Herbologia, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2015

Copyright © 2015 by the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

DOI: 10.5644/Herb.15.2.01

ALIEN FLORA OF THE CITY OF MOSTAR (BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA)

Semir MasloLundåkerskola Gislaved Sweden E-mail:semmas@edu.gislaved.se

Abstract

In this paper, an attempt is made for the first time to present a com-plete list of the alien vascular flora of the urban area of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. A total of 152 plant taxa were collected, which equals 15.72% of the complete flora of Mostar. The most common families are Asteraceae s.l. (18.54%), Poaceae (11.26%) and Fabaceae (9.93%), while therophytes (59.60%) are the most abundant life form. According to the naturalisation status, the most dominant are casual taxa (44.37%). Most non-native taxa originate in the Americas (39.07%), followed by those that originate in Asia (23.84%). Many of these species are herbaceous annuals, many of which are regarded as weeds.

Keywords: alien flora, invasive plants, weeds, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Introduction

The city of Mostar is situated at an altitude of 40-70 m a.s.l., on the banks of Neretva and Radobolja rivers, about 60 km distance from the Adriatic Sea. The city presents the cultural, educational and economic centres of South Bosnia and Herzegovina. The oldest written testament of the existence of medieval Mostar dates back to the 15th century, prior to the invasion of the Ottoman Turks. According to the 1991 census, the mu-nicipality Mostar had 126,066 inhabitants while the city of Mostar itself had 75,865 inhabitants.

Recently a list of vascular flora of the urban area of Mostar was pub-lished by Maslo (2014b). On the relatively small surface of the city and its surrounding area of ca 20 km2 (see Fig 1.) a total of 967 taxa of vascular plants were recorded. Among them, 152 taxa can be classified as alien. In this paper I analysed the non-native part of the vascular flora of the city of Mostar.

Alien plants, also known as exotic, introduced, non-native, non-in-digenous, are those taxa whose presence in a given area is due to inten-

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S. Maslo

tional or unintentional human involvement, or which have arrived there without the help of people from an area in which they are native (Pyšek et al, 2004). Literature information regarding alien flora of the city of Mostar or in Bosnia and Herzegovina as a whole is scarce. Since the 1950s a few works giving findings of alien flora from various areas in Bosnia and Her-zegovina have been published (for references see Maslo, 2014a). There are a few works which list individual findings of alien plant taxa from the city of Mostar (Struschka, 1880; Murbeck, 1891; Pichler, 1898/9; Beck, 1903 -1927; Beck & Maly, 1950; Beck et al, 1967, 1974, 1983; Maly, 1908, 1935; Slavnić, 1960; Šilić, 1973; Šolić, 1974; Mišić, 1987; Šilić & Abadžić, 2000; Petrović & Tabaković, 2003; Šoljan et al, 2003; Šoljan & Muratović, 2004; Lasić et al, 2010; Jasprica et al, 2011; Petrović et al, 2011; Maslo, 2014b). This work contains the first complete list and analy-sis of the alien flora of the city of Mostar.

Materials and methods

Field work on flora inventory was performed from the spring of 1996 to the end of 2015. Roughly 150 alien taxa of vascular plants were collected during different seasons of the year and from various biotopes within the city. Taxa in the research area present exclusively in culture are not included in this study. The research covered only the central parts of the Mostar valley (Fig. 1). The landscape of the study area has become more fragmented due mostly to effects of continuous human disturbances.

Plant nomenclature follows Nikolić (2014). Nomenclature of some taxa was adjusted according to the data-base GRIN Taxonomy for Plants (2014). Family Asteraceae is considered in its broader sense (sensu lato).

In the list of alien flora (Appendix 1), taxa were listed in alphabetic order. Designations for: family, life form, invasion status, history, mode of introduction, origin and first records were provided. The life-form catego-ries follow Raunkiaer (1934), Pignatti (1982), Diklić (1984) and marked with the standard abbreviations in the list of urban flora: Ch (Chamae-phyta), G (Geophyta), H (Hemmicriptophyta), Hy (Hydrophyta), P (Phan-erophyta) and T (Therophyta).

