SPECIES FACT SHEETScientific Name: Eanus hatchi (Lane 1938)Common Name(s): Hatch's Click BeetlePhylum: ArthropodaClass: InsectaOrder: ColeopteraFamily: ElateridaeConservation Status:

Global Status: G1 (last reviewed 24 August 2010)National Status (United States): N1 (24 August 2010)State Statuses: S1 (WA)Federal Status (United States): Not listed (NatureServe 2017)

IUCN Red List: Not listed (IUCN 2017)Technical Description:

Adult: Characteristic of the click beetle family (Elateridae), this species is elongate in shape, with the pronotum pointed on the posterior corners. The prosternum has a spinelike process that fits into a grove in the mesosternum, and the prothorax and mesothorax are loosely joined, enabling adults to arch, "click," and flip over when they are upside down. This species is relatively small (7-9 mm, 0.28-0.35 in.) and has a metallic-bronze color which may reflect bright green or purple (reviewed in Martin 2003). The lack of flattening is one of the key field characters which distinguishes this species from other elaterids (Bergdahl 2009, pers. comm.). A key field characteristic to distinguish E. hatchi from other elaterids associated with sphagnum bogs is its metallic color, as very few are metallic-colored (LaBonte and Dunlap 2018).

There are two similar looking species, E. striatipennis and Nitidolimonius resplendens. Eanus hatchi and E. striatipennis both have a short and broad pronotum with a triangular broad hind angle and grooves with large punctures. However, these two species can easily be differentiated. Eanus hatchi has smooth elytron, whereas E. striatipennis has rough textured elytron (LaBonte and Dunlap 2018). Nitidolimonius resplendens is likely to co-occur with E. hatchi and can be differentiated by its long and narrow

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pronotum with sinulate, narrow hind angle; additionally, its elytron is smooth and has grooves with small punctures (LaBonte and Dunlap 2018).

Immature: Larvae the Elateridae family have long, shiny segmented bodies.

Life History:

Adults: Eanus hatchi is a bog-fen obligate. Adult E. hatchi are diurnal and are most active on sunny days in early spring, typically in late April and early May (WDFW 2018). It may be encountered in June as well, particularly at mid-elevation bogs, around 450 m (1476 ft.) (Bergdahl 2009, pers. comm.).

The feeding habits of E. hatchi are not well known, but adults are known to be carnivorous and herbivorous (WDFW 2015).. Adults are likely phytophagous and visit flowers and feed on honey dew, pollen, nectar, and floral structures. Extra floral nectaries, including the exudates of new conifer growth, are another probable adult food source. Adults are slow, weak fliers and can be seen resting on vegetation along bog margins or on emergent grasses, sedges, and other herbaceous vegetation (WDFW 2018). This species goes through complete metamorphosis.

Immature: Larvae have been detected above the water line near bog margins, likely inhabiting decaying wood. Although the larvae probably take multiple years to develop (Johnson 2008, pers. comm.), little is known about the seasonal activity of the larvae. Larvae are carnivorous and herbivorous (WDFW 2015) and probably predate on small insects (Johnson 2008, pers. comm.).

Range, Distribution, and Abundance:

Type Locality: Chase Lake, Snohomish County, Washington (Lane 1893).

Range: This species is endemic to the Puget Sound area of Washington. It was historically known from Sphagnum bogs in Snohomish and King Counties, although the species may be extirpated from Snohomish County (Chase Lake and Carkeek Park). Recent surveys have detected this species in King County (Sato 2018, pers. comm.) This species has not been found in Oregon, although there is the possibility that it lives in suitable habitat in the northwest part of the state (Bergdahl 2008, pers. comm.).

Distribution: Records in King County are from three sites (Lake Marie, Snoqualmie Bog, and Kings Lake Bog). Survey work in the region in 2008

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revealed additional populations in southern King County at undisclosed localities (Bergdahl 2008, pers. comm.). Sphagnum habitat has been heavily altered by urban development at both sites, and survey attempts were not successful at locating this species or even Sphagnum habitat at the Carkeek Park site (Bergdahl 2008, pers. comm.). Surveys of sphagnum-dominated bogs and wet meadows on federal lands did not recover this species, some sites sampled exhibited heavy use, such as recreation, additional sites were high-quality bogs (Blackburn 2012). This species is expected to occur at least as far west as Kitsap County (particularly in the bogs on the Kitsap Peninsula), and possibly as far south as north-western Oregon (Bergdahl 2009, pers. comm.). This species’ eastward distribution is probably limited by unsuitably high elevations in the Washington Cascades (Bergdahl 2009, pers. comm.).

