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Е.Р. Фонтанова

SELF-STUDY BOOK IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR (FOR JUNIOR STUDENTS OF THE HUMANITIES)

Под общей редакцией Л.В.Кулик

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Unit 1.

Content

Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect Continuous Past Simple, Present Perfect Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous Past Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, Past Simple, Present Perfect Future Simple, Future Continuous, Future Perfect, Future Perfect Continuous Future Forms

• Future Simple, Present Continuous

• Future Simple, be going to Questions Participles Key

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Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect Continuous. Present Simple Continuous

Perfect Continuous

Действие обычное, регулярно повторяющееся.

Действие в развитии, незаконченное, происходящее в настоящий момент.

Действие, начавшееся до настоящего момента, длившееся в течение некоторого периода времени и продолжающееся в момент речи или закончившееся непосредственно перед моментом речи.

пишет каждый день/ стихи/ красиво

пишет сейчас пишет уже час/ с двух часов

writes is writing has been writing V, V-s

am is V-ing are

have been V-ing has

1. Translate into English. Key: сейчас. I am writing now. 1. Я пишу уже 20 минут. I have been writing for 20 minutes. аккуратно. I write neatly. английский язык (а не

немецкий). I learn English (but not German).

2. Я изучаю английский язык уже 4 года. I have already been learning English for 4 years.

английский сейчас. (Не мешай мне.)

I am learning English now. (Don’t bother me.)

7 часов в день. He works 7 hours a day. 3. Он работает

сейчас. (Не мешай ему.) He is working now. (Don’t bother him)

здесь уже несколько лет. He has already been working here for several years.

на трёх языках. He speaks three languages. 4. Он говорит по-английски с пяти лет. He has been speaking English since he was

five. по телефону. (Не прерывайте

его.) He is speaking on the telephone. (Don’t interrupt him.)

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сейчас.(Не выходи на улицу.) It is raining now. (Don’t go out/) 5. Дождь идёт осенью часто. It often rains in autumn. уже два часа. It has already been raining for two hours. всегда дома. He always has dinner at home. 6. Он обедает сейчас. He is having dinner now. уже 20 минут. He has already been having dinner 2. Put the following sentences into negative and interrogative forms, using the models.

Present Simple

Model 1: You live in Germany. Do you (I, we, they) live in Germany? You don’t live in Germany.

1. They speak Chinese. 2. The Americans sometimes find it difficult to accept the more formal Japanese manners. 3. Englishmen seldom speak at breakfast. 4. We live in a global village.

Model 2: He (she) lives in Denmark. Does he (she) live in Denmark? He doesn’t live in Denmark.

1. He likes to talk business before dinner. 2. My friend knows Japanese well. 3. Our teacher speaks French well. 4. Her brother lives in Japan.

Present Continuous

Model 3: You are reading this book now. Are you reading now? You are not reading this book now. Model 4: She (he) is reading now. Is she (he) reading now? She (he) is not reading.

1. She is having a French lesson now. 2. They are translating an article from Dutch into Russian. 3. She is listening to the news now. 4. The economy of this country is developing very fast.

Present Perfect Continuous

Model 5: We have been learning German for two years. Have you been learning…? We have not been learning … Model 6: She (he) has been learning Spanish for two years. Has she (he) been learning…? She (he) has not been learning …

1. They have been living in the United States for two years. 2. She has been working for the Chinese company for a year. 3. He has been waiting for him since two o’clock. 4. He has been leading a quiet life since he retired.

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3. Translate into English using the Active Vocabulary and Present Tenses. advantage 1. Проживание в большом городе имеет как преимущества, так и

недостатки. 2. Ведь все понимают преимущества хорошего образования? 3. Общепризнанно, что английский язык имеет преимущество над

другими языками. 4. Компания постепенно добивается над конкурентами преимущества

благодаря высокому качеству её продукции. 5. Этот метод имеет то преимущество, что экономит массу времени. 6. Те, кто не могут пользоваться компьютером, находятся в очень

невыгодном положении. 7. Его дети очень непослушные. Они всегда пользуются его мягким

характером. 8. Он всё обращает себе на пользу.

apply 9. Резюме необходимо, когда вы подаёте заявление на новую работу.

10. То, что я говорю, к вам не относится. 11. Это правило не применимо к данному случаю. 12. Широкое и последовательное применение новых технологий в

производстве обычно облегчает выполнение работ. 13. Мы обращаемся к властям за помощью с тех пор, как приехали сюда,

но безрезультатно. 14. Почему твой офис в таком беспорядке? - Я ищу его заявление о приёме

вот уже час, но не могу найти его.

change 15. Изменение климата часто плохо влияет на здоровье людей. 16. Ты всегда меняешь решения. Мне это не нравится. 17. За последние два года не было никаких изменений в банковской сфере. 18. Наша финансовая система переживает позитивные глобальные

изменения. 19. Это событие коренным образом изменило политику министерства.

communicate 20. В последнее время передавать информацию становится всё проще.

21. Последние пять лет мы с ними не поддерживали связь. 22. Результативное общение возможно только при условии, что все

участники говорят по-английски. 23. Нельзя отрицать, что английский язык является в настоящее время

средством международного общения. concern 24. Что касается любого языка, то он развивается, чтобы удовлетворить

потребности его носителей. 25. Ведь проблемы окружающей среды беспокоят всех нас? 26. Мы, в основном, имеем дело с реальными фактами. 27. Мы очень заинтересованы в том, чтобы найти правильное решение. 28. Растёт глубокая озабоченность состоянием окружающей среды нашей

планеты. 29. Вы что-нибудь знаете относительно этого плана? - Нет. 30. Он перерабатывает. Вот почему он выглядит таким усталым. Я

беспокоюсь о его здоровье 31. Это дело огромной важности для всей страны. 32. Основная задача этой книги состоит в том, чтобы проанализировать

эти факты.

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information 33. Компьютер делает вычисления и обрабатывает информацию.

34. Несмотря на развитие телевидения, радио всё ещё остаётся одним из важнейших источников информации.

35. Как они распространяют современную информацию в настоящее время?

36. Имеющаяся информация недостаточна, чтобы принять решение. 37. Ему нужна современная информация. 38. Со временем поток информации, с которым сталкивается человек,

возрастает.

lead 39. В деревне у моей тёти спокойная (ничем не нарушаемая) жизнь. 40. По моему мнению, существующая система образования ведёт

общество к упадку. 41. Дорога ведет к центру. 42. Сколько времени вы руководите этой фирмой? 43. Несмотря на некоторые недостатки, его руководство компанией можно

назвать энергичным и твёрдым. 44. Все ведущие страны Европы принимают участие в этой конференции.

mean 45. Интернет, самое эффективное средство глобальной связи, быстро

распространяется и в развивающихся странах. 46. Ваша дружба значит много для меня. 47. Что вы имеете в виду, говоря это? 48. Последние полчаса я пытался найти оптимальные средства, но

безрезультатно. 49. Курс предназначен специально для начинающих. 50. Они используют самые эффективные способы связи с тех пор, как

начали работать. 51. Эти товары ни в коем случае не являются удовлетворительными. 52. Цель всегда оправдывает средства?

Past Simple, Present Perfect Past Simple Present Perfect Действие, совершившееся в прошлом и никак не связанное с настоящим.

Действие, совершившееся в прошлом, но имеющее непосредственную связь с настоящим моментом.

( на)писал вчера/ в 1980 году/ два года назад/ в прошлом месяце/ году и т.д.

написал без указания времени уже, только что сегодня, в этом месяце/ году/ на этой неделе и т.д.

wrote has written

V-ed, V-2 have V-3

has

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4. Translate into English. Key: (т.е. мне нечем

писать). I have broken my pencil.

!. Я сломал свой карандаш секунду назад. I broke my pencil a second ago. только что. I have just broken my pencil. вчера. I broke my pencil yesterday. вчера. She wrote this exercise. 2. Она написала это упражнение

только что. She has just written this exercise.

на прошлой неделе She wrote this exercise last week. уже. She has already written this

exercise. вчера. She invited me to the party

yesterday. 3. Он пригласил меня на вечер.

уже. He has already invited me to the party.

5. Make up the dialogues using the models and the prompts. Model 1: Have you ever written a poem? Yes, in fact I wrote it last month.

• to read that book • to apply this technique • to lose your key • to lead a big organization • to eat water-melons

Model 2: I have bought a textbook. When did you buy it? I bought it yesterday.

• to lose the pen • to see the film • to make a report • to miss five classes • to fail in the exam

Model 3: Are you going to buy a new textbook? No, we aren’t. We have already bought it.

Really? When did you buy it? We bought it yesterday.

• to have a test tomorrow • to make an apple-pie today • to get the tickets to a new play • to buy a new dictionary • to have launch • to write an essay tonight

6. Translate into English using the Active Vocabulary and Past Simple or Present Perfect. accept 1. Учит ывая всё эт о, историки предполагают, что кельты успешно

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занимались сельским хозяйством (были успешными фермерами). 2. Вечером он попросил её выйти замуж за него, и она приняла его

предложение. 3. Они никогда не соглашались с эт им подходом. 4. Он уж е принял предлож ение эт ой компании? 5. Общепризнанно, чт о в последнее время влияние американской массовой

культ уры велико.

advantage 6. Что дало ему преимущест во над другими спортсменами во время соревнования? - Его опыт.

7. Почему он не воспользовался создавшимся полож ением? 8. Лена говорит по-английски с детства. Это даёт ей преимущест во над

другими студентами. 9. Когда она была молода, ее связи давали ей преимущест во над другими. 10. Путём экономии мы уже добились преимущества над другими

компаниями. 11. Университетское образование даёт Тому преимущество над другими

претендентами, которые не были в университете.

apply 12. В последние годы фермеры этого района широко применяли новые достижения сельского хозяйства.

13. Вы уже заполнили бланк заявления на новый паспорт? - Да. 14. Он обращался к декану за разрешением в прошлом году. 15. Какое правило вы использовали в этом предложении? 16. В прошлом году они широко и последовательно применяли этот метод. 17. До сих пор мы не уделяли большого внимания прикладным наукам.

influence 18. Как изменилась культура древних британцев под влиянием христианства? 19. Древнеанглийский язык сильно изменился под влиянием нормандского

диалекта. 20. Эта работа сильно повлияла на дальнейшее развитие науки. 21. Он никогда не пользовался своим влиянием, чтобы помочь своему сыну. 22. Эти факты не имели непосредственного влияния на послевоенные

события. 23. Сколько времени в юности он находился под влиянием этого философа?

Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous 7. Translate into English. Key: 1. Я читаю эту книгу уже неделю. 1. I have been reading this book for a week. 2. Я знаю этого человека целую неделю. 2. I have known this man for a whole week. 3. Он находится здесь уже три часа. 3. He has been here for three hours already. 4. Он пишет статью уже три часа. 4. He has been writing an article for three hours. 5. Я нахожусь здесь с пяти часов. 5. I have been here since five o’clock. 6. Я занимаюсь здесь с пяти часов. 6. I have been studying here since five o’clock.

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8. Translate into English using the Active Vocabulary and Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous. 1. Они используют самые эффект ивные способы связи с тех пор, как начали работать. 2. Ты когда-нибудь изучал прикладные науки? 3. Эт и средст ва связи широко применялись в последнее время. 4. Почему он находится под влиянием этого человека так долго? 5. Я разработ ал несколько программ, но ни одна из них мне не нравится. 6. Сколько времени вы возглавляет е эт у группу? 7. Эти слова част о упот ребляют ся в речи, начиная с 90х годов. 8. Он давно знает о преимущест вах этого метода. 9. Мы добились преимущест ва над другими компаниями путём тщательного побора

кадров (staff). 10. Кто-то пользовался моим велосипедом. Цепь отлетела (fall off).

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Past Continuous, Past Per fect, Past Per fect Continuous, Past Simple, Present

Per fect Past Simple Continuous

Per fect

Per fect Continuous

Действие, совершившееся или совершавшееся в прошлом и не связанное с настоящим.

Действие в развитии, незаконченное, происходящее в определённый момент в прошлом.

Действие, завершённое к какому-то определённому моменту в прошлом.

Действие, которое началось ранее указанного момента в прошлом и продолжалось вплоть до этого момента, исключая или включая его.

(на)писал вчера на прошлой неделе год тому назад в 1998 году и т.д.

писал вчера в три часа когда я вошёл пока я работал

написал вчера к трём часам до того, как что-то было сделано

писал вчера уже два часа, когда я вошёл

wrote was wr iting had wr itten had been wr iting V-ed, V-2

was V-ing were

had V-3

had been V-ing

9. Translate into English. Key: вчера. I wrote a letter yesterday. 1. Я написала письмо.

(т.е. вот оно, возьмите его и прочитайте).

I have written a letter (read it).

до того, как пришла мама. I had written a letter before mother came. пока он читал книгу. I was writing a letter while he was

reading a book. Я писала письмо когда он пришёл. I was writing a letter, when he came. вчера уже час, когда он

пришёл. I had been writing a letter for an hour when he came.

(т.е. могу рассказать вам её

содержание). I have read this book.

2. Я прочитал эту книгу

в прошлом году. I read this book last year.

до того, как ты пришёл. I had read this book before you came.

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Я читал эту книгу когда он пришёл. I was reading this book when he came. в течение трёх часов, когда

он пришёл I had been reading this book for three hours when he came.

3. Я сделал доклад

на прошлой неделе. I made my report last week.

на этой неделе. I have made my report this week. когда вы вошли в зал. I was making my report when you

entered the room. Я делал доклад уже около двух часов, когда

вы вошли в зал. I had been making my report for about two hours when you entered the room.

(т.е. вы можете проверить

их) They have learnt the new words.

4. Они выучили новые слова

только к девяти часам вечера.

They had only learnt the new words by nine o’clock in the evening.