The terminology and definitions recommended by Richardson et al. (2000), Pyšek et al. (2004), Boršić et al. (2008) and Mitić et al. (2008) were used to establish the status of alien plants in the area of Mostar. All taxa are classified into three categories depending on the degree of their naturalization: casual taxa (CAS.), naturalized non-invasive taxa (NAT.) and naturalized invasive taxa (INV.).

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Figure1. Location and boundaries of the researched area.

– CASUAL (TRANSIENT, EPHEMERAL) PLANTS. Alien plants that may flourish and even reproduce occasionally in an area, but which do not form self-replacing populations, and which rely on repeated introduc-tions for their persistence.

– NATURALIZED PLANTS. Alien plants that reproduce consist-ently and sustain populations over many life cycles without direct inter-vention by humans; they often recruit offspring freely, usually close to adult plants, and do not necessarily invade natural, seminatural or human-made ecosystems.

– INVASIVE PLANTS (PLANT INVADERS). Naturalized plants that produce reproductive offspring, often in very large numbers, at con-siderable distances from parent plants, and thus have the potential to spread over a large area.

– archaeophytes, established non-native plants introduced intention-ally or unintentionally before 1500 A.D.

– neophytes, non-native plants introduced intentionally or uninten-tionally after 1500 A.D.

Origin, i.e. type and time of immigration, was mainly accepted after Pyšek et al. (2002). Modes in which species were introduced into the area of Mostar are arranged according to Pyšek et al. (2012) and marked by the following abbreviations: del – deliberate (by planting) and acc – ac-cidental.

Alien flora of the city of Mostar

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Analysis of the alien flora

In this research, a total of 152 alien plant taxa from 113 genera and 50 families were recorded. The families with the highest number of taxa are: Asteraceae (18.42%), Poaceae (11.18%) and Fabaceae (9.87%) (Tab.1). The most abundant genera are Amaranthus (6 taxa), Alcea, Brassica, Er-igeron, Euphorbia, Prunus and Solanum (three taxa) while the other gen-era are represented with two taxa or only one taxon.

Table 1. The most abundant families in the alien flora of the city of Mostar.

Families No.taxa % of total flora (151)Asteraceae 28 18.42

Poaceae 17 11.18Fabaceae 15 9.87

Brassicaceae 9 5.92Amaranthaceae 6 3.95

Solanaceae 5 3.29

Analysis of life-forms shows the domination of therophytes with 90 taxa (59.21%), followed by phanerophytes with 30 taxa (19.74%). The group with the smallest number of taxa (5 or 3.29%) is chamaephytes (Fig. 2.).

An analysis of the geographical origin of the alien flora of Mostar (Tab. 2) showed that the most plants originated from the Americas (60 taxa, 39.47%), among which most originated from Nort America (32 taxa). Plants that orginate from Asia are also significantly represented (36 taxa, 23.68%).

According to the degree of naturalization the most prominent are casual plants (70 taxa, 46.05%), followed by naturalized plants (43 taxa, 28.29%). There were 39 taxa (25.66%) of invasive plants (Fig. 3.). Accord-ing to their modes of introduction (Appendix 1.) deliberately introduced plants predominate (80 of the taxa; 52.63%) over accidentally introduced taxa (61 of the taxa; 40.13%). The fewest taxa were introduced in both ways, deliberately and accidentally (11 taxa; 7.24%).

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Table 2. Analysis of the geographical origin of the alien flora of the city of Mostar.

Geografic region/subregion No. of taxa %AFRICA 6 3.95AMERICA Central & South America 4 60 39.47

North America 32North & South America 1South America 23

ASIA Asia 5 36 23.68Central Asia 3East Asia 15South-West Asia 7West Asia 6

MEDITERRANEAN 27 17.76PALEOTROPIC 2 1.32UNKNOWN ORIGIN 21 13.82TOTAL 152 100.00

Figure 2. Life form spectrum of the alien flora of the city of

Mostar.

