement
-Early damage detection
Example of SHM Objectives
bull To verify as-design condition
bull To verify loading conditions
bull To create database for baseline
bull To detect abnormality after construction
bull To monitor extreme event such as typhoon
bull To monitor overweight traffic flow
bull To provide database for maintenance
priority
Zhanjiang Bay Bridge HMS
Bridge elevation
Cable sensors
Location of sensors at span centerLocation of sensors at cross section
Sensor location
EM Sensor Strain gauge accelerometer
Substation GPS rover anemomete
r
Cable Force Measurement
EM Technology PowerStress Product Line
PVDF Wireless Strain SensorThis work was supported by the National Science Foundation
PVDF Wireless Station PVDF Wireless Strain SensorFrequency Analysis of
Kishwaukee Bridge in Illinois
FeaturesUp to 8 PVDF sensors can be connected to single unit
lowest frequency measurable with piezo film is in the order of 0001Hz
Operating Temperature Range (ordmC) -20 to +85
PVDF Sensor Bandwidth (Hz) 50
Wireless Operating Range (feet) lt500outside
lt200 inside
Wireless MEMS accelerometer
The wireless accelerometer has the following specifications
Acceleration Input Range (g) 200mg
Operating Temperature Range (ordmC) -30 to +85
Sensitivity 100mg
Accelerometer Bandwidth (Hz) 01 - 100Hz
Wireless Operating Range (feet) lt500 outside
lt200 inside
A high accuracy high stability low cost
low power complete dual axis
accelerometer with signal conditioned
voltage outputs all on a single
monolithic IC by Analog devices has
been integrated with wireless setup for
civil infrastructure application The
accelerometer is 5mm x 5mm x 2mm in
size with 8 lead hermetic LCC package
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Cable force (KN)
25
2627
2829
30
3132
3334
35
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Temperature
EM technology Cable force and temperature
GPS Bridge movement around the
Clock
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Tower position
Linear Fity=
so
uth
-dis
pla
ce
me
nt (m
m)
x=east-displacement (mm)
Traffic induced Time 1014 350-400pm
y = a + bx a= 3969597
b= 024717
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 2380588 347117
y 4558016 208696
Wind induced Time 0924 735-745am
y = a + bx a= 1459129
wind v=30ms b= 026892
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 524891 872076
y 2870691 511607
Unloaded Time 1016 300-310am
y = a + bx a= 3152912
b= 024584
Temp=24C Mean Standard Deviation
x 748453 185569
y 333691 2048
Kishwaukee Bridge
bull The Kishwaukee River Bridge was the first PC box-girder bridge in Illinois built in 1980
7
6
5
a = 10 in
1
2 4
3 4
cover
1 inc = 1
in
4 4
prestressing
bars 114 in
52 4 a=10
in
1
4 a=10
in3
74 x
56
4 x 5
4
4 x 5
4 a=10 in
COD has increased 1109 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-W-C4 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-W-C3 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 912 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-E-C5 (112002 - 712006)
-450
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-E-C6 (112002 - 712006)
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 09 microm since 2002 COD has increased 733 microm since 2002
Example Research to Products
EM Stress Sensors amp Applications
1 The magnetoelastic method is a nondestructive testing technology for
monitoring stress and corrosion in steel
2 Magnetoelastic stress sensors function by utilizing the dependence of the
magnetic properties of structural steels directly to the state of stress
3 The magnetoelastic sensor does not touch the specimen nor alter it in any
way other than its magnetization
NSF Grant Number CMS-9724948 (1997)and CMS-0221131(1999)
Company Licensing and Marketing the Products
Intelligent Instrument System Inc
251 S Frontage Road Suite 23 Burr Ridge IL 60527 USA
Tel (630) 323-3911 Fax (630) 323-3922
Gross Income about $ 80000000year
Size 3 full time employees
Starting date Since June 2007
Hysteresis Curve Permeability vs
Stress
bull As the stress
changes in the
materials the
hysteresis curve
will change
Monitoring
permeability allows
us to measure
stress in steel
tendons and cables
Permeability as a function of stress
temperature T and magnetic field H
bull The magnetic permeability
of ferro-magnetic materials is
related to stress
temperature and the
strength of the applied
magnetic field
1)(
1)(
0
0
VV
AA HT
HT out
f
Calibration results
Post tensioned cable
Hanger
cable
Hanger cable is NOT consistent
with single wire
Post tensioned cable is consistent
with single strand
Explanation
Hanger cable ndash containing parallel
7mm piano steel wires
Post-tensioned cable ndash containing
37x155mm high-strength strands
each covered with epoxy resin
sheath
The eddy current patterns are
different
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1 2 3 4
(permeability - intial permeability)T
en
sile
str
ess M
pa
109_d7mm cable 8m
85_d7mm cable20m
55_d7mm cable12m
d=7mm wire 15m
d=155mm strand15m
37_d155mm cable190m
EM Sensor Technology Development
Sensor Sizes ndash 7mm to 250mm
Main
Board
Capacitor
Bank
H-
Voltage
Power
Source
ACDC
Power
Source
Interface
To Laptop
Power Stress Calibration Unit
16 Channels Power Stress Unit Calibration at UIC
Products EM Sensor and Reading Unit
Manufacturing EM Sensor-Mass Production
Fabrication of EM Sensor on a
Japanese Cable-Stayed Bridge
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
Prof Ming L Wang
Director and PI for VOTERS Sensor Systembull 20 years of research experience in sensor technology
development for infrastructure applications
bull Successfully transferring academic research and development
of sensors to market place
Major achievement
bull Health monitoring for bridges
bull EM sensors technology for steel cables up to 300mm in size
bull Gas Nano-sensors for hydrogen and explosive detection
bull Wireless thin film PVDF strain sensor technology
bull VOTERS Sensor System for road subsurface defects detection
Wireless Gas Nano-sensor
conditioner
CPU
Sensor
Bridge Health Monitoring System EM Sensor Technology
EM sensor
Reading Unit
EM sensor
Multi channel Reading Unit
PVDF Wireless Strain Sensor
Wireless Sensor Network
VOTER Sensor System
Bridge Collapsesbull Bridge failures have occurred in the United States
ndash More than 130 bridge collapses from 1989-2009
ndash Designconstruction error
Tacoma Narrows Bridge November 7 1940
Design error - aerodynamic instability
I-35W Bridge August 1 2007
Design error ndash under designed gusset plates
Bridge Collapsesbull Bridge failures have occurred in the United States
ndash More than 130 bridge collapses from 1989-2009
ndash Designconstruction error
ndash Triggering events (eg vehicle impact scour earthquakes)
Schoharie Creek Bridge April 5 1987
Scour induced collapse
San Francisco Bay Bridge October 17 1989
Earthquake induced collapse
Bridge Collapsesbull Bridge failures have occurred in the United States
ndash More than 130 bridge collapses from 1989-2009
ndash Designconstruction error
ndash Triggering events (eg vehicle impact scour earthquakes)
ndash Long-term deterioration also a contributor to bridge failures
De la Concorde Overpass September 30 2006
Long-term deterioration caused collapse
I-70 Overpass Collapse December 27 2005
Corrosion and wear-and-tear possible causes
Structural Health Monitoring
(SHM)
The integration of sensing and possibly also
actuation devices to allow loading and abnormal
conditions of a structure to be recorded analyzed
localized and predicted
-Life cycle measurement
-Early damage detection
Example of SHM Objectives
bull To verify as-design condition
bull To verify loading conditions
bull To create database for baseline
bull To detect abnormality after construction
bull To monitor extreme event such as typhoon
bull To monitor overweight traffic flow
bull To provide database for maintenance
priority
Zhanjiang Bay Bridge HMS
Bridge elevation
Cable sensors
Location of sensors at span centerLocation of sensors at cross section
Sensor location
EM Sensor Strain gauge accelerometer
Substation GPS rover anemomete
r
Cable Force Measurement
EM Technology PowerStress Product Line
PVDF Wireless Strain SensorThis work was supported by the National Science Foundation
PVDF Wireless Station PVDF Wireless Strain SensorFrequency Analysis of
Kishwaukee Bridge in Illinois
FeaturesUp to 8 PVDF sensors can be connected to single unit
lowest frequency measurable with piezo film is in the order of 0001Hz
Operating Temperature Range (ordmC) -20 to +85
PVDF Sensor Bandwidth (Hz) 50
Wireless Operating Range (feet) lt500outside
lt200 inside
Wireless MEMS accelerometer
The wireless accelerometer has the following specifications
Acceleration Input Range (g) 200mg
Operating Temperature Range (ordmC) -30 to +85
Sensitivity 100mg
Accelerometer Bandwidth (Hz) 01 - 100Hz
Wireless Operating Range (feet) lt500 outside
lt200 inside
A high accuracy high stability low cost
low power complete dual axis
accelerometer with signal conditioned
voltage outputs all on a single
monolithic IC by Analog devices has
been integrated with wireless setup for
civil infrastructure application The
accelerometer is 5mm x 5mm x 2mm in
size with 8 lead hermetic LCC package
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Cable force (KN)
25
2627
2829
30
3132
3334
35
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Temperature
EM technology Cable force and temperature
GPS Bridge movement around the
Clock
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Tower position
Linear Fity=
so
uth
-dis
pla
ce
me
nt (m
m)
x=east-displacement (mm)
Traffic induced Time 1014 350-400pm
y = a + bx a= 3969597
b= 024717
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 2380588 347117
y 4558016 208696
Wind induced Time 0924 735-745am
y = a + bx a= 1459129
wind v=30ms b= 026892
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 524891 872076
y 2870691 511607
Unloaded Time 1016 300-310am
y = a + bx a= 3152912
b= 024584
Temp=24C Mean Standard Deviation
x 748453 185569
y 333691 2048
Kishwaukee Bridge
bull The Kishwaukee River Bridge was the first PC box-girder bridge in Illinois built in 1980
7
6
5
a = 10 in
1
2 4
3 4
cover
1 inc = 1
in
4 4
prestressing
bars 114 in
52 4 a=10
in
1
4 a=10
in3
74 x
56
4 x 5
4
4 x 5
4 a=10 in
COD has increased 1109 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-W-C4 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-W-C3 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 912 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-E-C5 (112002 - 712006)
-450
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-E-C6 (112002 - 712006)
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 09 microm since 2002 COD has increased 733 microm since 2002
Example Research to Products
EM Stress Sensors amp Applications
1 The magnetoelastic method is a nondestructive testing technology for
monitoring stress and corrosion in steel
2 Magnetoelastic stress sensors function by utilizing the dependence of the
magnetic properties of structural steels directly to the state of stress
3 The magnetoelastic sensor does not touch the specimen nor alter it in any
way other than its magnetization
NSF Grant Number CMS-9724948 (1997)and CMS-0221131(1999)
Company Licensing and Marketing the Products
Intelligent Instrument System Inc
251 S Frontage Road Suite 23 Burr Ridge IL 60527 USA
Tel (630) 323-3911 Fax (630) 323-3922
Gross Income about $ 80000000year
Size 3 full time employees
Starting date Since June 2007
Hysteresis Curve Permeability vs
Stress
bull As the stress
changes in the
materials the
hysteresis curve
will change
Monitoring
permeability allows
us to measure
stress in steel
tendons and cables
Permeability as a function of stress
temperature T and magnetic field H
bull The magnetic permeability
of ferro-magnetic materials is
related to stress
temperature and the
