Semantic Copyright Expression Options
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3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
Which route should we follow, when representing CC+ ?
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
Where are we now?
• osAlliance is running two registries– digital timestamping as key asset– storage– certificates– double licensing, including payment clearance
• osAlliance business model– co-operative with 46 IT / media / design consultants– Open Source / Open Content / Open Innovation – We mainly do consultancy in complex
environments– We run laboratories and infrastructure for our
members
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
Intermediaries collect and distribute• Rights Collecting
Societies• Cultural Flat Rate
• Revenue Sharing Providers
• CCplus
Do you remember the Creative Commons slogan: Skip the Intermediaries?
But: CC non-commercial license options still dominate!
CC-nc: 67,5% in 2006 (http://wiki.creativecommons.org/License_statistics)
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
International Standard Recording Code The ISRC system is the key to royalty collection for
recordings in the digital information age.• ISRC is a unique, reliable, international identification
system.• ISRC provides a unique tool for the purpose of rights
administration.• ISRC is a useful identification tool in the electronic
distribution of music.• ISRC coding is compatible with standards developed
in the field of consumer electronics and is readable by hardware already used in the recording industry.
• ISRC is cost effective - it can be put into operation without requiring special investment in equipment or technologies.
http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_resources/isrc_handbook.html
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
CC+ in CC Rights Expression Language• ccREL
– Creative Commons Rights Expression Language (ccREL) is a proposed metadata language for descriptive metadata to be appended to media that is licensed under any of the Creative Commons licenses. According to the draft submitted to the W3C, it is to come in the forms of RDFa for (x)HTML pages and XMP for standalone media.
• RDFa– RDFa (or Resource Description Framework - in -
attributes) is a set of extensions to XHTML which is now a W3C Recommendation. RDFa uses attributes from XHTML's meta and link elements, and generalises them so that they are usable on all elements. This allows annotating XHTML markup with semantics.Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at
<a rel="cc:morePermissions" href="http://www.registeredcommons.org/grid/RC-01-LIZ0000000829-8">Registered Commons</a>.
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
• ccREL used by Creative Commons schema– enough for CC licenses– but does not scale to CC+ scenarios– CC Schema (18 classes, 10 properties)
• XML approaches (ODRL, MPEG-21 REL,...)– XML limited expressivity, just formal syntax– Internet/Web is open and heterogeneous– Copyright is a complex domain – Requires high level of abstraction
(not bits or pixels)
Limitations with ccREL
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
Semantic approaches
• ODRL – The Open Digital Rights Language (ODRL) Initiative is
an international effort aimed at developing and promoting an open standard for rights expressions.http://www.w3.org/TR/odrl/
• RDF/OWL – The Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a family of
knowledge representation languages for authoring ontologies, and is endorsed by the W3C. http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-ref/
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
• Profit from the greater expressive power of
Web Ontologies:– formal models for Creative Commons and CC+– expressive enough for Private Copy,…– put it into play in a Semantic Copyright Management
System– reuse Semantic Web reasoning support in order to
facilitate implementation– model ODRL using RDF/OWL and then plug ccREL to
it using RDFa
• Use Copyright Ontology building blocks…– CopyrightOnto (99 classes, 42 properties)– http://rhizomik.net/ontologies/copyrightonto
Idea
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
Let's define “root” semantic elements first
ODRL “Duplicate”
Reproduction Right
Copy
MPEG-21 “Adapt”
CC “Reproduction”
Copyright
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
Copyright Ontology
Creation, Rights and Actions Models
CopyrightOnto
Fixation
Instance
Manifestation
Work
Performance
Objects Processes
Communication
AbstractionsGoethe’s
Faust
Creation Model
CopyrightOnto
Copyright
EconomicRights
RelatedRights
MoralRights
DistributionRight
ReproductionRight
PublicPerformanceRight
FixationRight
CommunicationRight
AttributionRight
TransformationRight
IntegrityRight
DisclosureRight
WithdrawalRight
PermorfersRights
ProducersRights
BroadcastersRights
RentalRight
ImportationRight
SoundRecordRight
MotionPictureRight
BroadcastingRight
MakingAvailableRight
AdaptationRight
TranslationRight
Rights Model
Connect building blocks with actions
Fixation
Instance
Manifestation
Work
Performance
manifest
perform
improvise
fix
reproduce
reproduce
Objects Processes
Communicationcommunicate
Abstractions
transform
distribute retransmit
CopyrightOntoAction Model
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
• Actions governed by Economic Rights:– Reproduction Right:
copy– Distribution Right:
distribute; sell, rent, lend
– Public Performance Right: perform
– Fixation Right: record
– Communication Right: communicate; retransmit, broadcast, make
available – Transformation Right:
transform; adapt, translate
CopyrightOntoAction Model
CopyrightOnto
• End-user actions, to use a…– manifestation: buy – instance: buy– performance: assist– communication: access
• broadcast: tune • something made available: access
picture, sculpture
book, CD, DVD
projection, recital, exhibition
TV channel, radio station
web page, stream
Action Model
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
• License building primitives:– Event Patterns:
to state what is obliged, permitted or prohibited• Built from actions and case roles
CopyrightOnto
All copy events performed by any person who copies any instance getting a copy instance and whose aim is private
Action Model
Copy
agent
aim
Person
theme
private
result
Instance
Instance
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
• License building primitives:– Agree: model permissions
• theme points to the permitted event pattern
CopyrightOntoAction Model
Agree
Copy
agent
aim
Person
theme
theme
private
result
Instance
Instance
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
• License building primitives:– consequence: model obligations
• Points to the obliged event pattern
– condition: model a priori conditions• Points to the condition event pattern
– Disagree: model prohibitions• theme points to the prohibited event pattern
– Other concepts:• Transfer: models interchanges, commercial or
not.• Time/Location• Rules (provide named variables)• ...