Figure 3. Degree of naturalization of the alien flora of the city of Mostar.

Alien flora of the city of Mostar

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Results and discussion

In Mostar region I identified 152 alien plants taxa belonging to 50 families. Few families are well represented: Asteraceae s.l. (28 taxa), Poaceae (17 taxa), Fabaceae (15 taxa), Brassicaceae (9 taxa), Amaran-thaceae (6 taxa), Solanaceae (5 taxa), Euphorbiaceae (4 taxa), Malvaceae (4 taxa), Moraceae (4 taxa), Ranunculaceae (4 taxa), Rosaceae (4 taxa) and Papaveraceae (3 taxa). The others families are represented by one or two taxa (Tab.1).

The alien flora of Mostar consists of 84 neophytes (55.26%) and 68 archaeophytes (44.74%), see Appendix 1. Most alien plants from Mostar came from America – 60 taxa (39.47%). Among these, about half of them belong to North-American species with 32 taxa (21.05%). Asian species follow those American, but at a distance, with 36 representatives (23.68%). Alien plants originating from the Mediterranean rank third with 27 taxa (17.76%). Other elements have a low representation.

The analyses of life forms revealed the dominance of therophytes with 90 taxa (59.21%). They are followed by phanerophytes with 30 taxa (19.74%), 20 being trees, 5 shrubs and 5 vines. Regarding the introduc-tion, the most alien plants from Mostar were introduced deliberately as horticultural or agricultural plants and they escaped in different types of ecosystems (80 of the taxa; 52.63%). 61 taxa of alien plants (40.13%) were introduced accidentally, as result of human activity, brought by animals, water, wind, etc. The fewest taxa were introduced in both ways, deliberate and accidental (11 taxa; 7.24%).

The analyses of naturalisation status reveal the most alien plants be-come spontaneous only casually (70 taxa, 46.05%). These either escaped from culture, or penetrate accidentally and they are not able to produce new stable populations on long term, in the new conditions. 82 taxa from the analyses of alien plants are naturalised, being able to reproduce and to sustain populations without direct human intervention. Among them, according to the definition of Richardson et al. (2000), 39 taxa can be con-sidered as invasive plants: Abutilon theophrasti, Acer negundo, Ailanthus altissima, Amaranthus retroflexus, Ambrosia artemisifolia, Amorpha fru-ticosa, Artemisia annua, Artemisia verlotiorum, Aster squamatus, Bidens frondosa, Bidens subalternans, Broussonetia papyrifera, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Conyza bonariensis, Conyza canadensis., Cuscuta campes-tris, Datura stramonium, Duchesnea indica, Eleusine indica, Erigeron an-nuus ssp. annuus, Euphorbia maculata, Euphorbia prostrata, Galinsoga ciliata, Galinsoga parviflora, Helianthus tuberosus, Lepidium virginicum,

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Oenothera biennis, Opuntia vulgaris, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Pas-palum paspalodes, Phytolacca americana, Pueraria thunbergiana, Rob-inia pseudoacacia, Solanum elaeagnifolium, Sorghum halepense, Tagetes minuta, Veronica persica, Xantthium spinosum and Xanthium strumarium ssp. italicum.

Figure 5. The most invasive alien plants in the flora of the city of Mostar.: a. Ailanthus altissima b. Ambrosia artemisiifolia c. Amorpha fruticosa d. Artemisia annua e. Bidens subalternans f. Broussonetia

papyrifera g. Conyza canadensis h. Eleusine indica i. Pueraria lobata (Photo: Semir Maslo).

