SEMINARON

BIOMOLECULAR COMPUTING

Presentation Outline

Basic concepts of Bio-moleculesOrigin of Biomolecular ComputingSolution for NP-Complete ProblemsAdvantages of DNA ComputingProblems with Adleman’s ExperimentDNA ComputersCurrent researchConclusion

What is DNA?

DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA represents the genetic blueprint of

living creatures DNA contains “instructions” for assembling

cells Every cell in human body has a complete

set of DNA DNA is unique for each individual

Double Helix shape of DNA

The two strands of a DNA molecule are anti parallel where each strand runs in an opposite direction.

Complementary base pairs Adenine & Thymine Guanine & Cytosine

Two strands are held together by weak hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairs

Instructions in DNA

Instructions are coded in a sequence of the DNA bases

A segment of DNA is exposed, transcribed and translated to carry out instructions

Sequence to indicate the start of an instruction

Instruction that triggersHormone injection

Instruction for hair cells

………

DNA Duplication

Basics and Origin of DNA ComputingDNA computing is utilizing the property of DNA for

massively parallel computation.

With an appropriate setup and enough DNA, one can potentially solve huge problems by parallel search.

Utilizing DNA for this type of computation can be much faster than utilizing a conventional computer

Leonard Adleman proposed that the makeup of DNA and its multitude of possible combining nucleotides could have application in computational research techniques

Dense Information Storage This image shows 1

gram of DNA on a CD. The CD can hold 800 MB of data.

The 1 gram of DNA can hold about 1x1014 MB of data.

With bases spaced at 0.35 nm along DNA, data density is over a million Gbits/inch compared to 7 Gbits/inch in typical high performance HDD.

How Dense is the Information Storage?

Check this out………..

1 gram = 4x10 21

How enormous is the parallelism?

A test tube of DNA can contain trillions of strands. Each operation on a test tube of DNA is carried out on all strands in the tube in parallel !

Check this out……. We Typically use

3 x1014

Steps for Adleman’s Experiment

Strands of DNA represent the seven cities. In genes, genetic coding is represented by the letters A, T, C and G. Some sequence of these four letters represented each city and possible flight path.

These molecules are then mixed in a test tube, with some of these DNA strands sticking together. A chain of these strands represents a possible answer.

Within a few seconds, all of the possible combinations of DNA strands, which represent answers, are created in the test tube.

Adleman’s Experiment

Hamilton Path Problem(also known as the travelling salesperson problem)

TVM

DELHI

BOMBAY

CHENNAI

BGLRE

KOLLAM

Is there any Hamiltonian path from KOLLAM to DELHI?

Subsequently logic gates can be employed using DNA.

Logic gates made up of DNA, instead of using electrical signals to perform logical functions, rely on DNA code.

They detect fragments of genetic material as input, splice together these fragments and form a single output.

The researchers believe that these logic gates might be combined with DNA microchips to create a breakthrough in DNA computing.

Operations

Meltingbreaking the weak hydrogen bonds in a double helix to form two DNA strands which are complement to each other

Annealingreconnecting the hydrogen bonds between complementary DNA strands

Operations (Cont’d)

Mergingmixing two test tubes with many DNA molecules

AmplificationDNA replication to make many copies of the original DNA molecules

Selectionelimination of errors (e.g. mutations) and selection of correct DNA molecules

Advantages of a DNA Computer

Parallel Computing

Incredibly light weight

Low power

Solves Complex Problems quickly

Millions of operations simultaneously

Generate potential solutions

Efficiently handle massive amounts of working memory

Current Research

EDNA

EDNA is object oriented and extensible, so that it can easily evolve as the field progresses.

EDNA is therefore a research tool that makes it possible to use the advantages of conventional computing to make DNA computing reliable.

EDNA includes graphical interfaces and click-and-drag facilities to enable easy use.

DNA Authentication

Taiwan introduced the world's first DNA authentication chip.

Use of DNA chips on national identification cards in order to crack down on frauds using fake ID cards. 

The synthesized DNA inside the chip generates DNA signals which only the company's readers can detect and authenticate in two seconds.

DNA Chip

What developments can we expect?

Increased use of molecules other than DNA Some impact on molecular biology by DNA

computation Increased error avoidance and detection Cross-fertilization among DNA computing,

molecular biology, and computation biology Niche uses of DNA computers for problems

that are difficult for electronic computers

THANK YOU!!!

It will take years to develop a practical, workable DNA computer.

But…Let’s all hope that this DREAM comes true!!!

Done By…http://engineering-seminar-topics.blogspot.com/

THANKS To…

Mr. Peter Pradeep (HOD)

Mrs. Sarika G (Sem.Guide)

Kasturi E.S(Sem. Co.ord.)

All Staffs & Students