strength of the applied
magnetic field
1)(
1)(
0
0
VV
AA HT
HT out
f
Calibration results
Post tensioned cable
Hanger
cable
Hanger cable is NOT consistent
with single wire
Post tensioned cable is consistent
with single strand
Explanation
Hanger cable ndash containing parallel
7mm piano steel wires
Post-tensioned cable ndash containing
37x155mm high-strength strands
each covered with epoxy resin
sheath
The eddy current patterns are
different
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1 2 3 4
(permeability - intial permeability)T
en
sile
str
ess M
pa
109_d7mm cable 8m
85_d7mm cable20m
55_d7mm cable12m
d=7mm wire 15m
d=155mm strand15m
37_d155mm cable190m
EM Sensor Technology Development
Sensor Sizes ndash 7mm to 250mm
Main
Board
Capacitor
Bank
H-
Voltage
Power
Source
ACDC
Power
Source
Interface
To Laptop
Power Stress Calibration Unit
16 Channels Power Stress Unit Calibration at UIC
Products EM Sensor and Reading Unit
Manufacturing EM Sensor-Mass Production
Fabrication of EM Sensor on a
Japanese Cable-Stayed Bridge
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
Bridge Collapsesbull Bridge failures have occurred in the United States
ndash More than 130 bridge collapses from 1989-2009
ndash Designconstruction error
Tacoma Narrows Bridge November 7 1940
Design error - aerodynamic instability
I-35W Bridge August 1 2007
Design error ndash under designed gusset plates
Bridge Collapsesbull Bridge failures have occurred in the United States
ndash More than 130 bridge collapses from 1989-2009
ndash Designconstruction error
ndash Triggering events (eg vehicle impact scour earthquakes)
Schoharie Creek Bridge April 5 1987
Scour induced collapse
San Francisco Bay Bridge October 17 1989
Earthquake induced collapse
Bridge Collapsesbull Bridge failures have occurred in the United States
ndash More than 130 bridge collapses from 1989-2009
ndash Designconstruction error
ndash Triggering events (eg vehicle impact scour earthquakes)
ndash Long-term deterioration also a contributor to bridge failures
De la Concorde Overpass September 30 2006
Long-term deterioration caused collapse
I-70 Overpass Collapse December 27 2005
Corrosion and wear-and-tear possible causes
Structural Health Monitoring
(SHM)
The integration of sensing and possibly also
actuation devices to allow loading and abnormal
conditions of a structure to be recorded analyzed
localized and predicted
-Life cycle measurement
-Early damage detection
Example of SHM Objectives
bull To verify as-design condition
bull To verify loading conditions
bull To create database for baseline
bull To detect abnormality after construction
bull To monitor extreme event such as typhoon
bull To monitor overweight traffic flow
bull To provide database for maintenance
priority
Zhanjiang Bay Bridge HMS
Bridge elevation
Cable sensors
Location of sensors at span centerLocation of sensors at cross section
Sensor location
EM Sensor Strain gauge accelerometer
Substation GPS rover anemomete
r
Cable Force Measurement
EM Technology PowerStress Product Line
PVDF Wireless Strain SensorThis work was supported by the National Science Foundation
PVDF Wireless Station PVDF Wireless Strain SensorFrequency Analysis of
Kishwaukee Bridge in Illinois
FeaturesUp to 8 PVDF sensors can be connected to single unit
lowest frequency measurable with piezo film is in the order of 0001Hz
Operating Temperature Range (ordmC) -20 to +85
PVDF Sensor Bandwidth (Hz) 50
Wireless Operating Range (feet) lt500outside
lt200 inside
Wireless MEMS accelerometer
The wireless accelerometer has the following specifications
Acceleration Input Range (g) 200mg
Operating Temperature Range (ordmC) -30 to +85
Sensitivity 100mg
Accelerometer Bandwidth (Hz) 01 - 100Hz
Wireless Operating Range (feet) lt500 outside
lt200 inside
A high accuracy high stability low cost
low power complete dual axis
accelerometer with signal conditioned
voltage outputs all on a single
monolithic IC by Analog devices has
been integrated with wireless setup for
civil infrastructure application The
accelerometer is 5mm x 5mm x 2mm in
size with 8 lead hermetic LCC package
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Cable force (KN)
25
2627
2829
30
3132
3334
35
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Temperature
EM technology Cable force and temperature
GPS Bridge movement around the
Clock
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Tower position
Linear Fity=
so
uth
-dis
pla
ce
me
nt (m
m)
x=east-displacement (mm)
Traffic induced Time 1014 350-400pm
y = a + bx a= 3969597
b= 024717
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 2380588 347117
y 4558016 208696
Wind induced Time 0924 735-745am
y = a + bx a= 1459129
wind v=30ms b= 026892
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 524891 872076
y 2870691 511607
Unloaded Time 1016 300-310am
y = a + bx a= 3152912
b= 024584
Temp=24C Mean Standard Deviation
x 748453 185569
y 333691 2048
Kishwaukee Bridge
bull The Kishwaukee River Bridge was the first PC box-girder bridge in Illinois built in 1980
7
6
5
a = 10 in
1
2 4
3 4
cover
1 inc = 1
in
4 4
prestressing
bars 114 in
52 4 a=10
in
1
4 a=10
in3
74 x
56
4 x 5
4
4 x 5
4 a=10 in
COD has increased 1109 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-W-C4 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-W-C3 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 912 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-E-C5 (112002 - 712006)
-450
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-E-C6 (112002 - 712006)
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 09 microm since 2002 COD has increased 733 microm since 2002
Example Research to Products
EM Stress Sensors amp Applications
1 The magnetoelastic method is a nondestructive testing technology for
monitoring stress and corrosion in steel
2 Magnetoelastic stress sensors function by utilizing the dependence of the
magnetic properties of structural steels directly to the state of stress
3 The magnetoelastic sensor does not touch the specimen nor alter it in any
way other than its magnetization
NSF Grant Number CMS-9724948 (1997)and CMS-0221131(1999)
Company Licensing and Marketing the Products
Intelligent Instrument System Inc
251 S Frontage Road Suite 23 Burr Ridge IL 60527 USA
Tel (630) 323-3911 Fax (630) 323-3922
Gross Income about $ 80000000year
Size 3 full time employees
Starting date Since June 2007
Hysteresis Curve Permeability vs
Stress
bull As the stress
changes in the
materials the
hysteresis curve
will change
Monitoring
permeability allows
us to measure
stress in steel
tendons and cables
Permeability as a function of stress
temperature T and magnetic field H
bull The magnetic permeability
of ferro-magnetic materials is
related to stress
temperature and the
strength of the applied
magnetic field
1)(
1)(
0
0
VV
AA HT
HT out
f
Calibration results
Post tensioned cable
Hanger
cable
Hanger cable is NOT consistent
with single wire
Post tensioned cable is consistent
with single strand
Explanation
Hanger cable ndash containing parallel
7mm piano steel wires
Post-tensioned cable ndash containing
37x155mm high-strength strands
each covered with epoxy resin
sheath
The eddy current patterns are
different
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1 2 3 4
(permeability - intial permeability)T
en
sile
str
ess M
pa
109_d7mm cable 8m
85_d7mm cable20m
55_d7mm cable12m
d=7mm wire 15m
d=155mm strand15m
37_d155mm cable190m
EM Sensor Technology Development
Sensor Sizes ndash 7mm to 250mm
Main
Board
Capacitor
Bank
H-
Voltage
Power
Source
ACDC
Power
Source
Interface
To Laptop
Power Stress Calibration Unit
16 Channels Power Stress Unit Calibration at UIC
Products EM Sensor and Reading Unit
Manufacturing EM Sensor-Mass Production
Fabrication of EM Sensor on a
Japanese Cable-Stayed Bridge
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
Bridge Collapsesbull Bridge failures have occurred in the United States
ndash More than 130 bridge collapses from 1989-2009
ndash Designconstruction error
ndash Triggering events (eg vehicle impact scour earthquakes)
Schoharie Creek Bridge April 5 1987
Scour induced collapse
San Francisco Bay Bridge October 17 1989
Earthquake induced collapse
Bridge Collapsesbull Bridge failures have occurred in the United States
ndash More than 130 bridge collapses from 1989-2009
ndash Designconstruction error
ndash Triggering events (eg vehicle impact scour earthquakes)
ndash Long-term deterioration also a contributor to bridge failures
De la Concorde Overpass September 30 2006
Long-term deterioration caused collapse
I-70 Overpass Collapse December 27 2005
Corrosion and wear-and-tear possible causes
Structural Health Monitoring
(SHM)
The integration of sensing and possibly also
actuation devices to allow loading and abnormal
conditions of a structure to be recorded analyzed
localized and predicted
-Life cycle measurement
-Early damage detection
Example of SHM Objectives
bull To verify as-design condition
bull To verify loading conditions
bull To create database for baseline
bull To detect abnormality after construction
bull To monitor extreme event such as typhoon
bull To monitor overweight traffic flow
bull To provide database for maintenance
priority
Zhanjiang Bay Bridge HMS
Bridge elevation
Cable sensors
Location of sensors at span centerLocation of sensors at cross section
Sensor location
EM Sensor Strain gauge accelerometer
Substation GPS rover anemomete
r
Cable Force Measurement
EM Technology PowerStress Product Line
PVDF Wireless Strain SensorThis work was supported by the National Science Foundation
PVDF Wireless Station PVDF Wireless Strain SensorFrequency Analysis of
Kishwaukee Bridge in Illinois
FeaturesUp to 8 PVDF sensors can be connected to single unit
lowest frequency measurable with piezo film is in the order of 0001Hz
Operating Temperature Range (ordmC) -20 to +85
PVDF Sensor Bandwidth (Hz) 50
Wireless Operating Range (feet) lt500outside
lt200 inside
Wireless MEMS accelerometer
The wireless accelerometer has the following specifications
Acceleration Input Range (g) 200mg
Operating Temperature Range (ordmC) -30 to +85
Sensitivity 100mg
Accelerometer Bandwidth (Hz) 01 - 100Hz
Wireless Operating Range (feet) lt500 outside
lt200 inside
A high accuracy high stability low cost
low power complete dual axis
accelerometer with signal conditioned
voltage outputs all on a single
monolithic IC by Analog devices has
been integrated with wireless setup for
civil infrastructure application The
accelerometer is 5mm x 5mm x 2mm in
size with 8 lead hermetic LCC package
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Cable force (KN)
25
2627
2829
30
3132
3334
35
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Temperature
EM technology Cable force and temperature
GPS Bridge movement around the
Clock
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Tower position
Linear Fity=
so
uth
-dis
pla
ce
me
nt (m
m)
x=east-displacement (mm)
Traffic induced Time 1014 350-400pm
y = a + bx a= 3969597
b= 024717
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 2380588 347117
y 4558016 208696
Wind induced Time 0924 735-745am
y = a + bx a= 1459129
wind v=30ms b= 026892
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 524891 872076
y 2870691 511607
Unloaded Time 1016 300-310am
y = a + bx a= 3152912
b= 024584
Temp=24C Mean Standard Deviation
x 748453 185569
y 333691 2048
Kishwaukee Bridge
bull The Kishwaukee River Bridge was the first PC box-girder bridge in Illinois built in 1980
7
6
5
a = 10 in
1
2 4
3 4
cover
1 inc = 1
in
4 4
prestressing
bars 114 in
52 4 a=10
in
1
4 a=10
in3
74 x
56
4 x 5
4
4 x 5
4 a=10 in
COD has increased 1109 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-W-C4 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-W-C3 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 912 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-E-C5 (112002 - 712006)