Alien flora of the city of Mostar

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Among the first invasive plants reported from the Mostar area are: Abutilon theophrasti, Ailanthus altissima, Amaranthus retroflexus, Co-nyza canadensis, Datura stramonium, Robinia pseudoacacia, Sorghum halepense and Xantthium spinosum. These species have been collected over a century ago by Struschka (1880). The last records are: Acer ne-gundo, Amorpha fruticosa, Aster squamatus, Bidens frondosa, Cuscuta campestris, Duchesnea indica, Euphorbia prostrata, Galinsoga ciliata, Oenothera biennis, Opuntia vulgaris and Pueraria thunbergiana (Maslo, 2014b).

If the most invasive alien plants are limited to the anthropic habitats, some of them penetrare semi-natural or natural ecosystems often having a negative impact. Among these, some seems to be very aggressive: Ailan-thus altissima is present in all types of habitats in Mostar, but its favourite environments are disturbed habitats, where, once established, it is difficult to control, owing above all to its extensive rhizome system. Its tolerance to drought and rocky conditions is such that tall vigorous trees can germi-nate and develop out of cracks in the pavements, in roofs, or even in verti-cal walls in the old part of the city. The species Ambrosia artemisifolia is often in anthropic habitats, but even in dry grasslands and Mostar parks and ruderal vegetation along Neretva River. Nearby residents however are aware of its presence as well as its strong allergenic features. Amor-pha fruticosa, another allergenic species is a real competitor for the native plants of riverine shrubs along Neretva River. Artemisia annua grows on anthropogenous habitats. It is much spread but without an evident impact on native flora. Bidens subalternans is recorded for quite a number of lo-cations on ruderal habitats, along roads, on building material waste heaps, in gardens and in railway station areas. It has already spread over such a wide area that it endangers cultivated species. Broussonetia papyrifera is a fast growing deciduous tree that reproduces very efficiently, mainly by producing shoots from its root system. It is an early successional species that colonises wasteland, rapidly growing into large, dense thickets that displace other vegetation.

Conyza canadensis is much spread creating areas of dangerous weed. Eleusine indica is much spread but without an evident impact on native flora. It was recorded on the lawns, in trampled habitats by the roads and tree beds and pavements. Pueraria thunbergiana was recorded on the embankments of the river Neretva. It was actively planted because it is fast growing, for erosion control along the shores of the Jablaničko Lake. The first finding of this species in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the wild is from

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Mostar more than twenty years ago (Maslo, 2014b). It grew on the banks of the Neretva River at the site Bunor, upstream of the Old bridge, where it forms monospecific stands that displace other vegetation. Xanthium stru-marium L. ssp. italicum is a widely distributed weed that commonly in-vades agricultural sites and disturbed areas.

Conclusion

In the total of 152 taxa of alien plants which were the subject of this research, 62 of them were stated for the first time for the flora of Mostar, among which thirteen new neophytes for the flora of Bosnia and Herze-govina were found: Buddleja davidii, Catalpa bignonioides, Commelina communis, Duchesnea indica, Guizotia abyssinica., Impatiens balsamina, Mirabilis jalapa, Oenothera erythrosepala, Opuntia vulgaris, Oxalis ar-ticulata, Paspalum dilatatum, Pueraria lobata and Senecio inaequidens, see Appendix 1.

Asteraceae (11.84%) and Poaceae (11.18%) were the most abun-dant families. Most of the species were neophytes (55.26%). Due to the scheme proposed by Richardson et al. (2000) and Pyšek et al. (2004), 39 taxa (25.66%) were classified as invasive, 5 taxa (3.29%) as possibly inva-sive and 108 taxa (71.05%) as non-invasive.

Major invaders were species such as Ailanthus altissima, Ambrosia artemisifolia, Amorpha fruticosa, Artemisia annua, Bidens subalternans, Broussonetia papyrifera, Conyza canadensis, Eleusine indica, Pueraria thunbergiana and Xanthium strumarium L. ssp. italicum. Although some taxa in this paper are classified as casual (Oenothera erythrosepala, Pas-palum dilatatum, Senecio inaequidens) or naturalized non-invasive taxa (Buddleja davidii and Euphorbia nutans), according to their behavior ob-served in the investigated area, they can still be labeled as possibly inva-sive. For the time being they do not show the ability of invasive expansion, but this possibility cannot be excluded in the future.

