Semester 2 Exam Semester 2 Exam ReviewReview

Review these slides firstReview these slides first

• Explain the slow movement of material within the Earth– Interior Convection and conduction– Gravitational forces

GeologyGeology

• The study of the planet Earth.

ConvectionConvection

Hot Magma rises because of convection.

• Explain the results of plate tectonic activity– Magma generation– Igneous intrusion– Metamorphism– Volcanic action– Earth quakes– Faulting and folding

According to the theory of plate tectonics, the earth’s outer shell is not one solid piece of rock. Instead the earth’s crust is broken into a number of moving plates. The plates vary in size and thickness.

Explain the results of Plate Explain the results of Plate Tectonic ActivityTectonic Activity

Plate tectonicsPlate tectonics

This is how the plates have moved over the last 750 million years.

Igneous IntrusionIgneous Intrusion

Igneous Intrusion: youngest part of picture

Volcanic ActionVolcanic Action

Map of Active Volcanoes

Volcanic ActionVolcanic Action

Magma flows from a pocket to the top where it erupts

EarthquakesEarthquakes

• Caused by Faults along the plate boundaries

Divergent plate boundary

Convergent boundary

Transform plate boundary

Divergent BoundaryDivergent Boundary

• When plates move away from each other.

Convergent BoundaryConvergent Boundary

• Plates come together or collide.

• One plate goes under (subduction) another plate

• Mountain Building

Transform BoundaryTransform Boundary

• Plates slide past each other in opposite directions

• California San Andreas Fault

EarthquakesEarthquakes

The map below locates earthquakes around the globe. They are not evenly distributed; the boundaries between the plates grind against each other, producing most earthquakes. So the lines of earthquakes help define the plates:

EarthquakesEarthquakes

• View the following link to see the plates move.

• Click the Earthquakes tab at the top of the website

http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/Components/Interactives/Technology_Science/Science/Earthquakes/zFlashAssets/Earthquakes_v21.swf

The UniverseThe Universe

Describe that stars produce Describe that stars produce energy from nuclear reactions energy from nuclear reactions

and that processes in stars and that processes in stars have led to the formation of all have led to the formation of all

elements beyond hydrogen and elements beyond hydrogen and helium.helium.

A Star is Born!A Star is Born!•This diagram illustrates the earliest journeys of water in a young, forming star system.

•Stars are born out of icy cocoons of gas and dust.

•As the cocoon collapses under its own weight in an inside-out fashion, a stellar embryo forms at the center surrounded by a dense, dusty disk.

•The stellar embryo "feeds" from the disk for a few million years, while material in the disk begins to clump together to form planets

• A star is just a giant ball of burning gas.

• It generates energy through nuclear fusion, where it fuses two lightweight particles into a heavier one.

• Our sun for example is in the Hydrogen burning stage, where the primary fusion fuel is Hydrogen.

The core of the sun, where the fusion takes place, is

overlaid by a huge amount of hot hydrogen and helium

gas.

Your Cosmic Connection to the Your Cosmic Connection to the ElementsElements

James Lochner (USRA) & Suzanne Pleau Kinnison (AESP), NASA/GSFC

SupernovaSupernova

Explosive power of a supernova:• Disperses elements created in large stars.• Creates new elements, especially those heavier than Iron.

All X-ray Energies Silicon

Calcium Iron

Descrbe the current scientific Descrbe the current scientific evidence that supports the theory of evidence that supports the theory of

the explosive expansion of the the explosive expansion of the universe, the Big Bang, over 10 universe, the Big Bang, over 10

billion years ago.billion years ago.

What is the big bang theory?What is the big bang theory?

• The big bang theory is the theory that the universe started from a single point, and has been expanding ever since.

• This has been well-established by observations, such as the apparent movement of galaxies away from us.

EvidenceEvidence

• First of all, we are reasonably certain that the universe had a beginning.

• Second, galaxies appear to be moving away from us at speeds proportional to their distance. This is called "Hubble's Law," This observation supports the expansion of the universe and suggests that the universe was once compacted.

