SEMANTIC (Presupposition)
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Transcript of SEMANTIC (Presupposition)
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PRESUPPOSITION
Presented By:
6th Group
Aghnia Amanah Sari Proyadie
Dewi Mariana Siahaan
Frasasti Wahyu Nuraeni
Imelda
Rizki Amalia
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Presupposition derives from the word to pre-suppose that means before the speaker discussing about something and what he/she will be delivered is understood by the other person.
Speakers, not sentences, have
presupposition, symbolized as >> stands for ‘presupposes’.
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The relationship between two presuppositions:
John’s car is new (p)John has a car (q)
P>>q = p presupposes q
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CONSTANCY UNDER NEGATION
When the speaker produces the opposite of the sentence by negating, she/he finds that the relationship of the presupposition does not change.
John’s car is not new (not p)John has a car (q)
Although p is negating (not p) but it still true and make presupposition if John has a car
(q)
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TYPES OF PRESUPPOSITION
George Yule has classified Presupposition into 6 types:
• Existential Presupposition (the X >> X exist)• Factive Presupposition• Lexical Presupposition
• Structural Presupposition• Non-Factive Presupposition
• Counterfactual Presupposition
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EXISTENTIAL PRESUPPOSITION (THE X >> X EXIST)
For Example: Noun Phrase:
The Students feel asleep
Possessive Construction:John’s car is new.
It can presuppose that John exist and he has a car.
Kinds: Noun Phrase Possessive Construction
Definition:Entities named by the speaker and assumed
to be present.
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FACTIVE PRESUPPOSITION
The presupposed information following a verb like realize, regret, aware, know, odd, be glad,
be sorry, etc. and can be considered as a fact. He did not realize he was ill (>> he was ill) He regrets telling him (>> he told him) Everybody knows that John is a gay (>> John is a gay)
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LEXICAL PRESUPPOSITION
In using one word, the speaker can act as if another meaning will be understood.
For Example: He stopped smoking (>> he
used to smoking) You are late again (>> you are late
before) Are you still such a bad driver? (>> you
are bad driver)
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STRUCTURAL PRESUPPOSITION
For Example: When did he realize he was poor?
(>> he was poor) How did you know about John? (>> you
know about John)
It is the assumption associated with the use of certain structures. Sentence structure is already
assumed to be true. WH-Question Construction
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NON-FACTIVE PRESUPPOSITIONIt is an assumption referred to something that is not true. Verbs like dream, imagine and pretend are used with the presupposition that what follows is not true.
. I dreamed that I have many cars (>> I do not have many cars) She imagined that she is an actress (>> she is not an actress) He pretended to be rich (>> he is not rich)
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COUNTERFACTUAL PRESUPPOSITION
It is assumption that what is presupposed is not only untrue, but is the opposite of what is true, or contrary to facts.
For Example: If I had Monas, I would stay there (>> I
do not have Monas) If she had a wing, she would fly to the sky (>>
she does not have a wing) If he was a prince, he would have a temple (>> he
is not a prince)
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CONCLUSION
Presupposition is someone that had understand what the speaker said although the speaker did not mention it (implicit assumption) and its often contradiction with what the speaker have said.
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION