WELCOME

‘SOAP’

A FUEL FOR FUTURE AUTOMOBILES

PRESENTED BY:

SREERAG A SCEANEEME121S8 ME2

GUIDED BY:

MOHAMMED SWALIH N UASSISTANT PROFESSIORDEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MEA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PERINTHALMANNA

Most of the automobiles uses fossil fuels

IC engines releases CO, nitrogen oxides, CO2

Air pollution, acid rain, greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion

To overcome these problems, eco friendly, unlimited, cheap and efficient

fuels needed

Battery power, solar power, 100-135 miles range, then switching to pure

hydrogen producing only heat and water

Hydrogen used directly in IC engines, or in fuel cells giving Zero

Emission Vehicles (Z.E.V)- 3 times more efficient than IC engines

INTRODUCTION

Emission free, no pollutants, by products are heat and pure water vapour

Eco friendly, but costly to implement

Main forms of stored hydrogen are

Liquefied hydrogen (stored on-board at -253 degree Celsius)

Compressed hydrogen (stored at 10,000 psi)

Methanol

Gasoline reformation

Metal hydride

FINDING THE RIGHT FUEL

As the hydrogen fuel always been ‘A future fuel’, Daimler Chrysler came up with an innovative idea- SOAP to fuel the future automobiles

Storing hydrogen as Sodium Borohydride(NaBH4) - non toxic solution

Hydrogen stored in a mixture of 75% water and 25% glorified soap powder

(borate - used as laundry detergent)

The cell runs on hydrogen taken from the Sodium Borohydride leaving borax soap

in the tank. Only emission is steam from the tail pipe.

NaBH4 is a compound of Sodium, Boron, Hydrogen, used in paper and pulp

industries(as a bleach), waste water processing and pharmaceutical synthesis

NaBH4 is evolved from Sodium borate(NaBO2 ) - chemically equivalent to borax

used as laundry detergent ingredient.

NaBO2 is not consumed, only acts as a carrier of hydrogen.

Completely safe because hydrogen is produced only when needed.

FUELLING THE FUTURE – SOAP

The hydrogen generation reaction is as shown below:

 

NaBH4 + 2 H2O ruthenium 4 H2 + NaBO2

Sodium Borohydride Hydrogen gas Sodium Metaborate

Exothermic reaction, heat used to vaporize water and 100% relative humidity

Moisture benefits , Sodium Metaborate is water soluble, eco friendly.

Boron hydrides store more energy than hydrocarbons.

 

Gravimetric storage density 

% H2 by weight

Solid NaBH4

 

10.6 % NaBH4-20 solution (20 wt% NaBH4, 3 wt% NaOH, 77 wt% H2O)

4.4 %

NaBH4-25 solution (25 wt% NaBH4, 3 wt% NaOH, 72 wt% H2O)

 

5.5 %

NaBH4-30 solution (30 wt% NaBH4, 3 wt% NaOH, 67 wt% H2O)

 

6.6 %

NaBH4-35 solution (35 wt% NaBH4, 3 wt% NaOH, 62 wt% H2O)

 

7.7 %

Hydrogen on Demand Technical Specifications

 

1 kg of hydrogen = 1000 g of hydrogen = 113,500 BTU energy = 33.26 kWh

= 119600 kJ

1 kg of solid NaBH4 reacted with 950 g of water yields 213.5 g of hydrogen gas,

Or 24230 BTU = 7.100 kWh = 25560 kJ

1 gallon of NaBH4-30 = 1.16 kg solid NaBH4 = 28100 BTU = 8.24 kWh = 29600 kJ

1 gallon of gasoline = 115,000 BTU energy = 33.70 kWh = 121300 kJ

1 kg of Hydrogen ~ 1 gallon of gasoline

 

ENERGY STORAGE:

The Natrium minivan The Natrium was unveiled at EVAA annual convention on December 12, 2001 in

Sacramento, CA and at North American International Auto Show, Detroit, in January 2002.

The tanks, catalyst, fuel cell and motor do not encroach in any way on the passenger or luggage space.

weighing 4 tons, 53-gallon tank, 300 miles (500 km), 50 percent further than typical fuel cell cars

INTEGRATION TO FUEL CELL SYSTEMS

The Natrium’s fuel cell system is produced by DaimlerChrysler’s fuel cell partner, Ballard/XCELLSiS (Ballard Power Systems) of Vancouver, Canada. The hydrogen is produced using the “Hydrogen on Demand” system developed by Millennium Cell, Inc., of Eatontown, New Jersey.