-450
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-E-C6 (112002 - 712006)
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 09 microm since 2002 COD has increased 733 microm since 2002
Example Research to Products
EM Stress Sensors amp Applications
1 The magnetoelastic method is a nondestructive testing technology for
monitoring stress and corrosion in steel
2 Magnetoelastic stress sensors function by utilizing the dependence of the
magnetic properties of structural steels directly to the state of stress
3 The magnetoelastic sensor does not touch the specimen nor alter it in any
way other than its magnetization
NSF Grant Number CMS-9724948 (1997)and CMS-0221131(1999)
Company Licensing and Marketing the Products
Intelligent Instrument System Inc
251 S Frontage Road Suite 23 Burr Ridge IL 60527 USA
Tel (630) 323-3911 Fax (630) 323-3922
Gross Income about $ 80000000year
Size 3 full time employees
Starting date Since June 2007
Hysteresis Curve Permeability vs
Stress
bull As the stress
changes in the
materials the
hysteresis curve
will change
Monitoring
permeability allows
us to measure
stress in steel
tendons and cables
Permeability as a function of stress
temperature T and magnetic field H
bull The magnetic permeability
of ferro-magnetic materials is
related to stress
temperature and the
strength of the applied
magnetic field
1)(
1)(
0
0
VV
AA HT
HT out
f
Calibration results
Post tensioned cable
Hanger
cable
Hanger cable is NOT consistent
with single wire
Post tensioned cable is consistent
with single strand
Explanation
Hanger cable ndash containing parallel
7mm piano steel wires
Post-tensioned cable ndash containing
37x155mm high-strength strands
each covered with epoxy resin
sheath
The eddy current patterns are
different
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1 2 3 4
(permeability - intial permeability)T
en
sile
str
ess M
pa
109_d7mm cable 8m
85_d7mm cable20m
55_d7mm cable12m
d=7mm wire 15m
d=155mm strand15m
37_d155mm cable190m
EM Sensor Technology Development
Sensor Sizes ndash 7mm to 250mm
Main
Board
Capacitor
Bank
H-
Voltage
Power
Source
ACDC
Power
Source
Interface
To Laptop
Power Stress Calibration Unit
16 Channels Power Stress Unit Calibration at UIC
Products EM Sensor and Reading Unit
Manufacturing EM Sensor-Mass Production
Fabrication of EM Sensor on a
Japanese Cable-Stayed Bridge
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
Bridge Collapsesbull Bridge failures have occurred in the United States
ndash More than 130 bridge collapses from 1989-2009
ndash Designconstruction error
ndash Triggering events (eg vehicle impact scour earthquakes)
ndash Long-term deterioration also a contributor to bridge failures
De la Concorde Overpass September 30 2006
Long-term deterioration caused collapse
I-70 Overpass Collapse December 27 2005
Corrosion and wear-and-tear possible causes
Structural Health Monitoring
(SHM)
The integration of sensing and possibly also
actuation devices to allow loading and abnormal
conditions of a structure to be recorded analyzed
localized and predicted
-Life cycle measurement
-Early damage detection
Example of SHM Objectives
bull To verify as-design condition
bull To verify loading conditions
bull To create database for baseline
bull To detect abnormality after construction
bull To monitor extreme event such as typhoon
bull To monitor overweight traffic flow
bull To provide database for maintenance
priority
Zhanjiang Bay Bridge HMS
Bridge elevation
Cable sensors
Location of sensors at span centerLocation of sensors at cross section
Sensor location
EM Sensor Strain gauge accelerometer
Substation GPS rover anemomete
r
Cable Force Measurement
EM Technology PowerStress Product Line
PVDF Wireless Strain SensorThis work was supported by the National Science Foundation
PVDF Wireless Station PVDF Wireless Strain SensorFrequency Analysis of
Kishwaukee Bridge in Illinois
FeaturesUp to 8 PVDF sensors can be connected to single unit
lowest frequency measurable with piezo film is in the order of 0001Hz
Operating Temperature Range (ordmC) -20 to +85
PVDF Sensor Bandwidth (Hz) 50
Wireless Operating Range (feet) lt500outside
lt200 inside
Wireless MEMS accelerometer
The wireless accelerometer has the following specifications
Acceleration Input Range (g) 200mg
Operating Temperature Range (ordmC) -30 to +85
Sensitivity 100mg
Accelerometer Bandwidth (Hz) 01 - 100Hz
Wireless Operating Range (feet) lt500 outside
lt200 inside
A high accuracy high stability low cost
low power complete dual axis
accelerometer with signal conditioned
voltage outputs all on a single
monolithic IC by Analog devices has
been integrated with wireless setup for
civil infrastructure application The
accelerometer is 5mm x 5mm x 2mm in
size with 8 lead hermetic LCC package
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Cable force (KN)
25
2627
2829
30
3132
3334
35
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Temperature
EM technology Cable force and temperature
GPS Bridge movement around the
Clock
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Tower position
Linear Fity=
so
uth
-dis
pla
ce
me
nt (m
m)
x=east-displacement (mm)
Traffic induced Time 1014 350-400pm
y = a + bx a= 3969597
b= 024717
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 2380588 347117
y 4558016 208696
Wind induced Time 0924 735-745am
y = a + bx a= 1459129
wind v=30ms b= 026892
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 524891 872076
y 2870691 511607
Unloaded Time 1016 300-310am
y = a + bx a= 3152912
b= 024584
Temp=24C Mean Standard Deviation
x 748453 185569
y 333691 2048
Kishwaukee Bridge
bull The Kishwaukee River Bridge was the first PC box-girder bridge in Illinois built in 1980
7
6
5
a = 10 in
1
2 4
3 4
cover
1 inc = 1
in
4 4
prestressing
bars 114 in
52 4 a=10
in
1
4 a=10
in3
74 x
56
4 x 5
4
4 x 5
4 a=10 in
COD has increased 1109 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-W-C4 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-W-C3 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 912 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-E-C5 (112002 - 712006)
-450
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-E-C6 (112002 - 712006)
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 09 microm since 2002 COD has increased 733 microm since 2002
Example Research to Products
EM Stress Sensors amp Applications
1 The magnetoelastic method is a nondestructive testing technology for
monitoring stress and corrosion in steel
2 Magnetoelastic stress sensors function by utilizing the dependence of the
magnetic properties of structural steels directly to the state of stress
3 The magnetoelastic sensor does not touch the specimen nor alter it in any
way other than its magnetization
NSF Grant Number CMS-9724948 (1997)and CMS-0221131(1999)
Company Licensing and Marketing the Products
Intelligent Instrument System Inc
251 S Frontage Road Suite 23 Burr Ridge IL 60527 USA
Tel (630) 323-3911 Fax (630) 323-3922
Gross Income about $ 80000000year
Size 3 full time employees
Starting date Since June 2007
Hysteresis Curve Permeability vs
Stress
bull As the stress
changes in the
materials the
hysteresis curve
will change
Monitoring
permeability allows
us to measure
stress in steel
tendons and cables
Permeability as a function of stress
temperature T and magnetic field H
bull The magnetic permeability
of ferro-magnetic materials is
related to stress
temperature and the
strength of the applied
magnetic field
1)(
1)(
0
0
VV
AA HT
HT out
f
Calibration results
Post tensioned cable
Hanger
cable
Hanger cable is NOT consistent
with single wire
Post tensioned cable is consistent
with single strand
Explanation
Hanger cable ndash containing parallel
7mm piano steel wires
Post-tensioned cable ndash containing
37x155mm high-strength strands
each covered with epoxy resin
sheath
The eddy current patterns are
different
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1 2 3 4
(permeability - intial permeability)T
en
sile
str
ess M
pa
109_d7mm cable 8m
85_d7mm cable20m
55_d7mm cable12m
d=7mm wire 15m
d=155mm strand15m
37_d155mm cable190m
EM Sensor Technology Development
Sensor Sizes ndash 7mm to 250mm
Main
Board
Capacitor
Bank
H-
Voltage
Power
Source
ACDC
Power
Source
Interface
To Laptop
Power Stress Calibration Unit
16 Channels Power Stress Unit Calibration at UIC
Products EM Sensor and Reading Unit
Manufacturing EM Sensor-Mass Production
Fabrication of EM Sensor on a
Japanese Cable-Stayed Bridge
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
Structural Health Monitoring
(SHM)
The integration of sensing and possibly also
actuation devices to allow loading and abnormal
conditions of a structure to be recorded analyzed
localized and predicted
-Life cycle measurement
-Early damage detection
Example of SHM Objectives
bull To verify as-design condition
bull To verify loading conditions
bull To create database for baseline
bull To detect abnormality after construction
bull To monitor extreme event such as typhoon
bull To monitor overweight traffic flow
bull To provide database for maintenance
priority
Zhanjiang Bay Bridge HMS
Bridge elevation
Cable sensors
Location of sensors at span centerLocation of sensors at cross section
Sensor location
EM Sensor Strain gauge accelerometer
Substation GPS rover anemomete
r
Cable Force Measurement
EM Technology PowerStress Product Line
PVDF Wireless Strain SensorThis work was supported by the National Science Foundation
PVDF Wireless Station PVDF Wireless Strain SensorFrequency Analysis of
Kishwaukee Bridge in Illinois
FeaturesUp to 8 PVDF sensors can be connected to single unit
lowest frequency measurable with piezo film is in the order of 0001Hz
Operating Temperature Range (ordmC) -20 to +85
PVDF Sensor Bandwidth (Hz) 50
Wireless Operating Range (feet) lt500outside
lt200 inside
Wireless MEMS accelerometer
The wireless accelerometer has the following specifications
Acceleration Input Range (g) 200mg
Operating Temperature Range (ordmC) -30 to +85
Sensitivity 100mg
Accelerometer Bandwidth (Hz) 01 - 100Hz
Wireless Operating Range (feet) lt500 outside
lt200 inside
A high accuracy high stability low cost
low power complete dual axis
accelerometer with signal conditioned
voltage outputs all on a single
monolithic IC by Analog devices has
been integrated with wireless setup for
civil infrastructure application The
accelerometer is 5mm x 5mm x 2mm in
size with 8 lead hermetic LCC package
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Cable force (KN)
25
2627
2829
30
3132
3334
35
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Temperature
EM technology Cable force and temperature
GPS Bridge movement around the
Clock
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Tower position
Linear Fity=
so
uth
-dis
pla
ce
me
nt (m
m)
x=east-displacement (mm)
Traffic induced Time 1014 350-400pm
y = a + bx a= 3969597
b= 024717
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 2380588 347117
y 4558016 208696
Wind induced Time 0924 735-745am
y = a + bx a= 1459129
wind v=30ms b= 026892
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 524891 872076
y 2870691 511607
Unloaded Time 1016 300-310am
y = a + bx a= 3152912
b= 024584
Temp=24C Mean Standard Deviation
x 748453 185569
y 333691 2048
Kishwaukee Bridge
bull The Kishwaukee River Bridge was the first PC box-girder bridge in Illinois built in 1980
7
6
5
a = 10 in
1
2 4
3 4
cover
1 inc = 1
in
4 4
prestressing
bars 114 in
52 4 a=10
in
1
4 a=10
in3
74 x
56
4 x 5
4
4 x 5
4 a=10 in
COD has increased 1109 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-W-C4 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-W-C3 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 912 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-E-C5 (112002 - 712006)
-450
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-E-C6 (112002 - 712006)