In summary, the majority of the alien taxa occur in disturbed or man-made habitats in the city, such as road sides, fallow lands and waste depos-its and only a limited number settled natural habitat such as embankments around the river Neretva.

Acknowledgements: I would like to thank to my colleague Jessica Andersson for helpful comments on improving the English.

Alien flora of the city of Mostar

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Appendix 1 Alien flora of the City of Mostar

(If the author of the first record is not cited, the species is quoted here for the first time)

No.

of t

axon

Taxo

n

Fam

ily

Life

-for

m

Inva

sion

stat

us

His

tory

Mod

e of

intro

duct

ion

Orig

in

1st re

cord

/aut

hor

1. Abutilon theophrasti Medik.

Malvaceae T INV arc acc As-E STRUSCHKA 1880

2. Acer negundo L. Aceraceae P INV neo del Am-C&N3. Adonis aestivalis L. Ranunculaceae T NAT arc acc M STRUSCHKA 18804. Adonis flammea Jacq. Ranunculaceae T NAT arc acc M PICHLER 1898 5. Agrostemma githago L. Caryophyllaceae T NAT arc acc Unknown STRUSCHKA 1880 6. Ailanthus altisima

(Mill.) Sw. Simaroubaceae P INV neo del As-E STRUSCHKA 1880

7. Albizia julibrissin Durazz.

Fabaceae P CAS neo del Paleotrop. JASPRICA et al 2011

8. Alcea biennis Winterl. Malvaceae H NAT neo del M PICHLER 18989. Alcea rosea L. Malvaceae H NAT arc del Unknown10. Alcea setosa (Boiss.)

Alef. Malvaceae H CAS neo del M

11. Allium cepa L. Liliaceae G CAS arc del As-W STRUSCHKA 188012. Amaranthus albus L. Amaranthaceae T NAT neo acc Am-N13. Amaranthus caudatus L. Amaranthaceae T CAS neo del Am-S14. Amaranthus deflexsus L. Amaranthaceae T NAT neo acc Am-S MURBECK 189115. Amaranthus

graecizans L. Amaranthaceae T CAS neo acc Af-E PICHLER 1898

16. Amaranthus hybridus L. Amaranthaceae T NAT neo acc Am-N PICHLER 1898 17. Amaranthus retroflexus

L. Amaranthaceae T INV neo acc Am-N STRUSCHKA 1880

18. Ambrosia artemisifolia L.

Asteraceae T INV neo acc Am-N PETROVIĆ & TABAKOVIĆ 2003

19. Amorpha fruticosa L. Fabaceae P INV neo acc Am-N20. Anagalis arvensis L. Primulaceae T NAT arc acc M STRUSCHKA 188021. Antirrhinum majus L. Scrophulariaceae T NAT arc del-

accM STRUSCHKA 1880

22. Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn., B. Mey. et Scherb.

Brassicaceae G CAS arc del-acc

Unknown

23. Artemisia annua L. Asteraceae T INV neo acc As-E LASIĆ et al 201024. Artemisia verlotiorum L. Asteraceae H INV neo acc As-E LASIĆ et al 201025. Arundo donax L. Poaceae G NAT arc acc As-C. STRUSCHKA 188026. Aster squamatus

(Spreng.) HeironAsteraceae T INV neo acc Am-C&S

27. Avena fatua L. Poaceae T NAT arc acc Unknown MURBECK 189128. Avena sativa L. Poaceae T CAS arc del Unknown BECK 1903

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29. Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris

