seminar on BASALT FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

Department of Civil Engineering B.Tech. Seminar 2016

A SHORT REVIEW ON BASALT FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

A seminar submitted to the

University of Calicut

In partial fulfillment of the requirements

For the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

By

JERIN JOHNSONUEAMECE048

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

THRISSUR 680123, KERALA

MARCH 2016

Universal Engineering College,Vallivattom.


UNIVERSAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE, THRISSUR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATEThis is to certify that the seminar entitled

A SHORT REVIEW ON BASALT FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

Submitted by

JERIN JOHNSON

UEAMECE048

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree ofBACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

to the University of Calicut is a record of bonafide work done by her under my supervision and guidance and this work has not been submitted elsewhere for any degree or diploma.



Mrs. Maya.T.MAssistant ProfessorSeminar GuideDepartment of Civil Engineering

Mr. Jishnu.V.PAssistant ProfessorSeminar CoordinatorDepartment of Civil Engineering

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Dedication and motivation are the two essential ingredients for the success of any endeavor. This seminar report cannot be declared complete without a word of thanks to all those who have contributed immensely to its successful completion.

I would express my sincere gratitude to Mrs. Maya T. M (Assistant Professor) for his guidance and support in realizing this seminar.

I’m indebted to DR. Syed Jalaludeen Shah (Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering), Mr. Jishnu V P (Seminar coordinator) for their encouragement in carrying out this seminar and also the facilities provided to me.

I’m deeply grateful to our principal DR. T. P. Ramachandran for providing all the facilities to do this seminar.

I express my deep sense of gratitude to all my friends who were inevitable for the successful presentation of my seminar.

Above all I thank the almighty for bestowing his grace and mercy upon me.

JERIN JOHNSON

UEAMECEO48



ABSTRACT

Concrete made with Portland cement has certain characteristics; it is relatively strong in

compression but weak in tension and tends to be brittle. These two weaknesses have limited

its use. Another fundamental weakness of concrete is that cracks start to form as soon as

concrete is placed and before it has properly hardened. These cracks are major cause of

weakness in concrete particularly in large onsite applications leading to subsequent fracture

and failure and general lack of durability. The weakness in tension can be overcome by the

use of conventional rod reinforcement and to some extent by the inclusion of a sufficient

volume of certain fibers. Glass, fiber, carbon fibers are commonly used in manufacturing of

reinforcing bars for concrete applications.

This seminar report present the art of knowledge of basalt fiber, it is relatively new material.

Basalt is an igneous rock, which is solidified volcanic lava basalt fiber is a high performance

non-metallic fiber made from basalt rock melted at high temperature. In the last decade,

basalt has emerged as a contender in the fiber reinforcement of composites. Basalt fiber

reinforced concrete offers more characteristics such as light weight, good fire resistance and

strength. In future it is very beneficial for construction industry. Many applications of basalt

fiber are residential, industrial, highway and bridges etc.

Keywords: basalt fiber, concrete, fiber reinforcement of composites,



CONTENTS1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................6

2. HISTORY.........................................................................................................................................7

3. BASALT FIBER BAR.....................................................................................................................8

4. PROPERTIES OF BASALT FIBER.................................................................................................9

4.1 Physical Properties......................................................................................................................9

4.2 Chemical Properties....................................................................................................................9

4.3 Thermal Properties......................................................................................................................9

4.5 Mechanical Properties.................................................................................................................9

4.6 Corrosion and fungi resistance..................................................................................................10

4.7 Abrasion property......................................................................................................................10

4.8 Ecological friendliness..............................................................................................................10

5. EFFECT ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE OF ADDING BASALT FIBRES OF DIFFERENT LENGTHS AND PROPORTIONS..........................................................10

5.1 Workability...............................................................................................................................11

5.2 Compressive Strength...............................................................................................................11

5.3 Tensile strength.........................................................................................................................12

5.4 Flexural strength........................................................................................................................12

5.5 Elastic Modulus.........................................................................................................................13

5.6 Unit Weight...............................................................................................................................13

6. FIBER FORMING PROCESS........................................................................................................14

7. THE ADVANTAGES OF BASALT FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE...............................16

7.1 Physical and technical advantages that can be achieved by adding basalt fiber into concrete structure..........................................................................................................................................16

