Sensor Measurement Fundamentals Seriesdownload.ni.com/.../Sensor_Fundamentals_Vibration.pdfSensor...
Transcript of Sensor Measurement Fundamentals Seriesdownload.ni.com/.../Sensor_Fundamentals_Vibration.pdfSensor...
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Sensor Measurement Fundamentals Series
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Vibration Measurements
Doug Farrell
Product Manager
National Instruments
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Key takeaways
• Vibration fundamentals
• Vibration sensors
• Data acquisition system requirements
• Signal processing techniques
• NI’s vibration solution
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Why measure vibration?
Machine
Health
Noise and
Vibration
Structural
Health
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Road Dynamometer Engine NVH
Consumer Electronic Test
Vibration applications
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Measurement components
Physical Measurement
Sensor
Connectivity
Signal Conditioning
Analog-to-Digital Converter
Computer
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Accelerometers
• Measure • Acceleration
• Velocity and displacement (via integration versus time)
• Result is expressed in units of g or m/s2 • 1 g = acceleration at the surface of the earth
• 1 g = 9.81 m/s2
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Accelerometers use the properties of piezoelectric crystals to
change force into voltage
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Vibration generates analog output voltage proportional to the
acceleration of vibration
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Accelerometer materials can be oriented for different
measurements
Compression Flexural Shear
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Charge mode accelerometers are ideal for extreme temperature
environments
Inline Converter
Advantages
• High temperature survivability
Disadvantages
• External conditioning required
• Need low noise cabling
• Sensitive to environmental influences
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IEPE accelerometers are easy to connect, simple to set up
Direct Connection
Advantages
• Simple and easy to use
• Built-in microelectronics
Disadvantages
• Lower temperature range
• Fixed sensitivity
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Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS)
TEDS Info
• Calibration
• Sensitivity
• Sensor model
• Filter information
• And more
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Accelerometer mounting options
Method Frequency Limit
Handheld 500 Hz
Magnet 2,000 Hz
Adhesive 2,500–4,000 Hz
Beeswax 5,000 Hz
Stud 6,000–10,000 Hz
Typical Frequency Limits for Various Mounting Options
Accel
Measurement Surface
Mounting Material
Accel
Measurement Surface
Stud Mount
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Monitoring of roller bearings in machines is performed with
accelerometers
Accel X
Accel Y
Bearing
Mount
Bearing
A c c e l e r o m e t e r
A c c e l e r o m e t e r
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Proximity (eddy current) probes
Targ
et
Magnetic Field
Proximity Probe
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Proximity (eddy current) probes
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Measurement components
Physical Measurement
Sensor
Connectivity
Signal Conditioning
Analog-to-Digital Converter
Computer
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Measurement requirements
• Sensor excitation
• AC coupling
• Anti-aliasing
• High resolution
• Synchronous measurements
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Noisy, Low-Level Signal Filtered, Amplified Signal
Signal Conditioning
Signal conditioning removes artifacts and noise
from the signal
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DC Offset
Due to IEPE
27 VDC
24 VDC
0 VDC
AC Signal
(Acceleration)
21 VDC
Powering IEPE sensors means AC coupling is
needed for best measurement resolution
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Improperly sampled Properly sampled
fN = fs/2 fs: sampling frequency
Aliasing
• Shannon sampling theorem
• The maximum frequency (Nyquist frequency: fN) that can be
analyzed is given by
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DSA Digital Filter vs. 8th Order Analog Bessel
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000
Frequency (Hz)
Filte
r R
es
po
nse
(dB
)
Bessel, Fc=15 kHz
Bessel, Fc=22.5 kHz
Bessel, Fc=30kHz
DSA Digital Filter
Signal
Bandwidth
FNyquist
NI 4472 at
102.4 kS/sec FNyquist
150 kS/sec
Analog Bessel Filter
attenuates signals
in band of interest
Anti-aliasing filter in ADCs
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Effect of ADC resolution
140 dB
90 dB Detect Low-Level Signals
24-bit Measurement 16-bit Measurement
With high-resolution ADCs, you can detect both strong and weak
signal components at the same time.
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NI synchronization technology ensures phase
synchronous measurements
0.1° Phase Mismatch
Worst Case Guaranteed
at 1 kHz
50X Magnification
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Physical Measurement
Sensor
Connectivity
Signal Conditioning
Analog-to-Digital Converter
Computer
NI dynamic signal acquisition devices simplify
acquisition from IEPE sensors
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High Channel Count
NI has many solutions for accelerometer measurements
NI 446x analog out and in
Portable High Performance
NI 4498: 16 channels NI 9234: WiFi, ENET, USB
NI 443x: 24-bit analog output
•Best dynamic range (118)
•Best AC coupling
•PCI or PXI bus
•Better dynamic range
•Variable input ranges
•Highest sample rate
•Rugged, compact
•USB, wireless, Ethernet
•Synchronized
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The Sound and Vibration Measurement Suite for
LabVIEW simplifies vibration measurements
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Vibration demo
NI 9234
±5 V, IEPE
cDAQ-9171
USB Chassis
Signal
Processing Accelerometer
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Hardware Demonstration
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Software Demonstration
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NI hardware is frequently used in structural test
UCSD: Bridge Testbed for Health Monitoring Technologies
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Continuous monitoring of seismic activity at the
Beijing National Stadium and Aquatics Center
. . .
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ni.com/soundandvibration