Seminar on

How to write research papers without

being called plagiarist

Plagiarist someone who

uses another person's words or

ideas as if they were his own

Plagiarizing, or representing someone else's ideas or words as your own, will

cause problems for people in any stage of life

By Professor Aboul Ella Hassanien,

Chair of Scientific Research Group in Egypt

Cairo University

Faculty of Computers & Information

Information Technology Department

29 April 2017 Faculty of Computers and Information, Cairo University

Seminar on How to write research papers without being

called plagiarist: Big image

https://thrivingtiger.wordpress.com/

The essential mission of SRGE toward the research

and education in Egypt is to foster learning and

promoting research integrity in the current and next

generation of researchers in Egypt. SRGE is

rededicating itself to this fundamental purpose.

**Slides are adapted from several resources on the

internet

Permission

Agenda Important! Plagiarism

What is it?

What type of plagiarism are their

What are the consequences

Why is it so bad

How do we find out plagiarism

How can it be avoided

Citations What is citation

What should you use sources

What should you cite

What do you not need to cite

How should you cite

How to quote, paraphrase and summarize

Be good citizen

Plagiarism

Plagiarism is the act of stealing

someone else's work and

attempting to "pass it off" as

your own.

This can apply to anything, from

term papers to photographs to

songs, even ideas!

When you use another author’s

intellectual property—language,

visuals, or ideas—in your own

writing without giving proper

credit, you commit a kind of

academic theft called plagiarism

For purposes of the Stanford

University Honor Code,

Plagiarism is defined as the

use, without giving

reasonable and appropriate

credit to or acknowledging

the author or source, of

another person's original

work, whether such work is

made up of code, formulas,

ideas, language, research,

strategies, writing or other

form(s)."

But can words and ideas really

be stolen?

The expression of original ideas is considered intellectual property, and is

protected by copyright laws, just like original inventions. Almost all forms

of expression fall under copyright protection as long as they are recorded

in some way (such as a book or a computer file).

All of the following are considered plagiarism:

turning in someone else's work as your own

copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit

failing to put a quotation in quotation marks

giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation

changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit

copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work,

whether you give credit or not

What type of plagiarism are their

Direct Plagiarism

Self Plagiarism

Mosaic Plagiarism

Accidental Plagiarism

There are different types of plagiarism and

all are serious violations of academic

honesty.

What type of plagiarism are their

*Double Submission - Submitting the

same essay for two separate

assessments or in two different classes.

What type of plagiarism are their?

Clone An act of submitting another’s work (word-form-word)

as one’s own

Ctrl-C A written piece that contains significant portions of

the text from a single source without alteration

Find-

Replace

Remix

Recycle

Hybrid

The act of changing key words and phrases but retaining االبقاء the

sentential content of the source in the paper

An act of paraphrasing from other sources and making

the content fit together seamlessly بسالسة

The act of borrowing generously from one’s own

previous work without citation (self plagiarism)

The act of combining perfectly cited sources with

copied passages – without citation – in one paper

Mash up

404 Error

Aggregation

A paper that represents a mix of copied

material from several different sources without paper citation

Re-tweet

A written piece that included citations to no-existent or inaccurate

information about sources

The aggregator includes paper citation but the paper

contains almost no original work

The paper includes paper citation but relies too closely

on the text’s original wording and/or structure

www.plagarizm.org

Consequences of Plagiarism Playing with fire The consequences of plagiarism can

be personal, professional, ethical,

and legal. With plagiarism detection

software so readily available and in

use, plagiarists are being caught at an

alarming rate.

Once accused of plagiarism, a person

will most likely always be regarded

with suspicion. Ignorance is not an

excuse. Plagiarists include

academics, professionals, students,

journalists, authors, and others.

Destroyed Student Reputation

Destroyed Professional Reputation

Destroyed Academic Reputation

Legal Repercussions

Monetary Repercussions

Plagiarized Research

http://www.ithenticate.com/resources/6-consequences-of-plagiarism

Consequences of Plagiarism

Destroyed Academic Reputation

The consequences of plagiarism have been widely reported in the world of academia. Once scarred with plagiarism allegations, an academic’s career can be ruined. Publishing is an integral part of a prestigious academic career. To lose the ability to publish most likely means the end of an academic position and a destroyed reputation.

Legal Repercussions

The legal repercussions of plagiarism can be quite serious.

Copyright laws are absolute. One cannot use another person’s

material without citation and reference. An author has the right

to sue a plagiarist. Some plagiarism may also be deemed a

criminal offense, possibly leading to a prison sentence.

Destroyed Student Reputation

Plagiarism allegations can cause a student to be suspended or expelled. Their academic record can reflect the ethics offense, possibly causing the student to be barred from entering college from high school or another college. Schools, colleges, and universities take plagiarism very seriously. Most educational institutions have academic integrity committees who police students. Many schools suspend students for their first violation. Students are usually expelled for further offences.