Chenopodiaceae T CAS arc del Unknown

30. Bidens frondosa L. Asteraceae T INV neo acc Am-N31. Bidens subalternans

DC.Asteraceae T INV neo acc Am-S LASIĆ et al 2010

32. Brassica nigra (L.) Koch

Brassicaceae T CAS arc del Unknown PICHLER 1898

33. Brassica oleracea L. Brassicaceae Ch CAS arc del Unknown STRUSCHKA 188034. Brassica rapa L.ssp.

rapaBrassicaceae T CAS arc del M PICHLER 1898

35. Bromus arvensis L. Poaceae T NAT arc acc M MURBECK 189136. Bromus secalinus L. Poaceae T NAT arc acc M MURBECK 189137. Broussonetia

papyrifera L`Herit ex Vent.

Moraceae P INV neo del As-E BECK 1916

38. Buddleja davidii Franch. Buddlejaceae P NAT neo del As-E39. Calendula officinalis L. Asteraceae T CAS arc del Unknown40. Canabis sativa L. Cannabaceae T NAT arc del As-C41. Catalpa bignonioides

WalterBignoniaceae P CAS neo del Am-N

42. Cercis siliquastrum L. Fabaceae P CAS arc del M BECK 1927 43. Chamomilla recutita

(L.) RauschertAsteraceae T NAT arc del-

accAs-W STRUSCHKA 1880

44. Chenopodium ambrosioides L.

Chenopodiaceae T INV neo acc Am-T LASIĆ et al 2010

45. Chrysanthemum coronarium L.

Asteraceae T CAS arc acc M

46. Chrysanthemum segetum L.

Asteraceae T NAT arc acc M STRUSCHKA 1880

47. Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mansf

Cucurbitaceae T CAS arc del Af-S

48. Commelina communis L. Commelinaceae G NAT neo del As-E49. Consolida regalis

S.F.Gray Ranunculaceae T NAT arc acc M STRUSCHKA 1880

50. Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq.

Asteraceae T INV neo acc Am-C LASIĆ et al 2010

51. Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.

Asteraceae T INV neo acc Am-N STRUSCHKA 1880

52. Cucurbita pepo L. Cucurbitaceae T CAS neo del Am-C STRUSCHKA 1880

53. Cupressus sempervirens L.

Cupressaceae P CAS arc del M STRUSCHKA 1880

54. Cuscuta campestris Yunker

Cuscutaceae T INV neo acc Am-N

55. Datura stramonium L. Solanaceae T INV neo acc Am-N STRUSCHKA 188056. Duchesnea indica

(Andrews) FockeRosaceae H INV neo acc As-E

57. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.

Poaceae T INV neo acc As MIŠIĆ 1987

58. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. ssp. annuus

Asteraceae T INV neo acc Am-N LASIĆ et al 2010

Alien flora of the city of Mostar

14

59. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. ssp. septentrionalis (Fernald et Wiegand) Wagenitz

Asteraceae T NAT neo acc Am-N JASPRICA et al 2011

60. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. ssp. strigosus (Mühlenb. ex Willd.) Wagenitz

Asteraceae T NAT neo acc Am-N

61. Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. ssp. sativa (Mill.) Thell

Brassicaceae T CAS arc del M STRUSCHKA 1880

62. Eschscholzia californica Chamisso

Papaveraceae T CAS neo del Am-N

63. Euphorbia maculata L. Euphorbiaceae T INV neo acc Am-N SLAVNIĆ 1960 64. Euphorbia nutans Lag Euphorbiaceae T NAT neo acc Am-N65. Euphorbia prostrata

AitonEuphorbiaceae T INV neo acc Am-N

66. Fallopia baldschuanica (Regel) J.Holub

Polygonaceae P CAS neo del As-E JASPRICA et al 2011

67. Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) S.F.Blake

Asteraceae T INV neo acc Am-S

68. Galinsoga parviflora Cav.

Asteraceae T INV neo acc Am-S JASPRICA et al 2011

69. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Fabaceae P CAS neo del Am-N70. Guizotia abyssinica

