CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION HISTORY ACCESS TECH. (FDMA,TDMA,CDMA) THE CHARACTERISTICS FEATURES SERVICE REQUIREMENT ARCHITECTURE FUTURE APPLICATIONS THE CHALLENGES CONCLUSION REFERENCE

INTRODUCTION This new generation of wireless is intended to complement

and replace the 3G systems, perhaps in 5 to 10 years. Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with a seamless connection to a wide range of information and services, and receiving a large volume of information, data, pictures, video, and so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructures. The future 4G infrastructures will consist of a set of various networks using IP (Internet protocol) as acommon protocol so that users are in control because they will be able to choose every application and environment.

4G will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and quicker handoff

Application adaptability and being highly dynamic are the main features of 4G services of interest to users. 

Connection with the network applications can be transferred into various forms and levels correctly and efficiently.

Figure illustrates elements and techniques to support the adaptability of the 4G domain. 

HISTORY

First generation - During 1970, mobile communication has two key

improvements: The invention of the microprocessor The mobile communication evolution started with

the analog wireless type communication using FDM access method.

AMPS (Advance mobile phone system) was first launched by US which is 1G mobile system.

It allows users to make voice calls within one country.

It was having huge limitations looking into both costs of service as well as technology.

Second generation - It was developed at the end of the 1980s. The 2G Mobile communication evolved with the digital

communication base. These systems digitized not only the control link but also

the voice signal. The new system provided better quality and higher

capacity at lower cost to consumers. GSM (Global system for mobile communication) was the

first commercially operated digital cellular system. The access procedures like TDMA, CDMA able to increase

the subscribers by utilizing the constant frequency band. The subscribers’ demand increased for more and more

data centric services.  

Third generation – It began in 1992, 3G systems promise faster

communications services, including voice, fax and Internet, anytime and anywhere with seamless global roaming.

ITU’s IMT-2000 global standard for 3G has opened the way to enabling innovative applications and services (e.g. multimedia entertainment, infotainment and location-based services, among others).

The first 3G network was deployed in Japan in 2001, 2.5G networks, such as GPRS (Global Packet Radio Service) are already available in some parts of Europe.

3G technology supports 144 Kbps bandwidth, with high speed movement (e.g. vehicles), 384 Kbps (e.g. on campus) & 2 Mbps for stationary (e.g.inbuilding).

This new generation of wireless is intended to complement and replace

the 3G systems, perhaps in 5 to 10 years. Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with a seamless connection to a wide range of information and services, and receiving a large volume of information, data, pictures, video, and so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructures. The future 4G infrastructures will consist of a set of various networks using IP (Internet protocol) as acommon protocol so that users are in control because they will be able to choose every application and environment.

At present the download speed for imode data is limited to 9.6 kbit/sec which is about 6 times slower than an ISDN (Integrated services digital network) fixed line connection. Recently, with 504i handsets the download data rate was increased 3-fold to 28.8kbps. However, in actual use the data rates are usually slower, especially in crowded areas, or when the network is "congested". For third generation mobile (3G, FOMA) data rates are 384 kbps (download) maximum, typically around 200kbps, and 64kbps upload since spring 2001. Fourth generation (4G) mobile communications will have higher data transmission rates than 3G. 4G mobile data transmission rates are planned to be up to 20 megabits per second.

Access Technologies (FDMA, TDMA, CDMA):

FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) is the most common

analog system. It is a technique whereby spectrum is divided up into frequencies and then assigned to users. With FDMA, only one subscriber at any given time is assigned to a channel.

TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) improves spectrum

capacity by splitting each frequency into time slots. TDMA allows each user to access the entire radio frequency channel for the short period of a call.

CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access is based on “spread” spectrum

technology. Since it is suitable for encrypted transmissions, it has long been used for military purposes. CDMA increases spectrum capacity by allowing all users to occupy all channels at the same time.

THE CHARACTERISTICS  4G wireless networks have two

important characteristics : End to End internet protocol (IP). Peer-to-Peer networking.

End to End Internet Protocol (IP) : This is an IP-based mobile system that

provides access through a collection of radio interfaces. It will provide seamless roaming/handover and the best selected service, combining multiple radio interfaces (such as WLAN, Bluetooth, and GPRS) into a single network that subscribers may use.

Peer-to-Peer networking : In this system every device is both a trans

receiver and a router/repeater for other devices in the network, and it eliminates the spoke-and-hub weakness of the cellular architecture, because the elimination of single node does not disable the network. 4G can be defined as “wireless ad hoc peer-to-peer networking”.

OTHER CHARACTERISTICS

No circuit switching.   Distributed architecture   Flexible allocation. Significantly lower cost per bit than 3G.   Higher data bandwidths (greater than 100 Mbps).   Location and orientation dependent application.   Low cost.   Support interactive multimedia services: teleconferencing, wireless Internet,

etc.   Global mobility and service portability.

FEATURES The defining features of 4G are listed below  High speed : 4G networks will offer a peak speed of more than 100 Mbps in

stationary mode with an average of 20 Mbps while travelling which is quite high as compare to the current GSM (2G) technology which has speed of 14.4 kbps.

  High network capacity : Should be at least 10 times faster that of 3G systems. This will

quicken the download time of a 10 MB file into one second on 4G, from 200 seconds on 3G enabling high definition video to stream to phones and creates a virtual reality experience on high resolution handset screen.

Fast/seamless handover across multiple networks :  4G wireless network should support global roaming across

multiple wireless and mobile networks.  Next-generation multimedia support:   The underlying network for 4G must be able to support fast

speed and large volume data transmission at a lower cost than today.

Service requirements:

Tele-presence - Information anywhere, anytime - Inter-machine communication - Security of vital importance - One-stop-shopping -

ARCHITECTURE

FUTURE APPLICATIONS

Sensors on public vehicles: Cameras in traffic lights : Crisis management applications :

THE CHALLENGES

There are several proposals to solve different challenges faced by 4G networks. Mobility is one of the critical aspect of 4G. in these context we deal with three main issues.

The first deals with the optimal choice of access technology, or how to be the best connected .

The second issue is related to the design of a mobility-enabled IP networking architecture which contains the functionality to deal with mobility between access technologies.

The third issue concerns the adaptation of multimedia transmission across 4G networks.

CONCLUSION

4G the new technology will increase data transmission rates (up to 200 times faster than 2G at 20 Mbit/sec). 3G data rates are currently 2 Mbit/sec, which is very fast compared to 2G’s 9.6 Kbit/sec. 4G builds on the 3G standard, although it integrates and unifies the different interfaces (W-CDMA, CDMA 2000, etc.)

Cellular companies such as Alcatel, Nortel, Motorola and IT companies such as HP, LG electronics and others, are also getting involved in developing 4G networks.

REFERENCE

IT Professional August 09 Electronics for you July 09 "Visions" - Foresight ITEC Group.

http://www.foresight.gov.uk

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