только что. They have just learnt the new words. вчера с трёх до семи. They were learning the new words

yesterday from three till seven. Они учили новые слова

уже несколько часов, когда я пришёл.

They had been learning the new words for several hours when I came.

вчера весь день. It was raining all day yesterday. 5. Дождь шёл уже несколько часов, когда

я вышел на улицу. It had already been raining for several hours when I went out.

вчера (факт). It rained yesterday. на пошлой неделе. It rained last week. Дождь прошёл. на этой неделе. It has rained this week. до того, как вы пришли. It had rained before you came. 10. Translate into English using the Active Vocabulary, Present Perfect and Past Tenses. develop 1. Сюжет нового романа постепенно сложился в голове автора.

2. Это был важный этап в развитии общества. 3. Лектор не развивал эту тему на прошлой конференции. 4. Как давно страна начала разрабатывать свои природные ресурсы? 5. Она пела много лет, прежде чем, в конце концов, превратилась в звезду. 6. Когда они разработали новый метод?

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7. Сколько времени он разрабатывал этот метод, прежде чем представил его на суд общественности?

8. Именно из Лондонского диалекта в 14-ом веке развился национальный язык.

effort 9. Французы в прошлом прилагали огромные усилия, чтобы противостоять

влиянию английского языка на французский. 10. В тот момент он не предпринимал никаких усилий, чтобы изменить

ситуацию. 11. Она была счастлива, что поступила в университет без малейших усилий. 12. Несмотря на невероятные усилия спасти банк, он недавно обанкротился. 13. Сознательные усилия не помогли вам стать талантливым актёром. 14. Умственные усилия были не для него. 15. Несмотря на все усилия, армия французов потерпела поражение (be

defeated) и понесла тяжёлые потери (suffer losses) в сражении. 16. Ваш успех в прошлом году стоил тех усилий, которые вы приложили.

human 17. Пока я ехал домой , я размышлял о человеческой натуре.

18. В то время он изучал гуманитарные науки в университете. 19. Всю свою жизнь он боролся за права человека. 20. Он был одним из самых человечных людей, с которыми я когда-либо

работал. 21. На собрании он также отметил очень гуманное отношение врачей к

пациентам. influence 22. Древнеанглийский язык сильно изменился под влиянием нормандского

диалекта. 23. Как долго этот драматург находился под его влиянием к тому времени,

когда он написал свою пьесу? 24. Всё утро они обсуждали влияние звёзд на человека. 25. Мне кажется, что распространение массовой культуры отрицательно

повлияло на менталитет нации. 26. Большая часть Европы оказалась под влиянием идей Ренессанса.

launch 27. Когда эта компания выпустила новый продукт?

28. Наши прибыли возросли в прошлом году, т.к. мы развернули широкую рекламную кампанию.

29. Первая такая ракета была запущена в 1958 году. 30. Месяц назад несколько влиятельных политиков (influential politicians)

организовали новое политическое движение. 31. Мы разработали программу международных обменов студентами в

прошлом году. 32. На прошлой неделе демократическая партия начала свою предвыборную

кампанию. 33. На собрании он выступил с резкой критикой своих политических

оппонентов. 34. Учёные только что отложили запуск космического корабля. 35. Он начал осуществление проекта на этой неделе.

provide 36. Они обеспечивали средствами эту девочку всё время, пока она не

получила диплом. 37. Гостиница, где мы жили во время отпуска, предоставляла гостям

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различные услуги. 38. На собрании президент предоставил полное объяснение своей

экономической политики. 39. У него была большая семья на содержании. 40. Этот программный продукт обеспечил учёного необходимыми

статистическими данными. 41. Изобретение печатного станка обеспечило образованных людей 15го века

книгами.

Future Simple, Future Continuous, Future Per fect,

Future Per fect Continuous Future Simple Continuous Per fect Per fect Continuous Действие или ряд последовательных действий, относящихся к будущему.

Действие в развитии, незаконченное, происходящее в определённый момент в будущем.

Действие, которое будет завершено до какого-то момента или другого события в будущем.

Действие, которое начнётся до определённого момента в будущем и будет продолжаться вплоть до этого момента.

напишет завтра (через неделю, в будущем году)

будет писать завтра в три часа (когда кто-то придёт)

напишет завтра к трём часам (до того, как что-то будет сделано)

будет писать уже два часа, когда кто-то придёт.

will wr ite will be wr iting will have wr iten will have been wr itng shall V will

shall be V-ing will

shall have V3 will

shall have been V-ing will

11. Translate into English. Key: в следующем году. He will learn German next year. 1. Он будет изучать немецкий язык

уже 4 года , когда он поступит в институт.

He will already have been learning German for 4 years when he enters the institute.

когда ты придёшь. He will be learning German when you come.

Он выучит эти глаголы

к тому времени, когда ты вернёшься завтра.

He will have learned these verbs by the time you come tomorrow.

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скоро. We’ll read this book soon. 2. Мы прочитаем эту книгу

завтра к трём часам. We’ll have read this book by three o’clock tomorrow.

к тому времени, когда вернётся директор.

We’ll have read this book by the time the director returns.

Мы будем читать эту книгу

завтра в это время. We’ll be reading this book this time tomorrow.

уже два часа завтра, когда вы позвоните.

We’ll already have been reading this book for two hours when you ring us up.

через час. We’ll have dinner in an hour. 3. Мы будем обедать когда они придут. We’ll be having dinner when they come. уже полчаса, когда вы

заедете за нами. We’ll have been having dinner for half an hour when you call for us.

к трём часам дня. We’ll have had dinner by three o’clock in

the afternoon. Мы пообедаем скоро. We’ll have dinner soon. завтра к этому времени. We’ll have had dinner by this time

tomorrow.

12. Translate into English using the Active Vocabulary and Future Tenses. 1. Я думаю, что она не признает ваши взгляды на экономическую ситуацию в России. 2. Они, вероятно, обратятся в Совет за грантом. 3. Многие специалисты верят, что парниковый эффект (the Greenhouse Effect) вызовет

значит ельные изменения климата земли. 4. В 21ом веке произойдут новые открытия в области связи. 5. Я передам твои замечания заинт ересованным людям. 6. Ведь имеющаяся информация не поможет нам? 7. Распространение этих идей от рицат ельно повлияет на менталитет нации. 8. Сист ема поиска информации облегчит вашу работу. 9. Это приведёт, по моему мнению, к дальнейшим проблемам. - Давайте не будем

развиват ь эт у т ему, хорошо? 10. Упорный труд, непременно, приведёт тебя к успеху. 11. Стойте здесь. Через минуту будут менять караул (guard), и вам будет хорошо видно. 12. Мы примем его предложение к завтрашнему вечеру.

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Future Forms.

Future Simple Present Simple Present Continuous

will V

V, V(e)s am is going to V are

am is V-ing are

Спонтанное решение или будущий факт

Расписание/ программа

Запланированное действие Действие, запланированное и организованное

I think I’ll go home now.

Our plane leaves at 10.30 a.m. tomorrow.

They are going to have a party in two weeks. (They have decided it but it hasn’t been arranged yet.)

They are having a party next week. (It’s all arranged. Invitations have already been sent.)

Future Simple, Present Continuous. 13. Translate into English using the Active Vocabulary. 1. Президент надеется, что в конференции примут участие все ведущие страны Европы. 2. Когда встречаются все кандидаты? 3. Я уверен, что эта компания вскоре добьётся преимущества над конкурентами. 4. Боюсь, что мы не принимаем чеки. - Тогда я заплачу кредитной карточкой. 5. Я смогу поехать на конференцию в том случае, если мы выпустим новую модель. 6. Думаю, что он не будет поддерживать связь с нами. 7. Демократическая партия начинает предвыборную (election) кампанию в понедельник.

Future Simple, be going to

14. Translate into English using the Active Vocabulary.

Согласно последней информации городской совет собирается построить новый бассейн (swimming pool) в центре города. Они начнут работу в июле, и бассейн, вероятно, будет закончен в сентябре. Мэр города (Mayor) сказал: “Я уверен, что люди города будут приветствовать (welcome) это строительство. Я надеюсь, что они поймут временные (temporary) трудности, к которым оно приведёт”. Лидер оппозиционеров беспокоится о будущем исторического центра города. Он собирается организовать протест и считает, что большинство людей в городе поддержат (support) его.

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Questions

1. They study Economics.

2. They are revising for the exam now. 3. They have been learning French for three

years. A. Special (subject) questions (вопросы к подлежащему)

1. Who studies Economics? 2. Who is revising for the exam now? 3. Which of you has been learning French

for three years? B. Disjunctive questions or tag questions (утверждение или отрицание + краткий вопрос)

1. They study Economics, don’t they? 2. They are not revising for the exam, are

they? 3. They have been learning French for three

years, haven’t they? C. General questions ( требуют ответа “да”, "нет”)

1. Do they study Economics? 2. Are they revising for the exam now? 3. Have they been learning French for three

years? D. Alternative questions (вопрос выбора между двумя действиями, предметами и т.п.)

1. Do they study Economics or Politics? 2. Are they revising for the exam or the

credit test? 3. Have they been learning French for two

years or three years? E. Special questions (начинаются с вопросительного слова)

1. Where do they study Economics? 2. Why are they revising …? 3. When have they been learning …?

15. Put questions to the subject of the sentences. (A) Examples: Many old people find it difficult to cope with change. Who finds it difficult to cope

with change?

The weather changed very often during the holiday. What changed very often?

1. Only energy and firm leadership will stabilize the situation in the region.

2. Extensive use of the Internet will help us economize considerably on advertisement.

3. Moscow University provides the best education in this country.

4. The two leaders spoke of their desire for improved relations.

5. Some of these buildings date back to medieval times. 6. English is a vital means of intercommunication. 7. We are mainly concerned with real facts. 8. They advertise and market products in English.

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9. She never experienced the slightest difficulty in communication.

10. Sometimes racing cars develop speed (of) over 300 kilometers an hour.

16. Add question tags to the negative statements.(B) Examples: Tom doesn’t know

French, does he? Inflation isn’t rising,

is it?

Notes: This/that (subject) becomes it in the tag, there remains unchanged:

That isn’t Tom, is it? There won’t be time, will there?

A statement containing words such as none, nobody, hardly, etc. is treated as a negative statement:

He hardly ever makes a mistake, does he? When the subject is nobody/ anybody/ everybody etc. the pronoun they is used in the tag.

Nobody liked the play, did they?

1. There isn’t any possibility to learn a foreign language in a month.

2. Nothing went wrong. 3. The film isn’t meant for children. 4. You don’t agree with me. 5. That wasn’t Ann on the phone. 6. You won’t disseminate this information. 7. It didn’t hurt. 8. This isn’t a matter of great concern. 9. She isn’t planning to launch a new advertising campaign. 10. He won’t be using the car this afternoon. 11. You aren’t doing anything tonight. 12. Nobody complained. 13. You are by no means leaving the town today.

17. Add question tags to the affirmative statements.(B) Examples: Tom goes to Bath quite often,

doesn’t he? He is a student, isn't he? He told you about their last trip,

didn't he?

1. The Smiths have got two cars. 2. Bill put the money in the bank. 3. He was at a serious disadvantage. 4. That’s him over there. 5. I’m late. 6. Prices keep going up. 7. She often changes her mind. 8. They accepted responsibility for the accident. 9. You’ll help me. 10. That is Jim. 11. The scientists will be provided with necessary

statistics. 12. There is a growing concern about the future. 13. It led to unexpected results. 14. That was Ann on the phone

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18. Add question tags to the following statements (affirmative and negative). (B)

1. You take sugar in tea. 2. Let’s go out tonight. 3. Neither of them offered to help you. 4. It never influences his behavior. 5. Everybody realized the danger. 6. There was a lot of noise. 7. But nobody complained. 8. It has a direct influence on his career. 9. He will hardly come here right now. 10. He made no efforts to contact them. 11. This money is no longer in use. 12. There wasn’t any point in waiting. 13. She has changed a lot since I last saw her. 14. She hasn’t exhibited her paintings in Paris yet. 15. You had been there before. 16. They have been rival firms for 5 years. 17. Nobody has proved the existence of this fact. 18. So far he has led a life full of variety. 19. These events haven’t forced her to borrow money. 20. We’ve found nothing suitable yet. 21. Nobody has denied the truth of the statement.

19. Put general questions to the sentences.(C) Examples: These problems concern all of us. Do these problems concern

all of us? It gave him great advantage Did it give him great

advantage? This information will be useful. Will this information be

useful?

1. Our teacher communicates his ideas very clearly. 2. They will hold a special meeting to launch a new book. 3. The prisoner made no effort to escape. 4. We are concerned to find the best solution to this problem. 5. They do their best to launch the program. 6. It is a matter of great concern for our company. 7. These events provided the facts for her first novel. 8. These words are no longer in everyday use.

The car is using too much petrol now. Is the car using too much

petrol now? He has visited many foreign countries. Has he visited many foreign

countries?

9. These politicians were fighting for human rights. 10. The government is spending a lot of money on education

these days. 11. They will be attending a training course in England next

month. 12. The company has placed an advertisement for a secretary in

the local newspaper. 13. The house had changed hands 3 times before they bought

it. 14. So far they have led a dangerous existence. 15. My brother will have read this book by tomorrow morning. 16. He has denied any knowledge of their plans.

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20. Put alternative questions to the following sentences. (D) Example: The firm manufactures cars. (bicycles) Does the firm manufacture

cars or bicycles?

1. The vocabulary of Esperanto comes mainly from Western European languages (English).

2. Japanese is a difficult language to learn. (easy) 3. In the last quarter of the year inflation will rise slowly.

(rapidly) 4. Many people give up learning Japanese. (English) 5. There are a large number of exceptions to any rule in English.

(a small number) 6. The English language has all the benefits for becoming the

global language of our time. (the next century) 7. The system of education suffered fundamental changes.