Recent sphagnum bog surveys, by the Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife, from May of 2018 has confirmed this species presence in King County (Kings Lake Bog). Survey efforts continued into June and July (LaBonte 2018 pers. comm.; Sato 2018, pers. comm.). These survey efforts will likely expand E. hatchi’s range.

Due to a lack of suitable habitat, E. hatchi is not likely to be found in Whatcom and Snohomish Counties (Sato 2018, pers. comm.).

BLM/Forest Service Land:

Documented: There are no known sites of this species on federal land.

Suspected: Due to proximity of sites and suitable habitat, the species may occur on the Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie and Olympic National Forests.

Abundance: Abundance estimates are not available for this species; however, after extensive searches E. hatchi does appear to be rare (WDFW 2015). Recent efforts detected 5 individuals at Kings Lake Bog, King County, Washington (WDFW 2018).

Habitat Associations:

This species is found in low to mid elevation eutrophic Sphagnum bogs in forested areas between 0 to 500 m (0-1640 ft.), but preferring elevations below 305 m (1000 ft.) (WDFW 2015). Although this species has been found in relatively dry bogs, it is unknown if it prefers drier habitats (J. Bergdahl in Martin 2003). Adults have been collected on low, floating mats of vegetation

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(Lane 1938), and may prefer the interface between Sphagnum mats and sedges (reviewed in Martin 2003). Adults spend at least some of their time higher up in bog vegetation, and tend to be found in association with Ledum groenlandicum and other flowering shrubs (reviewed in Martin 2003). The species has also been found on hemlock foliage (Tsuga spp.) (P. Johnson in Martin 2003). Larvae have been encountered above the water line near bog margins (Lane 1971), where they may inhabit decaying wood (P. Johnson in Martin 2003).

This species is known to utilize lacustrine and riparian areas--particularly areas with live Sphagnum patches--and prefers areas with high moisture and sun exposure (WDFW 2018). When present, this species is typically found on emergent grasses and sedges or on the outer bog margins on shrubs or trees (WDFW 2018).Threats:

The small number of isolated E. hatchi populations and its’ limited distribution put this species at risk to losing its specialized, restricted, and threatened Sphagnum moss bog habitat (WDFW 2015). Bogs are typically small and geographically isolated, exacerbating the following threats: habitat destruction and degradation from urban development, logging, water-level alteration, peat-mining, pesticide application, and livestock grazing and trampling (Applegarth 1995; LaBonte 1995; WDFW 2015). There are signs that the Kings Lake Sphagnum mats may be in decline, possibly due to long-term industrial forest practices nearby (Bergdahl 1997). Logging and development can negatively impact hydrology and water quality and may be the most serious threats to individual populations of this species, as a substantial number of bogs have been destroyed by these two activities. This species is also vulnerable to climate change by altering bog water levels and seasonal duration periods (WDFW 2015). Recent surveys of sphagnum-dominated bogs and wet meadows on federal lands did not recover this species, some sites sampled exhibited heavy use, such as recreation, additional sites were high-quality bogs (Blackburn 2012).

Patches of suitable habitat are very small within the species’ range, and the number of populations of this species has probably declined severely as many low elevation bogs in Washington have been damaged or destroyed. The species may be extirpated at both of the Snohomish County sites (Chase Lake and Carkeek Park) where Sphagnum habitat has been heavily altered or

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eliminated by urban development (Bergdahl 2008, pers. comm.). Insecticide use and trampling by cattle and humans threaten various sites. Global climate change poses a long-term threat to this species, and over-collecting may also threaten this rare species (Bergdahl 2009, pers. comm.).

Conservation Considerations:

Research: Studies designed to answer questions about the life history and ecology of this species are needed, in particular studies of adult and larval diets and formal habitat studies (WDFW 2015). Since this species is a bog-fen obligate, research is needed to determine the effects of altered hydrology from climate change, development, and logging and road building (WDFW 2015).