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 09 microm since 2002 COD has increased 733 microm since 2002
Example Research to Products
EM Stress Sensors amp Applications
1 The magnetoelastic method is a nondestructive testing technology for
monitoring stress and corrosion in steel
2 Magnetoelastic stress sensors function by utilizing the dependence of the
magnetic properties of structural steels directly to the state of stress
3 The magnetoelastic sensor does not touch the specimen nor alter it in any
way other than its magnetization
NSF Grant Number CMS-9724948 (1997)and CMS-0221131(1999)
Company Licensing and Marketing the Products
Intelligent Instrument System Inc
251 S Frontage Road Suite 23 Burr Ridge IL 60527 USA
Tel (630) 323-3911 Fax (630) 323-3922
Gross Income about $ 80000000year
Size 3 full time employees
Starting date Since June 2007
Hysteresis Curve Permeability vs
Stress
bull As the stress
changes in the
materials the
hysteresis curve
will change
Monitoring
permeability allows
us to measure
stress in steel
tendons and cables
Permeability as a function of stress
temperature T and magnetic field H
bull The magnetic permeability
of ferro-magnetic materials is
related to stress
temperature and the
strength of the applied
magnetic field
1)(
1)(
0
0
VV
AA HT
HT out
f
Calibration results
Post tensioned cable
Hanger
cable
Hanger cable is NOT consistent
with single wire
Post tensioned cable is consistent
with single strand
Explanation
Hanger cable ndash containing parallel
7mm piano steel wires
Post-tensioned cable ndash containing
37x155mm high-strength strands
each covered with epoxy resin
sheath
The eddy current patterns are
different
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1 2 3 4
(permeability - intial permeability)T
en
sile
str
ess M
pa
109_d7mm cable 8m
85_d7mm cable20m
55_d7mm cable12m
d=7mm wire 15m
d=155mm strand15m
37_d155mm cable190m
EM Sensor Technology Development
Sensor Sizes ndash 7mm to 250mm
Main
Board
Capacitor
Bank
H-
Voltage
Power
Source
ACDC
Power
Source
Interface
To Laptop
Power Stress Calibration Unit
16 Channels Power Stress Unit Calibration at UIC
Products EM Sensor and Reading Unit
Manufacturing EM Sensor-Mass Production
Fabrication of EM Sensor on a
Japanese Cable-Stayed Bridge
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
Example of SHM Objectives
bull To verify as-design condition
bull To verify loading conditions
bull To create database for baseline
bull To detect abnormality after construction
bull To monitor extreme event such as typhoon
bull To monitor overweight traffic flow
bull To provide database for maintenance
priority
Zhanjiang Bay Bridge HMS
Bridge elevation
Cable sensors
Location of sensors at span centerLocation of sensors at cross section
Sensor location
EM Sensor Strain gauge accelerometer
Substation GPS rover anemomete
r
Cable Force Measurement
EM Technology PowerStress Product Line
PVDF Wireless Strain SensorThis work was supported by the National Science Foundation
PVDF Wireless Station PVDF Wireless Strain SensorFrequency Analysis of
Kishwaukee Bridge in Illinois
FeaturesUp to 8 PVDF sensors can be connected to single unit
lowest frequency measurable with piezo film is in the order of 0001Hz
Operating Temperature Range (ordmC) -20 to +85
PVDF Sensor Bandwidth (Hz) 50
Wireless Operating Range (feet) lt500outside
lt200 inside
Wireless MEMS accelerometer
The wireless accelerometer has the following specifications
Acceleration Input Range (g) 200mg
Operating Temperature Range (ordmC) -30 to +85
Sensitivity 100mg
Accelerometer Bandwidth (Hz) 01 - 100Hz
Wireless Operating Range (feet) lt500 outside
lt200 inside
A high accuracy high stability low cost
low power complete dual axis
accelerometer with signal conditioned
voltage outputs all on a single
monolithic IC by Analog devices has
been integrated with wireless setup for
civil infrastructure application The
accelerometer is 5mm x 5mm x 2mm in
size with 8 lead hermetic LCC package
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Cable force (KN)
25
2627
2829
30
3132
3334
35
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Temperature
EM technology Cable force and temperature
GPS Bridge movement around the
Clock
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Tower position
Linear Fity=
so
uth
-dis
pla
ce
me
nt (m
m)
x=east-displacement (mm)
Traffic induced Time 1014 350-400pm
y = a + bx a= 3969597
b= 024717
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 2380588 347117
y 4558016 208696
Wind induced Time 0924 735-745am
y = a + bx a= 1459129
wind v=30ms b= 026892
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 524891 872076
y 2870691 511607
Unloaded Time 1016 300-310am
y = a + bx a= 3152912
b= 024584
Temp=24C Mean Standard Deviation
x 748453 185569
y 333691 2048
Kishwaukee Bridge
bull The Kishwaukee River Bridge was the first PC box-girder bridge in Illinois built in 1980
7
6
5
a = 10 in
1
2 4
3 4
cover
1 inc = 1
in
4 4
prestressing
bars 114 in
52 4 a=10
in
1
4 a=10
in3
74 x
56
4 x 5
4
4 x 5
4 a=10 in
COD has increased 1109 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-W-C4 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-W-C3 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 912 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-E-C5 (112002 - 712006)
-450
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-E-C6 (112002 - 712006)
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 09 microm since 2002 COD has increased 733 microm since 2002
Example Research to Products
EM Stress Sensors amp Applications
1 The magnetoelastic method is a nondestructive testing technology for
monitoring stress and corrosion in steel
2 Magnetoelastic stress sensors function by utilizing the dependence of the
magnetic properties of structural steels directly to the state of stress
3 The magnetoelastic sensor does not touch the specimen nor alter it in any
way other than its magnetization
NSF Grant Number CMS-9724948 (1997)and CMS-0221131(1999)
Company Licensing and Marketing the Products
Intelligent Instrument System Inc
251 S Frontage Road Suite 23 Burr Ridge IL 60527 USA
Tel (630) 323-3911 Fax (630) 323-3922
Gross Income about $ 80000000year
Size 3 full time employees
Starting date Since June 2007
Hysteresis Curve Permeability vs
Stress
bull As the stress
changes in the
materials the
hysteresis curve
will change
Monitoring
permeability allows
us to measure
stress in steel
tendons and cables
Permeability as a function of stress
temperature T and magnetic field H
bull The magnetic permeability
of ferro-magnetic materials is
related to stress
temperature and the
strength of the applied
magnetic field
1)(
1)(
0
0
VV
AA HT
HT out
f
Calibration results
Post tensioned cable
Hanger
cable
Hanger cable is NOT consistent
with single wire
Post tensioned cable is consistent
with single strand
Explanation
Hanger cable ndash containing parallel
7mm piano steel wires
Post-tensioned cable ndash containing
37x155mm high-strength strands
each covered with epoxy resin
sheath
The eddy current patterns are
different
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1 2 3 4
(permeability - intial permeability)T
en
sile
str
ess M
pa
109_d7mm cable 8m
85_d7mm cable20m
55_d7mm cable12m
d=7mm wire 15m
d=155mm strand15m
37_d155mm cable190m
EM Sensor Technology Development
Sensor Sizes ndash 7mm to 250mm
Main
Board
Capacitor
Bank
H-
Voltage
Power
Source
ACDC
Power
Source
Interface
To Laptop
Power Stress Calibration Unit
16 Channels Power Stress Unit Calibration at UIC
Products EM Sensor and Reading Unit
Manufacturing EM Sensor-Mass Production
Fabrication of EM Sensor on a
Japanese Cable-Stayed Bridge
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
Zhanjiang Bay Bridge HMS
Bridge elevation
Cable sensors
Location of sensors at span centerLocation of sensors at cross section
Sensor location
EM Sensor Strain gauge accelerometer
Substation GPS rover anemomete
r
Cable Force Measurement
EM Technology PowerStress Product Line
PVDF Wireless Strain SensorThis work was supported by the National Science Foundation
PVDF Wireless Station PVDF Wireless Strain SensorFrequency Analysis of
Kishwaukee Bridge in Illinois
FeaturesUp to 8 PVDF sensors can be connected to single unit
lowest frequency measurable with piezo film is in the order of 0001Hz
Operating Temperature Range (ordmC) -20 to +85
PVDF Sensor Bandwidth (Hz) 50
Wireless Operating Range (feet) lt500outside
lt200 inside
Wireless MEMS accelerometer
The wireless accelerometer has the following specifications
Acceleration Input Range (g) 200mg
Operating Temperature Range (ordmC) -30 to +85
Sensitivity 100mg
Accelerometer Bandwidth (Hz) 01 - 100Hz
Wireless Operating Range (feet) lt500 outside
lt200 inside
A high accuracy high stability low cost
low power complete dual axis
accelerometer with signal conditioned
voltage outputs all on a single
monolithic IC by Analog devices has
been integrated with wireless setup for
civil infrastructure application The
accelerometer is 5mm x 5mm x 2mm in
size with 8 lead hermetic LCC package
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Cable force (KN)
25
2627
2829
30
3132
3334
35
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Temperature
EM technology Cable force and temperature
GPS Bridge movement around the
Clock
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Tower position
Linear Fity=
so
uth
-dis
pla
ce
me
nt (m
m)
x=east-displacement (mm)
Traffic induced Time 1014 350-400pm
y = a + bx a= 3969597
b= 024717
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 2380588 347117
y 4558016 208696
Wind induced Time 0924 735-745am
y = a + bx a= 1459129
wind v=30ms b= 026892
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 524891 872076
y 2870691 511607
Unloaded Time 1016 300-310am
y = a + bx a= 3152912
b= 024584
Temp=24C Mean Standard Deviation
x 748453 185569
y 333691 2048
Kishwaukee Bridge
bull The Kishwaukee River Bridge was the first PC box-girder bridge in Illinois built in 1980
7
6
5
a = 10 in
1
2 4
3 4
cover
1 inc = 1
in
4 4
prestressing
bars 114 in
52 4 a=10
in
1
4 a=10
in3
74 x
56
4 x 5
4
4 x 5
4 a=10 in
COD has increased 1109 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-W-C4 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-W-C3 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 912 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-E-C5 (112002 - 712006)
-450
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-E-C6 (112002 - 712006)
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 09 microm since 2002 COD has increased 733 microm since 2002
Example Research to Products
EM Stress Sensors amp Applications
1 The magnetoelastic method is a nondestructive testing technology for
monitoring stress and corrosion in steel
2 Magnetoelastic stress sensors function by utilizing the dependence of the
magnetic properties of structural steels directly to the state of stress
3 The magnetoelastic sensor does not touch the specimen nor alter it in any
way other than its magnetization
NSF Grant Number CMS-9724948 (1997)and CMS-0221131(1999)
Company Licensing and Marketing the Products
Intelligent Instrument System Inc
251 S Frontage Road Suite 23 Burr Ridge IL 60527 USA
Tel (630) 323-3911 Fax (630) 323-3922
Gross Income about $ 80000000year
Size 3 full time employees
Starting date Since June 2007
Hysteresis Curve Permeability vs
Stress
bull As the stress
changes in the
materials the
hysteresis curve
will change
Monitoring
permeability allows
us to measure
stress in steel
tendons and cables
Permeability as a function of stress
temperature T and magnetic field H
bull The magnetic permeability
of ferro-magnetic materials is
related to stress
temperature and the
strength of the applied
magnetic field
1)(
1)(
0
0
VV
AA HT
HT out
f
Calibration results
Post tensioned cable
Hanger
cable
Hanger cable is NOT consistent
