Seminar2 InstuonsandTransac,oncosts( TrC) 2.pdf · TrC%and%quality%of%ins7tu7ons% • Chong,%La...

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Seminar 2 Ins,tu,ons and Transac,on costs (TrC)

Transcript of Seminar2 InstuonsandTransac,oncosts( TrC) 2.pdf · TrC%and%quality%of%ins7tu7ons% • Chong,%La...

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Seminar  2  Ins,tu,ons  and  Transac,on  costs  (TrC)  

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Plan  •  Some  basics  •  TrC  and  quality  of  ins7tu7ons  •  Report  1  •  Es7ma7on  of  TrC  

–  How  we  can  decrease  them?  

•  Problem  1:  monitoring  costs  

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Basic  ideas  •  TrC  are  costs  that  accompany  rela7ons  between  

economic  agents  •  Numerous  defini7ons    

–  “the  costs  of  running  the  economic  system”  (Arrow  1974)  –  “the  costs  of  measuring  the  valuable  aNributes  of  what  is  

being  exchanged  and  the  costs  of  protec7ng  rights  and  policing  and  enforcing  agreements”  (North  1990)  

–  “TrC  are  funny  things:  the  most  important  of  them  exist  not  in  reality,  but  in  reali7es  that  have  been  avoided,  in  worlds  that  have  not  come  to  be”  (Buckley  and  Chapman  1997)  

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Basic  ideas  •  What  causes  TrC?  

–  Bounded  ra7onality  –  Costly  and  imperfect  informa7on  –  Opportunis7c  behaviors    –  Property  rights  are  not  clearly  defined…  

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North-­‐Eggertsson  classifica7on      

•  Ex-­‐Ante  –  Search  for  informa7on    –  Bargaining  –  Making  of  contracts  

•  Ex-­‐Post  –  Monitoring  –  Enforcement  –  Protec7on  of  PrR  against  third  party  encroachment  

Ex-­‐Ante   Ex-­‐Post  

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TrC  and  quality  of  ins7tu7ons  •  Chong,  La  Porta,  Lopez-­‐de-­‐Silanes  &  Shleifer  (2014):  

postal  service  and  government  efficiency  •  Dec.  2010  –  Feb.  2011  •  Authors  conducted  experiment:  

–  Mailed  leNers  to  non-­‐existent  business  addresses  in  159  countries    •  A  standard  one  page  business  leNer    •  2  leNers  per  5  major  ci7es  in  each  country  

–  Measured  whether  they  come  back  to  the  return  address  in  the  United  States  and  how  long  it  takes  

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TrC  and  quality  of  ins7tu7ons  •  Number  of  days  between  date  leNer  sent  and  date  

leNer  received  varies  a  lot  •  From  16.2  to  418.8  days  on  average  

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TrC  and  quality  of  ins7tu7ons  •  Number  of  days  between  date  leNer  sent  and  date  

leNer  received  varies  a  lot  •  From  16.2  to  418.8  days  on  average  

•  High  correla7on  with  Government  efficiency  and  Accountability  indicators  •  E.g.  “got  the  leNer  back”  and  bureaucra7c  efficiency  =  

0.559***  •  “got  the  leNer  back”  and  “freedom  of  the  press”  =  -­‐  0.578***  

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What  about  Russia?  

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Russian  Post  Service  

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Russian  Post  Service  •  TrC  according  to  North-­‐Eggertsson  classifica7on  -­‐  ?  

•  Ex-­‐Ante  –  Search  for  informa7on    –  Bargaining  –  Making  of  contracts  

•  Ex-­‐Post  –  Monitoring  –  Enforcement  –  Protec7on  of  PrR  against  third  party  encroachment  

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Other  examples  •  Which  TrC  arise  when  you  are  going  to  

–  obtain  a  visa?  –  receive  a  driver's  license?  –  choose  a  photographer  for  the  gradua7on  album?  

 

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How  to  decrease  TrC  •  Who  may  be  interested  in  it?  

–  1st  party  –  2nd  party  –  3rd  party  

•  Connec7on  between  ТrС  ex  ante  и  ex  post  

•  Ways  of  decreasing  TrC  –  Networks  –  (Informa7onal)  intermediary  

 

next  topic!  So  stay  tuned  J