Seminar 792 Coral Diseases Prevalence in Karimunjawa National Park,

8/3/2019 Seminar 792 Coral Diseases Prevalence in Karimunjawa National Park,

1/28

Coral Diseases

Prevalence inKarimunjawa

National Park,Indonesia

PRESENTER : OKTIYAS MUZAKY LUTHFI

SUPERVISOR : PROF. MAKOTO TSUCHIYA


2/28

Background

1. Coral disease has emerged as serious threat to coral reefsworld wide and a major cause of reef deterioration

2. The number of disease increasing in the last decade. TheAustralian Institute of Marine Science Long Term Monitoring

Program (AIMS LTMP) documented a 22- to 150-foldincrease in white syndrome between 1998 and 2003 on theGreat Barrier Reef (Willis et al. 2004)

3. In indo-pacific coral disease reported not only from GBR,recently report from remote island in the pacific area(Williams et al. 2008, 2011 and Vargas, 2009), AmericanSamoa (Work et al. 2005; Aeby et al. 2009), Marshall Is andPalau (Sussman et al. 2008), Indonesia (Haapkyla et al. 2007,2009)and Phillipine (Raymundo, 2005 and Kaczmarsky,2006)


3/28

4. Disease emerges from a complex interplay between host,

agent and environment

5. Karimunjawa National Park is one of only seven national

marine parks in all of Indonesia

6. KJNPs coral reef resources are providing numerous goods

and services for the residents of Karimunjawa, including

cultural/traditional use, tourism, recreation, fisheries, and

shoreline/infrastructure protection.


4/28


5/28

Wheres Karimunjawa NP?


6/28

Statistical view:

- Located at 540' 557' S

dan 11004' 11040' E

- Area wide 111.625 ha

- Consists 27 island 4 of it

inhibitant

- Divided into 7 zonation

- Population more than 9000

person (census, 2006)

- Population density KJ

1.12/ha; Kemujan 0.56/ha;Parang 0.43/ha

- Have 24 hotel/resort/home

stay


7/28

SURVEYSITES

Uz

Pz

Cz

Estimation

Distance each site

from downtown

Cz: 1.5-3 km

Pz: 7-10 km

Uz: 11-16 km


8/28

1. Disease Survey :

Sampling was conducted between 04 -24 October 2011.

Survey held on 3 and 10 m of depth using belt transects (Englishet al. 1997) covering an area of1x10m with 3 replication each

depth All coral colonies inside belt transect were recorded using

photograph

Identification each coral colony in growth form, genus and lesionsign on it.

NIHs free Image J software was used to quantifying coral

percent cover

2. Disease Identification: identified by macroscopiccharacteristics of lesions according to photographs anddescription in Willis et al. (2004) and Beeden et al. (2008).

Material andMethod


9/28

3. Environmental Parameters :

Alec Aqua Quality AAQ1183s-IF (http://www.jfe-alec.co.jp) was

used to quantified : Salinity, pH, temperature, conductivity,

depth, chlorophyll a and DO

Nitrite, nitrate and phosphate quantifying in Water and wastewater laboratory, the Ministry Of IndustrySemarang, while C/N

ratio was quantified using Sumigraph NC-22A

Temperature data also obtained from deploying HOBO Pro

temperature data loggers to the reef within the sites, and

recorded every 15 minutes.


10/28

ResultENVIRONMENTFACTOR

Location Temp.

(deg)

Cond.

(mS/c

m)

Salinit

y

(PSU)

Chl-a

(g/L)

Turb.

(NTU)

pH DO

(mg/L)

Menjangan Besar 29.33 55.05 33.23 2.32 0.04 8.12 6.85

Menjangan Kecil 29.16 54.81 33.19 2.88 0.04 8.07 6.93

Cemara Kecil 29.16 54.81 33.19 2.88 0.04 8.07 6.93

Cemara Besar 29.40 55.08 33.21 2.32 0.05 8.14 7.08

Taka

Menyawakan

29.05 54.64 33.15 2.75 0.07 8.14 6.37

Taka Malang 29.05 54.64 33.15 2.26 0.05 8.14 6.34

Table 1. Mean of environmental parameters in all sites, Karimunjawa NP

Nitrite

(mg/L)

Nitrate

(mg/L)

Phospat

e

(mg/L)0.001 0.101 0.001

0.001 0.005 0.007

0.001 0.005 0.001

0.001 0.005 0.001

0.001 0.005 0.001

0.001 0.005 0.001


11/28

Figure 1. Temperature in Karimunjawa NP waters, recorded by using HOBO

logger


12/28

Live coral cover

The highest % cover in

depth of3 m was in Taka

Menyawakan (76.62%) and

the lowest in Menjangan

Kecil 24.25% or categorizedas broken

While in 10 m depth

almost all categorized as

moderate, the highest

value on Menjangan Besar(60 %).

Figure 2. Live coral cover on Karimunjawa NP


13/28

Type ofsyndrome

DISEASED STATE DESCRIPTION

TL-FISH : tissue loss fish

bite

distinctive regular scars: scrapes bite marks that may involve

damage to coral skeleton

TL-SEB: Tissue Loss-

Skeletal Eroding Band

Black specks often clustered within corallite. Exposed skeleton

behind tissue front speckled by empty housing of the boring ciliate

TL-BBD:Tissue Loss-Black

Band Disease

black to reddish filamentous band between dead skeleton and healthy

tissue. Band contains cyanobacteria, is fairly dense, may containmobile ciliates

TL-BrB : Tissue Loss-

Brown Disease

newly-exposed skeleton bordered by brownish band

(which may be diffuse in some cases). Band contains mobile ciliates

NP-UWS : Tissue Loss

Non-Predation Ulcerative

White Syndrome

: discrete, focused white lesions, ~5mm diameter. Affects mostly

Porites, but other genera appear to have developed infections as well.