• Third, if the universe was initially very, very hot as the Big Bang suggests, we should be able to find some remnant of this heat. In 1965, Radioastronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered a 2.725 degree Kelvin (-454.765 degree Fahrenheit, -270.425 degree Celsius) Cosmic Microwave Background radiation (CMB) which pervades the observable universe.

• Finally, the abundance of the "light elements" Hydrogen and Helium found in the observable universe are thought to support the Big Bang model of origins.

Pic of Milky Way galaxyPic of Milky Way galaxy

Explain that gravitational forces Explain that gravitational forces govern the characteristics and govern the characteristics and

movement patterns of the planets, movement patterns of the planets, comets and astroids in the solar comets and astroids in the solar

system.system.

Why do Planets go around the Why do Planets go around the sun?sun?

• The lighter object orbits the heavier one, and the Sun is, by far, the heaviest object in the solar system.

• The Sun is 1000 times heavier than the largest planet, Jupiter

• The Sun's gravity pulls on the planets.

• Inertia!

Why don’t the planets fall into the Why don’t the planets fall into the sun?sun?

• In addition to falling toward the Sun, the planets are moving sideways.

• This is the same as if you have a weight on the end of a string. If you swing it around, you are constantly pulling it toward your hand.

Planet orbitsPlanet orbits

Relative sizesRelative sizes

c.c. the width of a bookthe width of a book

Which distance can be most accurately measured with a ruler?

• a. the length of a river

• b. the distance between two cities

• c. the width of a book

• d. the size of an object under a microscope

d.d. 10001000

One kilometer equals 1000 meters. What does the prefix kilo- mean?

• a. 1 c. 100

• b. 10 d. 1000

b.b. km/hkm/h

What is the most appropriate SI unit to express the speed of a cyclist in a 10-km race?

• a. km/s c. m/s

• b. km/hd. cm/h

a.a. by driving east 3 blocks from by driving east 3 blocks from the starting pointthe starting point

A person drives north 3 blocks, then turns east and drives 3 blocks. The driver then turns south and drives 3 blocks. How could the driver have made the distance shorter while maintaining the same displacement?

• a. by driving east 3 blocks from the starting point

• b. by driving north 1 block and east 4 blocks• c. by driving west 3 blocks from the starting

point• d. by driving back to the starting point by the

same route

b.b. acceleration.acceleration.

The slope of a speed-time graph indicates

• a. direction. c. velocity.

• b. acceleration. d. speed.

a.a. the amount of time needed the amount of time needed to travel the distance.to travel the distance.

Speed is the ratio of the distance an object moves to

• a. the amount of time needed to travel the distance.

• b. the direction the object moves.

• c. the displacement of the object.

• d. the motion of the object.

b.b. the front seat of the carthe front seat of the car

A passenger in the rear seat of a car moving at a steady speed is at rest relative to

• a. the side of the road.

• b. the front seat of the car.

• c. a pedestrian on the corner ahead.

• d. the wheels of the car.

b.b. at a particular instant.at a particular instant.

Instantaneous speed is measured

• a. at the starting point.

• b. at a particular instant.

• c. when the object reaches its destination.

• d. over the duration of the trip.

c.c. speed.speed.

The slope of a line on a distance-time graph is

• a. distance. c. speed.

• b. time. d. displacement.

d.d. at rest.at rest.

A horizontal line on a distance-time graph means the object is

• a. moving at a constant speed.

• b. slowing down.

• c. moving faster.

• d. at rest.

c.c. 20 m/s20 m/s

A distance-time graph indicates that an object moves 100 m in 4 s and then remains at rest for 1 s. What is the average speed of the object?

• a. 50 m/s c. 20 m/s

• b. 25 m/s d. 100 m/s

c.c. acceleration.acceleration.

The rate at which velocity changes is called

• a. speed. c. acceleration.

• b. vectors. d. motion.

c.c. traveling around a circular traveling around a circular tracktrack

Which example describes constant acceleration due ONLY to a change in direction?

• a. increasing speed while traveling around a curve

• b. an object at rest

• c. traveling around a circular track

• d. an object in free fall

c.c. –6 m/s2–6 m/s2

An object moving at 30 m/s takes 5 s to come to a stop. What is the object’s acceleration?