(L.f.) Cass.Asteraceae T CAS neo del-

accAf-E

71. Helianthus annuus L. Asteraceae T CAS neo del Am-S STRUSCHKA 1880

72. Helianthus tuberosus L. Asteraceae G INV neo del Am-N LASIĆ et al 201073. Hesperis matronalis

L.ssp. matronalisBrassicaceae H NAT arc acc M PICHLER 1898

74. Hordeum vulgare L. Poaceae T CAS arc del Unknown STRUSCHKA 188075. Hyacinthus orientalis L. Liliaceae G CAS arc del M76. Impatiens balsamina L. Balsaminaceae T CAS neo del As77. Impatiens balfourii

Hooker f.Balsaminaceae T CAS neo del As

78. Ipomaea purpurea Roth.

Convolvulaceae T CAS neo del Am-S JASPRICA et al 2011

79. Iris germanica L. Iridaceae G NAT arc del Unknown STRUSCHKA 188080. Juglans regia L. Juglandaceae P CAS arc del As-SW81. Lactuca sativa L. Asteraceae H CAS arc del Unknown82. Laurus nobilis L. Lauraceae P NAT arc del M83. Lens culinaris Med. Fabaceae T CAS arc del Unknown84. Lepidium virginicum L. Brassicaceae T INV neo acc Am-N JASPRICA et al 201185. Linum usitatissimum L. Linaceae T CAS arc del-

accAs-W

86. Maclura pomifera (Rafin.) C.K. Schneider

Moraceae P CAS neo del Am-N ŠOLIĆ, 1974

87. Medicago arabica (L.) Huds.

Fabaceae T NAT arc acc M

S. Maslo

15

88. Medicago sativa L. ssp. sativa

Fabaceae H NAT arc acc Unknown JASPRICA et al 2011

89. Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae P CAS neo del As-E JASPRICA et al 201190. Mirabilis jalapa L. Nyctaginaceae G CAS neo del Am-T91. Morus alba L. Moraceae P NAT arc del As-E STRUSCHKA 188092. Morus nigra L. Moraceae P CAS arc del As-SW STRUSCHKA 188093. Oenothera biennis L. Onagraceae H INV neo del Am-N94. Oenothera

erythrosepala BorbásOnagraceae H CAS neo del Am-N

95. Opuntia vulgaris Mill. Cactaceae Ch INV neo del Am-N96. Oxalis articulata

SavignyOxalidaceae G CAS neo del Am-S

97. Oxalis dillenii Jacq. Oxalidaceae H NAT neo acc Am-N JASPRICA et al 201198. Panicum miliaceum L. Poaceae T NAT arc del-

accAs-C STRUSCHKA 1880

99. Papaver rhoeas L. Papaveraceae T NAT arc acc M STRUSCHKA 1880 100. Papaver somniferum L. Papaveraceae T CAS arc del-

accAs-SW

101. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planchon.

Vitaceae P INV neo del Am-N BECK 1923

102. Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Siebold et Zucc.) Planchon

Vitaceae P CAS neo del As-E BECK 1923

103. Paspalum dilatatum Poiret in Lam.

Poaceae T CAS neo acc Am-S

104. Paspalum paspalodes (Michx.) Scribn.

Poaceae G INV neo acc Am-N ŠILIĆ & ABADŽIĆ, 2000

105. Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) A. W. Hill

Apiaceae G CAS arc del Unknown STRUSCHKA 1880

106. Petunia hybrida Vilm. Solanaceae T CAS neo del Am-S107. Phalaris canariensis L. Poaceae T NAT neo acc Af108. Phaseolus vulgaris L. Fabaceae T CAS arc del Am-S JASPRICA et al 2011109. Phytolacca americana

L. Phytolaccaceae G INV neo del-

accAm-N SLAVNIĆ 1960

110. Pisum sativum L. Fabaceae T CAS arc del Unknown111. Platanus acerifolia

(Aiton) Willd. Platanaceae P NAT neo del Unknown

112. Platanus orientalis L. Platanaceae P CAS arc del As113. Portulaca grandiflora

HookerPortulacaceae T CAS neo del Am-S

114. Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae T NAT arc acc M MIŠIĆ 1987115. Prunus cerasifera