Inventory: Survey for new populations in lowland Sphagnum bog habitat. Significant areas should be surveyed during the appropriate survey window (early spring). The current knowledge of distribution is incomplete and baseline survey and inventory efforts are needed to understand the distribution of E. hatchi populations (WDFW 2015). Surveys for this species could occur as far west as Kitsap County (particularly in the bogs on the Kitsap Peninsula), and possibly as far south as north-western Oregon (Bergdahl 2009, pers. comm.). Ongoing survey efforts can be implemented by training staff on suitable habitat criteria and on how to identify the target species, or closely related members in the Carabidae family (Blackburn 2012).

Although this species may be broadly distributed, its habitat is patchy and declining within its range. Many of the bogs in the Seattle area have been heavily altered or no longer exist. Sphagnum habitat wasn’t encountered during an attempt by James Bergdahl to resurvey the Carkeek site (Bergdahl 2009, pers. comm.).

Management: Management to help sustain this species could include conserving large, continuous bog habitats (Blackburn 2012). Manage bog habitats to maintain water quality and quantity and the surrounding plant community, both at known and potential sites. Avoid application of pesticides or other chemicals in the proximity of such habitat. Fencing of the sphagnum areas, manually eliminating or reducing encroaching meadow vegetation to retain open sphagnum, and conducting non-destructive demographic surveys of the Little Crater Lake population have all been recommended

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(LaBonte 1995). Avoid land management activities, such as logging or road building that may alter the local hydrology of these vulnerable habitats.

Version 3: Prepared by: Katie Hietala-HenschellThe Xerces Society for Invertebrate ConservationDate: September 2018

Reviewed by: Sarina JepsenThe Xerces Society for Invertebrate ConservationDate: June 2018

Version 2: Prepared by: Sarah Foltz JordanThe Xerces Society for Invertebrate ConservationDate: May 2009

Reviewed by: Sarina Jepsen and Rob HuffThe Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation and Forest Service/Bureau of Land Management Date: August 2009

Version 1: Prepared by: John FleckensteinNatural Heritage Program, Washington Department of Natural ResourcesDate: January 2006

Reviewed by: Rob HuffForest Service/Bureau of Land ManagementDate: June 2007ATTACHMENTS:

(1)References (2)List of pertinent or knowledgeable contacts (3)Map of known records in Washington(4)Photographs of this species(5)Survey protocol, including specifics for this species

ATTACHMENT 1: References

Bergdahl, J.C. 1997. Endemic Sphagnum bog beetles from the Puget Sound Region: Kings Land and Snoqualmie Bogs, King Co., Washington. Unpub. report for Northwest Biodiversity Center.

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Bergdahl, J.C. 2008. Personal communication with Sarah Foltz Jordan, the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. Conservation Biology Center, Spokane, WA.

Bergdahl, J.C. 2009. Personal communication with Sarah Foltz Jordan, the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. Conservation Biology Center, Spokane, WA.

Blackburn, M. 2012. Surveys to determine the status of the rare Beller’s Ground Beetle (Agonum belleri) and Hatch’s Click Beetle (Eanus hatchi) in suitable bog habitat on FS lands in the Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie and Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forests of Washington. Project completion report to the Interagency Special Status/Sensitive Species Program (ISSSSP) Financial Assistance Agreement No. L08A C13768 – Modification 4. Submitted to: Kelli Van Norman, Interagency Special Status/Sensitive Species Program. Submitted by: Michele Blackburn, The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation.

[IUCN] International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2017. The IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2017-3. Accessed February 2018. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org

LaBonte, J.R. 1995. Possible threatened or endangered terrestrial predaceous Coleoptera of the Columbia River Basin. Report prepared for Bureau of Land Management and U.S. Forest Service, Upper Columbia River Basin Ecosystem Management Project. 31 pp.

LaBonte, J.R. 2018. Personal communication with Katie Hietala-Henschell, the Xerces Society. Jim LaBonte, Taxonomic and Survey Entomologist, Oregon Department of Agriculture. March 22, April 17.

LaBonte, J.R. and J. Dunlap. 2018. Characters of metallic green click beetles found in Sphagnum bogs, especially Hatch’s Click Beetle, Eanus hatchi. Oregon State University Arthropod Collection specimens for images. Insect Pest Prevention and Management, Oregon Department of Agriculture.