• a. 30 m/s2 c. –6 m/s2

• b. –30 m/s2 d. 6 m/s2

b.b. a ball moving at a constant a ball moving at a constant speed around a circular trackspeed around a circular track

Which example identifies a change in motion that produces acceleration?

• a. a speed skater moving at a constant speed on a straight track

• b. a ball moving at a constant speed around a circular track

• c. a particle moving in a vacuum at constant velocity

• d. a vehicle moving down the street at a steady speed

d.d. all of the all of the aboveabove

An object that is accelerating may be

• a. slowing down.

• c. changing direction.

• b. gaining speed.

• d. all of the above

c.c. An object at rest has an An object at rest has an instantaneous acceleration of zero.instantaneous acceleration of zero.

Which of the following statements is true?• a. An object that is accelerating is always

changing direction.• b. An object has an instantaneous

acceleration, even if the acceleration vector is zero.

• c. An object at rest has an instantaneous acceleration of zero.

• d. Instantaneous acceleration is always changing.

d. all of the above

• In which of the following are action and reaction forces involved?

• a. when a tennis racket strikes a tennis ball

• c. when rowing a boat

• b. when stepping from a curb

• d. all of the above

a. centripetal force.

• The force that keeps an object moving in a circle is called

• a. centripetal force. c. inertia.• b. fluid friction. d. momentum.

a. fluid

• What kind of friction occurs as a fish swims through water?

• a. fluid c. sliding

• b. rolling d. static

d. newton.

• The SI unit of force is the

• a. joule. c. meter.

• b. kilogram. d. newton.

d. projectile motion.

• Figure 12-1 shows the motion of three balls. The curved paths followed by balls B and C are examples of

• a. centripetal motion.

• c. linear motion.

• b. constant motion.

• d. projectile motion.

d. the downward force of gravity and an initial forward velocity.

• Projectile motion is caused by

• a. the downward force of gravity.

• b. an initial forward velocity.

• c. a final vertical velocity.

• d. the downward force of gravity and an initial forward velocity.

d. acts in the direction opposite of motion.

• As you push a cereal box across a tabletop, the sliding friction acting on the cereal box

• a. acts in the direction of motion.

• c. is usually greater than static friction

• b. equals the weight of the box.

• d. acts in the direction opposite of motion.

a. gravity and fluid friction.

• The forces acting on a falling leaf are

• a. gravity and fluid friction.

• c. gravity and static friction.

• b. the type of tree its falling from.

• d. weight and rolling friction.

a. decreases because gravity decreases.

• On the moon your weight • a. decreases because gravity

decreases.• b. decreases because her mass

decreases.• c. increases because gravity increases.

• d. remains the same because her mass remains the same.

b. momentum

• What is conserved when two objects collide in a closed system?

• a. acceleration

• c. speed

• b. momentum

• d. velocity

d. equal to zero.

• When a pair of balanced forces acts on an object, the net force that results is

• a. greater in size than both forces combined.

• b. equal in size to one of the forces.

• c. greater in size than one of the forces.

• d. equal to zero.

c. inertia.

• The property of matter that resists changes in motion is called

• a. friction.

• c. inertia.

• b. gravity.

• d. weight.

a. mass.

• According to Newton’s second law of motion, the acceleration of an object equals the net force acting on the object divided by the object’s

• a. mass.

• c. velocity.

• b. momentum.

• d. weight.

c. mass times the gravity.

• Your weight equals your

• a. mass.

• b. mass divided by the net force acting on you.

• c. mass times the gravity.

• d. mass times your speed.

b. the object accelerates.

• When an unbalanced force acts on an object,

• a. the object’s motion does not change.

• c. the weight of the object decreases.

• b. the object accelerates.

• d. the inertia of the object increases.

c. one-third its weight on Earth’s surface.

• The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of Mars is about one-third the acceleration due to gravity on Earth’s surface. The weight of a space probe on the surface of Mars is about

• a. nine times greater than its weight on Earth’s surface.

• b. three times greater than its weight on Earth’s surface.