(remain the same) 8. The course is specially meant for economists. (linguists) 9. Specialists became concerned about the quality of imported

products. (domestic products) 10. I’ll provide the detailed explanation at the end of my speech.

(brief explanation) 11. He took advantage of their inexperience. (ignorance) 12. Moscow University provides the best education in our

country. (St. Petersburg university) 21. Put special questions to the underlined words. (E) Example: He often listens to pop music. What does he often

listen to?

Note: Many verbs are used with a preposition (write to, look at). In the question the preposition comes after the verb.

1. She feels concerned about the future of her children. 2. I wrote 5 applications for a job but didn’t get a single reply. 3. Using the Internet clients will save time. 4. The human body quickly adjusts to changes in temperature. 5. By all means, it will influence your health. 6. Means of communication develop very rapidly. 7. Roman influence in Britain was weaker than in other provinces. 8. I’ll apply for the job today.. 9. Applied sciences are substantially developing in Europe. 10. The Charity Society is putting on 12 concerts this winter. 11. People are using computers in all spheres these days. 12. This country is developing and promoting its traditional culture

now. 13. When I first met him he was studying painting. 14. We’ve applied to the council for a grant. 15. They have been rival firms for 5 years. 16. The owner of the restaurant has varied the menu. 17. By that time she had come across various famous people. 18. The arrangement has remained in force for one year.

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Par ticiples Infinitive Present Participle

(active) Past Participle

(passive) Regular verbs To study studying

изучающий/ изучая studied

изученный Irregular verbs To make making

делающий/ делая made

сделанный 22. Fill in active or passive participles. 1. a. I don’t respect people money.

b. In English there are a lot of words from other languages.

borrowed, borrowing

2. a. A variety of examples by the lecturer has fully illustrated his theory.

b. Moscow University the best education in this country was founded by Lomonosov.

provided, providing

3. a. At the end of the street there is a path __________ to a river.

b. The organization __________ by a famous politician supported the government policy.

led, leading

4. a. The man __________ a report now is my uncle. b. The report __________ by the speaker covers all available

information.

made, making

5. a. The __________ cut in pay isn’t significant. b. __________ all this they made an appointment on Friday.

accepted, accepting

23. Translate into English using the Active Vocabulary and participles. 1. Ваш успех стоил (to be worth) прилож енных вами усилий. 2. Выст авленная коллекция картин произвела на всех большое впечатление. 3. Компания прислала мне брошюру, содерж ащую (to contain) всю необходимую мне

информацию. 4. Меняющийся климат на земле - это результат парникового эффекта (the Greenhouse

Effect). 5. Программа, разработ анная конкурентной фирмой, эффективна. 6. Фирмы, рекламирующие свои т овары, предост авляют информацию о них в газетах,

по радио и телевидению.

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Key Unit 1

3.

1. Living in a city has both advantages and disadvantages. 2. Everybody realizes the advantages of good education, don’t they? 3. It is generally accepted that English has an advantage over other languages. 4. The company is gradually gaining an advantage over its competitors due to high quality

of its products. 5. This method has an advantage of saving a lot of time. 6. Those who can’t use a computer are at a serious disadvantage. 7. His children are very naughty. They are always using his kind nature. 8. He turns everything to his own advantage.

9. A CV is essential if you are applying for a new job. 10. What I am saying does not apply to you. 11. The rule does not apply to this case. 12. Extensive and consistent application of new technologies to production usually makes

jobs easier to do. 13. We have been applying to the authorities for assistance since we came here, but there is

no result. 14. Why is your office in such a mess? - I have already been looking for his application for

an hour, but I can’t find it.

15. The change in climate often affects people’s health. 16. You are always changing your mind. I don’t like it. 17. There have been no changes in the banking sphere for the last 2 years. 18. Our financial system is undergoing positive global changes. 19. This event has fundamentally changed the policy of the ministry.

20. It has become easier to communicate information lately. 21. We haven’t been communicating with them for the last 5 years. 22. Effective communication is possible only if all participants speak English. 23. One cannot deny that English is a means of intercommunication now.

24. As far as any language is concerned, it develops to meet the needs of its speakers. 25. Environment problems concern all of us, don’t they? 26. We are mainly concerned with real facts. 27. We are concerned to find the correct decision. 28. Deep concern is growing about the environment of our planet. 29. Do you know anything concerning this plan? - No, I don’t. 30. He has been overworking. That’s why he looks so tired. I am concerned about his health. 31. That’s a matter of great concern for the whole country. 32. The main concern of the book is to analyze these facts.

33. The computer performs calculations and processes information 34. In spite of the development of television radio is still one of the most important sources

of information. 35. How are they disseminating up-to-date information these days? 36. Available information isn’t enough to make decision. 37. He needs up to date information. 38. Eventually the flow of information that the man faces is increasing.

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39. My aunt leads a quiet life in the country. 40. In my opinion the existing system of education leads the society to the decay. 41. The road leads downtown. 42. How long have you been leading this firm? 43. Despite some shortcomings, his leadership can be called energy and firm. 44. All leading countries of Europe are taking part in this conference.

45. The Internet, the most effective means of global communication, is rapidly spreading to

the developing countries. 46. Your friendship means a lot for me. 47. What do you mean saying that? 48. I have been trying to find optimal means for the last half an hour, but there is no result. 49. The course is meant only for beginners. 50. They have been using the most effective means of communication since they started

working. 51. These goods are by no means satisfactory. 52. Does the end always justify the means?

6.

1. Accepting all this, historians suggest that the Celts were highly successful farmers. 2. He proposed to her in the evening and she accepted his proposal. 3. They have never accepted this approach. 4. Has he accepted an offer of this company yet? 5. It is generally accepted that influence of the American mass culture has been great lately.

6. What gave him an advantage over other sportsmen during the competition? – His

experience did. 7. Why hasn’t he taken advantage of the situation? 8. Helen has spoken English since childhood. That gives her an advantage over other

students. 9. When she was young, her connections gave her an advantage over the others. 10. By saving we have already gained an advantage over other companies. 11. Tom’s university education gives him an advantage over other applicants who have never

been to a university.

12. During the last years farmers of this region have applied extensively the latest agricultural achievements.

13. Have you filled in the application form for a new passport yet? - Yes, I have. 14. He applied to the dean for permission last year. 15. What rule have you applied to this sentence? 16. Last year they applied this method extensively and consistently. 17. So far we haven’t paid much attention to applied sciences.

18. How did the culture of the early Britons change under the influence of Christianity? 19. Old English changed greatly under the influence of Norman French. 20. This work has influenced greatly the further development of science. 21. He has never used his influence to help his son. 22. These facts didn’t have direct influence on after war events. 23. How long in his youth was he under the influence of this philosopher?

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8. 1. They have been using the most effective means of communication since they started

working. 2. Have you ever studied applied sciences? 3. These means of communication have been widely used lately. 4. Why has he been so long under the influence of this man? 5. I have launched several programs, but I don’t like any of them. 6. How long have you been leading this group? 7. These words have been in common use since 90s. 8. He has known about the advantages of this method for a long time. 9. We have got an advantage over other companies by selecting staff carefully. 10. Someone has been using my bicycle. The chain has fallen off.

10.

1. The plot of the new novel has gradually developed in the author’s mind. 2. It was an important stage in the development of the society. 3. The lecturer didn’t develop this topic at the last conference. 4. How long ago did the country start to develop its natural resources? 5. She had been singing for many years before she finally developed into a star. 6. When did they develop the new method? 7. How long had he been developing this method before he presented it to the public? 8. It was the London dialect from which the national language developed in the 14th century.

9. The French in the past made great effort to oppose the influence of English on French. 10. He was making no efforts at that moment to change the situation. 11. She was happy that she had entered the university without any efforts. 12. Despite tremendous efforts to save the bank it has gone bankrupt recently. 13. Conscious efforts haven’t helped you to become a gifted actor. 14. He wasn’t cut for mental effort. 15. Despite all efforts, the French army was defeated and suffered heavy losses in the battle. 16. Your success last year was worth the effort you had made.

17. While I was going home I was thinking about the human nature. 18. At that time he was studying the humanities at the university. 19. He was fighting for human rights all his life. 20. He was one of the most humane people I had ever worked with. 21. He also marked a very humane attitude of doctors to patients at the meeting.

22. Old English greatly changed under the influence of Norman French. 23. How long had this playwright been under his influence by the time he wrote his novel? 24. All morning they were discussing the influence of stars on people. 25. It seems to me that the spread of mass culture has negatively influenced the mentality of

the nation. 26. Most part of Europe happened to be influenced by the ideas of the Renaissance.

27. When did this company launch a new product? 28. Our profits increased last year as we had launched a massive advertising campaign. 29. The first missile of this kind was launched in 1958. 30. A month ago some influential politicians launched a new political movement. 31. We launched a program of international exchange of students last year. 32. Last week the Democratic Party launched its election campaign.

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33. He launched a fierce attack on his political opponents at the meeting. 34. Scientists have just delayed the launch of the spaceship. 35. He has launched the project this week.

36. They had been providing the girl with the means of substance all the time until she

attained the degree. 37. The hotel where we were staying during the holiday provided different services. 38. At the meeting the president provided a complete explanation of economic policy. 39. He had a large family to provide for. 40. This software has provided the scientist with necessary statistics. 41. The invention of the printing press provided educated people of the 15th century with

books. 12.

1. I think that she won’t accept your views on economic situation in Russia. 2. They will probably apply to the Council for a grant. 3. Many experts believe that the Greenhouse effect will bring significant changes to the

Earth’s climate. 4. There will be new discoveries in the area of communication in the 21st century. 5. I’ll pass on your comments to the people concerned. 6. Available information won’t help us, will it? 7. The spread of these ideas will negatively influence the mentality of the nation. 8. Information retrieval system will facilitate your work. 9. This will lead, in my opinion, to further problems. - Let’s not develop this topic, shall

we? 10. Your hard work will by all means lead to a success. 11. Stand here. They will be changing the guard in a minute and you will get a good view. 12. We’ll have accepted his offer by tomorrow evening.

13.

1. The president hopes that all leading countries of Europe will take part in the conference. 2. When are all applicants meeting? 3. I am sure that this company will soon gain an advantage over its competitors. 4. I’m afraid that we don’t accept cheques. - Then I’ll pay by credit card. 5. I’ll be able to go to the conference in case we launch a new model. 6. I don’t think he will communicate with us. 7. The Democratic Party is launching an election campaign on Monday.

14. According to the up to date information the Town Council is going to build a new swimming pool in the centre of town. They are going to start work in July and the pool will probably be finished in September. The Mayor said, “I’m sure the people of the town will welcome the new pool. I hope they will understand the temporary difficulties it will lead to in the centre of town”. The opposition leader feels concerned about the future of the historic center. He is going to organise a protest and he believes that the majority of the people living in the town will support him. 15.

1. Who will stabilize the situation in the region? 2. What will help us economise considerably on advertisement? 3. What university provides the best education in this country? 4. Who spoke of their desire for improved relations?

25

5. What dates back to medieval times? 6. What is a vital means of intercommunication? 7. Who is mainly concerned with real facts? 8. Who advertises and markets products in English? 9. Who never experienced the slightest difficulty in communication? 10. What develops speed (of) over 300 kilometers an hour sometimes?

16.

1. There isn’t any possibility to learn a foreign language in a month, is there? 2. Nothing went wrong, did it? 3. The film isn’t meant for children, is it? 4. You don’t agree with me, do you? 5. That wasn’t Ann on the phone, was it? 6. You won’t disseminate this information, will you? 7. It didn’t hurt, did it? 8. This isn’t a matter of great concern, is it? 9. She isn’t planning to launch a new advertising campaign, is she? 10. He won’t be using the car this afternoon, will he? 11. You aren’t doing anything tonight, are you? 12. Nobody complained, did they? 13. You are by no means leaving the town today, are you?

17.

1. The Smiths have got two cars, haven’t they? 2. Bill put the money in the bank, didn’t he? 3. He was at a serious disadvantage, wasn’t he? 4. That’s him over there, isn’t it? 5. I’m late, aren’t I? 6. Prices keep going up, don’t they? 7. She often changes her mind, doesn’t she? 8. They accepted responsibility for the accident, didn’t they? 9. You’ll help me, won’t you? 10. That is Jim, isn’t it? 11. The scientists will be provided with necessary statistics, won’t they? 12. There is a growing concern about the future, isn’t there? 13. It led to unexpected results, didn’t it? 14. That was Ann on the phone, wasn’t it?

18.

1. You take sugar in tea, don’t you? 2. Let’s go out tonight, shall we? 3. Neither of them offered to help you, did they? 4. It never influences his behavior, does it? 5. Everybody realized the danger, didn’t they? 6. There was a lot of noise, wasn’t there? 7. But nobody complained, did they? 8. It has a direct influence on his career, doesn’t it? 9. He will hardly come here right now, will he? 10. He made no efforts to contact them, did he? 11. This money is no longer in use, is it? 12. There wasn’t any point in waiting, was there? 13. She has changed a lot since I last saw her, hasn’t she?

26

14. She hasn’t exhibited her paintings in Paris yet, has she? 15. You had been there before, hadn’t you? 16. They have been rival firms for 5 years, haven’t they? 17. Nobody has proved the existence of this fact, have they? 18. So far he has led a life full of variety, hasn’t he? 19. These events haven’t forced her to borrow money, have they? 20. We’ve found nothing suitable yet, have we? 21. Nobody has denied the truth of the statement, have they?

19.

1. Does your teacher communicate his ideas very clearly? 2. Will they hold a special meeting to launch a new book? 3. Did the prisoner make any effort to escape? 4. Are you concerned to find the best solution to this problem? 5. Do they do their best to launch the program? 6. Is it a matter of great concern for your company? 7. Did these events provide the facts for her first novel? 8. Are these words no longer in everyday use?