Lane, M.C. 1938. A new species of the genus Eanus (Coleoptera Elateridae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist. 14(4):188-191.

Lane, M.C. 1971. Key to the genus Eanus. in M.H. Hatch, Beetles of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Publications in Biology. 16:28-29.

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Johnson, P. 2008. Personal communication with Sarah Foltz, Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. Professor of Entomology, Insect Research Collection, South Dakota State University.

Martin, R. 2003. Analysis Species Assessment: Hatch’s Click Beetle (Eanus hatchi). Baker River Terrestrial Working Group Analysis Species. Puget Sound Energy, Inc.

NatureServe. 2017. Eanus hatchi – Lane, 1938. Version 7.1 (2 February 2009). Data last updated: November 2016. Accessed April 2018. Available at: http://explorer.natureserve.org/index.htm

Sato, C. 2018. Personal communication with Katie Hietala-Henschell, the Xerces Society. Chris Sato, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA. May 7, June 7, 13, 14, 21.

[WDFW] Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2015. Species of greatest conservation need, state wildlife action plan update, appendix A-5. 123p.

[WDFW] Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2018. Sampling and processing protocols for Agonum belleri and Eanus hatchi Survey. Unpubl. Report. 5p.

Map references:

[USFS] US Forest Service. 2017. NRIS data export provided to Candace Fallon, the Xerces Society, by Carol Hughes, Interagency Special Status/Sensitive Species Program, October 2017.

[OSAC] Oregon State Arthropod Collection. 2009. Eanus hatchi label data, recorded by Sarah Foltz Jordon, the Xerces Society. [WDFW] Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2018. Preliminary data provided to Katie Hietala-Henschell, the Xerces Society, by Chris Sato, Conservation Biologist, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, June 2018.

ATTACHMENT 2: List of pertinent, knowledgeable contacts

James Bergdahl, Conservation Biology Center

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Paul Johnson, Professor of Entomology, Insect Research Collection, South Dakota State University

James LaBonte, Plant Division, Oregon Department of Agriculture

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ATTACHMENT 3: Map of known Eanus hatchi records in Washington

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Known records of Eanus hatchi in Washington, relative to Forest Service and BLM land.

ATTACHMENT 4: Photographs of this species

Dorsal view of E. hatchi, specimens courtesy OSAC. Images taken by Celeste Mazzacano, used with permission.

Eanus hatchi has a short, broad pronotum (left) and smooth elytron with grooves with large punctures (right), specimens courtesy OSAC. Images taken by Joshua Dunlap, from “Characteristics of metallic green click beetles

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found in Sphagnum Bogs, especially Hatch’s Click Beetle, Eanus hatchi” (LaBonte and Dunlap 2018).

ATTACHMENT 5: Survey Protocol

Survey Protocol:

Taxonomic group: Coleoptera (bog beetles)Where: Most species of bog beetles have highly specific preferences with regard to soil composition, moisture, temperature, and chemistry of Sphagnum bogs. Adult beetles utilize low, floating mats of vegetation, and may prefer the interface between Sphagnum mats and sedges. Additionally, adults spend at least some of their time up in bog vegetation.

When: Many bog beetle species are diurnal and are best collected on warm (70oF) sunny days throughout the spring and summer. Active searching should be done during high light levels.

How to Survey:

Adults: The following techniques are used to capture adults (Applegarth 1995, reviewed in Martin 2003):

Pitfall trapping : A wax-coated Dixie cup (or similar container) is positioned in the Sphagnum moss, flush with or just below the surface. Beetles that fall into the cup are trapped by their inability to climb back up the steep sides. Ethylene glycol can be added to the bottom of the cup to kill and preserve the insects that fall in (Johnson 1979). If no killing agent is used, screening should be placed over the cup to prevent insect predators (e.g. voles) from consuming the trap catch. It is best to place the cup out early in the morning and collect its contents before dusk.

Treading and searching: In this method, Sphagnum mats are pressed down below the water level by careful treading with the feet. This activity floods the beetles’ habitat and causes the beetles to float to the water’s surface or climb to the top of the Sphagnum to avoid drowning. The beetles are usually apparent within a few minutes of treading, and can then be hand collected or scooped up with a dip net. This method usually produces about one beetle per hour of searching (Applegarth 1995). Since the metallic green and copper beetles match the appearance of the bog moss quite closely, they can be difficult to see.