with single wire
Post tensioned cable is consistent
with single strand
Explanation
Hanger cable ndash containing parallel
7mm piano steel wires
Post-tensioned cable ndash containing
37x155mm high-strength strands
each covered with epoxy resin
sheath
The eddy current patterns are
different
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1 2 3 4
(permeability - intial permeability)T
en
sile
str
ess M
pa
109_d7mm cable 8m
85_d7mm cable20m
55_d7mm cable12m
d=7mm wire 15m
d=155mm strand15m
37_d155mm cable190m
EM Sensor Technology Development
Sensor Sizes ndash 7mm to 250mm
Main
Board
Capacitor
Bank
H-
Voltage
Power
Source
ACDC
Power
Source
Interface
To Laptop
Power Stress Calibration Unit
16 Channels Power Stress Unit Calibration at UIC
Products EM Sensor and Reading Unit
Manufacturing EM Sensor-Mass Production
Fabrication of EM Sensor on a
Japanese Cable-Stayed Bridge
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
EM Sensor Strain gauge accelerometer
Substation GPS rover anemomete
r
Cable Force Measurement
EM Technology PowerStress Product Line
PVDF Wireless Strain SensorThis work was supported by the National Science Foundation
PVDF Wireless Station PVDF Wireless Strain SensorFrequency Analysis of
Kishwaukee Bridge in Illinois
FeaturesUp to 8 PVDF sensors can be connected to single unit
lowest frequency measurable with piezo film is in the order of 0001Hz
Operating Temperature Range (ordmC) -20 to +85
PVDF Sensor Bandwidth (Hz) 50
Wireless Operating Range (feet) lt500outside
lt200 inside
Wireless MEMS accelerometer
The wireless accelerometer has the following specifications
Acceleration Input Range (g) 200mg
Operating Temperature Range (ordmC) -30 to +85
Sensitivity 100mg
Accelerometer Bandwidth (Hz) 01 - 100Hz
Wireless Operating Range (feet) lt500 outside
lt200 inside
A high accuracy high stability low cost
low power complete dual axis
accelerometer with signal conditioned
voltage outputs all on a single
monolithic IC by Analog devices has
been integrated with wireless setup for
civil infrastructure application The
accelerometer is 5mm x 5mm x 2mm in
size with 8 lead hermetic LCC package
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Cable force (KN)
25
2627
2829
30
3132
3334
35
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Temperature
EM technology Cable force and temperature
GPS Bridge movement around the
Clock
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Tower position
Linear Fity=
so
uth
-dis
pla
ce
me
nt (m
m)
x=east-displacement (mm)
Traffic induced Time 1014 350-400pm
y = a + bx a= 3969597
b= 024717
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 2380588 347117
y 4558016 208696
Wind induced Time 0924 735-745am
y = a + bx a= 1459129
wind v=30ms b= 026892
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 524891 872076
y 2870691 511607
Unloaded Time 1016 300-310am
y = a + bx a= 3152912
b= 024584
Temp=24C Mean Standard Deviation
x 748453 185569
y 333691 2048
Kishwaukee Bridge
bull The Kishwaukee River Bridge was the first PC box-girder bridge in Illinois built in 1980
7
6
5
a = 10 in
1
2 4
3 4
cover
1 inc = 1
in
4 4
prestressing
bars 114 in
52 4 a=10
in
1
4 a=10
in3
74 x
56
4 x 5
4
4 x 5
4 a=10 in
COD has increased 1109 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-W-C4 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-W-C3 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 912 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-E-C5 (112002 - 712006)
-450
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-E-C6 (112002 - 712006)
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 09 microm since 2002 COD has increased 733 microm since 2002
Example Research to Products
EM Stress Sensors amp Applications
1 The magnetoelastic method is a nondestructive testing technology for
monitoring stress and corrosion in steel
2 Magnetoelastic stress sensors function by utilizing the dependence of the
magnetic properties of structural steels directly to the state of stress
3 The magnetoelastic sensor does not touch the specimen nor alter it in any
way other than its magnetization
NSF Grant Number CMS-9724948 (1997)and CMS-0221131(1999)
Company Licensing and Marketing the Products
Intelligent Instrument System Inc
251 S Frontage Road Suite 23 Burr Ridge IL 60527 USA
Tel (630) 323-3911 Fax (630) 323-3922
Gross Income about $ 80000000year
Size 3 full time employees
Starting date Since June 2007
Hysteresis Curve Permeability vs
Stress
bull As the stress
changes in the
materials the
hysteresis curve
will change
Monitoring
permeability allows
us to measure
stress in steel
tendons and cables
Permeability as a function of stress
temperature T and magnetic field H
bull The magnetic permeability
of ferro-magnetic materials is
related to stress
temperature and the
strength of the applied
magnetic field
1)(
1)(
0
0
VV
AA HT
HT out
f
Calibration results
Post tensioned cable
Hanger
cable
Hanger cable is NOT consistent
with single wire
Post tensioned cable is consistent
with single strand
Explanation
Hanger cable ndash containing parallel
7mm piano steel wires
Post-tensioned cable ndash containing
37x155mm high-strength strands
each covered with epoxy resin
sheath
The eddy current patterns are
different
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1 2 3 4
(permeability - intial permeability)T
en
sile
str
ess M
pa
109_d7mm cable 8m
85_d7mm cable20m
55_d7mm cable12m
d=7mm wire 15m
d=155mm strand15m
37_d155mm cable190m
EM Sensor Technology Development
Sensor Sizes ndash 7mm to 250mm
Main
Board
Capacitor
Bank
H-
Voltage
Power
Source
ACDC
Power
Source
Interface
To Laptop
Power Stress Calibration Unit
16 Channels Power Stress Unit Calibration at UIC
Products EM Sensor and Reading Unit
Manufacturing EM Sensor-Mass Production
Fabrication of EM Sensor on a
Japanese Cable-Stayed Bridge
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
Cable Force Measurement
EM Technology PowerStress Product Line
PVDF Wireless Strain SensorThis work was supported by the National Science Foundation
PVDF Wireless Station PVDF Wireless Strain SensorFrequency Analysis of
Kishwaukee Bridge in Illinois
FeaturesUp to 8 PVDF sensors can be connected to single unit
lowest frequency measurable with piezo film is in the order of 0001Hz
Operating Temperature Range (ordmC) -20 to +85
PVDF Sensor Bandwidth (Hz) 50
Wireless Operating Range (feet) lt500outside
lt200 inside
Wireless MEMS accelerometer
The wireless accelerometer has the following specifications
Acceleration Input Range (g) 200mg
Operating Temperature Range (ordmC) -30 to +85
Sensitivity 100mg
Accelerometer Bandwidth (Hz) 01 - 100Hz
Wireless Operating Range (feet) lt500 outside
lt200 inside
A high accuracy high stability low cost
low power complete dual axis
accelerometer with signal conditioned
voltage outputs all on a single
monolithic IC by Analog devices has
been integrated with wireless setup for
civil infrastructure application The
accelerometer is 5mm x 5mm x 2mm in
size with 8 lead hermetic LCC package
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Cable force (KN)
25
2627
2829
30
3132
3334
35
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Temperature
EM technology Cable force and temperature
GPS Bridge movement around the
Clock
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Tower position
Linear Fity=
so
uth
-dis
pla
ce
me
nt (m
m)
x=east-displacement (mm)
Traffic induced Time 1014 350-400pm
y = a + bx a= 3969597
b= 024717
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 2380588 347117
y 4558016 208696
Wind induced Time 0924 735-745am
y = a + bx a= 1459129
wind v=30ms b= 026892
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 524891 872076
y 2870691 511607
Unloaded Time 1016 300-310am
y = a + bx a= 3152912
b= 024584
Temp=24C Mean Standard Deviation
x 748453 185569
y 333691 2048
Kishwaukee Bridge
bull The Kishwaukee River Bridge was the first PC box-girder bridge in Illinois built in 1980
7
6
5
a = 10 in
1
2 4
3 4
cover
1 inc = 1
in
4 4
prestressing
bars 114 in
52 4 a=10
in
1
4 a=10
in3
74 x
56
4 x 5
4
4 x 5
4 a=10 in
COD has increased 1109 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-W-C4 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-W-C3 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 912 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-E-C5 (112002 - 712006)
-450
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-E-C6 (112002 - 712006)
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 09 microm since 2002 COD has increased 733 microm since 2002
Example Research to Products
EM Stress Sensors amp Applications
1 The magnetoelastic method is a nondestructive testing technology for
monitoring stress and corrosion in steel
2 Magnetoelastic stress sensors function by utilizing the dependence of the
magnetic properties of structural steels directly to the state of stress
3 The magnetoelastic sensor does not touch the specimen nor alter it in any
way other than its magnetization
NSF Grant Number CMS-9724948 (1997)and CMS-0221131(1999)
Company Licensing and Marketing the Products
Intelligent Instrument System Inc
251 S Frontage Road Suite 23 Burr Ridge IL 60527 USA
Tel (630) 323-3911 Fax (630) 323-3922
Gross Income about $ 80000000year
Size 3 full time employees
Starting date Since June 2007
Hysteresis Curve Permeability vs
Stress
bull As the stress
changes in the
materials the
hysteresis curve
will change
Monitoring
permeability allows
us to measure
stress in steel
tendons and cables
Permeability as a function of stress
temperature T and magnetic field H
bull The magnetic permeability
of ferro-magnetic materials is
related to stress
temperature and the
strength of the applied
magnetic field
1)(
1)(
0
0
VV
AA HT
HT out
f
Calibration results
Post tensioned cable
Hanger
cable
Hanger cable is NOT consistent
with single wire
Post tensioned cable is consistent
with single strand
Explanation
Hanger cable ndash containing parallel
7mm piano steel wires
Post-tensioned cable ndash containing
37x155mm high-strength strands
each covered with epoxy resin
sheath
The eddy current patterns are
different
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1 2 3 4
(permeability - intial permeability)T
en
sile
str
ess M
pa
109_d7mm cable 8m
85_d7mm cable20m
55_d7mm cable12m
d=7mm wire 15m
d=155mm strand15m
37_d155mm cable190m
EM Sensor Technology Development
Sensor Sizes ndash 7mm to 250mm
Main
Board
Capacitor
Bank
H-
Voltage
Power
Source
ACDC
Power
Source
Interface
To Laptop
Power Stress Calibration Unit
16 Channels Power Stress Unit Calibration at UIC
Products EM Sensor and Reading Unit
Manufacturing EM Sensor-Mass Production
Fabrication of EM Sensor on a
Japanese Cable-Stayed Bridge
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
PVDF Wireless Strain SensorThis work was supported by the National Science Foundation
PVDF Wireless Station PVDF Wireless Strain SensorFrequency Analysis of
Kishwaukee Bridge in Illinois
FeaturesUp to 8 PVDF sensors can be connected to single unit
lowest frequency measurable with piezo film is in the order of 0001Hz
Operating Temperature Range (ordmC) -20 to +85
PVDF Sensor Bandwidth (Hz) 50
Wireless Operating Range (feet) lt500outside
lt200 inside
Wireless MEMS accelerometer
The wireless accelerometer has the following specifications
Acceleration Input Range (g) 200mg
Operating Temperature Range (ordmC) -30 to +85
Sensitivity 100mg
Accelerometer Bandwidth (Hz) 01 - 100Hz
Wireless Operating Range (feet) lt500 outside
lt200 inside
A high accuracy high stability low cost
low power complete dual axis
accelerometer with signal conditioned
voltage outputs all on a single
monolithic IC by Analog devices has
been integrated with wireless setup for
civil infrastructure application The
accelerometer is 5mm x 5mm x 2mm in
size with 8 lead hermetic LCC package
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Cable force (KN)