9. Were these politicians fighting for human rights? 10. Is the government spending a lot of money on education these days? 11. Will they be attending a training course in England next month? 12. Has the company placed an advertisement for a secretary in the local newspaper? 13. Had the house changed hands 3 times before they bought it? 14. Have they led a dangerous existence so far? 15. Will your brother have read this book by tomorrow morning? 16. Has he denied any knowledge of their plans?

20.

1. Does the vocabulary of Esperanto come mainly from Western European languages or English?

2. Is Japanese a difficult or easy language to learn? 3. Will inflation rise slowly or rapidly in the last quarter of the year? 4. Do many people give up learning Japanese or English? 5. Are there a large number or a small number of exceptions to any rule in English? 6. Does the English language have all the benefits for becoming the global language of our

time or the next century? 7. Did the system of education suffer fundamental changes or did it remain the same? 8. Is the course specially meant for economists or linguists? 9. Did specialists become concerned about the quality of imported products or domestic

products? 10. Will you provide the detailed or brief explanation at the end of your speech? 11. Did he take advantage of their inexperience or ignorance? 12. Does Moscow University or St. Petersburg University provide the best education in our

country? 21.

1. What does she feel concerned about? 2. How many applications for a job did you write? 3. How will clients save time? 4. How does the human body adjust to changes in temperature? 5. What does the human body quickly adjust to? 6. What will it influence?

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7. How do means of communication develop? 8. Where was Roman influence weaker? 9. What will you do today? 10. Where are applied sciences substantially developing? 11. How many concerts is the Charity Society putting on this winter? 12. When is the Charity Society putting on 12 concerts? 13. Where are people using computers these days? 14. What is this country developing and promoting now? 15. What was he studying when I first met him? 16. When was he studying painting? 17. Where have you applied for a grant? 18. What have you applied to the Council for? 19. How long have they been rival firms? 20. What has the owner of the restaurant varied? 21. Who had she come across by that time? 22. How long has the arrangement remained in force?

22. 1. borrowing

borrowed 2. provided

providing 3. leading

led 4. making

made 5. accepted

accepting 23.

1. Your success was worth efforts made by you. 2. The exhibited collection of paintings impressed everybody greatly. 3. The company sent me a brochure containing all the information I needed 4. The changing climate on the Earth is the result of the Greenhouse Effect. 5. The program launched by the competing firm is efficient. 6. The firms advertising their goods give information about them in newspapers, on the

radio, on TV.

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Unit 2

Content Passive Conditional Sentences. Reported Speech

• Statements

• Questions

• Commands and Requests Key

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Unit 2 Passive

Simple Continuous Perfect Present

строят

обычно всегда каждый день

строится сейчас строят всё ещё

построен в этом году (результат) построили уже

am

is built are

am is being built are

have been built has

Past

построили

вчера в прошлом году когда?

строили (строился), когда я приехал

был построен (построили) прежде, чем я приехал

was

built were

was being built were

had been built

Future

будет по- строен

завтра в будущем году

Вместо отсутствующей формы Future Continuous употребляется форма Future Simple

будет построен к январю

shall/ will be built

will have been built

be V3 be being V3 have been V3 24. Translate into English. Key: ежедневно. The letters are sent every day. 1. Письма посылают

сейчас. The letters are being sent now.

каждую неделю. The letters are sent every week. уже два часа. The letters have been sent for two hours. вчера. The letters were sent yesterday. 2. Письма послали сегодня. The letters have been sent. до того, как вы

пришли. The letters had been sent before you came.

3. Письма посылали

когда я пришёл The letters were being sent when I came.

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завтра. The letters will be sent tomorrow. 4. Письма пошлют до того, как вы

придёте. The letters will have been sent before you come.

25. Translate into English using the Active Vocabulary and passive forms. adapt 1. Ей объяснили, как приспособиться к новым обстоятельствам.

2. Это здание было переоборудовано под школу. 3. Им пришлось изменить планы, т.к. всё было плохо подготовлено. 4. Он не мог смириться с мыслью покинуть город. Слишком многое было

связано с ним. 5. Трудно смириться с мыслью, что наша планета сейчас разрушается

загрязнением окружающей среды.

adjust 6. Завтра это оборудование наладят. 7. Как регулируется зарплата(wages) рабочих? 8. Разве вам не говорили соразмерять свои расходы(expenses) с доходами

(income)? 9. Прибором пользоваться нельзя. Его сейчас регулируют. 10. Все необходимые изменения были сделаны перед тем, как приехала

комиссия. 11. Что-нибудь делается, чтобы сбалансировать экономику и преодолеть

(overcome) кризис?

assume 12. Можно предположить, что картины будут выставлены на показ (exhibit) до конца месяца.

13. У нас имеется достаточно оснований предположить, что визит премьер министра будет отложен (delay).

14. Для фирмы было выбрано новое название. 15. Он взял на себя ответственность за то, что было сделано вчера. 16. Легко можно предположить, что наша теория будет широко

использоваться на практике. 17. Допуская, что это верно, мы решили, что эксперимент может быть

продолжен.

depend 18. Всё зависит от того, когда будет построен этот дом. 19. На конференции была упомянута тесная связь между этими явлениями. 20. Взаимозависимость этих экономик объясняется их общей историей. 21. Как сказать, возможно, работа будет закончена сегодня вечером. 22. Всё зависело от продолжительности (length) экскурсии, которая была

заказана заранее.

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differ 23. Существует огромная разница между тем, как строили дома в прошлом, и тем, как они строятся теперь.

24. Для меня не имеет значения, смотрят на меня сейчас или нет. 25. Для меня не имело значения, как это было сделано. Меня интересовал

только результат 26. Одно из основных различий состоит в том, что продукт будет

рекламироваться по телевидению. 27. Существовала огромная разница между тем, как справились(handle) с

кризисом в двух разных компаниях. 28. Хорошие деловые отношения (relationships)строятся по-другому.

experience 29. Я знаю по опыту, что детей легко научить иностранным языкам.

30. Следует что-то сделать, чтобы оградить отдыхающих(protect holidaymakers) от неприятных случаев.

31. Я имел возможность убедиться на опыте, что цветную одежду необходимо стирать отдельно (separately).

32. Одни и те же симптомы испытали много людей. 33. Требуется опытная няня, чтобы присматривать за ребёнком. 34. Как были получены деньги(raise money) для бизнеса в вашем случае?

find 35. Музей в плохом состоянии. Ценные экспонаты(exhibits) разрушаются.

Ты должен найти возможность сделать что-то. 36. Условия контракта нашли приемлемыми. 37. Куда бы я ни шёл, я находил доказательства (evidence), что лагерь

оставили незадолго до нашего прибытия. 38. В саду пожилой женщины была найдена бомба. 39. Выяснилось, что разногласия между ними весьма существенны. 40. Я с удивлением обнаружил, что фильм был награждён(award) премией. 41. Я с удивлением узнал, что этот город был полностью (completely)

разрушен во время землетрясения (earthquake).

occur 42. Когда вам рассказали об этом странном случае? 43. Когда строился дом, произошёл несчастный случай. 44. Выяснилось, что такие явления происходят регулярно в этой части

света. 45. Его предупредили (warn) не допускать (let), чтобы это произошло

снова.

tend 46. Тенденция к повышению цен отчётливо видна на графике. 47. Мы склонны думать, что озоновая дыра (ozone depletion) образовалась

из-за промышленной деятельности человека. 48. Люди склоняются к пониманию того, что проблемы окружающей

среды вызваны (cause) их деятельностью.

value 49. На конференции сегодня его отметили за ценный вклад в науку. 50. Мне предложили $50 за мою старую машину, но её стоимость гораздо

выше. 51. Ценность этого открытия будет осознана( realize) позднее. 52. Нам заплатили полную стоимость машины. 53. На аукционе картина была оценена в одну тысячу фунтов. 54. Картина большой стоимости была украдена из музея.

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26. Put the following sentences into the passive voice.

1. They adapted this school for use as a hospital. 2. How do they adjust wages of the workers? 3. They won’t assume a new name for the company. 4. They experienced a lot of difficulties. 5. They found the terms of the contract reasonable. 6. They studied this stage of history in detail. 7. They valued his advice greatly. 8. They build good business relationships in different ways.

9. Somebody was adjusting the equipment when we came in. 10. Somebody is using the computer at the moment. 11. At 3 pm yesterday an experienced doctor was examining Paul. 12. They are recording the values now. 13. Soon after the crash experienced psychologists were taking care of the victims’ relatives.

14. They have already passed through the first two stages of adjustment. 15. By then they had adapted their plans to the new circumstances. 16. They have learned new ways of being and thinking. 17. By the end of this week they will have completed the work (in) any way. 18. Had anybody discussed this question before he withdrew his offer? 19. I understood that they had changed their values. 20. Several newspapers have attacked a mobile phone company for using dishonest ways of

selling its phones. 21. Have they experienced culture shock only as a mild listlessness? 22. By that time they had left behind their old assumptions and beliefs.

27. Translate into English using the Active Vocabulary. Pay attention to the prepositions.

1. Об их разногласиях много говорят. 2. На начальном этапе детей учат читать и считать, с ними играют, их развлекают. 3. Она была такой трудолюбивой, что на её неопытность не обратили внимание. 4. Его никогда не принимали за её брата. Они были совершенно разными как внешне,

так и по характеру. 5. Учёный заинтересовался предположением, на которое ссылались (refer to) во время

дискуссии. 6. Было рассмотрено много различных способов, а об этом даже не подумали. 7. Все врачи склоняются к одному заключению, что больного не будут оперировать

(operate on). 8. Я с удивлением обнаружил, что о студентах там уже позаботились. 9. Я с удивлением обнаружил, что за такси уже послали. 10. В прошлом году его уход из бизнеса был не замечен (take notice of). 11. В некотором отношении на него можно положиться (rely on). 12. Я имел возможность убедиться, что лекции этого профессора слушают с большим

интересом. 13. Так или иначе, об этой программе хорошо отзываются (speak of). 14. Ценные книги в библиотеке в превосходном состоянии (condition). О них хорошо

заботились.

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Conditional Sentences.

If-clause Придаточное предложение

Main clause Главное предложение

I Если он придёт сюда, он принесёт тебе книгу.

Real If he comes here,

V,V(e)s

he will bring you the book.

will V

II Если бы я пришёл к тебе

(сегодня/ завтра), я бы принёс тебе книгу.

Unreal present

If I came to you (today/ tomorrow),

V-ed, V2

I would bring you the book.

would (could/might) V

III Если бы я пришёл к тебе (вчера), я бы принёс тебе книгу (вчера).

Unreal past If I had come to you (yesterday),

had V3

I would have brought you the book (yesterday).

would (could/ might) have V3

28. Translate into English using the Active Vocabulary and Conditionals. arise 1. Если возникнут какие-нибудь трудности, мы поможем вам.

2. Вы рассказали бы мне об этом, если бы не возникла необходимость? 3. Неизбежно возникает вопрос, кто будет финансировать наше предприятие,

если банк не даст нам ссуду (grant a loan)?

degree 4. Это зависело бы от вашего решения в большей степени, если бы фирма

принадлежала вам. 5. Если бы у меня был диплом, я бы смог легко найти работу. 6. Я бы ничуть не поверил этому, если бы не видел собственными глазами.

find 7. Он будет в ярости (furious), если когда-либо узнает об этом.

8. Если бы мы считали условия контракта приемлемыми, мы бы подписали его на прошлой неделе.

form 9. На вашем месте я бы представил эти события в форме рассказа.

10. Ваш сайт был бы успешнее, если бы он состоял из нескольких частей. 11. Если вы тщательно проверите эти факты, они могут стать основой вашей

дипломной работы. 12. Вы сформируете какое-то представление о стране задолго до того, как

поедете туда.

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occur 13. Если будет вакансия, мы вас известим.

14. Это не повторится (случится ещё раз), если она примет меры. 15. Это было бы довольно распространённым случаем здесь, если бы не

помощь международных организаций. 16. Несчастный случай (accident) не произошёл бы, если бы он вёл машину

осторожнее.

tend 17. На вашем месте я был бы склонен к тому же выводу.

18. Мы склонны думать, что он добьётся много в жизни, если будет упорно трудиться.

19. Тенденция к улучшению станет устойчивой, если всю прибыль вложить в развитие бизнеса.

way 20. Если у нас кончится бензин (run out of petrol), я куплю немного по дороге

домой. 21. Машина никому не будет мешать, если мы оставим её здесь. 22. Если бы не его образ жизни, они бы общались чаще. 23. Если он не найдёт другого способа выражения своих мыслей, никто не

поймёт его. 24. Так или иначе, работа будет закончена , если вы поручите ему это задание. 25. Если бы мы не шли так быстро, мы не были бы такими усталыми сейчас и

могли бы продолжить наш путь

withdraw 26. Она сняла бы обвинение, если бы знала правду.

27. Если бы я выиграл лотерею, я бы отошёл от дел. 28. На вашем месте я бы убедила его снять свою кандидатуру 29. Если бы не немедленное изъятие денег, банк не обанкротился (go bankrupt)

бы. 30. Если бы она приспособилась к новым условиям, она бы не замкнулась в

себе.

29. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. 1. If they adapt this building for use as a school, children ____ (start) studying this year. 2. It will be an exiting film if you ____ (adapt) this story for television. 3. You can’t see well through a telescope unless it____ (adjust) correctly to your sight. 4. This book will be of great value to her when she ____ (study) at the university. 5. He will certainly remove the picture from the exhibition if it ____ (be) of no value. 6. He won’t finish his work until he ____ (adjust) the equipment. 7. After we ____ (make) all necessary adjustments, it will be easier for us. 8. But for you it ____ (make) no difference to me. 9. But for their difference of opinion about money they ____ (get) on well 10. This book ____ (be) a more valuable present for me if you signed it. 11. What would you do if you ____ (find) a valuable piece of jewelry on a park bench? 12. What would you do if a stranger ____ (give) you a valuable present? 13. If I were you I ____ (adapt) to this idea.