8. APPLICATIONS OF BASALT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE..........................................17

9. CONCLUSIONS.............................................................................................................................18



REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................19

1. INTRODUCTIONIndustry is always trying to find new, better and economical material to manufacture new

product, which is very beneficial to the industry. In the recent days, the various fibers

develop and used in the construction, industrial and highway engineering. The steel is mainly

used in that various application. Also fiber glass polythene fibers, carbon fibers, polyamide

fibers are now developed and also used in construction, industrial and infrastructure

development. In that list new one fiber is added, called, as basalt rock fibers. Today a

significant growth is observed in the manufacture of composite material. With this in mind

energy conservation, corrosion risk, the sustainability and environment are important when a

product is changed or new product is manufactures. Basalt fiber is a high performance non-

metallic fiber made from basalt rock melted at high temperature. Basalt rock can also make

basalt rock, chopped basalt fiber, basalt fabrics and continous filament wire. Basalt fiber

originates from volcanic magama and volcanoes, a very hot fluid or semi fluid material under

the earth’s crust, solidified in the open air. Basalt is a common term used for a variety of

volcanic rock, which are gray dark in colour. The molten rock is then extruded through small

nozzles to produce continuous filaments of basalt fiber. The basalt fibers do not contain any

other additives in a single producing process, which gives additional advantage in cost.

Basalt rock fibers have no toxic reaction with air or water, are non combustible and explosion

proof. When in contact with other chemicals they produce no chemical reaction that may

damage health or the environment. Basalt fiber has good hardness and thermal properties.

Basalt fibers have been successfully used for foundation such as slabs on ground concrete.

By industrial production of basalt fibers on the basis of new technologies their cost is equal

and even less than cost of glass fiber. The basalt fibers and materials on their basis have the

most preferable parameter a ratio of quality and the price in comparison with glass & carbon

fibers, and other types of fibers.



2. HISTORY A French scientist in the US field the first patent revealing the technique of producing basalt

fiber in the year 1923 and subsequently the research was started in the United States of

Soviet Russia (USSR). The development of basalt continues fibers (BCF) technology was

conducted in the USSR; it had a status of closed scientific programs. Therefore, there were

no contacts with scientists and engineers from abroad. The main development efforts are

given by USSR for defense and aerospace applications. The first samples of BCF were

received at scientific research institute in Ukraine of USSR in 1956-61: but the initial

industrial equipment was very expensive and large energy consuming. After dismantling of

USSR in 1990’s .this research or technique made available to others. The recent efforts are

taken for this technology to lower the cost and commercial use.



3. BASALT FIBER BARBasalt composite bars are made by utilizing basalt fibers and a resin epoxy binder. They are

non-corrosive, consist of 80% fibers and have a tensile strength three times that of the steel

bar normally used in building construction. Wherever corrosion problems exist, basalt fiber

composite bars have the potential to replace steel in reinforced concrete. Currently there are

many FRP bar manufacturing companies which market their products. Most of these bars are

made of E-glass fiber and thermosetting resin. However FRP bars lack sufficient durability

under extreme conditions. These bars are costly and are also non-resistant to alkalis. Basalt

bars do not possess these disadvantages and can be effectively used in various applications

such as highway barriers, offshore structures, and bridge decks. The above mentioned

advantages alone could warrant a sufficient argument for substitution of steel bars with basalt

bars on a large scale. Other advantages of the basalt bar are that its weight is one-third of the

weight of steel and the thermal expansion coefficient is very close to that of concrete. The

high mechanical performance/price ratio of basalt fiber composite bar, combined with

corrosion resistance to alkaline attack, are further reasons for replacing steel in concrete with

basalt fiber composite bars.



4. PROPERTIES OF BASALT FIBER

4.1 Physical Properties Color: It is available in golden brown in color.

Diameter: It is available in different diameter like 5.8 micron. Length:- Available in

6mm,8mm,12mm etc.

Density: density of basalt fiber is 2.75 g/cm˄3

Coefficient of friction: The coefficient of friction may be between 0.42 to 0.50.

4.2 Chemical Properties Basalts are more stable in strong alkalis.

Weight loss in boiling water, Alkali and acid is also significantly lower.