25
2627
2829
30
3132
3334
35
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Temperature
EM technology Cable force and temperature
GPS Bridge movement around the
Clock
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Tower position
Linear Fity=
so
uth
-dis
pla
ce
me
nt (m
m)
x=east-displacement (mm)
Traffic induced Time 1014 350-400pm
y = a + bx a= 3969597
b= 024717
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 2380588 347117
y 4558016 208696
Wind induced Time 0924 735-745am
y = a + bx a= 1459129
wind v=30ms b= 026892
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 524891 872076
y 2870691 511607
Unloaded Time 1016 300-310am
y = a + bx a= 3152912
b= 024584
Temp=24C Mean Standard Deviation
x 748453 185569
y 333691 2048
Kishwaukee Bridge
bull The Kishwaukee River Bridge was the first PC box-girder bridge in Illinois built in 1980
7
6
5
a = 10 in
1
2 4
3 4
cover
1 inc = 1
in
4 4
prestressing
bars 114 in
52 4 a=10
in
1
4 a=10
in3
74 x
56
4 x 5
4
4 x 5
4 a=10 in
COD has increased 1109 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-W-C4 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-W-C3 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 912 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-E-C5 (112002 - 712006)
-450
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-E-C6 (112002 - 712006)
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 09 microm since 2002 COD has increased 733 microm since 2002
Example Research to Products
EM Stress Sensors amp Applications
1 The magnetoelastic method is a nondestructive testing technology for
monitoring stress and corrosion in steel
2 Magnetoelastic stress sensors function by utilizing the dependence of the
magnetic properties of structural steels directly to the state of stress
3 The magnetoelastic sensor does not touch the specimen nor alter it in any
way other than its magnetization
NSF Grant Number CMS-9724948 (1997)and CMS-0221131(1999)
Company Licensing and Marketing the Products
Intelligent Instrument System Inc
251 S Frontage Road Suite 23 Burr Ridge IL 60527 USA
Tel (630) 323-3911 Fax (630) 323-3922
Gross Income about $ 80000000year
Size 3 full time employees
Starting date Since June 2007
Hysteresis Curve Permeability vs
Stress
bull As the stress
changes in the
materials the
hysteresis curve
will change
Monitoring
permeability allows
us to measure
stress in steel
tendons and cables
Permeability as a function of stress
temperature T and magnetic field H
bull The magnetic permeability
of ferro-magnetic materials is
related to stress
temperature and the
strength of the applied
magnetic field
1)(
1)(
0
0
VV
AA HT
HT out
f
Calibration results
Post tensioned cable
Hanger
cable
Hanger cable is NOT consistent
with single wire
Post tensioned cable is consistent
with single strand
Explanation
Hanger cable ndash containing parallel
7mm piano steel wires
Post-tensioned cable ndash containing
37x155mm high-strength strands
each covered with epoxy resin
sheath
The eddy current patterns are
different
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1 2 3 4
(permeability - intial permeability)T
en
sile
str
ess M
pa
109_d7mm cable 8m
85_d7mm cable20m
55_d7mm cable12m
d=7mm wire 15m
d=155mm strand15m
37_d155mm cable190m
EM Sensor Technology Development
Sensor Sizes ndash 7mm to 250mm
Main
Board
Capacitor
Bank
H-
Voltage
Power
Source
ACDC
Power
Source
Interface
To Laptop
Power Stress Calibration Unit
16 Channels Power Stress Unit Calibration at UIC
Products EM Sensor and Reading Unit
Manufacturing EM Sensor-Mass Production
Fabrication of EM Sensor on a
Japanese Cable-Stayed Bridge
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
Wireless MEMS accelerometer
The wireless accelerometer has the following specifications
Acceleration Input Range (g) 200mg
Operating Temperature Range (ordmC) -30 to +85
Sensitivity 100mg
Accelerometer Bandwidth (Hz) 01 - 100Hz
Wireless Operating Range (feet) lt500 outside
lt200 inside
A high accuracy high stability low cost
low power complete dual axis
accelerometer with signal conditioned
voltage outputs all on a single
monolithic IC by Analog devices has
been integrated with wireless setup for
civil infrastructure application The
accelerometer is 5mm x 5mm x 2mm in
size with 8 lead hermetic LCC package
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Cable force (KN)
25
2627
2829
30
3132
3334
35
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Temperature
EM technology Cable force and temperature
GPS Bridge movement around the
Clock
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Tower position
Linear Fity=
so
uth
-dis
pla
ce
me
nt (m
m)
x=east-displacement (mm)
Traffic induced Time 1014 350-400pm
y = a + bx a= 3969597
b= 024717
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 2380588 347117
y 4558016 208696
Wind induced Time 0924 735-745am
y = a + bx a= 1459129
wind v=30ms b= 026892
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 524891 872076
y 2870691 511607
Unloaded Time 1016 300-310am
y = a + bx a= 3152912
b= 024584
Temp=24C Mean Standard Deviation
x 748453 185569
y 333691 2048
Kishwaukee Bridge
bull The Kishwaukee River Bridge was the first PC box-girder bridge in Illinois built in 1980
7
6
5
a = 10 in
1
2 4
3 4
cover
1 inc = 1
in
4 4
prestressing
bars 114 in
52 4 a=10
in
1
4 a=10
in3
74 x
56
4 x 5
4
4 x 5
4 a=10 in
COD has increased 1109 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-W-C4 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-W-C3 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 912 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-E-C5 (112002 - 712006)
-450
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-E-C6 (112002 - 712006)
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 09 microm since 2002 COD has increased 733 microm since 2002
Example Research to Products
EM Stress Sensors amp Applications
1 The magnetoelastic method is a nondestructive testing technology for
monitoring stress and corrosion in steel
2 Magnetoelastic stress sensors function by utilizing the dependence of the
magnetic properties of structural steels directly to the state of stress
3 The magnetoelastic sensor does not touch the specimen nor alter it in any
way other than its magnetization
NSF Grant Number CMS-9724948 (1997)and CMS-0221131(1999)
Company Licensing and Marketing the Products
Intelligent Instrument System Inc
251 S Frontage Road Suite 23 Burr Ridge IL 60527 USA
Tel (630) 323-3911 Fax (630) 323-3922
Gross Income about $ 80000000year
Size 3 full time employees
Starting date Since June 2007
Hysteresis Curve Permeability vs
Stress
bull As the stress
changes in the
materials the
hysteresis curve
will change
Monitoring
permeability allows
us to measure
stress in steel
tendons and cables
Permeability as a function of stress
temperature T and magnetic field H
bull The magnetic permeability
of ferro-magnetic materials is
related to stress
temperature and the
strength of the applied
magnetic field
1)(
1)(
0
0
VV
AA HT
HT out
f
Calibration results
Post tensioned cable
Hanger
cable
Hanger cable is NOT consistent
with single wire
Post tensioned cable is consistent
with single strand
Explanation
Hanger cable ndash containing parallel
7mm piano steel wires
Post-tensioned cable ndash containing
37x155mm high-strength strands
each covered with epoxy resin
sheath
The eddy current patterns are
different
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1 2 3 4
(permeability - intial permeability)T
en
sile
str
ess M
pa
109_d7mm cable 8m
85_d7mm cable20m
55_d7mm cable12m
d=7mm wire 15m
d=155mm strand15m
37_d155mm cable190m
EM Sensor Technology Development
Sensor Sizes ndash 7mm to 250mm
Main
Board
Capacitor
Bank
H-
Voltage
Power
Source
ACDC
Power
Source
Interface
To Laptop
Power Stress Calibration Unit
16 Channels Power Stress Unit Calibration at UIC
Products EM Sensor and Reading Unit
Manufacturing EM Sensor-Mass Production
Fabrication of EM Sensor on a
Japanese Cable-Stayed Bridge
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Cable force (KN)
25
2627
2829
30
3132
3334
35
34 8 39 8 44 8 49 8 54 8 59 8
Ti me ( h)
Temperature
EM technology Cable force and temperature
GPS Bridge movement around the
Clock
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Tower position
Linear Fity=
so
uth
-dis
pla
ce
me
nt (m
m)
x=east-displacement (mm)
Traffic induced Time 1014 350-400pm
y = a + bx a= 3969597
b= 024717
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 2380588 347117
y 4558016 208696
Wind induced Time 0924 735-745am
y = a + bx a= 1459129
wind v=30ms b= 026892
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 524891 872076
y 2870691 511607
Unloaded Time 1016 300-310am
y = a + bx a= 3152912
b= 024584
Temp=24C Mean Standard Deviation
x 748453 185569
y 333691 2048
Kishwaukee Bridge
bull The Kishwaukee River Bridge was the first PC box-girder bridge in Illinois built in 1980
7
6
5
a = 10 in
1
2 4
3 4
cover
1 inc = 1
in
4 4
prestressing
bars 114 in
52 4 a=10
in
1
4 a=10
in3
74 x
56
4 x 5
4
4 x 5
4 a=10 in
COD has increased 1109 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-W-C4 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-W-C3 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 912 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-E-C5 (112002 - 712006)
-450
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-E-C6 (112002 - 712006)
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 09 microm since 2002 COD has increased 733 microm since 2002
Example Research to Products
EM Stress Sensors amp Applications
1 The magnetoelastic method is a nondestructive testing technology for
monitoring stress and corrosion in steel
2 Magnetoelastic stress sensors function by utilizing the dependence of the
magnetic properties of structural steels directly to the state of stress
3 The magnetoelastic sensor does not touch the specimen nor alter it in any
way other than its magnetization
NSF Grant Number CMS-9724948 (1997)and CMS-0221131(1999)
Company Licensing and Marketing the Products
Intelligent Instrument System Inc
251 S Frontage Road Suite 23 Burr Ridge IL 60527 USA
Tel (630) 323-3911 Fax (630) 323-3922
Gross Income about $ 80000000year
Size 3 full time employees
Starting date Since June 2007
Hysteresis Curve Permeability vs
Stress
bull As the stress
changes in the
materials the
hysteresis curve
will change
Monitoring
permeability allows
us to measure
stress in steel
tendons and cables
Permeability as a function of stress
temperature T and magnetic field H
bull The magnetic permeability
of ferro-magnetic materials is
related to stress
temperature and the
strength of the applied
magnetic field
1)(
1)(
0
0
VV
AA HT
HT out
f
Calibration results
Post tensioned cable
Hanger
cable
Hanger cable is NOT consistent
with single wire
Post tensioned cable is consistent
with single strand
Explanation
Hanger cable ndash containing parallel
7mm piano steel wires
Post-tensioned cable ndash containing
37x155mm high-strength strands
each covered with epoxy resin
sheath
The eddy current patterns are
different
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1 2 3 4
(permeability - intial permeability)T
en
sile
str
ess M
pa
109_d7mm cable 8m
85_d7mm cable20m
55_d7mm cable12m
d=7mm wire 15m
d=155mm strand15m
37_d155mm cable190m
EM Sensor Technology Development
Sensor Sizes ndash 7mm to 250mm
Main
Board
Capacitor
Bank
H-
Voltage
Power
Source
ACDC
Power
Source
Interface
To Laptop
Power Stress Calibration Unit
16 Channels Power Stress Unit Calibration at UIC
Products EM Sensor and Reading Unit
Manufacturing EM Sensor-Mass Production
Fabrication of EM Sensor on a
Japanese Cable-Stayed Bridge
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
GPS Bridge movement around the
Clock
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Tower position
Linear Fity=
so
uth