NP-WS: Tissue Loss Non-

Predation White

Syndrome

irregular patches of recently-killed, exposed skeleton. Border with

living tissue may be necrotic, with mucous secretion. No obvious

predators in immediate vicinity

NP-AtN: Tissue Loss

Atramentous Necrosis

Black sulphurous smelling deposit accumulates under white film or

bacterial filaments giving lesions a greyish-black appearance

Table 2. Summary of categories of poor health in corals observed in Karimunjawa National Park

Tissue Loss : Predation

Tissue Loss : Non Predation


14/28

DISEASED STATE DESCRIPTION

TD-BL: Tissue Discoloration

Bleaching

Colony to reef wide loss of symbiotic algae (zooxanthelae)

TD-FBL: Tissue Discoloration

Focal Bleaching

TD-NFBL : TissueDiscoloration Non Focal

Bleaching

Coral is alive hence polyp visible; skeleton is not eroded nor colonized by

algae because tissue is present

TD-PR :Tissue Discoloration

Pigmentation Response

pigmentation appears to be a type of inflammation response mounted

by coral ; pigmented tissues typically associated with a healing response

rather than progressive tissue loss

GA-IG: Growth Anomaly

invert Galls/Enlarge

Skeleton (GA-ES)

hyperplasias or neoplasias; unusual skeletal deposition, may be

accompanied by different pigmentation, disorganized corallites, few

zooxanthellae

CH-CY, CH-SP, CH-SD

Compromised Health can

come from Cyanobacteria

(CY), Sponge (SP) and

Sediment (SD)

ill-defined signs of poor health, with no specific disease diagnosable:

pale coloration, old lesions of unknown cause, pigmentation response

(Porites), patchy bleaching, patchy necrosis .

Tissue Discoloration

Growth Anomaly

Table 2. continue

Compromised Health


15/28

Syndromeprevalent

0.7

1.4

0.1

0.6

5.1

5.7

3.1

0.1

9.7

1.2

4.2

1.7

0.6

8.3

3.4

1.2

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

DiseasePrevalence(%

)

Disease

PREVALENCE

Figure 3. Mean of disease prevalence in 6 sites survey NOT A DISEASE

Fungiidae, Poritidae,

Faviidae, Acroporidaealmost all familyFungiidae, Poritidae,

Faviidae, AcroporidaePoritidae, Faviidae


16/28

Diseaseprevalence in all sites

48.46

35.92

42.71

61.83

51.92

38.99

29.16

98.89

78.77

45.91

18.6721.50

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

DiseasePrevalen

ce(%)

Disease Prevalence 3m


Figure 5. Disease prevalence between zone in depth 3 and 10 m in 6 sites of survey


17/28

Diseaseprevalence in different

zona

42.19

52.27

45.45

64.02 62.34

20.08

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

core Potection utilization

MeanDiseasePrevalen

ce(%)

Zonation



Figure 4. Mean of disease prevalence between zone in depth 3 and 10 m


18/28

Whydiseaseprevalencehigh in the core

andprotection zone?

1. Over fishing

Compressor Diver take all resources in surrounding coral reef andimpact on balance of coral reef ecosystem

2. Sedimentation

Make physical stress to coral but also as pathogen reservoir (Vosset al. 2006)

3. Tourism activity

Coral disease was 15 times more prevalent at reefs with offshoretourism platforms than a nearby reef without platform (Lamb et

al 2010). Injured colony can became infected by BBD (Rutzler and Santavy,

1983)

In lab study organic UV filter from sunscreen inducezooxanthellae causing bleaching in Acroporid corals (Danovaro etal., 2008)


19/28

Threats in KJNP

Compressor diver and harpoon Snorkeler kicking fin in coral area,

divers feeding fish holding coral


20/28

Type ofsyndrome

Photos of


21/28

Compromised HealthCompetition -AggressiveOvergrowth

Acropora sp vs Terpios

Acropora sp vs red filamentous

algae


22/28

GrowthAnomaly

Unexplained GA on Pachyseris sp Unexplained GA on Montipora sp


23/28

TissueLossNon Predation

SEB : black pecks clustered within corralite

Skeletal Eroding Banding (SEB) on Acropora sp (L) and Montipora sp

(R)


24/28

TissueLossNon Predation

Ulcerative White Spots (UWS) on

Porites sp

White Syndrome (WS) on

tabulateAcropora sp


25/28

TissueDiscoloration

Focal Bleaching on Fungia sp

Non Focal Bleaching on

Pachyseris sp (stripes)


26/28

TissueDiscoloration PIGMENTATIONRESPONSE(NOTDISEASE)

Lesion may be caused by borers and competitors

PR on Porites sp commonly found in Karimunjawa NP


27/28

Summary

1. This study is part ofCoral disease dynamic in Okinawa and

Karimunjawa NP Indonesia, and become preliminary

information disease prevalence in Karimunjawa National

Park.

2. Combination and long duration between overfishing,sedimentation and tourism activities could lead chronic

stress in coral and may impact the higher number disease

prevalence in Cz and Pz

3. Increasing number population and tourism in KJNP has been

suspected lead increasing number of disease prevalence in

KJNP

4. Over fishing in KJNP was very apprehensive and will be

serious threat for coral health in the future


28/28

THANK YOU

Seminar 792 Coral Diseases Prevalence in Karimunjawa National Park,

Documents

Transcript of Seminar 792 Coral Diseases Prevalence in Karimunjawa National Park,