35

14. You might go to the country for a couple of days if you ____ (finish) the work in time. Everything depends on you.

15. It is possible to assume that he did not know the address. If he___ (know) it, he would have written to us.

16. But for you, we ____ (do) it in a different way last week. 17. But for his experience, we ____ (be) able to get out of this difficult situation last time. 18. If I ____ (have) experience then, I would have been all right. 19. If he had had a lot of money, he ____ (not experience) so many difficulties then. 20. If she were an experienced nurse, she ___ (help) him immediately.

30. Rewrite the sentences using mixed conditionals. Example: We didn’t order the parts at the end of June. They aren’t here now. If we had ordered the parts at the end of

June, they would be here now.

1. I traveled a lot in the youth. Now my values are broad and flexible.

2. You didn’t go on the course. You don’t know how to adjust this equipment.

3. I went to school in France. Now I am bilingual and I can cope well with this task.

4. He fell seriously ill yesterday. He can’t attend lessons this week.

5. You don’t value his advice. You made a lot of mistakes in your presentation.

6. She found the task of adjusting nearly overwhelming. She isn’t participating.

7. All his impressions merged. He is passive. 8. He wasn’t able to adapt to new circumstances.

He is leaving the country now.

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Reported Speech Statements

Direct Speech Reported Speech

“I work hard,’ he said.

He said (that) he worked hard.

“I am working hard,” he said.

He said (that) he was working hard.

“I have worked hard,” he said.

He said (that) he had worked hard.

“I worked hard,” he said.

He said (that) he had worked hard.

“I will work hard,” he said.

He said (that) he would work hard.

“I have been working hard,” he said.

He said (that) he had been working hard.

“I am going to work harder,” he said.

He said (that) he was going to work harder.

“I can work harder,” he said.

He said (that) he could work harder.

“I may work harder,” he said.

He said (that) he might work harder.

“I must work harder,” he said.

He said (that) he had to/ must work harder.

“I should work harder,” he said.

He said (that) he should work harder.

“I ought to work harder,” he said.

He said (that) he ought to work harder.

Notes: The tenses do not change in Reported Speech when: 1. The reporting verb is in the Present, Future or

Present Perfect tense. “The station is far from here,” he says. He says the station is far from here.

2. The speaker expresses general truths, permanent

states and conditions. “Water turns into ice,” he said He said water turns into ice.

3. The speaker is reporting something immediately

after it was said (up to date). “I will call you back,” he said. He said he will call me back. (immediate

reporting – up to date) He said he would call me back. (later

reporting – out of date) 4. If the reported sentence is Conditional Type II/

Type III or a wish. “I wish I were rich,” he said. He said he wished he were rich. “If I were you, I would apologize,” he said. He said that if he were me, he would

apologize.

37

31. Translate into English using the Active Vocabulary and Reported Speech. 1. Он сказал, что в большей степени это зависит от нашего решения. 2. Секретарша сообщила нам, что возникла ещё одна трудность. 3. Я с удивлением обнаружил, что она опытная медсестра. 4. Мы склонны были думать, что он не справится с этим заданием. 5. Он пришёл к выводу, что их исследование имеет огромное практическое значение. 6. Он сказал, что ему пришлось снять свою кандидатуру. 7. Она написала, что не смогла приспособиться к новым условиям и скоро вернётся

назад. 8. Он сказал, что станет легче после того, как мы осуществим все необходимые

изменения. 9. Он был уверен, что если они хотят приспособиться к новой стране, единственный

способ - это опыт и знакомство со страной 10. Он был уверен, что если у него будет достаточно опыта, он справится с этим. 11. Она сказала нам, что поедет туда, если возникнет необходимость.

Phrasal Verbs: give, go, take.

32. Fill in the correct preposition. 1. Her secret was given _____ by her friend by mistake. 1. out, away, up, off 2. He has tried to give _____ smoking twice. 2. away, off, up, out 3. When milk turns sour, it gives _____ a horrible smell. 3. in, up, off, to 4. The teacher’s patience finally gave _____. 4. away, back, up, out 5. They were forced to give _____ to the enemy. 5. in, back, off, out 6. Ricky went _____ the flu. 6. down with, up, over,

away 7. My aunt has gone _____ that pop quiz. 7. along, back on, in for, by 8. The fireworks went _____ at midnight. 8. into, off, on, out 9. There wasn’t enough cake to go _____ . 9. for, down, through,

round 10. Before going to bed, we watched the fire slowly go _____. 10. out, off, up, with 11. The detective carefully went _____ the facts with the

witness. 11. away, by, back on, over

12. Sheila has taken _____ her mother in looks. They are very alike.

12. away, for, after, off

13. I was taken _____ completely by all his lies. 13. on, in, down, out 14. When he retired, he took _____ collecting postcards. 14. out, to, back, up 15. She took my mother _____ the headmistress. 15. off, for, aback, in 16. Please take _____ your shoes before you come into the

house. 16. on, up, out, off

17. He took _____ the company when his father died. 17. out, over, up, back 18. We were all taken _____ by his rude behaviour. 18. aback, to, away, down

Key: 1. away 2. up 3. off 4. out

5. in 6. down

with 7. in for

8. off 9. round 10. out 11. over

12. after 13. in 14. up 15. for

16. off 17. over 18. aback

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Questions

Direct speech Reported speech “Do you work hard enough?” she said to him.

She asked him if/whether he worked hard

enough.

He asked me, “What time is it?”

He asked me what time it was.

33. Turn the following into indirect questions. Example: Is Pete at home? (I wonder) I wonder if (whether) Pete is at

home.

1. Have you given way to his demands? (I wonder) 2. Did she give up her studies last year? (Do you know) 3. Did her patience give out? (I wonder) 4. Did he give in his resignation last week? (I’d like to know) 5. Are you selling it or giving it away? (I don’t understand) 6. Did you take him for a friend of yours? (I don’t remember) 7. Will his assistant take over (his job) after he retires? (I

doubt) 8. Do you take to new places quickly? (I’d like to know) 9. Did the tourists take a lot of pictures of the city? (Could

you tell me) 10. Does she take care of her pet? (I wonder) 11. Will he take to his new teacher? (I don’t know) 12. Is the plane due to take off in 5 minutes? (Could you tell

me) 34. Report the sentences above in the past using sequence of tenses. 35. Translate into English using phrasal verbs (give, go, take) and Reported Speech. 1. Мне бы хотелось знать, когда он подал заявление об отпуске (application for leave). 2. Я не понимаю, почему закончились (иссякли) запасы еды (food supplies). 3. Я не имею понятия, кто выдал мой план. 4. Интересно, почему он не уступит. 5. Ты знал, когда он бросил курить? 6. Ты должен выяснить, когда вылетает самолёт. 7. Интересно, примет (унаследует) ли он фирму от своего отца. 8. Интересно, почему она приняла девочку за вашу сестру. 9. Я не знал, чем он занялся вместо фотографии. 10. Ему было интересно, кто позаботится об этом. 11. Она спросила, участвовал ли он когда-либо в лыжных гонках. 12. Вы не знаете, хватит ли на всех кофе? 13. Он спросил, будет ли она продолжать работать после того, как родится ребёнок.

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Commands and Requests

Direct speech Reported speech “Touch your toes,” he said to us.

He told us to touch our toes.(command)

“Don’t lie down,” he said to us. He told us not to lie down. (command) “Please, stay with us tonight,” he said to her.

He asked her to stay with them that night. (request)

“Can I go out?” he said He asked to go out. (request0

36. Change into reported speech. Example: “Go to your room.” He asked her to go to the

room.

1. “Don’t give in.” His friend advised him … 2. “You should give up smoking.” The doctor advised my brother

… 3. “Don’t give me away.” She asked him … 4. “I think you should take another English course.” My teacher

advised me … 5. “Take no notice of it.” He told me … 6. “Take a deep breath.” The doctor told the patient … 7. “Don’t give way to despair.” My friend encouraged me … 8. “Take the new role.” The producer encouraged the young actor

… 9. “The work must be finished one way or another.” He ordered

them… 10. “Leave things the way they are.” He advised her … 11. “Don’t stand in the way.” He warned me …

37. Translate into English using phrasal verbs (give, go, take) and Reported Speech. 1. Я с удивлением узнал, что он подал в отставку (resignation). 2. Он сказал ей не предаваться отчаянию (despair) и пообещал помочь ей. 3. Они были довольны, что тучи разошлись и засияло солнце (тучи уступили место

солнцу). 4. Она спросила, кто из них выдал секрет. 5. Хотелось бы знать, как быстро ты привыкаешь к новым местам. 6. Я не знаю, когда вылетает самолёт. 7. Он спросил, сколько снимков города сделали туристы. 8. Интересно, в кого она пошла. 9. Он был неуверен, возглавит (примет) ли он фирму вместо отца. 10. Полиция потребовала от угонщиков (hijackers) самолёта сдаться. 11. Он сказал, что это химическое вещество(chemical) выделяет странный запах. 12. Он сказал, что будет очень сердиться на того, кто выдаст этот секрет.

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Key Unit 2

25. 1. She was explained how to adapt to new circumstances. 2. This building was adapted for use as a school. 3. They had to adapt their plans, as everything had been prepared badly. 4. He couldn’t adapt to the idea of leaving town. Too much was connected with it. 5. It is difficult to adapt to the idea that our planet is being destroyed by pollution.

6. This equipment will be adjusted tomorrow. 7. How are wages of the workers adjusted? 8. Weren’t you told to adjust your expenditure to your income? 9. You can’t use the device now. It is being adjusted. 10. All necessary adjustments had been made before the commission came. 11. Is anything being done to adjust the economy and overcome the crisis?

12. It is possible to assume that the paintings will be exhibited till the end of the month. 13. We have sufficient ground to assume that the visit of the prime minister will be delayed. 14. A new name has been assumed for the firm. 15. He assumed responsibility for what had been done yesterday. 16. It can well be assumed that our theory will be widely used in practice. 17. Assuming this to be true we decided that the experiment could be continued.

18. It all depends when this house will be built. 19. Close dependence between these phenomena was mentioned at the conference. 20. The interdependence of these economies is explained by their common history. 21. That depends. Perhaps the work will have been finished by tonight. 22. Everything depended on the length of the excursion that had been booked beforehand.

23. There is a world of difference between how houses were built in the past and how they are

built now. 24. It makes no difference to me now if I am being watched or not. 25. It made no difference to me how it had been done. I was interested only in the result. 26. One of the main differences is that the product will be advertised on TV. 27. There was a world of difference in the way the crisis was handled in two different

companies. 28. Good business relationships are built in a different way.

29. I know by experience that children are easily taught foreign languages. 30. Something should be done to protect holidaymakers from unpleasant experiences. 31. It has been my experience that coloured clothes must be washed separately. 32. The same symptoms have been experienced by a lot of people. 33. An experienced nurse is demanded to look after the child. 34. How has money been raised for business in your experience?

35. The museum is in bad condition. Valuable exhibits are being destroyed. You must find a

way to do something. 36. The terms of the contract have been found reasonable. 37. Wherever I went I found evidence that the camp had been left only a short time before we

arrived. 38. A bomb has been found in an old lady’s garden.

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39. It has been found that difference of opinion between them is really great. 40. I was surprised to find that he had been awarded by the prize. 41. I was surprised to find that the town had been completely destroyed during the earthquake.

42. When were you told about this strange occurrence? 43. The accident occurred when the house was being built. 44. It has been found that such phenomena occur regularly in this part of the world. 45. He was warned not to let this occur again.

46. The upward tendency in prices is clearly seen in this graph. 47. We tend to think that the ozone depletion has been formed because of industrial activity of

the man. 48. People tend to realize that environmental problems are caused by their activity.

49. He has been praised for the valuable contribution to science at the conference today. 50. I have been offered $50 for my old car but its value is much higher. 51. The value of this discovery will be realized later. 52. We have been paid the full value of the car. 53. At the auction the painting was valued at ₤1000. 54. A painting of great value has been stolen from the museum.

26. 1. This school was adapted for use as a hospital. 2. How are wages of the workers adjusted? 3. A new name won’t be assumed for the company. 4. A lot of difficulties were experienced. 5. The terms of the contract were found reasonable. 6. This stage of history was studied in detail. 7. His advice was valued greatly. 8. Good business relationships are built in different ways.

9. The equipment was being adjusted when we came in. 10. The computer is being used at the moment. 11. At 3 pm yesterday Paul was being examined by an experienced doctor. 12. The values are being recorded now. 13. The victims’ relatives were being taken care of soon after the crash.

14. The first two stages of adjustment have already been passed through. 15. Their plans had been adapted to the new circumstances by then. 16. New ways of being and thinking have been learned. 17. Any way the work will have been completed by the end of this week. 18. Had this been question been discussed before he withdrew his offer? 19. I understood that their values had been changed. 20. A mobile phone company has been attacked for using dishonest ways of selling its phones. 21. Has culture shock been experienced only as a mild listlessness? 22. By that time their old assumptions and beliefs had been left behind.

27. 1. Their difference of opinion is much spoken about. 2. At an early stage children are taught to read and count, they are played with and entertained. 3. She was so hard-working that her inexperience was not paid attention to.

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4. He has never been taken for her brother. They were quite different both in appearance and in character.

5. The scientist got interested in the assumption that had been referred to during the discussion.

6. Many different ways have been considered, but this one wasn’t even thought of. 7. All doctors tend to the same conclusion that the patient won’t be operated on. 8. I was surprised to find that the students had already been taken care of there. 9. I was surprised to find that the taxi had already been sent for. 10. Last year his withdrawal from business was taken no notice of. 11. In a way he can be relied on. 12. It has been my experience that this professor’s lectures are listened to with great interest. 13. In one way or another this program is well spoken of. 14. Valuable books in the library are in excellent condition. They have been well looked after.