-dis
pla
ce
me
nt (m
m)
x=east-displacement (mm)
Traffic induced Time 1014 350-400pm
y = a + bx a= 3969597
b= 024717
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 2380588 347117
y 4558016 208696
Wind induced Time 0924 735-745am
y = a + bx a= 1459129
wind v=30ms b= 026892
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 524891 872076
y 2870691 511607
Unloaded Time 1016 300-310am
y = a + bx a= 3152912
b= 024584
Temp=24C Mean Standard Deviation
x 748453 185569
y 333691 2048
Kishwaukee Bridge
bull The Kishwaukee River Bridge was the first PC box-girder bridge in Illinois built in 1980
7
6
5
a = 10 in
1
2 4
3 4
cover
1 inc = 1
in
4 4
prestressing
bars 114 in
52 4 a=10
in
1
4 a=10
in3
74 x
56
4 x 5
4
4 x 5
4 a=10 in
COD has increased 1109 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-W-C4 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-W-C3 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 912 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-E-C5 (112002 - 712006)
-450
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-E-C6 (112002 - 712006)
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 09 microm since 2002 COD has increased 733 microm since 2002
Example Research to Products
EM Stress Sensors amp Applications
1 The magnetoelastic method is a nondestructive testing technology for
monitoring stress and corrosion in steel
2 Magnetoelastic stress sensors function by utilizing the dependence of the
magnetic properties of structural steels directly to the state of stress
3 The magnetoelastic sensor does not touch the specimen nor alter it in any
way other than its magnetization
NSF Grant Number CMS-9724948 (1997)and CMS-0221131(1999)
Company Licensing and Marketing the Products
Intelligent Instrument System Inc
251 S Frontage Road Suite 23 Burr Ridge IL 60527 USA
Tel (630) 323-3911 Fax (630) 323-3922
Gross Income about $ 80000000year
Size 3 full time employees
Starting date Since June 2007
Hysteresis Curve Permeability vs
Stress
bull As the stress
changes in the
materials the
hysteresis curve
will change
Monitoring
permeability allows
us to measure
stress in steel
tendons and cables
Permeability as a function of stress
temperature T and magnetic field H
bull The magnetic permeability
of ferro-magnetic materials is
related to stress
temperature and the
strength of the applied
magnetic field
1)(
1)(
0
0
VV
AA HT
HT out
f
Calibration results
Post tensioned cable
Hanger
cable
Hanger cable is NOT consistent
with single wire
Post tensioned cable is consistent
with single strand
Explanation
Hanger cable ndash containing parallel
7mm piano steel wires
Post-tensioned cable ndash containing
37x155mm high-strength strands
each covered with epoxy resin
sheath
The eddy current patterns are
different
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1 2 3 4
(permeability - intial permeability)T
en
sile
str
ess M
pa
109_d7mm cable 8m
85_d7mm cable20m
55_d7mm cable12m
d=7mm wire 15m
d=155mm strand15m
37_d155mm cable190m
EM Sensor Technology Development
Sensor Sizes ndash 7mm to 250mm
Main
Board
Capacitor
Bank
H-
Voltage
Power
Source
ACDC
Power
Source
Interface
To Laptop
Power Stress Calibration Unit
16 Channels Power Stress Unit Calibration at UIC
Products EM Sensor and Reading Unit
Manufacturing EM Sensor-Mass Production
Fabrication of EM Sensor on a
Japanese Cable-Stayed Bridge
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Tower position
Linear Fity=
so
uth
-dis
pla
ce
me
nt (m
m)
x=east-displacement (mm)
Traffic induced Time 1014 350-400pm
y = a + bx a= 3969597
b= 024717
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 2380588 347117
y 4558016 208696
Wind induced Time 0924 735-745am
y = a + bx a= 1459129
wind v=30ms b= 026892
Temp= 24 C Mean Standard Deviation
x 524891 872076
y 2870691 511607
Unloaded Time 1016 300-310am
y = a + bx a= 3152912
b= 024584
Temp=24C Mean Standard Deviation
x 748453 185569
y 333691 2048
Kishwaukee Bridge
bull The Kishwaukee River Bridge was the first PC box-girder bridge in Illinois built in 1980
7
6
5
a = 10 in
1
2 4
3 4
cover
1 inc = 1
in
4 4
prestressing
bars 114 in
52 4 a=10
in
1
4 a=10
in3
74 x
56
4 x 5
4
4 x 5
4 a=10 in
COD has increased 1109 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-W-C4 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-W-C3 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 912 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-E-C5 (112002 - 712006)
-450
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-E-C6 (112002 - 712006)
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 09 microm since 2002 COD has increased 733 microm since 2002
Example Research to Products
EM Stress Sensors amp Applications
1 The magnetoelastic method is a nondestructive testing technology for
monitoring stress and corrosion in steel
2 Magnetoelastic stress sensors function by utilizing the dependence of the
magnetic properties of structural steels directly to the state of stress
3 The magnetoelastic sensor does not touch the specimen nor alter it in any
way other than its magnetization
NSF Grant Number CMS-9724948 (1997)and CMS-0221131(1999)
Company Licensing and Marketing the Products
Intelligent Instrument System Inc
251 S Frontage Road Suite 23 Burr Ridge IL 60527 USA
Tel (630) 323-3911 Fax (630) 323-3922
Gross Income about $ 80000000year
Size 3 full time employees
Starting date Since June 2007
Hysteresis Curve Permeability vs
Stress
bull As the stress
changes in the
materials the
hysteresis curve
will change
Monitoring
permeability allows
us to measure
stress in steel
tendons and cables
Permeability as a function of stress
temperature T and magnetic field H
bull The magnetic permeability
of ferro-magnetic materials is
related to stress
temperature and the
strength of the applied
magnetic field
1)(
1)(
0
0
VV
AA HT
HT out
f
Calibration results
Post tensioned cable
Hanger
cable
Hanger cable is NOT consistent
with single wire
Post tensioned cable is consistent
with single strand
Explanation
Hanger cable ndash containing parallel
7mm piano steel wires
Post-tensioned cable ndash containing
37x155mm high-strength strands
each covered with epoxy resin
sheath
The eddy current patterns are
different
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1 2 3 4
(permeability - intial permeability)T
en
sile
str
ess M
pa
109_d7mm cable 8m
85_d7mm cable20m
55_d7mm cable12m
d=7mm wire 15m
d=155mm strand15m
37_d155mm cable190m
EM Sensor Technology Development
Sensor Sizes ndash 7mm to 250mm
Main
Board
Capacitor
Bank
H-
Voltage
Power
Source
ACDC
Power
Source
Interface
To Laptop
Power Stress Calibration Unit
16 Channels Power Stress Unit Calibration at UIC
Products EM Sensor and Reading Unit
Manufacturing EM Sensor-Mass Production
Fabrication of EM Sensor on a
Japanese Cable-Stayed Bridge
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
Kishwaukee Bridge
bull The Kishwaukee River Bridge was the first PC box-girder bridge in Illinois built in 1980
7
6
5
a = 10 in
1
2 4
3 4
cover
1 inc = 1
in
4 4
prestressing
bars 114 in
52 4 a=10
in
1
4 a=10
in3
74 x
56
4 x 5
4
4 x 5
4 a=10 in
COD has increased 1109 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-W-C4 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-W-C3 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 912 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-E-C5 (112002 - 712006)
-450
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-E-C6 (112002 - 712006)
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 09 microm since 2002 COD has increased 733 microm since 2002
Example Research to Products
EM Stress Sensors amp Applications
1 The magnetoelastic method is a nondestructive testing technology for
monitoring stress and corrosion in steel
2 Magnetoelastic stress sensors function by utilizing the dependence of the
magnetic properties of structural steels directly to the state of stress
3 The magnetoelastic sensor does not touch the specimen nor alter it in any
way other than its magnetization
NSF Grant Number CMS-9724948 (1997)and CMS-0221131(1999)
Company Licensing and Marketing the Products
Intelligent Instrument System Inc
251 S Frontage Road Suite 23 Burr Ridge IL 60527 USA
Tel (630) 323-3911 Fax (630) 323-3922
Gross Income about $ 80000000year
Size 3 full time employees
Starting date Since June 2007
Hysteresis Curve Permeability vs
Stress
bull As the stress
changes in the
materials the
hysteresis curve
will change
Monitoring
permeability allows
us to measure
stress in steel
tendons and cables
Permeability as a function of stress
temperature T and magnetic field H
bull The magnetic permeability
of ferro-magnetic materials is
related to stress
temperature and the
strength of the applied
magnetic field
1)(
1)(
0
0
VV
AA HT
HT out
f
Calibration results
Post tensioned cable
Hanger
cable
Hanger cable is NOT consistent
with single wire
Post tensioned cable is consistent
with single strand
Explanation
Hanger cable ndash containing parallel
7mm piano steel wires
Post-tensioned cable ndash containing
37x155mm high-strength strands
each covered with epoxy resin
sheath
The eddy current patterns are
different
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1 2 3 4
(permeability - intial permeability)T
en
sile
str
ess M
pa
109_d7mm cable 8m
85_d7mm cable20m
55_d7mm cable12m
d=7mm wire 15m
d=155mm strand15m
37_d155mm cable190m
EM Sensor Technology Development
Sensor Sizes ndash 7mm to 250mm
Main
Board
Capacitor
Bank
H-
Voltage
Power
Source
ACDC
Power
Source
Interface
To Laptop
Power Stress Calibration Unit
16 Channels Power Stress Unit Calibration at UIC
Products EM Sensor and Reading Unit
Manufacturing EM Sensor-Mass Production
Fabrication of EM Sensor on a
Japanese Cable-Stayed Bridge
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
COD has increased 1109 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-W-C4 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-W-C3 (112002 - 712006)
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 912 microm since 2002
SB2-N4-E-C5 (112002 - 712006)
-450
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
SB2-N4-E-C6 (112002 - 712006)
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52
LVDT raw data Temperature LVDT compensated data
COD has increased 09 microm since 2002 COD has increased 733 microm since 2002
Example Research to Products
EM Stress Sensors amp Applications
1 The magnetoelastic method is a nondestructive testing technology for
monitoring stress and corrosion in steel
2 Magnetoelastic stress sensors function by utilizing the dependence of the
magnetic properties of structural steels directly to the state of stress
3 The magnetoelastic sensor does not touch the specimen nor alter it in any
way other than its magnetization
NSF Grant Number CMS-9724948 (1997)and CMS-0221131(1999)
Company Licensing and Marketing the Products
Intelligent Instrument System Inc
251 S Frontage Road Suite 23 Burr Ridge IL 60527 USA
Tel (630) 323-3911 Fax (630) 323-3922
Gross Income about $ 80000000year
Size 3 full time employees
Starting date Since June 2007
Hysteresis Curve Permeability vs
Stress
bull As the stress
changes in the
materials the
hysteresis curve
will change
Monitoring
permeability allows
us to measure
stress in steel
tendons and cables
Permeability as a function of stress
temperature T and magnetic field H
bull The magnetic permeability
of ferro-magnetic materials is
related to stress
temperature and the
strength of the applied
magnetic field
1)(
1)(
0
0
VV
AA HT
HT out
f
Calibration results
Post tensioned cable
Hanger
cable
Hanger cable is NOT consistent
with single wire
Post tensioned cable is consistent
with single strand
Explanation
Hanger cable ndash containing parallel
7mm piano steel wires
Post-tensioned cable ndash containing
37x155mm high-strength strands
each covered with epoxy resin
sheath
The eddy current patterns are