Destroyed Professional Reputation

A professional business person, politician, or public figure

may find that the damage from plagiarism follows them

for their entire career. Not only will they likely be fired

or asked to step down from their present position, but

they will surely find it difficult to obtain another

respectable job.

Monetary Repercussions

Many recent news reports and articles have exposed

plagiarism by journalists, authors, public figures,

and researchers. In the case where an author sues a

plagiarist, the author may be granted monetary

restitution. In the case where a journalist works for a

magazine, newspaper or other publisher, or even if a

student is found plagiarizing in school, the offending

plagiarist could have to pay monetary penalties.

Plagiarized Research

Plagiarized research is an especially egregious form of plagiarism.

If the research is medical in nature,

the consequences of plagiarism could mean the

loss of peoples’ lives. This kind of

plagiarism is particularly heinous.

http://www.ithenticate.com/resources/6-consequences-of-plagiarism

Why is it so bad?

Many people think of plagiarism as copying another's work, or

borrowing someone else's original ideas. But terms like

"copying" and "borrowing" can disguise the seriousness of the

offense:

According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to

"plagiarize" means

to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own

to use (another's production) without crediting the source

to commit literary theft

to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing

source.

In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both

stealing someone else's work and lying about it afterward.

Yes, words and ideas can really be stolen

A scientific institution needs Scientifics professionals able to produce knowledge reasonable for their own writing, of high

personal and scientific integrity and add to the reputation of their instauration

Why is it so bad?

A scientific institution needs Scientifics professionals able to produce

knowledge reasonable for their own writing, of high personal and

scientific integrity and add to the reputation of their instauration

How do we find out about plagiarism

Plagiarism Checker

Copyscape: A great tool for quick plagiarism searches.

Plagium: A Copyscape alternative that is free and based on Yahoo!

Google Alerts: A free service that can automate basic plagiarism checks and email you results.

FairSare: A tool to detect misuse of content in an RSS feed.

Digital Fingerprint Plugin: A WordPress plugin to detect RSS scraping.

Tineye: A visual search engine that looks for copies of an image.

FeedBurner: Offers feed modification and analysis tools that can make detecting RSS scraping much easier.

How can you prevent it

Prevent

WRITING YOUR

PAPER

WHEN IN DOUBT, CITE

SOURCES

ANALYSIS AND

EVALUATE YOUR

SOURCES

MAKE IT CLEAR WHO

SAID WHAT (CITATION)

PLANNING YOUR

PAPER

CONSULT WITH YOUR

SUPERVISOR

KNOW HOW TO QUOTE,

PARAPHRASE AND

SUMMARIZE

PARAPHRASE

How can you prevent it

TAKE EFFECTIVE NOTES

WHEN IN DOUBT, CITE

SOURCES

One of the best ways to prepare for a research

paper is by taking thorough notes from all of

your sources so that you have much of the

information organized before you begin writing.

On the other hand, poor note-taking can lead to

many problems-- including improper citations

and misquotations, both of which are forms of

plagiarism! To avoid confusion about your

sources, try using different colored fonts, pens,

or pencils for each one, and make sure you

clearly distinguish your own ideas from those

you found elsewhere. Also, get in the habit of

marking page numbers, and make sure that you

record bibliographic information or web

addresses for every source right away-- finding

them again later when you are trying to finish

your paper can be a nightmare!

Of course you want to get credit for your own ideas. And, you don't want your instructor to think that you got all of your information from somewhere else. But if it is unclear whether an idea in your paper really came from you, or whether you got it from somewhere else and just changed it a little, you should always cite your source. Instead of weakening your paper and making it seem like you have fewer original ideas, this will actually strengthen your paper by:

showing that you are not just copying other ideas but are processing and adding to them,

lending outside support to the ideas that are completely yours, and

highlighting the originality of your ideas by making clear distinctions between them and ideas you have gotten elsewhere

How can you prevent it

MAKE IT CLEAR WHO

SAID WHAT

KNOW HOW TO

PARAPHRASE

Even if you cite sources, ambiguity in your phrasing can often disguise the real source of any given idea, causing inadvertent plagiarism. Make sure when you mix your own ideas with those of your sources that you always clearly distinguish them. If you are discussing the ideas of more than one person, watch out for confusing pronouns.

For example, imagine you are talking about

Harold Bloom's discussion of James Joyce's opinion of Shakespeare, and you write: "He brilliantly portrayed the situation of a writer in society at that time." Who is the "He" in this sentence? Bloom, Joyce, or Shakespeare? Who is the "writer": Joyce, Shakespeare, or one of their characters? Always make sure to distinguish who said what, and give credit to the right person.

A paraphrase is a restatement in your own

words of someone else's ideas. Changing

a few words of the original sentences

does NOT make your writing a legitimate

paraphrase. You must change both the

words and the sentence structure of the

original, without changing the content.