• c. one-third its weight on Earth’s surface.• d. the same as its weight on Earth’s surface.

b. momentum.

• The product of an object’s mass and velocity is its

• a. centripetal force.

• c. net force.

• b. momentum.

• d. weight.

a. centripetal force.

• The force that keeps an object moving in a circle is called

• a. centripetal force.

• c. inertia.

• b. fluid friction.

• d. momentum.

a. action and reaction forces.

• Newton’s third law of motion describes

• a. action and reaction forces.

• c. centripetal forces.

• b. balanced forces.

• d. net force.

b. increasing surface area.

• An open parachute increases air resistance of a falling sky diver by

• a. decreasing the weight of the diver.

• c. increasing the terminal velocity.

• b. increasing surface area.

• d. reducing fluid friction.

a. attract each other.

• When opposite poles of two magnets are brought together, the poles

• a. attract each other.

• c. cancel each other.

• b. repel each other.

• d. cause a net force of zero.

a. decreases because gravity decreases.

• As an astronaut travels far away from Earth, her weight

• a. decreases because gravity decreases.• b. decreases because her mass decreases.

• c. increases because gravity increases.• d. remains the same because her mass

remains the same.

In which of the following is no In which of the following is no work done?work done?

A. Climbing stairs

B. Lifting a book

C. Pushing a shopping cart

D. None of the above

D. None of the above

What is the unit of work?What is the unit of work?

A. Joule

B. Newton/meter

C. Watt

D. All of the above

A. Joule

If you exert a force of 10N to life a box If you exert a force of 10N to life a box a distance of .75 m, how much work do a distance of .75 m, how much work do

you do?you do?

A. .075J

B. 7.5J

C. 10.75J

D. 75J

B. 7.5J (force x distance = work) (10 x .75 = 7.5)

The SI unit of power is the The SI unit of power is the

A. Joule

B. Newton

C. Newton/meter

D. Watt

D. Watt

The power of a machine The power of a machine measuresmeasures

A. Its rate of doing work

B. Its strength

C. The force it produces

D. The work it does

A. Its rate of doing work

About 746 watts equals how About 746 watts equals how many horsepower?many horsepower?

a. One

b. Two

c. Four

d. six

A. one

When a machine does work, it can do When a machine does work, it can do all of the following EXCEPTall of the following EXCEPT

a. Change the direction of the force

b. Increase a force and change the distance a force moves

c. Increase the distance a force moves and change the direction of a force

d. Increase a force and increase the distance a force moves

d. Increase a force and increase the distance a force moves.

How can you make the work output of a How can you make the work output of a machine greater than the work input?machine greater than the work input?

a. By decreasing friction

b. By increasing the input force

c. By increasing the distance

d. None of the above

d. None of the above

The actual mechanical The actual mechanical advantage of a machine?advantage of a machine?

a. Cannot be less than 1

b. Decreases as the input distance increases

c. Increases with greater friction

d. Is less than the ideal mechanical advantage of the machine

d. Is the less than the ideal mechanical advantage of the machine.

The efficiency of a machine is always The efficiency of a machine is always less than 100 percent becauseless than 100 percent because

a. A machine cannot have an IMA greater than 1.

b. Some work input is lost to friction.

c. The work input is too small

d. The work output is too great.

b. Some work input is lost to friction.

An inclined plane reduces the An inclined plane reduces the effort force byeffort force by

a. Increasing the distance through which the force is applied.

b. Increasing the workc. Reducing the effort distanced. Reducing the work

a. Increasing the distance through which the force is applied.

An ax is an example of a An ax is an example of a

a. Inclined plane

b. Lever

c. Wedge

d. Wheel and axle

c. wedge

Which of the following is an Which of the following is an example of a wheel and axle?example of a wheel and axle?

a. Doorknob

b. An automobile steering wheel

c. A jar lid

d. A pencil

b. An automobile steering wheel

An example of a compound An example of a compound machine is a machine is a

a. Crowbar

b. Bicycle

c. Ramp

d. seesaw

b. bicycle

A machine is classified as a A machine is classified as a compound machine if it compound machine if it

a. Has moving parts

b. Has an IMA greater than 1

c. Is made up of two or more simple machines that operate together

d. Is very efficient

c. Is made up of two or more simple machines that operate together

Name and give an Name and give an example of the 6 types example of the 6 types

of simple machines.of simple machines.1.1. LeverLever

2.2. Inclined planeInclined plane

3.3. Wheel and axleWheel and axle

4.4. ScrewScrew

5.5. WedgeWedge

6.6. PulleyPulley

a. kinetic energy.