different
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1 2 3 4
(permeability - intial permeability)T
en
sile
str
ess M
pa
109_d7mm cable 8m
85_d7mm cable20m
55_d7mm cable12m
d=7mm wire 15m
d=155mm strand15m
37_d155mm cable190m
EM Sensor Technology Development
Sensor Sizes ndash 7mm to 250mm
Main
Board
Capacitor
Bank
H-
Voltage
Power
Source
ACDC
Power
Source
Interface
To Laptop
Power Stress Calibration Unit
16 Channels Power Stress Unit Calibration at UIC
Products EM Sensor and Reading Unit
Manufacturing EM Sensor-Mass Production
Fabrication of EM Sensor on a
Japanese Cable-Stayed Bridge
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
Example Research to Products
EM Stress Sensors amp Applications
1 The magnetoelastic method is a nondestructive testing technology for
monitoring stress and corrosion in steel
2 Magnetoelastic stress sensors function by utilizing the dependence of the
magnetic properties of structural steels directly to the state of stress
3 The magnetoelastic sensor does not touch the specimen nor alter it in any
way other than its magnetization
NSF Grant Number CMS-9724948 (1997)and CMS-0221131(1999)
Company Licensing and Marketing the Products
Intelligent Instrument System Inc
251 S Frontage Road Suite 23 Burr Ridge IL 60527 USA
Tel (630) 323-3911 Fax (630) 323-3922
Gross Income about $ 80000000year
Size 3 full time employees
Starting date Since June 2007
Hysteresis Curve Permeability vs
Stress
bull As the stress
changes in the
materials the
hysteresis curve
will change
Monitoring
permeability allows
us to measure
stress in steel
tendons and cables
Permeability as a function of stress
temperature T and magnetic field H
bull The magnetic permeability
of ferro-magnetic materials is
related to stress
temperature and the
strength of the applied
magnetic field
1)(
1)(
0
0
VV
AA HT
HT out
f
Calibration results
Post tensioned cable
Hanger
cable
Hanger cable is NOT consistent
with single wire
Post tensioned cable is consistent
with single strand
Explanation
Hanger cable ndash containing parallel
7mm piano steel wires
Post-tensioned cable ndash containing
37x155mm high-strength strands
each covered with epoxy resin
sheath
The eddy current patterns are
different
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1 2 3 4
(permeability - intial permeability)T
en
sile
str
ess M
pa
109_d7mm cable 8m
85_d7mm cable20m
55_d7mm cable12m
d=7mm wire 15m
d=155mm strand15m
37_d155mm cable190m
EM Sensor Technology Development
Sensor Sizes ndash 7mm to 250mm
Main
Board
Capacitor
Bank
H-
Voltage
Power
Source
ACDC
Power
Source
Interface
To Laptop
Power Stress Calibration Unit
16 Channels Power Stress Unit Calibration at UIC
Products EM Sensor and Reading Unit
Manufacturing EM Sensor-Mass Production
Fabrication of EM Sensor on a
Japanese Cable-Stayed Bridge
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
Hysteresis Curve Permeability vs
Stress
bull As the stress
changes in the
materials the
hysteresis curve
will change
Monitoring
permeability allows
us to measure
stress in steel
tendons and cables
Permeability as a function of stress
temperature T and magnetic field H
bull The magnetic permeability
of ferro-magnetic materials is
related to stress
temperature and the
strength of the applied
magnetic field
1)(
1)(
0
0
VV
AA HT
HT out
f
Calibration results
Post tensioned cable
Hanger
cable
Hanger cable is NOT consistent
with single wire
Post tensioned cable is consistent
with single strand
Explanation
Hanger cable ndash containing parallel
7mm piano steel wires
Post-tensioned cable ndash containing
37x155mm high-strength strands
each covered with epoxy resin
sheath
The eddy current patterns are
different
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1 2 3 4
(permeability - intial permeability)T
en
sile
str
ess M
pa
109_d7mm cable 8m
85_d7mm cable20m
55_d7mm cable12m
d=7mm wire 15m
d=155mm strand15m
37_d155mm cable190m
EM Sensor Technology Development
Sensor Sizes ndash 7mm to 250mm
Main
Board
Capacitor
Bank
H-
Voltage
Power
Source
ACDC
Power
Source
Interface
To Laptop
Power Stress Calibration Unit
16 Channels Power Stress Unit Calibration at UIC
Products EM Sensor and Reading Unit
Manufacturing EM Sensor-Mass Production
Fabrication of EM Sensor on a
Japanese Cable-Stayed Bridge
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
Permeability as a function of stress
temperature T and magnetic field H
bull The magnetic permeability
of ferro-magnetic materials is
related to stress
temperature and the
strength of the applied
magnetic field
1)(
1)(
0
0
VV
AA HT
HT out
f
Calibration results
Post tensioned cable
Hanger
cable
Hanger cable is NOT consistent
with single wire
Post tensioned cable is consistent
with single strand
Explanation
Hanger cable ndash containing parallel
7mm piano steel wires
Post-tensioned cable ndash containing
37x155mm high-strength strands
each covered with epoxy resin
sheath
The eddy current patterns are
different
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1 2 3 4
(permeability - intial permeability)T
en
sile
str
ess M
pa
109_d7mm cable 8m
85_d7mm cable20m
55_d7mm cable12m
d=7mm wire 15m
d=155mm strand15m
37_d155mm cable190m
EM Sensor Technology Development
Sensor Sizes ndash 7mm to 250mm
Main
Board
Capacitor
Bank
H-
Voltage
Power
Source
ACDC
Power
Source
Interface
To Laptop
Power Stress Calibration Unit
16 Channels Power Stress Unit Calibration at UIC
Products EM Sensor and Reading Unit
Manufacturing EM Sensor-Mass Production
Fabrication of EM Sensor on a
Japanese Cable-Stayed Bridge
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
Calibration results
Post tensioned cable
Hanger
cable
Hanger cable is NOT consistent
with single wire
Post tensioned cable is consistent
with single strand
Explanation
Hanger cable ndash containing parallel
7mm piano steel wires
Post-tensioned cable ndash containing
37x155mm high-strength strands
each covered with epoxy resin
sheath
The eddy current patterns are
different
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1 2 3 4
(permeability - intial permeability)T
en
sile
str
ess M
pa
109_d7mm cable 8m
85_d7mm cable20m
55_d7mm cable12m
d=7mm wire 15m
d=155mm strand15m
37_d155mm cable190m
EM Sensor Technology Development
Sensor Sizes ndash 7mm to 250mm
Main
Board
Capacitor
Bank
H-
Voltage
Power
Source
ACDC
Power
Source
Interface
To Laptop
Power Stress Calibration Unit
16 Channels Power Stress Unit Calibration at UIC
Products EM Sensor and Reading Unit
Manufacturing EM Sensor-Mass Production
Fabrication of EM Sensor on a
Japanese Cable-Stayed Bridge
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
EM Sensor Technology Development
Sensor Sizes ndash 7mm to 250mm
Main
Board
Capacitor
Bank
H-
Voltage
Power
Source
ACDC
Power
Source
Interface
To Laptop
Power Stress Calibration Unit
16 Channels Power Stress Unit Calibration at UIC
Products EM Sensor and Reading Unit
Manufacturing EM Sensor-Mass Production
Fabrication of EM Sensor on a
Japanese Cable-Stayed Bridge
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
Products EM Sensor and Reading Unit
Manufacturing EM Sensor-Mass Production
Fabrication of EM Sensor on a
Japanese Cable-Stayed Bridge
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
Manufacturing EM Sensor-Mass Production
Fabrication of EM Sensor on a
Japanese Cable-Stayed Bridge
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
Fabrication of EM Sensor on a
Japanese Cable-Stayed Bridge
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
EM Sensor for Zhanjiang Bay Bridge
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
Procedure of Utilizing EM SensorInstallation Package amp Calibration
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
Sensors to Be Installed inside the
Anchorage for Waldo Bridge
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
Applications EM for Ground
Anchoragebull New structure
Enable to monitor stress distribution along the tie-rode
Ground anchor
EM sensor
Fixation
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC9
EM Sensor Applications
TIE DOWN ANCHOR- BOUNDARY DAM CANADA
SENSORS INSTALLED PER ANCHOR FROM TOP OF THE BOND LENGTH AT 02m 62m 122m 02m=LOAD MATCH GAUGE 62m=LOAD DECREASED122m=LOAD WAS ZEROBOND LENGTH WAS REDUCEDFOR REST OF THE TENDONS
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
EM Sensors
Stress Monitoring on Kumagaya Dome ( Japan)
KRC Japan
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
EM Sensor Application at Kamikazue BridgePost-tensioned PC Box Girders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 002 004 006 008 01 012 014 016 018 02
Fric tio n R a tio K
Pul
ling
Forc
e [k
N]
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
Stress Monitoring Using EM sensors on Penoscot River Bridge (USA)
University of Illinois-Chicago and DSI International
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
EM Sensor on ZHANJIANG BAY BRIDGE
EM sensor pre-InstalledInstalling
Positioning Testing
EM Sensor Installed
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
Installation for 2nd Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing
bull Fabricating an EM
sensor in-situ
Moving the sensor to
its permanent position
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
EM Sensor for Existing Cable in Taiwan
Hsing-Tung Bridge located in Miaoli
Taiwan is a steel cable-stayed bridge
built in 1999 It has 34 stayed cables
to support its main bridge The main
span of the bridge is 1755 meters
long An EM sensor fabricated in the
field has been recently deployed to
measure and monitor its cable force
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
EM Stress Sensors on Asidagawa Cable Stayed Bridge (Japan)
Sensor Beneath the Deck Measured Results
Sensor Locations
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
EM Sensor
EM Sensor on PT Cables
Stress Monitoring Using EM Sensors on Qianjiang 4th Bridge (China)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
DYWIDAG-SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL USA INC42
DRISCOLL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAM STRENGTHENING-NJ
FORCE READING TAKEN
USING DYNAFORCE SENSOR
WAS EQUIVALENT TO
FORCE IN STRESSING JACK
Other Applications
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
EM Sensor vs Natural Frequency Method
Item of Comparison EM sensor Vibration frequency
Theory Magnetoelasticity Load dependence of natural frequency of structure
f=(1L） (Tρ)^05
(L cable length T stress ρ linear density)
Parameter to be measured Magnetic relative permeability Natural (modal) frequency
Variables Type of steel stress
temperature
Type of steel stress temp cable length and linear density
flexural rigidity cable sag anchoring methods etc
Temperature influence Same for same type of steel
highly programmable
Depending on type of steel cable structure and anchoring
methods case-by-case issue
Programmability of
various variables vs
parameter to be monitored
Highly good
Sensitivity consistency Same for same type of steels Dependent on many variables not for short cable
Calibration Mature and straightforward
(see brochure)
Must extricate the influence of each variable for any single cable
Accuracy plusmn3 plusmn10
Current industrial
application
Adopted by cabling companies
for systematic manufacturing in
the cable anchors and ground
anchors movable for local
stress state
Proposed method but not used by cable companies an alternative
method used by many practitioners for medium length cable not
effective for short cable not for buried cable force estimation for
overall length of cable not good for cement grouted cable
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
Fiber Optics Sensors
bull Omur Sezerman Founder amp CEO of OZ
Optics [ForesightTM DSTS (Distributed
Strain and Temperature Sensors)]
bull Omnisens (STA)
bull Yokogawa (AQ8603)
bull Sensornet (DTSS)
bull Neubrex (Neubrescope)