Basalt fibers have very good resistance against alkaline environment, with the

capability to withstand pH up to 13-14. It also has good acid and salt resistance

4.3 Thermal Properties With a thermal range of –260 ◦C to 982 ◦C and melt point of 1450◦C as well as low thermal

conductivity 0.031 – 0.038w/mk, the basalt fibers are ideal for fire protection and insulation

applications. Basalt fibers are most cost effective than the other high-temper Materials

including E-glass, silica, ceramics, stainless steel and carboby preventing rapid overheating

and improving brake life. Offer three times the thermal efficiency of asbestos with no Mental

and heat hazards. Basalt fiber is the best solution for asbestos replacement. Basalt fiber is

non- combustible and explosion proof. After exposition less than 400 ◦C the basalt fibers loss

on their initial strength, while the E-glass loss more 50%.



4.5 Mechanical Properties The specific tenacity (rupture stress to density ratio) of basalt fibers exceeds that of steel,

many times. Basalt fibers are non-capillary and non-hygroscopic, giving good moisture

resistance. Basalt has shot content generally less than 3%.

4.6 Corrosion and fungi resistanceBasalt fiber has better corrosion resistance. It does not undergo any toxic reaction with water

and air or gases also. Moisture regain and moisture content of basalt fibers exist in the range

of less than 1%. Basalt materials have strong resistance against the action of fungi and micro-

organisms.

4.7 Abrasion propertyBasalt material is extremely hard and has hardness values between 5 to 9 on Mohr’s scale,

which results in better abrasion property. Even continuous abrasion of the basalt fiber-woven

fabrics over the propeller type abraders do not result in the splitting of fiber by fracture and

results only in breaking of individual fibers from woven structure which eliminates

possibility of causing hazards.

4.8 Ecological friendlinessBasalt fibers have natural raw material, which is basalt rock it does not cause any damage to

the health. Basalt fiber has no biological hazards and solves waste disposal problems. It does

not clog incinerator as glass. Hence, it is incinerator friendly.

5. EFFECT ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE OF ADDING BASALT FIBRES OF DIFFERENT LENGTHS AND PROPORTIONS

The principal effects of basalt fibres on the mechanical properties of concrete are: they can

react chemically with the cement, producing more CSH which is required to increase the



concrete strength. They are capable of reducing crack propagation, thus enhancing the tensile

strength of concrete. And they also have high thermal and alkaline resistance, which

improves the durability of concrete. Therefore, the effects on the mechanical properties of

using basalt fibres of different lengths and proportions are as presented below.

5.1 WorkabilityWorkability is the ease with which a fresh mix of concrete or mortar can be handled and

placed. It is also defined as the ability of the concrete mix to fill in the shape of a form/mould

with the desired work, and without reducing the concrete quality. Several factors affect the

workability of fresh concrete: water content, aggregate shape, mix proportions, grading of

aggregates, and the use of fibres. Workability of concrete is measured using a slump test; the

addition of fibres can change the water cement ratio and, as a result, reduce its slump. The

influence of pre-soaked basalt fibre on the mechanical properties of concrete, found that the

slump of concrete reinforced with basalt fibre is reduced with an increase in the content and

length of the basalt fibre. Different basalt fibre lengths of 10mm, 20mm and 30mm were

used with different dosages of 3, 5 and 7kg/m3. The decrease in slump occurred for two main

reasons: the increase of the coefficient of friction between fibres and cement during mixing;

and the absorption of certain moisture by the basalt fibre, causing the slump to reduce. And

the influence for workability of reinforcing concrete with different basalt fibre contents (0%,

0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%). The results showed that increasing the percentage volume

of fibres leads to a decrease in slump. This is because basalt fibres affect the flow ability of

fresh concrete, which results in a decrease in workability.