• The energy of motion is called

• a. kinetic energy.

• c. thermal energy.

• b. potential energy.

• d. work.

b. 60 J

• A small 30-kilogram canoe is floating downriver at a speed of 2 m/s. What is the canoe’s kinetic energy? (Kinetic energy = 1/2mv2)

• a. 32 J c. 120 J

• b. 60 J d. 900 J

b. waterb. water

• Nonrenewable energy resources include all of the following EXCEPT

• a. coal. c. oil.

• b. water d. uranium.

c. massc. mass

• The equation E = mc2 relates energy and

• a. force. c. mass.

• b. gravity. d. work.

c. kinetic energy plus its potential energy.

• The mechanical energy of an object equals its

• a. chemical energy plus its nuclear energy.

• b. nuclear energy.• c. kinetic energy plus its potential

energy.• d. thermal energy

d. all of the above

• Which of the following statements is true according to the law of conservation of energy?

• a. Energy cannot be created.• b. Energy cannot be destroyed.• c. Energy can be converted from one

form to another.• d. all of the above

c. electromagneticc. electromagnetic

• Solar cells convert what type of energy into electrical energy?

• a. chemical

• b. nuclear

• c. electromagnetic

• d. thermal

a. chemical energy.

• The energy stored in gasoline is

• a. chemical energy.

• c. mechanical energy.

• b. electromagnetic energy.

• d. nuclear energy.

a. energya. energy

• Work is a transfer of

• a. energy. c. mass.

• b. force. d. motion.

d. thermal energy

• Which of the following increases when an object becomes warmer?

• a. chemical energy

• c. nuclear energy

• b. elastic potential energy

• d. thermal energy

b. its speed.

• An object’s gravitational potential energy is directly related to all of the following EXCEPT

• a. its height relative to a reference level.

• b. its speed.• c. its mass.• d. the acceleration due to gravity.

c. 19.6 J

• A 1-kilogram cat is resting on top of a bookshelf that is 2 meters high. What is the cat’s gravitational potential energy relative to the floor if the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2?(Potential Energy = m * g * h)

• a. 6 J c. 19.6 J• b. 8 J d. 78 J

d. all of the above

• Which of the following is an example of an object with elastic potential energy?

• a. a wind-up toy that has been wound up

• c. a stretched rubber band• b. a compressed basketball• d. all of the above

d. all of the above

• Which of the following is an example of an object with elastic potential energy?

• a. a wind-up toy that has been wound up

• c. a stretched rubber band• b. a compressed basketball• d. all of the above

d. thermal energy

• Which of the following increases when an object becomes warmer?

• a. chemical energy

• c. nuclear energy

• b. elastic potential energy

• d. thermal energy

a. chemical energy.

• The energy stored in gasoline is

• a. chemical energy.

• c. mechanical energy.

• b. electromagnetic energy.

• d. nuclear energy.

d. all of the above

• Which of the following statements is true according to the law of conservation of energy?

• a. Energy cannot be created.• b. Energy cannot be destroyed.• c. Energy can be converted from one

form to another.• d. all of the above

b. kinetic energy plus its potential energy.

• The mechanical energy of an object equals its

• a. chemical energy plus its nuclear energy.

• c. nuclear energy.

• b. kinetic energy plus its potential energy.

b. car

• Which of the following types of transportation is NOT mass transportation?

• a. bus c. commercial airplane

• b. car d. train

d. constructive interference

• What happens when two waves meet and create a wave with a taller amplitude?