CopyrightOntoAction Model
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
CC by-sa license using CopyrighOnto:
CopyrightOntoScenarios
A: copy, distribute, communicate and make available manifestations of “myWork” if attribution
C: authorise derivations of the work
B: the same terms for derivations
Copy ⊔Distribute ⊔
Communicate ⊔MakeAvailable
MyManifestation
theme
myWork
Attribute
condition
me
theme
recipient
Agree
theme
Derive
theme
theme
NewManifestation
newWork
result
isManifestationOf
isDerivationOf
Copy ⊔Distribute ⊔
Communicate ⊔MakeAvailable
theme
themecondition
isManifestationOf
A B
C
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
Private Copy using CopyrightOnto:
CopyrightOnto
Agree
Copy
agent
aim
Person
theme
theme
private
result
Instance
Agree
Use
agent
theme
theme
Instance
Person?x isDirectlyRelatedTo
?y
Scenarios
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
• Concentrate on semantics• Ontology, more expressivity
– formalise CC licenses but also CC+ ones
• Facilitates implementation and interoperability– reasoners for license checking
• Easy to integrate with ccREL– based on RDF/OWL so expressive as RDFa
Conclusions
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
Copyright Ontology
Implementation
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
• One conceptual model, many implementations
• Semantic Web implementation with OWL
• OWL-DL variant– enables tractable and decidable
reasoning for use-license checking, scalability
• Additionally, Semantic Web rules
CopyrightOnto
OWL Full OWL DL OWL Lite
+ expressivity
- complexity
Implementation
• Rights and License Patterns implemented as Classes– Copyright, Reproduction Right,
Copy, CopyPattern,...
• Uses implemented as Instances– u
• if u ∈ Copy Pattern thenlicense pattern authorises u
CopyrightOnto
Reproduction Right
Copy
Copyright
CopyPattern
u
?
Implementation
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
• License Pattern Classbuilt from constraints on kinds of actions, agents, time points, locations, etc.
• OWL Building Blocks– Classes for actions (e.g. Copy)– Logical operators (AND, OR, NOT)– OWL Restrictions, constraints on case roles
(e.g. agent all values from PublisherSubscribers)
CopyrightOntoImplementation
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
Copy
pointInTime [2007/01/01-2007/06/30]
agent = Publisher Subscribers
them
e =
doi:1
0.10
32/..
.
aim = Non-Commercial
copy theme doi:10.1032/…
pointInTime ≥2007/07/01
licensed actions
• Copy pattern restricted to:– digital object (theme)– group of users (agent)
• or– non-commercial (aim)
• depending on – time range (pointInTime)
CopyrightOntoImplementation
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
• Patterns permitted by Agree actions and prohibited by Disagree ones
CopyrightOnto
Copyall copy actions Pattern 2
Pattern 2’
Allowed
Pattern 1
Agree
Disagree
Agree
Implementation
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
• OWL-DL reasoners services:– Satisfiability: consistency, license verification
– Subsumption: compute subclasses• License interactions• License search
– Instance Checking: class an individual belongs to
• Check uses against licenses
– Other: • Debugging, justifications for reasoning
conclusions
CopyrightOnto
Pattern A
Pattern B
Pattern
Use
Implementation
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
Overview on Semantic Web
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
• Semantic Web proposal– Web + Knowledge Representation– Web wide formal semantics
• RDF: semantic net, graph model• RDF Schema: classes, inheritance,…• Web Ontology Language (OWL)
– OWL-DL: scalable(decidable and tractable)
• Semantic Web Rules
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
Album
Listcontains
Song "..."
"..."title
item_1 title
item_2Song "..."title
MusicGroupauthor
author
release
• RDF provides graph model:
• Graph can model:– trees (XML)– tables (DBs)
Graph model
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
SongClass
AudioClass
subClassOf
http://music.org/song1
type
titleProperty
attributeProperty
subPropertyOf
LiteralClass
“...”
title
type
domain
range
RDFSchema
RD
F
type
• RDFSchema: OOP-like primitives– type– class, property– subclass, subproperty– domain, range
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
• Web Ontology Language (OWL)– Logic reasoning– Primitives for semantic interoperability
• Equivalent classes and propertiesequivalentClass, equivalentProperty
• Disjoint classesdisjointWith
• Inverse, transitive, symmetric propertiesinverseOf, TransitiveProperty, SymmetricProperty
• CardinalitymaxCardinality, minCardinality
• Unique value propertiesFunctionalProperty
• Identificative properties InverseFunctionalProperty
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
Where do we arrive with a semantic web approach?
•Compatibility with ccREL
•Ability to express public domain
•Represent moral rights
•Track revocations
•Connectors to intermediaries
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
Help content manage users or help users manage content?
Simply leave commercial exploitation in the dust?
How shall we handle dead pointers
to more permission URLs?
How can we represent dual licensing properly?
3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works
Contact
Roland [email protected]+43 664 1547588
Roberto [email protected]