Chrysler Town & Country Natrium Preliminary Specifications

Vehicle : Chrysler Town & Country minivanPowertrain : Front-wheel drive regenerative brakingMotor : 35 kW Siemens AC motorBattery Pack : 40 kW SAFT Li-IonFuel : Sodium boro-hydride, recyclableFuel Processor : Hydrogen on Demand system Millennium Cell, Inc.Fuel Cell System : Ballard/XCELLSiSFuel economy : 30 mpg gasoline equivalent0-60 mph : 16 seconds (i.e. 0 – 100 km/h in 16 sec.)Top speed : 80 mph (129 km/h)Range : 300 milesEmissions : Zero emissions

Millennium cells developed Generates hydrogen from aqueous solution of Sodium Borohydride Energy potential is carried in the chemical bonds of NaBH4 No heat input The by product Sodium metaborate can be recycled as the starting material of

sodium borohydride.

THE FUEL PROCESSOR -‘HYDROGEN ON DEMAND’ SYSTEM

 

Pure, humidified hydrogen source is obtainable High energy storage density Storable in plastic containers at room temperature and without

pressurization Environmentally benign, non-flammable, non-explosive fuel

and by-product Widely variable hydrogen output flow rate and delivery

pressure Low cost, simple hydrogen generation mechanism

‘Hydrogen on Demand’ System Highlights

SYSTEM SCHEMATIC AND OPERATION

The sodiumborohydride fuel can be recycled, low emission Vehicle has a fully usable trunk. The borax is available in abundance in natural reserves (600 million metric tons). Capable of producing 110-240 volt electricity. The car's fuel cell could plug into the house

to provide home electricity. Nonflammable, greatly improving safety in battle zones. Safe, reliable generators for back-up power. Fuel cells could be used to energize laptop computers and mobile phones for weeks

without recharging. Sodium borohydride produces the same amount of energy per gallon of fuel as gasoline

produces. And 50 percent further than typical fuel cell. The main advantage offered is ‘Zero dependency on oil for propulsion’. In an accident there is nothing to burn. The sodium borohydride solution is inert The hydrogen is produced by the system only when required. In the case of a collision,

the small amount of hydrogen in the system would diffuse harmlessly into the atmosphere, thus leaving no casualties.

ADVANTAGES

Millennium's ‘Hydrogen on Demand’ isn't a clear-cut winner.

Primary hydrogen needed to generated costly.

No corner hydrogen stations are placed yet widely.

As the reaction is exothermic and spontaneous, it has to be controlled.

Currently, sodium hydroxide is added to the fuel for stabilization, but this substance has

the disadvantage of being highly alkaline.

Millennium's proprietary catalyst is composed in part of a very rare — and expensive —

earth metal called ruthenium. Efforts are being made to redesign the system to use a high-

temperature cobalt catalyst.

warm-up takes around two minutes. Anything longer than 20 seconds is unacceptable to

the general public.

DISADVANTAGES

This technology is a promising alternative using environmentally friendly fuels. Solves the problems regarding the use and storage of the ‘hydrogen’ fuel. Low emissions, zero carbon, harnessing of renewable energy sources, high level of safety,

and independence from oil imports. The technical challenges have largely been overcome. Sodium borohydride will find it tough be a viable alternative because of its cost. Sold only to commercial customers who can provide their own refueling infrastructure. Mass production of sodium borohydride has to take place. Fuel cells are expensive ($600,000 -$750,000). The technical challenges involved with this drive system have been overcome to a great

extent. It may well be that more than just one type of fuel system will be used.

CONCLUSIONS

Reference Books: 1. Alternative cars in the 21st century 2. Hydrogen and its future as a Transportation Fuel – Daniel J. Holt Technical Papers: 1. SUV Powered by on board Generated Hydrogen (2000-01-1541) - Steven C. Almendola, Philip J. Petillo & others, Millennium cell, Inc.

2. A Sodium Borohydride On-board Hydrogen Generator for Powering Fuel Cell and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (2001-01-2529) - Richard M. Mohring and Rex E. Luzades, Millennium Cell, Inc.

Websites:www.media.daimlerchrysler.comwww.millenniumcell.comwww.usborax.comwww.greenwave.comwww.fuelcells.org

BIBLOGRAPGHY

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