• a. destructive interference

• c. a date

• b. no one knows

• d. constructive interference

d. All of the aboved. All of the above

• Which type of mechanical wave needs a source of energy to produce it?

a. Transverse wave

b. Longitudinal wave

c. Surface wave

d. All of the above

c. Longitudinal wavec. Longitudinal wave

• Which wave cause the medium to vibrate only in a direction parallel to wave’s motion?

a. Transverse wave

b. Surface wave

c. Longitudinal wave

d. None of the above

c. Enter a new medium at an anglec. Enter a new medium at an angle

• For refraction to occur in a wave, the wave must

a. Strike an obstacle larger then the wavelength

b. Change direction within a medium

c. Enter a new medium at an angle

d. Enter a new medium head-on

c. Like a slinkyc. Like a slinky

• In an earthquake, a P wave is a longitudinal wave. It moves through soil and rock

a. Wavy line

b. Not at all

c. Like a slinky

d. Like an ocean wave

d. None of the aboved. None of the above

• Amplitude is

a. How high the wave gets

b. How wide the wave gets

c. The pitch of the wave

d. None of the above

d. reflectiond. reflection

• When a wave strikes a solid barrier, it behaves like a basketball hitting a backboard. This wave barrier is called

a. Constructive interference

b. Diffraction

c. Refraction

d. Reflection

b. Transfer energy through a b. Transfer energy through a mediummedium

• Transverse and longitudinal waves both

a. Have compressions and rarefactions

b. Transfer energy through a medium

c. Move at right angles to the vibration of the medium

d. Are capable of moving the medium a long distance.

d. Surface waved. Surface wave

• A disturbance sends ripples across water in a tub. These ripples are an example of a

a. Rarefaction

b. Longitudinal wave

c. Compression

d. Surface wave

d. The Doppler effectd. The Doppler effect

• An ambulance siren sounds different as it approaches you than when it moves away from you. What scientific term would you use to explain how this happens?

a. Ultrasound

b. Diffraction

c. Rarefaction

d. The Doppler effect

b. Longitudinal waveb. Longitudinal wave

• A sound wave is an example of a

a. Transverse wave

b. Longitudinal wave

c. Standing wave

d. Surface wave

c. The time delay of the returning c. The time delay of the returning echoesechoes

• Sonar equipment sends sound waves into deep water and measures

a. Refraction of the transmitted wave

b. Only the direction of the reflected wave

c. The time delay of the returning echoes

d. Interference of the transmitted and reflected waves

d. All of the aboved. All of the above

• A mechanical wave moves through a medium, which can be

a. Liquid c. gas

b. Solid d. all of the above

B. Wavelength and frequency B. Wavelength and frequency

• Electromagnetic Waves vary in – A. the speed they travel in a vacuum– B. Wavelength and frequency – C. the way they reflect– D. Their direction

A. wavelengthA. wavelength

• To calculate the frequency of an electromagnetic wave, you need to know the speed of the wave and its– A. wavelength– B. Intensity– C. Refraction– D. Amplitude

C. both wave and a particleC. both wave and a particle

• Light acts like– A. A wave– B. A particle– C. both wave and a particle– D. neither a wave nor a particle.

B. a stream of particlesB. a stream of particles

• Because light travels in a straight line and casts a shadow, Isaac Newton hypothesized that light is– A. radiation– B. a stream of particles– C. a wave– D. heat

• Which of the following occurs as light travels farther from its source?

• a. Far from the source, photons spread through a small area.

• b. The intensity of light increases as photons move away from the source.

• c. The source gives off less light as photons move away from it.

• d. Farther from the source, photons spread over a larger area.

d. Farther from the source, photons spread over a larger area.

c.c. radio waves.radio waves.

• Infrared rays have a shorter wavelength than

• a. ultraviolet rays.

• c. radio waves.

• b. X-rays.

• d. gamma rays.

c.c. the electromagnetic spectrum.the electromagnetic spectrum.

• The full range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation is called

• a. visible light.

• c. the electromagnetic spectrum.

• b. radio waves.

• d. invisible radiation.

b.b. radio waves.radio waves.

• The waves with the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum are

• a. infrared rays. c. gamma rays.