28. 1. If any difficulties arise, we’ll help you. 2. Would you tell me about it if the need didn’t arise? 3. The question is bound to arise who will finance our enterprise if the bank doesn’t grant us a

loan. 4. It would depend on your decision to a greater degree if the firm belonged to you. 5. I could get a job easily if I had a degree. 6. I wouldn’t have in the least degree believed it, if I hadn’t seen it with my own eyes. 7. He will be furious if he ever finds out about this. 8. If we had found the terms of the contract reasonable, we would have signed it last week.

9. If I were you, I would present these facts in the form of the story. 10. If your site were formed of several parts, it would be more successful. 11. If you check up these facts carefully, they can form the basis of your diploma paper. 12. You will form some images of the country long before you go there. 13. If a vacancy occurs, we’ll let you know. 14. It won’t occur again if she takes measures. 15. It would be a widespread occurrence here but for the help of international organizations. 16. The accident wouldn’t have occurred if he had driven the car more carefully.

17. If I were you, I would tend to the same conclusion. 18. We tend to think that he will achieve a lot in his life if he works hard. 19. The tendency to improve will become stable if the whole profit is invested in the business

development. 20. If we run out of petrol, I’ll buy some on my way home. 21. If we leave the car here it won’t be in anybody’s way. 22. But for his way of life, they would communicate more often. 23. If he doesn’t find another way of expressing his ideas, nobody will understand him. 24. The work will be finished one way or another if you assign this task to him. 25. If we hadn’t walked so fast, we wouldn’t be so tired now and could continue our way.

26. She would withdraw her accusation if she knew the truth. 27. If I won the lottery I would withdraw from business. 28. If I were you, I would persuade him to withdraw his candidate. 29. But for the immediate withdrawal of money, the bank wouldn’t have gone bankrupt.

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30. If she had adapted to the new conditions, she wouldn’t have withdrawn into herself. 29. 1. will start, 2. adapt, 3. is adjusted, 4. studies, 5. is, 6. adjusts, 7. make, 8. would make, 9. would get, 10. would be, 11. found, 12. gave, 13. would adapt, 14. finished, 15. had known, 16. would have done, 17. would have been able, 18. had had, 19. wouldn’t have experienced, 20. would help. 30. 1. If I hadn’t traveled a lot in the youth, my values wouldn’t be broad and flexible now. 2. If you had gone on the course you would know how to adjust this equipment. 3. If I hadn’t gone to school in France, I wouldn’t be bilingual and I couldn’t cope well with

this task now. 4. If he hadn’t fallen seriously ill yesterday, he couldn’t attend lessons this week. 5. If you valued his advice, you wouldn’t have made a lot of mistakes in your presentation. 6. If she hadn’t found the task of adjusting nearly overwhelming she would be participating. 7. If all his impressions hadn’t merged, he wouldn’t be passive. 8. If he had been able to adapt to new circumstances he wouldn’t be leaving the country now.

31. 1. He said that it depended on our decision to a greater degree. 2. The secretary informed us that another difficulty had arisen. 3. I was surprised to find that she was an experienced nurse. 4. We tended to think that he wouldn’t cope with that task. 5. He came to the conclusion that their research was of great practical value. 6. He told us that he had had to withdraw his candidate. 7. She wrote that she hadn’t been able to adapt to the new circumstances and would return

back soon. 8. He said that it would be easier after we had made all necessary adjustments. 9. He was sure that if they wanted to adapt to a new country the only way was familiarity and

experience. 10. He was sure that if he had enough experience he would cope with it. 11. She told us that she would go there if necessity arose. 33. 1. I wonder if you have given way to his demands. 2. Do you know if she gave up her studies last year? 3. I wonder if her patience gave out. 4. I’d like to know if he gave in his resignation last week. 5. I don’t understand whether you are selling it or giving it away. 6. I don’t remember if you took him for a friend of yours. 7. I doubt if his assistant will take over (his job) after he retires. 8. I’d like to know if you take to new places quickly. 9. Could you tell me if the tourists took a lot of pictures of the city? 10. I wonder if she takes care of her pet. 11. I don’t know if he will take to his new teacher. 12. Could you tell me if the plane is due to take off in 5 minutes?

34. 1. I wondered if you had given way to his demands. 2. Did you know if she had given up her studies the year before? 3. I wondered if her patience had given out.

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4. I wanted to know if he had given in his resignation the week before. 5. I didn’t understand whether you were selling it or giving it away. 6. I didn’t remember if you had taken him for a friend of yours. 7. I doubted if his assistant would take over (his job) after he retired. 8. I wanted to know if you took to new places quickly. 9. I asked if the tourists had taken a lot of pictures of the city. 10. I wondered if she took care of her pet. 11. I didn’t know if he would take to his new teacher. 12. I asked if the plane was due to take off in 5 minutes.

35. 1. I’d like to know when he gave in an application for leave. 2. I don’t understand why the supplies gave out. 3. I have no idea who gave away my plan. 4. I wonder why he won’t give in. 5. Did you know when he had given up smoking? 6. You must find out when the plane takes off. 7. I wonder if he will take over the firm from his father. 8. I wonder why I took the girl for your sister. 9. I didn’t know what he had taken up instead of photography. 10. He wondered who would take care of that. 11. She asked if he had ever gone in for skiing competition. 12. Do you know if there is enough coffee to go round? 13. He asked if she would go on working after the baby was born.

36. 1. His friend advised him not to give in. 2. The doctor advised my brother to give up smoking. 3. She asked him not to give her away. 4. My teacher advised me to take another English course. 5. He told me to take no notice of it. 6. The doctor told the patient to take a deep breath. 7. My friend encouraged me not to give way to despair. 8. The producer encouraged the young actor to take the new role. 9. He ordered them to finish the work one way or another. 10. He advised her to leave things the way they were. 11. He warned me not to stay in the way.

37. 1. I was surprised to find that he had given in his resignation. 2. He told her not to give way to despair and promised to help her. 3. They were pleased that the clouds had given way to sunshine. 4. She asked which of them had given away the secret. 5. I’d like to know how quickly you take to new places. 6. I don’t know when the plane takes off. 7. He asked how many pictures of the city the tourists had taken. 8. I wonder whom she took after. 9. He was not sure if he would take over the firm from his father. 10. The police demanded from the hijackers to give in. 11. He said that chemical gave off a strange smell. 12. He said that he would be very angry with anybody who would give away that secret.

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Unit 3 Content

Modal Verbs

• Can and its Equivalent • Must and its Equivalents • May • Should and Ought to • Need

Nouns Adjectives-Adverbs-Comparisons

• Regular Forms of Comparison • Irregular Forms of Comparison • Types of Comparison

Some - Any – No – Not any – Every Much – Many – a Lot of Revision Key

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Modal Verbs.

Can and its Equivalent Forms and Meanings

Modal verb/ Equivalent

Present Past Future

can to be able to …

can am able to … is able to … are able to …

could was able to were able to

will be able to

1.Mental, physical, circumstantial ability

Can you lift this box? He can solve the most difficult problems. They can get there by bus.

2. Permission можете + инф.

You can go now. You can play with the boys here.

3. Request

Can you do me a favour? Could you get me a glass of water?

4. Prohibition нельзя + инф.

You can’t cross the street here.

1. Translate from Russian into English, using the Active vocabulary and can, be able to. Achieve 1. В результате переговоров им удалось добиться полного

взаимопонимания. 2. Она может достичь успеха без особых усилий. 3. Они делают все, что могут, но улучшений не добились. 4. Если вы увидите Джона, вы не могли бы передать ему, что он

добился своей цели. 5. Они не смогут добиться повышения зарплаты таким образом. 6. Я думаю, что она могла бы осуществить свое желание (ambition)

посетить Америку. 7. Если вы выступите на конференции, это даст вам чувство

удовлетворения,.

Arrange Arrangement

8. Я уверен, мы можем прийти к соглашению. 9. Вы можете снять деньги с этого счета только по договоренности с

банком. 10. У меня будет вечеринка в следующую субботу. Вы можете прийти?

– Боюсь ,что не смогу. Я уже договорился о другой встрече в этот день.

11. Вы можете начать необходимые приготовления к конференции? 12. Мы не смогли договориться о том, когда встретиться. 13. Вы можете идти и начинать приготовления к семинару.

Challenge 14. Это действительно интересная, но трудная проблема. Боюсь, что вы

не сможете решить ее самостоятельно. 15. Спорим (I bet), что вы не сможете выступить по этому вопросу. –

Это что, вызов?

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Astonishment Неужели

Can he know it? Can he be working now? Can he have worked here last year? Can he have been waiting for us all the time?

Strong doubt Не может быть, чтобы

He can’t know English well. He can’t be working now. He can’t have done it. He can’t have been waiting for us all this time.

2. Express astonishment and strong doubt about the statements. Example: He knows English well.

Can he know English well?

He can’t know English well.

1. The company rewards his employees for their achievements in work.

2. His books are neatly arranged in alphabetic order. 3. He always achieves his aims without any efforts. 4. These sculptures are a recent acquisition of the

Museum. 5. They promised to take care of security

arrangements. Example: She knew about it.

Can she have known about it?

She can’t have known about it.

6. They arranged to have dinner the following month. 7. I arranged with him to meet at the cinema. 8. They made all the arrangements for the party. 9. My sister arranged the flowers so beautifully. 10. He acquired the firm in 1978.

Must and its Equivalents

Forms and meanings Modal verb/Equivalent Present Past Future must have to…

must have to… has to…

had to… will have to…

be to… am to… is to… are to…

was to… were to…

“Must” expresses:

Obligation, necessity (according to the speakers opinion)

Well, it’s 10 o’clock, I must go now

Prohibition (нельзя, запрещается) You mustn’t speak to a prisoner in a foreign language.

“Have to” expresses:

Obligation or necessity arising out of circumstances (должен = приходится, вынужден)

I have to get up at 6 every day. My working day begins at 8.

“Be to” expresses:

An agreement or arrangement, part of a plan (должен)

We were to meet at the entrance of the theatre at a quarter to 9.

Something thought an unavoidable (предстоит, суждено)

He went about thinking of his life and what was to become of him.

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3. Use must, have to or be to with the infinitive in brackets. 1. This is Dora. She (to share) your room. 2. I must leave you now. I (to do) the cooking. 3. Who (to meet) you there? 4. My feet are wet. I (to change) my socks. 5. I’m afraid you (to go) there alone, darling. I’ve such a headache. 6. When the lecture (to begin)? 7. Two more apartment houses (to be built) here. 8. Well, children, who (to do) the dishes tonight? 9. Sorry, I’ve got to rush. I (to meet) mother at the metro station at 6 sharp. 10. You (to leave) at 6 to catch the train. 11. I (to write) a letter to my sister. I am worried about her. 12. She (to wear) glasses as her eyesight is very weak.

4. Make the following sentences negative and interrogative.

1. Trade union representatives have to achieve increase in payment. 2. I had to wear a newly acquired jacket. 3. To achieve his aim he had to learn two foreign languages. 4. These documents have to be properly arranged. 5. We will have to speak to him about security arrangements.

5. Translate from Russian into English, using the Active vocabulary. Acquire 1. Он приобрел привычку работать допоздна и вынужден был спать по 3-4

часа в сутки. 2. Вы должны овладеть навыками программирования. 3. По плану этот регион должен приобрести статус свободной

экономической зоны. 4. В отличие от меня ему не надо было посвящать все свое время

приобретению знаний. 5. Вам обязательно надо приобретать эту компанию? 6. Где должны быть показаны последние (recent) ценные приобретения

музея? Attain 7. Мы должны определить лучшие способы достижения наших целей.

8. Если вы хотите добиться желаемой цели (a desired goal), не надо тратить время на пустяки (trifles).

9. Мы должны ставить перед собой только достижимые цели. 10. Чтобы получить диплом вам придется хорошо потрудиться. 11. Мы должны добиться оптимального уровня.

“Must” expresses:

Probability (должно быть, вероятно)

He must be at home. He must be writing about his travels. He must have taken a lot of photos while he was on the islands. They must have been waiting for you for a long time.

Notes. In negative sentences and sentences referring to the future probability is expressed by other means: evidently, probably, be likely. Examples:

Evidently, she didn’t know my address. She will probably come tomorrow. She is not likely to come so late.

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6. Refer the sentences to the past. Examples: They must know him.

They must have known him then.

They must be waiting for you. They must have been

waiting for you yesterday.

1. George must be pleased that he has attained a degree.

2. This medal must be his highest achievement. 3. He must acquire extensive knowledge of national

traditions traveling all over the world. 4. They must have no valuable acquisitions. 5. This must be his first attempt at the exam. 6. Scientist must be making attempts to develop new

forms of energy. 7. Translate from Russian into English using Active vocabulary and must. Attempt 1. Они, вероятно, закрыли дорогу в попытке уменьшить движение

транспорта в городе. 2. Попытки заблокировать эту дорогу, по-видимому, бесполезны. 3. Должно быть, она не обращает внимания на его попытки

присоединиться к разговору. 4. Эти меры, вероятно, являются сознательной попыткой восстановить

равновесие сил. 5. Все наши попытки установить связь с доктором Джеймсом, вероятно,

не имели успеха. 6. Он, наверняка, пытается сделать это как можно лучше.

Challenge 7. Поиск решения этой проблемы, вероятно, представляет большую трудность для ученых.

8. Он, должно быть, не дал ей возможности (no opportunity) оспорить правильность его действий.

9. Мальчику, вероятно, нравится преодолевать трудности. 10. Это была трудная задача, но он, по-видимому, справился с нею (to rise

to the challenge). 11. Это, очевидно, было самое трудное время для всех нас. 12. Она, вероятно, предпочла более интересную, хотя и трудную, работу. 13. Должно быть, он хорошо знает все основные трудности, с которыми

сталкиваются пожарные каждый день. 14. Очевидно, эта проблема заставила их искать новый метод решения. 15. Очевидно, никто не осмелился (to dare) оспаривать законность его

действий.