5.2 Compressive StrengthThe compressive strength of concrete is the most common performance measure used by

civil engineers in designing buildings. Compressive strength is defined as the capacity of

materials to withstand load that reduces its size. In general, concrete is strong in compression

and can exhibit high strength. However adding different basalt fibre lengths and content has



an effect on the compressive strength of concrete. The concrete using cubic and cylindrical

tests to determine the average compressive strength of three samples, mixed with and without

basalt fibres, at 7, 14 and 28 days. The results showed that the average compressive strength

for the basalt fibre concrete samples was higher than the compressive strength of the normal

concrete samples at 7, 14 and 28 days. The variation of concrete compressive strength mixed

with different basalt fibres content. The compressive strength of concrete increases with

increasing basalt fibre content up to 0.3%: after this, the concrete compressive strength tends

to decrease gradually by 12%. This is due to the cohesive decrease between the cement paste

and the aggregate that plays a significant role in the compressive strength of concrete. The

basalt fibre length that was used was 24.3 mm, with a diameter of 13 µm.

5.3 Tensile strength Although concrete is weak in tension, the knowledge of concrete tensile strength is essential

to determine the load under which cracks will develop. This load has an influence on the

formation of cracks and their propagation to the tension side of the concrete and other

concrete members. Reinforcing concrete with basalt fibres reduces the crack width, thus

improving concrete strength and durability. The tensile strength of concrete reinforced with

basalt fibres increases with the age of curing. Concrete tensile tests were carried out on

concrete samples reinforced with and without basalt fibres. The specimens were kept in water

for curing for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days, and on removal were tested by spraying water on

the concrete. The tensile strength of concrete increases as the length of the pre-soaked basalt

fibres increases. The effect of using different basalt fibre lengths of 10mm, 20mm and 30mm

on the tensile strength of concrete. Using 30mm basalt fibre achieved the highest tensile

strength. Using 12mm basalt fibre with 1-2% content results in achievingHigher concrete

tensile strength of the b20 class; in addition, reinforcing concrete with basalt fibre 24mm and

50mm in length, with 1-3% content, increases the tensile strength significantly by 1.79 times.

Although most fibre lengths achieved higher tensile strength, there was not a significant

difference when using 24mm and 50mm fibre lengths.

5.4 Flexural strengthIn the construction and engineering field, knowing some terms such as the flexural strength

of the material is essential in order to make sure that the material is strong enough to be used



in structures. The flexural strength is defined as the material’s ability to resist deformation

under load. The flexural concrete strength tests using prisms for different samples, The

results showed that the flexural strength of concrete increases for all concrete mix

proportions with age. This shows that the contribution made by mixing basalt fibres with

concrete increases its flexural strength.

5.5 Elastic ModulusThe elastic modulus is a measure of the material stiffness and its tendency to deform

elastically. From Hook’s law, the modulus of elasticity (or Young’s modulus) is defined as

the ratio of the stress to the strain, and can be represented by the slope of the stress strain

diagram. Various researchers have investigated the influence of adding basalt fibres with

different proportions and lengths to the elastic modulus of concrete. To increasing the basalt

fibre content from 0.1% to 0.3% increases the modulus of elasticity of concrete significantly.

In particular, the highest modulus of elasticity was achieved when the basalt fibre content

was 0.3%, and it started to decrease as the basalt fibre content reached 0.5%. The addition of

basalt fibres to concrete enhances the elastic modulus of concrete. The slope of the stress

strain curve of the control mix is steeper than those curves reinforced by basalt fibres. Three

different proportions of basalt fibre content were used in these experiments: 1%, 2% and 3%.

The results indicate that basalt fibres were fully active and showed excellent resistance to the

crack propagation of concrete. the effect of adding different basalt fibre content of 0.06%,

0.2% and 0.8% into the concrete stress strain curves, and found that adding basalt fibre

content of 0.2% achieves the highest stress strain resistance values.

5.6 Unit Weight The unit weight of concrete, or density, is a measure of volume per unit weight and is

expressed in kg/m3. The significance of measuring the unit weight of concrete is that it is an

effective indicator of the uniformity of raw materials during mixing, batching, placing,

sampling and testing. A significant change in the unit weight signals a change somewhere in

the process. Experimental results obtained that, as the basalt fibre content increases in the



concrete mixture, the unit weight remains constant. the effect of using different volume

fractions of basalt fibres on the concrete unit weight. Different failure modes were observed

for each volume fraction of fibres under compressive loading. The results showed that adding

more fibre content by volume to the concrete mixture increases slightly the density of the

concrete.