• b. radio waves. d. X-rays.

c.c. infrared rays and ultraviolet infrared rays and ultraviolet rays.rays.

• The visible light spectrum ranges between

• a. radar waves and X-rays.

• c. infrared rays and ultraviolet rays.

• b. television waves and infrared rays.

• d. ultraviolet rays and gamma rays.

d.d. microwaves.microwaves.

• Cellular telephones utilize

• a. radar waves.

• c. very low frequency waves.

• b. very high frequency waves.

• d. microwaves.

b.b. as dark, highly exposed areas.as dark, highly exposed areas.

• X-ray photographs show softer tissue

• a. as invisible.

• c. the same as dense bones.

• b. as dark, highly exposed areas.

• d. as bright white areas.

a.a. scatters some light.scatters some light.

• A translucent material

• a. scatters some light.

• c. absorbs all light.

• b. transmits all light.

• d. reflects all light.

c.c. opaque-translucent-transparentopaque-translucent-transparent

• In order of the light-transmitting capabilities of materials from none to all, which is the correct sequence?

• a. transparent-opaque-translucent

• c. opaque-translucent-transparent

• b. opaque-transparent-translucent

• d. translucent-transparent-opaque

b.b. refractionrefraction

• Which of the following occurs as a light wave bends when it passes from one medium into another?

• a. constructive interference

• c. destructive interference

• b. refraction

• d. reflection

c.c. all the colors of the visible all the colors of the visible spectrum.spectrum.

• Newton’s prism experiments showed that white sunlight is made up of

• a. the full electromagnetic spectrum.

• c. all the colors of the visible spectrum.

• b. only blue light when separated by a prism.

• d. only the longest wavelengths.

d.d. dispersion.dispersion.

• When droplets of water in the atmosphere act like prisms, the colors in sunlight undergo

• a. interference. c. polarization.

• b. absorption. d. dispersion.

a.a. color of the object.color of the object.

• What an object is made of and the color of light that strikes it determines the

• a. color of the object.

• c. opacity of the object.

• b. transparency of the object.

• d. translucence of the object.

d.d. blue, green, and red.blue, green, and red.

• The primary colors of light are

• a. green, blue, and black.

• c. red, yellow, and blue.

• b. cyan, magenta, and yellow.

• d. blue, green, and red.

c.c. sodium-vapor lights.sodium-vapor lights.

• Many streets and parking lots are illuminated with

• a. laser lights.

• c. sodium-vapor lights.

• b. tungsten-halogen lights.

• d. fluorescent lights.

B. Local levelB. Local level

A town’s decision about how to dispose of its trash is a decision made at a

a. Personal level

b. Local level

c. National level

d. Global level

A. Logging MethodsA. Logging Methods

Clear-cutting and selective cutting or two examples of

a. Logging methods

b. Stustainable forestry

c. Renewable resources

d. Nonrenewable resources

D. overfishingD. overfishing

Catching fish at a rate faster than they can breed is called

a. Aquaculture

b. Sustainable yield

c. Fishing limits

d. overfishing

B. Habitat fragmentationB. Habitat fragmentation

Which of the following is not an effective way to preserve biodiversity?

a. Captive breeding

b. Habitat fragmentation

c. Laws and treaties

d. Habitat preservation

B. Tropical rain forestsB. Tropical rain forests

The most diverse ecosystems in the world are?

a. temperate rain forests

b. Tropical rain forests

c. Coral reefs

d. Boreal forests

d. Keystone speciesd. Keystone species

A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem is known as a

a. Exotic species

b. Endangered species

c. Threatened species

d. Keystone species

C. Habitat destructionC. Habitat destruction

The major cause of extinction is

a. Poaching

b. Pollution

c. Habitat destruction

d. Introduction of exotic species

a. Captive breedinga. Captive breeding

The mating of animals in zoos or wildlife preserves is called

a. Captive breeding

b. Habitat preservation

c. Poaching

d. Gene diversity

b. Adaptation to the b. Adaptation to the environmentenvironment

The ability of a plant species to fight disease is a result of its

a. Uniform gene pool

b. Adaptation of the environment

c. Biodiversity

d. viewpoint