May Forms and Meanings

Modal verb/equivalent Present Past Future May may Might - To be allowed to… Am allowed to…

Is allowed to… Are allowed to…

Was allowed to… Were allowed to…

Will be allowed to…

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“May/might” expresses: Permission (можно) May I borrow your umbrella, please.

Possibility (возможно, может быть) I may/might go to Italy this summer. He may/might be waiting now. You may/might have left the bag in the shop. He may/might have been sleeping all day yesterday.

Criticism/reproach ( only might) (мог бы)

You might have reminded me about it.

8. Analyze the meaning of the word may. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. I said to Mrs. Micawber: “May I ask what you and Mr. Micawber intend to do, now that Mr. Micawber is out of his difficulties? Have you settled yet?”

2. He said I might come to him any day I liked. 3. I asked if I might bring my wife down next Saturday. 4. If he walks from the station, he may arrive in the course of the next half an hour. If

drives, he may be here any moment. 5. “May I look around?” – he asked. 6. It was some special occasion. I don’t remember what. It may have been my birthday. 7. He may not have learnt the news, that’s why he looked as if nothing had happened. 8. Of course I’m too young but I tried hard and one day I may achieve something.

9. Translate from Russian into English using Active vocabulary and may/might. Ignore 1. Он, возможно, игнорирует ее, потому что она действует на него

раздражающе. 2. Чтобы увеличить прибыль, менеджеры компании, возможно,

проигнорировали технику безопасности. 3. Возможно, они будут игнорировать предварительные договоренности. 4. Такой путь, возможно, заведет их в тупик невежества. 5. Подростки могут быть невежественными в области современной

политики. 6. Тревога, возможно, была вызвана отсутствием осведомленности

общественности об этой болезни. 7. Он, возможно, не знал об этом факте. 8. Возможно, вы проигнорировали правила дорожного движения и поэтому

вас оштрафовали (to fine).

Involve 9. Возможно, он не будет заниматься разработкой нового программного продукта.

10. Сюжет фильма, возможно, был слишком сложным. Никто не понял его. 11. Может быть, этот проект повлечет значительные расходы на вооружение. 12. Эти страны втянуты в военный конфликт. Им, возможно, не удастся

прийти к соглашению.

Should and ought to. Forms and Meanings

Moral obligation A man should help his parents when they become old. Advice You should be more careful. Criticism of the past action/disapproval

She was feeling unwell yesterday. She shouldn’t have gone to her office.

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10. Translate from Russian into English using should. 1. Вам следует привлечь квалифицированный персонал к реализации этого проекта. 2. Ему не следовало игнорировать совет, но он его проигнорировал. 3. Это серьезный вызов. Вам следует проконсультироваться по этому вопросу у

специалиста. 4. Вам не следовало позволять втягивать себя в конфликт. 5. Следует получить официальное разрешение на строительство здания возле реки.

Need

Forms and Meanings Meaning Examples Equivalents Absence of necessity She needn’t get up early.

The lessons begin at 10. Don’t have to… She doesn’t have to do it.

Something that has been done, was unnecessary

The water was clean. You needn’t have boiled it.

____

Notes.

“Need” expresses necessity. It is mostly used in negative and interrogative sentences. When “need” is used in the meaning “to be in want of something” it is treated as a normal verb. For

example: He needs a pair of shoes. 11. Practice the following according to the models. Model You took the lift, I suppose? (walk up the stairs)

No, I walked up the stairs. You needn’t have walked up the

stairs. You could have taken a lift.

1. You went by bus, I suppose? (walk) 2. You borrowed the books, I suppose? (buy) 3. You phoned him, I suppose? (write) 4. You went by taxi, I suppose? (take a bus) 5. You went a second class, I suppose? (go

first class) 6. You left your heavy case at the station, I

suppose? (take it with me) 7. You sent the sheets to the laundry, I

suppose? (wash them myself) 12. Translate from Russian into English using Active vocabulary and need. Obtain 1. Ему не надо получать разрешения от городского Совета, чтобы построить

гараж. Оно уже получено. 2. Им не надо было проводить эксперимент второй раз. Они получили

хорошие результаты уже в первом эксперименте. 3. Вам не надо приобретать эту книгу. У нас есть все необходимые книги

дома. 4. Нам не надо было ездить туда, чтобы получить эту информацию.

Nouns.

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Nouns that take only a plural verb Nouns that take only a singular verb

Group nouns. They can take either a singular or a plural verb depending on whether we see the group as a whole or as individuals

Trousers, pyjamas, scissors, spectacles, belongings, cattle, clothes, congratulations, earnings, goods, (good) looks, outskirts, people, police, riches, stairs etc.

Bread, tea, sugar etc. Advice, love, death etc. Athletics, mathematics, etc. Billiards, weather, luggage, furniture, money, news, information, knowledge, hair, behavior, trouble etc.

Army, audience, class, club, committee, company, council, crew, family, government, press, public, stuff, team etc.

13. Translate from Russian into English using Active vocabulary. Opinion 1. Каково ваше мнение о его советах?

2. Вы не выразили ваше мнение о книге. Там много сведений (information) об учебных заведениях США.

3. Я довольно плохого мнения о его знаниях. Их недостаточно, чтобы успешно выполнить (carry out) работу.

4. Она высокого мнения о ваших успехах (progress), которые вы сделали за последнее время.

5. Он считает, что у этого студента глубокие знания по вашему предмету. 6. По моему мнению, деньги легко тратить и трудно экономить. 7. Последний опрос показывает, что популярность президента

уменьшилась. – Действительно? Это новость для меня. 8. Существуют различия во взглядах на причины этих бед (trouble).

Realize 9. Разреши дать тебе один совет – не спорь с ним, он вполне осознает предстоящие трудности.

10. Она всегда дает хорошие советы, как реализовать прибыль. 11. Все сведения (information), полученные нами вчера, были очень важны

для реализации проекта. 12. У нее роскошный дом, много денег, ее одежда от модных дизайнеров.

Она реализовала все свои мечты (ambitions). 14. Underline the correct item:

1. All of his belongings was/were in one small suitcase. 2. Soccer is/are a popular game in England. 3. Aerobics do/does you a lot of good. 4. Chocolate makes/make you put on weight. 5. Most people enjoy/enjoys Christmas. 6. The money he makes is/are enough to live on. 7. The police is/are looking for the murderer. 8. Her good looks always gets/get her what she wants. 9. The young couple is/are getting married next year. 10. My advice is/are to stop smoking immediately. 11. Measles, which is/are a children’s disease is/are dangerous for adults. 12. The audience was/were given free tickets to the next show. 13. The economics I learnt at school is/are out of date now.

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14. Her grandparents’ death in a car accident was/were a great shock. 15. Fish is/are easy to look after as pets. 16. Television news gives/give you more information than radio news. 17. The stairs to the first floor is/are over there. 18. The information I got was/were very helpful.

Adjectives-Adverbs-Comparisons

Regular Forms of Comparison

Adjective Comparative Superlative short shorter (than) the shortest (of/in) attractive more attractive (than) the most attractive (of/in) adverb fast faster the fastest often more often the most often safely more safely the most safely

15. Translate from Russian into English using Active vocabulary and forms of comparisons. Receive 1. В этом городе много высших учебных заведений. Здесь проще, чем в

других городах, получить хорошее образование. 2. Пенсионеры в этой стране получают бесплатное лечение. Оно

эффективнее, чем в некоторых других странах. 3. Канада получает хороший доход от природных ресурсов. Здесь крупные

залежи металлических руд (deposits of metal ores), прекрасные леса, чистые реки и озера. Как считают канадцы, здесь растут более красивые хвойные (evergreen) деревья, обитают более пушистые (fluffy) звери, чаще можно встретить еще не тронутые человеком земли (undeveloped lands).

4. Этот фильм удостоился значительного внимания прессы. Это самый необычный фильм из всех, которые я видел.

5. Поступления от продажи билетов в театр были гораздо ниже зимой, чем летом.

Irregular Forms of Comparison

Comparative Superlative good/well bad/badly much many/a lot of little far

better worse more more less farther further

best worst most most least farthest furthest

16. Translate from Russian into English using Active vocabulary and forms of comparison.

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require requirement

1. Исполнение произведений этого композитора требует самой большой сосредоточенности.

2. Будет труднее найти работу без диплома. Кроме того, вы будете получать гораздо меньше денег. Хороший диплом – это минимальное требование для хорошо оплачиваемой работы.

3. Его доклад не удовлетворял необходимым условиям, кроме того он был наименее интересным.

4. Он не удовлетворял основным требованиям работодателей (employer). Он был хуже других претендентов.

5. Этот вопрос требует немедленного решения. Самый лучший способ сделать это – провести совещание.

6. Чтобы справиться с кризисом, требуется детальный анализ ситуации. Лучше обратиться к специалисту.

7. Сегодня у нас меньше времени, чем вчера. Поэтому мы не будем обсуждать вопросы, требующие тщательного рассмотрения.

8. Основное требование этой работы - чтобы вы ездили в самые дальние уголки нашей страны.

Types of comparison as…as not so/as…as not such a/so…as

Ted is as tall as Jim. Kate is not as/so clever as her sister (is). Dave isn’t such a good footballer as he used to be.

less… than the least…of/in

The red car is less expensive than the blue one, but the black one is the least expensive of all.

the + comparative…, the + comparative The earlier you leave, the earlier you’ll be back. comparative + and + comparative He walked faster and faster. twice as…as three times as…as

Petrol is twice as expensive as it was a few years ago. Their house is three times as big as ours.

the same…as Ann gets the same salary as mine. 17. Translate from Russian into English using Active vocabulary and different types of comparison. Recognize 1. Она выглядела такой же стройной, как и десять лет назад. Я

узнала ее сразу. 2. Он признал, что умрет бездетным. Чем больше он думал об

этом, тем печальнее он становился. 3. Он был не так молод, как вы, и значительно опытнее. В знак

признания его многолетней работы в компании ему подарили часы. Они были такие же, как у вас.

4. Вы должны признать сложность проблем, с которыми мы сталкиваемся. С каждым днем они становятся все более и более сложными.

5. Это новое государство. Чем дольше оно остается самостоятельным, тем большее дипломатическое признание оно получает в мире.

6. Этот врач распознает симптомы различных болезней в два раза быстрее других.

Stand (out, from, for,

7. Он не такой хороший специалист, как мы ожидали. Он должен посторониться и уступить дорогу более квалифицированному

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aside, by, up to, over, in for)

работнику. 8. Я придерживаюсь сказанного ранее – система здравоохранения

(public health services/health care ) в этой стране такая же эффективная, как в большинстве развитых стран мира.

9. Эта партия выступает за низкие налоги и свободу слова. Вот почему она становится все более и более популярной.

10. Само собой разумеется, что решение этого вопроса потребует в два раза больше времени.

11. Если вы хотите взять выходной, вам придется найти кого-то, кто заменит вас. Он должен иметь такую же квалификацию, как и вы.

12. Чем дольше вы стоите над душой, тем больше это заставляет меня нервничать.

13. Их аргументы не такие убедительные (convincing), как наши. Они не выдержат детальной критики.

14. У нас было много претендентов на эту работу, но один из них выделялся среди прочих. Он был не таким опытным и квалифицированным, как остальные, но у него было гораздо больше энтузиазма.

Some - Any – No – Not any – Every

18. Underline the correct item. 1. There is someone/anyone in my room 2. There’s any/some chicken in the fridge. 3. There’s anything/nothing in the freezer. 4. Can I tell you something/nothing? 5. I’ve got hardly any/no money left. 6. He’s given me anything/everything I asked for. 7. No one/anyone came to visit Julia at the hospital. 8. Nobody/anyone can help me with my project. 9. Can I visit you some/no time? 10. I walk Debbie’s dog some/every Sunday. 11. I doubt if anyone/someone knows about it. 12. Anybody/somebody knocked at the door. 13. Would you mind lending me some/any money? 14. Someone/anyone took Bob’s wallet. 15. Did you go anywhere/nowhere for the weekend? 16. You can’t go on holiday without any/no money. 17. I’ve got anywhere/nowhere to sleep tonight. 18. He’s never got nothing/anything interesting to say. 19. Anybody/somebody has been playing my records! 20. Would you like some/any coffee? 21. She hasn’t spoken to someone/anyone for ages.

19. Translate from Russian into English. study 1. Мне необходимо какое-то время, чтобы тщательно изучить этот контракт

перед его подписанием. 2. Кто-то из вас должен принять участие в изучении этого вопроса. 3. Кто-нибудь из них может провести всестороннее исследование этого

процесса? 4. Может быть кто-то ещё и отдаёт всё своё свободное время учёбе, но только

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не он. 5. В кабинете есть кто-нибудь? – Нет, там нет никого. 6. Никто из моих детей не захотел изучать медицину. 7. Вы хотите рассказать мне что-то ещё о своей учёбе в университете? 8. Все советуют ему сосредоточиться на изучении внешней и внутренней

политики этой страны. 9. Его выводы не выдерживают никакой критики, так как не основываются на

тщательном изучении фактов. 10. Вы должны сделать всё, чтобы помочь ему в исследовании этого

необычного явления.

turn 11. Он перевернул несколько страниц. 12. Увеличь громкость звука. Я не слышу ничего. 13. Её семья жила далеко от неё, и ей не к кому было обратиться. 14. Сейчас мы собираемся обратить внимание на проблему, которая касается

всех нас. 15. Не беспокойся об этом. Что-нибудь произойдёт, вот увидишь.

Much – Many – a Lot of Much + uncountable nouns

I haven’t got much time Is there much milk in the fridge?