Table- 1

Mechanical and physical properties of basalt fiber comparing to other types of fibers.

Properties Continuous

Basalt fiber

Glass fiber

(E-glass)

Glass fiber

(S-glass)

Carbon fiber

Breaking

Strength(MPa) 3,000 – 4,840 3,100– 3,800 4,020–4,650 3,500– 6,000

Modulus of

Elasticity (GPa)

79.3 – 93.1 72.5 – 75.5 83 - 86 230 - 600

Breaking Extension

(%)

3.1 4.7 5.3 1.5 ~2.0

Fiber Diameter (μm) 6 - 21 6 - 21 6 - 21 5 - 15

Linear Density (tex) 60-4,200 40-4,200 40-4,200 60-2,400

Temperature

Withstand ()

-260 to +700 -50 to +380 -50 to +300 -50 to +700

6. FIBER FORMING PROCESSIn many ways, basalt fiber technology is similar to glass fiber technology, except only one

material, basalt rock. Basalt continues filaments are made from the basalt rocks in a single

step process melting and extrusion process. Technological process of manufacturing basalt

filament consists of melt preparation, fiber drawing (extrusion), fiber formation, application



of lubricants and finally winding. Basalt fibers are currently manufactured by heating the

basalt and extruding molten liquid through a die in the shape of fibers, as shown in plant

layout figure. Crushed rock material are charged into bath type melting furnace by a dozing

charger, which is heated using air gas mixture or electrically. Crushed rocks are converted

into melt under temperature 12850c to 14500c in the furnace bath. Molten basalt flows from

furnace to feeder through feeder channel and feeder window communicate to recuperate. The

feeder has a window with a flange connected o slot type bushing and is heated by furnace

waste gases or by electrically.

The melt flows through platinum-rhodium bushing with 200 holes which is heated

electrically. The fibers are drawn from melt under hydrostatic pressure and subsequently

cooled to get hardened filaments.

A sizing liquid with components to impart strand integrity, lubricity and resin compatibility

applied, and then filaments are collected together to form ‘strand’ and forwarded to take up

devices to wound on forming tube.

Fig. 1 Plant layout of basalt fiber formation

(Vishal Pandurang Kumbhar -AGTI’s Dr. Daulatrao Aher College of Engineering, Karad, India” An Overview: Basalt Rock Fibers - New Construction Material”)

1.batch silos: raw material supply,

2. weighing, dosing and mixing,

3. pneumatic transport,



4. batch box : charging,

5. melting furnace,

6. feeder,

7. bushings, (continuous filament formation),

8. sizing application,

9. draw plate feeder; strand formation,

10. lubricator,

11. automated winder

7. THE ADVANTAGES OF BASALT FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

The impact strength of basalt fiber reinforced concrete increases in about 20 times.

Basalt fiber provide a three-dimensional concrete reinforcement comparing to usual

rebar that provides two-dimensional reinforcement.

Basalt fiber is not liable to galvanic corrosion, comparing to usual rebar that is an

electrical conductor and can have the cathode effect.

Construction time reduces due to the needless to install wire mesh.

The thickness of the concrete layer can be reduced to half.

The fiber can be easily mixed.

The fatigue strength of basalt fiber reinforced concrete increases.

The total cost of the construction work reduces.

Reduces the width of cracks.

You can forget about the difficulties with wire mesh installing.

In reservoirs and underground water channels thickness of concrete cover

significantly reduces, and construction time becomes shorter.

The cost of repairs and maintenance greatly reduces due to fiber reinforced concrete

long life term .



The need for concrete floors reinforcement is eliminated because of basalt fiber use,

and construction time is cut in half.

7.1 Physical and technical advantages that can be achieved by adding basalt fiber into concrete structure

Low level of micro cracks (up to 90%);

Increased flexural strength (up to 35%)

Increased concrete fatigue strength and resistance (> 400%);

Increased frost resistance (up to 35%)

Increased water tightness (up to 50%);

Increased surface endurance of concrete (up to 70%);

Decreased slivering of corners and edges (up to 90%).

8. APPLICATIONS OF BASALT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETEBasalt-based materials, including basalt roving chopped basalt fibre strands and basalt

composite rebar can be used for enhancing radioactive waste isolation during the storage and

disposal phases and maintaining it during a significant portion of the post-closure phase.