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Adult specimens should be pinned through the anterior portion of the right elytron or preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol. Larvae should be preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol. Collection labels should include the following information: date, time of day, collector, detailed locality (including geographical coordinates, mileage from named location, elevation, etc.), and detailed habitat data (e.g. temperature, vegetation composition, water quality characteristics, etc.). Complete determination labels include the species name, sex (if known), determiner name, and date determined.

Immature: Larvae may be obtained by collecting moss samples and washing and filtering them through fine screening in the field or laboratory (Johnson 1979).

Species-Specific Survey Details:

Eanus hatchi

Where: This species is endemic to the Puget Sound area of Washington. It is known from Snohomish and King Counties in Washington. Survey attempts could be focused on locating Sphagnum habitat in this region. Suitable Sphagnum habitat is present in Pierce, Kitsap, and Thurston Counties. Although this species has not yet been found in Oregon, surveys could also target suitable habitat in northwestern Oregon (Bergdahl 2008, pers. comm.).

Surveys for this species should specifically target eutrophic Sphagnum bogs in forested areas between 0 - 500 m (0 - 1640 ft.) (WDFW 2015). Adults may prefer the interface between Sphagnum mats and sedges and have been collected on low, floating mats of vegetation; higher up in bog vegetation; in association with Ledum groenlandicum and other flowering shrubs; and on the foliage of hemlock (Tsuga spp.). Larvae have been detected above the water line near bog margins, likely inhabiting decaying wood.

The range and habitat of this species overlap with that of the ground beetle, Agonum belleri, particularly in King Co., Washington, at Snoqualmie Bog, Lake Marie, and Kings Lake Bog. Compared with E. hatchi, A. belleri is relatively easy to find (Bergdahl 2008, pers. comm.), and has a longer survey period (April to September).

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When: Surveys should be conducted between April and May, on the hot, sunny days. Surveys at mid-elevation (e.g., 450 m) bogs could detect this species into June.

How to survey: Adults of this species are best captured by sweep netting in clumps of Ledum or other flowering shrubs (Martin 2003; WDFW 2018). To increase chances of E. hatchi beetles falling into the net, sweep vigorously with the net tilted upwards (WDFW 2018). Beating or knocking foliage while holding an umbrella or white sheet underneath can also effectively capture adults. When approaching sampling site, avoid casting shadow over area of interest as it may disturb E. hatchi adults causing them to move (WDFW 2018).

It is possible that larvae may be collected in rotting wood occurring along bog margins above the water line (P. Johnson in Martin 2003).

This species has a relatively small body (7-9 mm, 0.28-0.35 in.) and characteristic metallic-bronze color which may reflect bright green or purple (reviewed in Martin 2003). It may be confused with other superficially similar click beetles occurring in the same habitat, such as Nitidolimonius weidti, N. resplendens, and Eanus decoratus (Johnson 2008, pers. comm.). Eanus hatchi is also easily confused with Eanus striatipennis, the latter of which is found at higher elevation bogs although there is a chance that it could be transient at the lower elevation habitat of E. hatchi (Johnson 2008, pers. comm.). Expert determination is recommended to confirm field identifications.

References (survey protocol only):

Applegarth, J. 1995. Invertebrates of special status or special concern in the Eugene District. Unpublished report, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, 126 pp.

Bergdahl, J.C. 2008. Personal communication with Sarah Foltz Jordan, the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. Conservation Biology Center, Spokane, WA.

Johnson, P. 1979. A report on a survey for Beller’s ground beetle on the North Fork of the Snoqualmie River, King County, WA. Unpublished report for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, #DACW67-79-M-1189.

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Johnson, P. 2008. Personal communication with Sarah Foltz Jordan, the Xerces Society. Professor of Entomology, Insect Research Collection, South Dakota State University, SD.

Martin, R. 2003. Analysis Species Assessment: Hatch’s Click Beetle (Eanus hatchi). Baker River Terrestrial Working Group Analysis Species. Puget Sound Energy, Inc.

[WDFW] Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2018. Sampling and processing protocols for Agonum belleri and Eanus hatchi Survey. Unpubl. Report. 5p.

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