Seminary of L46 June 2010
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Radioactive waste disposalsclassification, gov. regulations, perspectives in Poland
Michał Skrzycki
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Content
• Radioactive wastes classification and management,
• state of art – UE, Poland,
• VLLW Landfills – location policy, technology, technical requirements,
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RA Waste classification - Poland
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RA Waste classification - EU (Fr)
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Very Low Level Waste
• Has radioactivity close to naturallyoccuring in environment,
• Low radiation type: beta and gamma, alpha -
• Low heat emission, • Comes from dismantling of nuclear
facilities and industrial plants, whichinvolves in production cycle usage of naturally radioactive materials,(this definition varies between EU and Poland)
• Standard solution: on-surfacedisposal with wastes compaction,
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Low Level Waste - Long Lived(OPNA)
• Comes from dismantling first nuclear plants, instalation gearusing isotops,
Long-Lived:
• (PL) : depends on radioactivitylevel (400kBq/kg)
• (EU): e.g. fire detectors, lighting conductors, graphite-moderatedgas-cooled reactors (dismantling)
• Standard solution: variesdepending on country.
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Low Level Waste Disposal
Type: LONG LIVED
EU (e.g. France)
Near surface disposal facilities(at ground level):
Centre de l’Aube
Near surface disposal facilitiesin caverns (below ground
level):
Olkiluoto and Loviisa power stations ~100m below
Poland
*Might be deposed in groundlevel surface disposals, but must guarantee full isolationduring 500years
* geological, deep disposal
(EU: max. 50 years)
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Intermediate Level Waste (ILW, OPSA):
• Characterized by medium Beta and Gamma-typeradiation, high Alpha-type,
• Large waste amountcome from active NP., shells from recycled fueltanks, equipment,
• Disposal: currently under study, e.g. France –surface reinforcedconcrete cells,
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High Level Waste
• High alpha, beta and gamma-type radiation,
• High heat emission,
• Over 80% of HLW is produced by NuclearEnergy Industry,
• Due to very unstable parameters, vulnerableto environment, most common disposal is„deep type” (technology may vary, depend on ground/rock conditions).
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Radioactive Wastes Management
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ElectronuclearIndustry,
Medicine, Research
Sorting
Conditioning (LLW)
Transport (fromsmall scale
nuclear waste production
units)
Sorting – VLLW, OPNA, OPWA
Inspection of packages
Treatment(compaction, solidification)
Monitoring of parameters in
disposal
Closure of disposalficility
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State of Art: Poland
• Two nuclear reactors: MARIA and EWA (1st reactor, 1958-1995), located in Świerk,
• One National Radioactive Waste DisposalFacility in Różan,
• Disposal is managed by Zakład Unieszkodliwiania Odpadów Promieniotwórczych
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State of Art: Poland 2
• First plans of nuclear power plant was invented in80’s, stopped in 90’s due to public opinion, finances and Soviet Un-Stable Technology (Charnobyl), Location: Żarnowiec
• Currently, „green light” for nuclear energy is givenby government,
• „Energetic policy of Poland untill 2030” consist a projection of two nuclear power plants,
• Propably location of new: Żarnowiec and Klempicz,• Consortium of PGE-EDF Energie de France
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State of Art: Poland 3
• In connection to buildingof Power Plants, theremust be build newdisposal facilities,
• In late 70’s the feasibilitystudy on deep disposalwas started,
• There were many conceptions of waste deposition,
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•layered salt strata Łeba, cechsztyńskie złoże soli pokładowych, 700m ppt, 200m thick,•Due to hazard of agressive behaviour of sweet water, projectwas abandoned,• since 1999 WIPP Project in New Mexicois running,
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Non-salt Rocks:
• In 1978 the feasibility study was started on deep disposal facility in Non-Salt Rocks,
• Project considered location of HLW in crystalrocks, about 500-1000m below ground level.
• New locations: Land of Białystok,
• Conception uses rocks of crystal ground
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Międzyrzecz (MRU)
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Waste Disposal Facility location:
• Cannot be located on terrain endangered with:– Often floods with propability of wave bigger than 500
years,– Seismic activity – natural or induced by men,– Rock bedding movements,– Nearby metropolies, points of cult, – Water safety zones,– Mining areas,
• Landfills (on surface disposals) cannot be build:– Under groundwater table,– Close to the rivers (below river table),
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Choose of disposal facility location:
• Society and economical conditions with specialconcernes about:– Demography,– Ownership,– Cultural values and estetics,– „Economical Bill”,– „Index of Emotions”
• Geographical conditions:– Geological structure and its evolution,– Geomorphology,– Hydrogeological conditions,
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VLLW Landfill Construction
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• Consist of single or multiple chasis for waste deposition,
• Is projected (Fr) for usage about 50-100 years,• Large problem with mineral capcover
settlements and parameters changes in time (with changing water content),
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Radioactive waste disposalsclassification, gov. regulations, perspectives…
Thank you for attention,from time to time ;)
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Definitions - 1
• Isotopes – differenttypes of atoms of thesame chemical element, with different numberof neutrons, but havingsame atomic number
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Definitions - 2• 1 Bq – SI derived unit of radioactivity, it is defined as a
activity of a quantity of radioactive waste material in whichone nucleus decays per second,
• Previously used derived unit: 1Ci (Kiur)=39E9BqTypes of radiation: • ALPHA – cannot penetrate the skin, can be blocked by a
sheet of paper, but is dangerous in the lung,• BETA – can penetrate into the body but can be blocked by a
sheet of alluminium foil,• GAMMA – can go right through the body, requires several
cm of concrete, or ~1m of water, to block it
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Bibliography:
1. B. Nielubowicz, Odpady Promieniotwórcze – Wstępne badania i analizy wybory lokalizacji składowiska.
2. Instytut Techniki Budowlanej; Instrukcje, Wytyczne, Poradniki – nr 339/2003: Badania gruntów do budowy przesłon izolacyjnych na składowiskach odpadów, Warszawa 2003.
3. Instytut Techniki Budowlanej; Instrukcje, Wytyczne, Poradniki – nr 411/2005: Badania gruntów i kontrola jakości wykonanych z nich przesłon izolacyjnych na składowiskach odpadów, Warszawa 2005.
4. Instytut Techniki Budowlanej; Instrukcje, Wytyczne, Poradniki – nr 444/2009: Zasady budowy składowisk odpadów.
5. ANDRA Activity report: Fostering dialogue and outreach, Paris2008.
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