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Impact of Vehicular Pollution on Urban Air Quality Standards in New Delhi, India and its Implications on Human HealthPrabhakar, V.; Rustogi, P. ; Kumar, A. ; Dutt, M. ; Sharma, S. Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi-1100421. IntroductionIn India, pollution has become a great topic of debate at all levels; especially air pollution that is caused due to enhanced anthropogenic activities such as burning of fossil fuels, namely natural gas, coal and oil to power industrial processes and motor vehicles.

Among harmful chemical compounds, this burning puts carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and tiny solid particles - including lead from gasoline additives called particulates into the atmosphere.

Transport heralds the economic development of a region and plays a very crucial role in its urbanisation.

Delhi, one of the fastest growing economic centres of South Asia, has seen a rapid increase in vehicular population in the past decade.Delhi currently accounts for about 8% of the total registered vehicles in India.

Vehicular pollution - both diesel and petrol-induced continues to be the major problem for Indias capital New Delhi, which has the highest number of automobiles in the country.

Presently, more than 1300 tonnes of pollutants are emitted by the vehicles plying in DelhiCauses of Air Pollution in Delhi

Delhi has 85 private cars per 1000 population against the national average of 8 private cars per 1000 population. Delhi has the largest number of vehicles compared to any other Indian city. Currently, vehicular pollution contributes to 72% of the total air pollution load in Delhi .2. Monitoring and Assessment of Air Pollution in Delhi, IndiaThe National Air Monitoring Programme (NAMP) is a nation-wide program headed by the Central Pollution Control Board whose purpose is to monitor levels of key air pollutants, report violations, and conduct research on pollution trends.

NAMP monitors level of SO2, NO2, Particulate Matter at 342 operating stations in India.

Delhi Pollution Control Committee presently monitors air quality through online continuous air quality monitoring stations like Punjabi Bagh, Civil Lines etc.Monitoring and Data CollectionSimilarly data about Particulate Concentration & Meteorological Condition can also be sourced from the website.ParametersPrescribed StandardAmmonia400 g/m3Benzene05 g/m3(Annual)Carbon Monoxide04 g/m3Nitrogen Dioxide80 g/m3Nitrogen Oxide-Oxides of Nitrogen-Ozone180 g/m3P-Xylene-Sulphur Dioxide80 g/m3Toluene-Ambient Air Quality Index Calculation of AQI from Pollutant Concentration:

The Air Quality Index (AQI) is an index for reporting daily air quality, which is used by the DPCC.

Ip = (IHi-ILo)*(Cp -BPLo) +ILo (BPHi-BPLo) Where, Ip =the index for pollutant pCp = the rounded concentration of pollutant pBPLo = the breakpoint i.e. less than or equal to CpBPHi = the breakpoint i.e. greater than or equal to CpIHi = the AQI value corresponding to BPHiILo = the AQI value corresponding to BPLoO3 (ppm)8-hourO3 (ppm)1-hourPM10(g/m3)PM2.5(g/m3)CO(ppm)SO2 (ppm)NO2(ppm)AQICategory0.000-0.064-0 - 540.0-15.40.0 - 4.40.000-0.034No short-term NAAQS and can generate an AQI only above a value of 2000 - 50Good0.065 -0.084-55-15415.5-40.44.5 - 9.40.035-0.1440.085-0.1040.125-0.164155-25440.5-65.49.5-12.40.145-0.224101 - 150 Unhealthy forSensitive Groups0.105-0.1240.165-0.204255-35465.5-150.412.5-15.40.225-0.304151 - 200 Unhealthy0.125-0.374(0.155-0.404)*0.205-0.404355-424150.5-250.415.5-30.40.305-0.6040.65-1.24201 - 300Very unhealthyValues do not define higher AQI values0.405-0.504425-504250.5-350.430.5-40.40.605-0.8041.25-1.64301 - 400HazardousBreakpoints for the Air Quality Index

Real-time AQI for R. K. Puram, India as of 30th April, 2015 at 1700 hrs. at http://aqicn.orgAir pollution has both acute and chronic effects on human health, affecting a number of different systems and organs.