Concrete reinforced with chopped basalt fibre strands has high durability, high abrasion

resistance, high shock resistance, high frost-resistance, high corrosion resistance, and high

water resistance. Another key advantage of basalt fibres is its low cost and its use does not

significantly affect the construction cost of nuclear power facilities. Basalt has high chemical

and thermal stability, good thermal, electrical, and sound insulating properties. Hence, it is

used in fire protection. Basalt has good electrical insulating properties and chemical

resistance, especially in strong alkalis. Hence, basalt composite pipes can be used to transport

corrosive liquids and gases. Field application of basalt fibre reinforcement include concrete

(molding blocks, beams, fire resistant concrete, and pre-stressed concrete), industrial

concrete floors, runways in airports, motorway, industrial floors in shops where heavy

equipment is used, internal reinforcement of tunnels and channels, slope stabilization, repair

and reconstruction of buildings, concrete water channels, fire retardant construction, and

military installations.



9. CONCLUSIONSThe basalt fiber is now being a popular choice for the material scientist for the replacement

of steel and carbon fiber due to its high rigidity and low elongation or extension at break. Its

supreme tenacity value makes it as a useful reinforcement material in the present and also for

the future era to come.



REFERENCES1. Kunal Singha-“A Short Review on Basalt Fiber”,(International Journal of Textile Science

2012, 1(4): 19-28 DOI: 10.5923/j.textile.20120104.02 )

2. Nayan Rathod1-“ Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete”,International Journal of Science and

Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact

Factor (2013): 4.438

3. Vishal Pandurang Kumbhar ,-AGTI’s Dr. Daulatrao Aher College of Engineering, Karad,

India AGTI’s Dr. Daulatrao Aher College of Engineering, Karad, India-“ an overview:

basalt rock fibers - new construction material”

4. Fathima Irine I .A,- Civil Engineering Department

M.G University,Mar Athanasius College of Engineering,Kerala,India” Strength Aspects of

Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete”, International Journal of Innovative Research in

Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163

Volume 1 Issue 8 (September 2014) www.ijirae.com

5. Mustapha Abdulhadi#1- # 1(Civil Engineering & Architecture College, Liaoning

University of Technology, Jinzhou 121001，China)” A comparative Study of Basalt and

Polypropylene Fibers Reinforced Concrete on

Compressive and Tensile Behavior” International Journal of Engineering Trends and

Technology (IJETT) – Volume 9 Issue 6- March 2014


http://www.ijirae.com/


ISSN: 2231

6. sami elshafie1, gareth whittleston2-“ a review of the effect of basalt fibre lengths and

proportions on the mechanical properties of concrete”

ijret: international journal of research in engineering and technology eissn: 2319-1163 |

pissn: 2321-7308

7. Tumadhir M., Borhan-“ Thermal and Mechanical Properties of BasaltFibre Reinforced Concrete” World Academy of Science, Engineering and TechnologyInternational Journal of Civil, Environmental, Structural, Construction and Architectural

Engineering Vol:7, No:4, 2013

8. parvez imraan ansari1, rajiv chandak2,”

strength of concrete containing basalt fibre” parvez imraan ansari int. journal of engineering

research and applications www.ijera.com issn : 2248-9622, vol. 5, issue 4, ( part -6) april

2015, pp.13-17 www.ijera.com

9. ranjitsinh k. patil1, d. b. kulkarni2-“

comparative study of effect of basalt, glass and steel fiber on compressive and flexural

strength of concrete” ijret: international journal of research in engineering and technology

eissn: 2319-1163 | pissn: 2321-7308

10. Nihat Morova, “Investigation of usability of basalt fibers in hot mix asphalt concrete”,

Construction and Building Materials vol.47 (2013),175-178

11. C. Colombo, L. Vergani, M. Burman, “Static and fatigue characterisation of new basalt

fibre reinforced composites”, Composite Structures vol.94 (2012),1165-1170

12. Enrico Quagliarini , Francesco Monni , Stefano Lenci , Federica Bondioli “Tensile

characterization of basalt fiber rods and ropes: A first contribution”, Construction and

Building Materials vol.34 (2012),372-375


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