Ehrh.Rosaceae P NAT arc del As-W JASPRICA et al 2011

116. Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb

Rosaceae P NAT arc del As-SW STRUSCHKA 1880

117. Prunus persica (L.) Batsch

Rosaceae P CAS arc del As-E

118. Pueraria thunbergiana Benth.

Fabaceae P INV neo del As-E

119. Punica granatum L Punicaceae P NAT arc del-acc

As-SW STRUSCHKA 1880

Alien flora of the city of Mostar

16

120. Ranunculus arvensis L. Ranunculaceae T NAT arc acc M PICHLER 1898 121. Raphanus sativus L. Brassicaceae T CAS arc del Unknown122. Ricinus communis L Euphorbiaceae T CAS arc del-

accPaleotrop.

123. Robinia pseudoacacia L. Fabaceae P INV neo del Am-N STRUSCHKA 1880 124. Rudbeckia hirta L. Asteraceae H CAS neo del Am-N125. Ruta chalepensis L. Rutaceae Ch CAS arc del M126. Secale cereale L. Poaceae T CAS arc del Unknown STRUSCHKA 1880127. Sedum sarmentosum

BungeCrassulaceae Ch CAS neo del As

128. Senecio inaequidens DC. Asteraceae T CAS neo acc Af-S129. Setaria italica (L.) P.

Beauv.Poaceae T CAS arc acc Unknown

130. Sinapis arvensis L. Brassicaceae T NAT arc del-acc

Unknown STRUSCHKA 1880

131. Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.

Solanaceae T INV neo acc Am-S LASIĆ et al 2010

132. Solanum lycopersicum L. Solanaceae T CAS neo del Am-S STRUSCHKA 1880133. Solanum tubersom L. Solanaceae G CAS neo del Am-S STRUSCHKA 1880134. Sorghum bicolor (L.)

Moench Poaceae T CAS arc del Af STRUSCHKA 1880

135. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.

Poaceae G INV arc acc M STRUSCHKA 1880

136. Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F.Blake

Caprifoliaceae P CAS neo del Am-N

137. Tagetes minuta L. Asteraceae T INV neo acc Am-S MALY, 1935138. Tagetes patula L. Asteraceae T CAS neo del Am-S LASIĆ et al 2010139. Tanacetum parthenium

(L.) Sch.Bip.Asteraceae T CAS arc del As-W

140. Tradescantia fluminensis Velloso

Commelinaceae G CAS neo del Am-S

141. Trigonella foenum-graecum L.

Fabaceae T NAT arc acc As-SW BECK 1927

142. Triticum aestivum L. Poaceae T CAS arc del As-SW STRUSCHKA 1880143. Tropaeolum majus L. Tropaeolaceae T CAS neo del Am-S144. Veronica persica Poir. Scrophulariaceae T INV neo acc As -W MURBECK 1891145. Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. Fabaceae T NAT arc acc M MALY 1908146. Vicia sativa L. ssp.

sativaFabaceae T NAT arc acc M STRUSCHKA 1880

147. Vinca major L. Apocynaceae Ch CAS arc del M ŠOLIĆ, 1974148. Wisteria sinensis

(Sims) SweetFabaceae P CAS neo del As-E ŠOLIĆ, 1974

149. Xantthium spinosum L. Asteraceae T INV neo acc Am-S STRUSCHKA 1880150. Xanthium strumarium

L. ssp. italicum (Moretti) D.Löve

Asteraceae T INV neo acc Am-N&S PICHLER 1898

151. Yucca gloriosa L. Agavaceae P CAS neo del Am-N152. Zea mays L. Poaceae T CAS neo del Am-S STRUSCHKA 1880

S. Maslo