Also, you should keep in mind that

paraphrased passages still require citation

because the ideas came from another

source, even though you are putting them

in your own words.

How can you prevent it

ANALYZE AND EVALUATE

YOUR SOURCES

Not all sources on the web are worth citing-- in fact, many of them are just plain wrong. So how do you tell the good ones apart? For starters, make sure you know the author(s) of the page, where they got their information, and when they wrote it (getting this information is also an important step in avoiding plagiarism!). Then you should determine how credible you feel the source is: how well they support their ideas, the quality of the writing, the accuracy of the information provided,

How can you prevent it

CONSULT WITH YOUR

SUPERVISOUR

PLAN YOUR PAPER

Have questions about plagiarism? If

you can't find the answers on our site

or are unsure about something, you

should ask your instructor. He or she

will most likely be very happy to

answer your questions. You can also

check out the guidelines for citing

sources properly. If you follow them

and the rest of the advice on this

page, you should have no problems

with plagiarism.

Planning your paper well is the first and

most important step you can take toward

preventing plagiarism. If you know you

are going to use other sources of

information, you need to plan how you

are going to include them in your paper.

This means working out a balance

between the ideas you have taken from

other sources and your own, original

ideas. Writing an outline or coming up

with a thesis statement in which you

clearly formulate an argument about the

information you find will help establish

the boundaries between your ideas and

those of your sources.

HOW TO PARAPHRASE

Quoting: To quote is to include the identical wording from the original source in your paper. Quoted material in your paper is distinguished from your own words by the use of " " or by indenting the quoted text (if quoting a longer passage). In addition to quotation marks or indenting, all quoted material should also be cited, using either footnotes, endnotes, or in-text citation.

Paraphrasing: To paraphrase is to include the ideas or information from an original source in your paper by rephrasing those ideas or information in your own words. The key to successful paraphrasing is to use as few words as possible from the original text--be mindful not to change the meaning that you are trying to convey as you rephrase--and to cite your paraphrase. Without proper citation, your paraphrase could be construed as plagiarism.

http://www.plagiarism.org/

Six steps to effectively paraphrasing along with a few

examples can be found on the Purdue Online Writing

Lab website.

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/1/

Break!

Citation

A way of giving credit for someone's

thinking, writing or research

You mark the material when you use it (a

citation) and give the full identification at

the end (a reference)

In academic writing you are obliged to

attribute every piece of material you use to

its author

Citation Why?

Participate in a community of scholars

Enable others to build on or verify your

research

Show your familiarity with other scholars'

ideas on a subject

Give credit to others for their work

Differentiate between which ideas are yours

and which come from others

Develop within yourself academic and

personal integrity

Avoid the serious academic and personal

consequences of plagiarizing

Citing sources allows you to:

What to Cite

Exact words or specific ideas

from…

Books, magazines, journals,

movies, plays, TV, web pages,

music, newspapers

Personal conversations and

correspondence

Presentations, speeches

Illustrations, diagrams, charts,

pictures, etc.

Collaboration with classmates

Citation and Style

Guides Scholars use a variety of

different styles of academic

citation, using footnotes,

endnotes or in-text citations and

presenting information in a

variety of different forms. These

styles of academic citation vary

by discipline and department,

and your professor may ask you

to use a particular citation style

in your written work.

For Styles Guideline visit

https://library.bowdoin.edu/help/citationguides-a-z.shtml

What do [don’t] YOU need to cite?

You should always provide

references for

Direct quotations

Summaries, paraphrases

Statistics

Charts, graphs, diagrams

Controversial interpretations

Results of others’ research

You don’t need to provide

references for

Common knowledge or facts—

NOTE: this does not mean you

can copy from texts word-for-

word.

You don’t need to cite ideas

and arguments that you come

up with on your own.

How? Citation or reference style A citation style or reference system is a standardised system for

referring to materials used in your writing

There are several different citation styles developed independently

by professional organisations

Protected or Not Protected

under copyright law

What is protected by

copyright? What is not protected by

copyright?

The following may be protected under copyright law: Literary works (e.g., written works,

source codes of computer programs)

Dramatic works (e.g.,. scripts for films and dramas)

Musical works (e.g., melodies)

Artistic works (e.g., paintings, photographs)

Published editions of the above works

Sound recordings

Films

Television and radio broadcasts

Cable programmes

Performances

The following may be NOT

protected under copyright law: Ideas or concepts

Discoveries

Procedures

Methods

Works or other subject matter that have not

be made in a tangible form in a recording

or writing

Subject matter that is not of original

authorship

•Be a good academic citizen

•Know what you’re doing

•Keep track of what you’ve done

•Back everything up

•Don’t Lie (fabrications)

•Don’t Cheat (falsifications)

•Don’t Steal (plagiarism)

•Publish your discoveries

Finally…