Studies of respiratory disease patterns have shown a direct correlation between particulate air pollution and incidence of respiratory disease, which is aggravated by particulate matter concentration.

An increase in the incidence of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases was also noted in older persons.

An association between air pollution exposure and cancer has been reported in laboratory animals and in human subjects by epidemiological studies.3. Impact on Human Health

Mechanisms by which some key pollutants in smoke may increase the risk of respiratory and other health problems4. MitigationMeasures suggested for reducing pollution from vehicles in Delhi:By the construction of expressways and grade-separated junctions, the load of transportation and traffic will reduce which will lead to a reduction in exhaust fumes.

Phasing out of older buses will help reduce pollutants as older buses were far more polluting.

Increased number of buses and other public transportation models should be encouraged

Introduction of one-way streets, synchronised signals, and traffic-control systems can help systems the transportation system in the city. By doing so, more order will be introduced and the incidence of accidents will reduce considerably

Additional Control Measures and their benefits:In response to writ petition filed in 1985 of acute problem of vehicular pollution in Delhi, the Supreme Court of India ordered the shutdown of hazardous, noxious industries and hot-mix plants and brick kilns operating in Delhi. Such measures have helped to reduce pollution within the city borders.

Central Pollution Control Board demonstrated that spending 8-10 h in clean indoor environment can reduce health effects of exposure to chronic air pollution

Use of lower-emission motor vehicles results in a significant gain in disability-adjusted life-years in Delhi.5. ConclusionAir Pollution in Delhi is a result of multiple sectors.

Public participation is crucial in order to make a palpable effect in the reduction of pollution.

By switching off vehicles during traffic signals and switching to hybrid cars; using CNG or choosing to cycle, air pollution levels will reduce.

To improve air quality, usage of public transport needs to be promoted. For example, the Delhi Metro can be encouraged by provision of adequate number of feeder buses.

After extension of the Delhi Metro, significant reductions in carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was observed at a major traffic intersection in central Delhi. Hence, there is already a favourable impact of the Delhi Metro on Delhis air pollution.

Preventive action is critical for good public health management and must be a top priority for the Delhi Government.

More frequent checking of Pollution under Control Certificates needs to be undertaken by the civic authorities to ensure that vehicles are emitting gases within permissible norms

On the basis of above analysis we suggest that the Government of Delhi boost the habit of using public transportation among peoples and strictly implement the motor-vehicle norms for reducing the level of general pollution and air pollution in particular to Delhi.

Impact of Vehicular Pollution on Urban Air Quality Standards in New Delhi, India and its Implications on Human HealthA Review Report by:1. Paridhi Rustogi (DTU/2K13/ENE/031)2. Vinay Prabhakar (DTU/2K13/ENE/058)3. Minakshi Dutt (DTU/2K13/ENE/023)4. Sakshi Sharma (DTU/2K13/ENE/045)5. Anil Kumar (DTU/2K13/ENE/007)1. Goyal, P. & Sidhartha. Present Scenario of Air Quality in Delhi: A Case Study of CNG Implementation. Atmos. Environ. 37, 54235431(2003).2. Sindhwani, R. & Goyal, P. Assessment of Traffic-generated Gaseous and Particulate Matter Emissions and Trends Over Delhi (2000-2010). Atmos. Pollut. Res. 5, 438446 (2014).3. Kumar, A. Status of Vehicular Pollution in NCT of Delhi. Int. J. Adv. Res. Manag. Soc. Sci. 1, 85100 (2012).4. Central Pollution Control Board. Natonal Ambient Air Quality Standards. (2009).5. Balachandran, S., Meena, B. R. & Khillare, P. S. Particle Size Distribution and its Elemental Composition in the Ambient Air of Delhi.Environ. Int. 26, 4954 (2000).6. Govt. of NCT of Delhi. Transport In Delhi. Economic Survey of Delhi (2012-2013) 163177 (2012).7. Goyal, S. K., Ghatge, S. V, Nema, P. & M Tamhane, S. Understanding Urban Vehicular Pollution Problem vis-a-vis Ambient Air Quality-Case Study of a Megacity (Delhi, India). Environ. Monit. Assess. 119, 55769 (2006).

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