много

Many + plural countable nouns He has lived here for many years Have you got many problems?

A lot of / plenty of + plural countable nouns + uncountable nouns I’ve got a lot of books I know old Mr. Hopper has a lot of money

Little + uncountable nouns

He gained little advantage from the scheme I have very little time for reading

мало Few + plural countable nouns

He has got very few friends There seem to be very few people in this area

20. Translate from Russian into English.

1. В бутылке мало лимонада. 2. У нее немного платьев. 3. Кто из них переводит много статей с русского на английский? 4. Сколько иностранных языков вы собираетесь учить? 5. В университете много абитуриентов (applicants) на одно место. 6. Каждый день мы получаем много иностранных журналов и газет. 7. Извините, у меня мало времени, и я не могу долго разговаривать с вами. 8. Мы будем обедать через несколько минут. 9. В комнате много света. 10. Вы пригласили много гостей? 11. Ты увидишь его через несколько дней. 12. У вас много бумаги. Дайте мне немного, пожалуйста.

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13. У вас сегодня много или мало работы? 14. В субботу в магазинах много народу. 15. Он зарабатывал мало денег и не мог жить в большом городе.

21. Translate from Russian into English using Active vocabulary and much, many, a lot of. turn 1. Многие страны начинают обращать внимание на новые виды энергии.

2. Он отказался (to turn down) от новой работы потому, что она была связана с большим количеством поездок (traveling).

3. Много оружия было сдано (to turn in) властям на прошлой неделе. 4. Они выпускают (to turn out) много таких игр каждую неделю. 5. Как ты думаешь, много людей появится здесь (to turn up)? 6. Оказалось (to turn out), что он тратит слишком много на одежду. Что касается

меня, у меня немного одежды. 7. Он выступал против (to turn against) своих политических оппонентов много

раз.

Revision 22. Translate from Russian into English using Active vocabulary.

1. На выставке было продемонстрировано много ценных приобретений. 2. Ты сказала немного, Джейн. Каково твое мнение? 3. Надеюсь, однажды я смогу сделать для вас столько же, сколько вы сделали для

меня. 4. И вы должны были работать до восьми? Это слишком много. 5. Я работаю целый год, но чувствую, что ничего не достигла. 6. Я пытаюсь организовать работу таким образом, чтобы я смог получить пару

выходных на следующей неделе. 7. Он получил наивысший балл на экзамене по музыке. 8. Нам необходимо определить лучшие способы достижения наших целей. 9. Индия смогла добиться независимости в 1947 году. 10. Нет смысла даже пытаться объяснять – он никогда никого не слушает. 11. Он сделал несколько попыток присоединиться к их беседе. 12. Он не делал никаких попыток быть общительным. 13. Она может действительно вызвать раздражение, но я пытаюсь игнорировать ее. 14. Как может правительство игнорировать желание большинства? 15. Она занимается проблемами охраны окружающей среды много лет. 16. Так мало людей поддержало (to stand by) его, когда он попал в беду. 17. Я получил меньше денег, чем ожидал. 18. Он не высказал своего мнения ни по одному из вопросов. 19. Кто, по вашему мнению, лучший футболист в мире сегодня? 20. Со временем правительству придется учитывать общественное мнение. 21. Я понимаю, как трудно это будет, но мы должны попытаться. 22. Десять лет спустя его самые худшие опасения оправдались ( to realize). 23. Ему пришлось продать все свои активы (assets), чтобы погасить (to pay off) долги. 24. Убедись, что на все, что ты купил, тебе дали чек. 25. Ты получал какие-либо письма вчера? 26. Его вторая книга получила такой же теплый прием от критиков, как и первая. 27. Пожалуйста, позвоните по этому номеру, если вам требуется какая-либо

дополнительная информация. 28. Хороший диплом – это минимальное требование для многих профессий. 29. Ты узнаешь какие-нибудь песни? 30. Вы должны признать серьезность проблем, с которыми мы сталкиваемся. 31. В знак вежливости вам следует встать, когда она войдет.

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32. Пожалуйста, отодвиньтесь (to stand back) – вы все сможете увидеть, что я делаю. 33. Лектор не появился (to turn up), поэтому нам пришлось найти ему замену (a stand

in). 34. Возможно, он не тратит достаточно времени на учебу. 35. Испания не может позволить себе пренебречь туризмом. 36. Мы добрались до школы, и здесь нам пришлось сделать поворот направо. 37. Ситуация приняла нежелательный оборот (a nasty turn), поэтому вызвали полицию. 38. Сегодня, должно быть, твоя очередь мыть посуду. 39. Правда оказалась более странной, чем мы ожидали.

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Key

Unit 3 1.

1. They were able to achieve complete mutual understanding as a result of the talks. 2. She can achieve success without any effort. 3. They are doing all that they can, but they haven’t achieved any improvements. 4. If you see John, can you tell him that he has achieved his aim? 5. They won’t be able to achieve increase in payment in this way. 6. I think she could achieve her ambition to visit America. 7. It will give you a sense of achievement, if you speak at the conference.

8. I am sure we can come to an arrangement. 9. You can only withdraw money from this account by arrangement with the bank. 10. I’m having a party next Saturday. Can you come? – I’ m afraid I can’t, I’ve already

arranged another meeting on this day. 11. Can you start making the necessary arrangements for the party? 12. We haven’t been able to arrange when to meet. 13. You can go and start making arrangements for the seminar. 14. This is a really challenging problem. I’m afraid you won’t be able to solve it without

help. 15. I bet you won’t be able to speak on the topic. – Is that a challenge?

3.

1. is to share 2. am to do 3. is to meet 4. must/have to change 5. will have to go 6. is the lecture to begin 7. are to be built 8. is to do 9. am to meet 10. will have to leave 11. must write 12. has to wear

4.

1. Do trade union representatives have to achieve increase in payment? Trade union representatives don’t have to achieve increase in payment.

2. Did you have to wear a newly acquired jacket? I didn’t have to wear a newly acquired jacket.

3. Did he have to learn 2 foreign languages to achieve his aim? He didn’t have to learn 2 foreign languages to achieve his aim

4. Do these documents have to be properly arranged? These documents don’t have to be properly arranged.

5. Will you have to speak to him about security arrangements? We won’t have to speak to him about security arrangements.

5.

1. He acquired a habit of working late and he had to sleep 3 or 4 hours a day.

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2. According to the plan this region is to acquire a status of free economic zone. 3. To receive the job in the company you must acquire skills of programming. 4. Unlike me he didn’t have to devote all his time to the acquisition of knowledge. 5. Must you acquire this company? 6. Where are the recent acquisitions of the museum to be exhibited? 7. We need / have to identify the best ways of attaining our objectives. 8. If you want to attain the desired goal, don’t waste your time on trifles. 9. We must set ourselves only attainable goals. 10. To attain the degree you will have to work hard. 11. We must attain the optimum level.

7.

1. They must have closed the road in an attempt to reduce traffic in the city. 2. Attempts to block the road must be futile. 3. She must pay no attention to his attempts to join in the conversation. 4. These measures must be a conscious attempt to restore the balance of power. 5. None of our attempts at contacting Dr. James must have been successful. 6. He must attempt to be doing his best. 7. Finding the solution to this problem must be the greatest challenge for the scientists. 8. He must have given her no opportunity to challenge the rightness of his action. 9. The boy must like a challenge. 10. It was a difficult task but he must have risen to the challenge. 11. This must have been the most challenging time for us all. 12. She must have preferred more challenging work. 13. He must know all major challenges faced by firemen every day. 14. This difficulty must have challenged them to find a new method. 15. Nobody must have dared to challenge the legality of his action.

9.

1. He might / may ignore her because she is really irritating. 2. To increase profits the company managers may have ignored safety regulations. 3. They might ignore the preliminary arrangements. 4. It might lead them to the dead end of ignorance. 5. Teenagers may be ignorant about current politics. 6. Concern might have been caused by public ignorance about the disease 7. He might have been ignorant of the fact. 8. You may have ignored the traffic regulations. That’s why you were fined. 9. He might not be involved in the development of new software. 10. The plot of the film might have been too involved. Nobody understood it. 11. This project may involve significant expenditures on arms. 12. These countries are involved in a war conflict. They might not come to an agreement..

10.

1. You should involve qualified personnel in this project. 2. He shouldn’t have ignored the advice, but he did. 3. That is a genuine challenge. You should consult a specialist about it. 4. You shouldn’t have let you get involved in a conflict. 5. Official permission should be obtained for more building near the river.

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12. 1. He needn’t obtain the permission from the city Council to build the garage. It has been

already obtained. 2. They needn’t have made the experiment for the second time. They had obtained good

results in the first one. 3. You needn’t obtain this book. We have all necessary books at home. 4. We needn’t have gone there to obtain this information.

13.

1. What’s your opinion about / on his advice? 2. You haven’t expressed your opinion about the book. There’s much information in it

about educational institutions in the USA. 3. I have a rather low /bad / poor opinion of his knowledge. It’s not enough to carry out the

work successfully. 4. She has a high opinion of your progress you have made lately. 5. He is of the opinion that this student has deep knowledge of your subject. 6. In my opinion money is easy to spend and difficult to save. 7. The latest opinion poll shows that the president’s popularity has declined. – Really?

That’s news to me. 8. There are differences of opinion on the reasons for this trouble. 9. Let me give you advice; don’t argue with him, he quite realizes the forthcoming

difficulties. 10. She always gives good advice how to realize a profit. 11. All information obtained yesterday was very important for the realization of the project. 12. She has a luxurious house, much money; her clothes are from fashionable designers. She

has realized all her ambitions. 14. 2. is 3. does 4. makes 5. enjoy 6. is 7. are looking

8. get 9. are getting 10. is 11. is, is 12. were 13. is

14. was 15. are 16. gives 17. are 18. was

15.

1. There are many higher educational establishments in this city. It is easier to receive good education here than in other cities.

2. Pensioners in this country receive free medical treatment. It is more effective than in some other countries.

3. Canada receives good income from natural resources. There are large deposits of metal ores, wonderful woods, clean rivers and lakes. According to Canadians more beautiful evergreen trees grow here, the animals are fluffier; one can meet more often undeveloped lands here.

4. This film has received a lot of press attention. It is the most unusual film of all films I’ve ever seen.

5. The theatre’s receipts for the winter were much lower than in summer. 16.

1. Playing this composer’s works requires the most concentration.

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2. It will be more difficult to find a job without a degree. Besides you will receive much less money. A good degree is a minimum requirement for a well-paid job.

3. His report didn’t meet the necessary requirements, besides it was the least interesting. 4. He didn’t meet the main requirements of the employers. He was worse than the other

applicants. 5. This question requires immediate solution. The best way to do it is to hold a meeting. 6. Detailed analysis of the situation is required to deal with the crisis. It is better to turn to

the specialist. 7. Today we have less time than yesterday. That’s why we won’t discuss questions

requiring careful consideration. 8. It is a basic requirement of this job that you go to the farthest parts of our country.

17.

1. She looked as slim as she had been 10 years ago. I recognized her immediately. 2. He recognized that he would die childless. The more he thought about it, the sadder he

became. 3. He was not as young as you and he was much more experienced. He was presented with

a gold watch in recognition of his years in the company. It was the same as yours. 4. You must recognize the complexity of the problems we are facing. Every day they are

becoming more and more complex. 5. It’s a new country. The longer it is independent, the more recognition it receives in the

world. 6. This doctor recognizes the symptoms of different diseases twice as fast as others. 7. He isn’t such a good specialist as we expected. He must stand aside and let a more

qualified person do the job. 8. I stand by the statement I made earlier. – Public health services in this country are as

effective as in the majority of developed countries. 9. This party stands for low taxes and individual freedom. That’s why it’s getting more and

more popular. 10. It stands to reason that the solution to this problem will take twice as much time as

before. 11. If you want the day-off, you will have to find someone to stand in for you. He must have

the same qualification as you. 12. The more you stand over me, the more nervous it makes me. 13. Their arguments aren’t as convincing as yours. They won’t stand up to detailed criticism. 14. We had lots of good applicants for the job, but one stood out from the rest. He wasn’t so

experienced and qualified as the rest, but he was much more enthusiastic. 18. 2. some 3. nothing 4. something 5. any 6. everything 7. no one

8. nobody 9. some 10. every 11. anyone 12. somebody 13. some

14. someone 15. anywhere 16. any 17. nowhere 18 anything 19. somebody

20. some 21. anyone

19.

1. I need some time to study this contract thoroughly before signing it. 2. Some of you must take part in the study of this question. 3. Can any of them carry out the comprehensive study of this process? 4. Somebody else gives all their leisure time to studies, but not him.

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5. Is there anybody in the study? – No, there isn’t. 6. None of my children wanted to study medicine. 7. Do you want to tell me anything else about the study at the university? 8. Everybody advises him to concentrate on the study of the international and home policy

of this country. 9. His conclusions don’t stand up to any criticism, as they are not based on the thorough

study of the facts. 10. You must do everything to help him in the study of this unusual phenomenon. 11. He turned over some pages. 12. Turn the sound up. I can’t hear anything. 13. Her family lived a long way away, and she had nobody to turn to. 14. We are now going to turn to an issue that concerns us all. 15. Don’t worry about it. Something will turn up, you’ll see.

20.

1. little lemonade 2. hasn’t got many

dresses 3. many articles 4. how many 5. many, a lot of

6. a lot of 7. little 8. a few 9. plenty of 10. many 11. a few

12. a lot of, a little 13. much, little 14. a lot of 15. little

21.

1. Many countries are starting to turn their attention to new forms of energy. 2. He turned down the new job because it involved too much traveling. 3. A lot of weapons were turned in to the authorities last week. 4. They turn out a lot of these games every week. 5. Do you think many people will turn up here? 6. He turned out to spend too much on clothes. As for me I don’t have many clothes. 7. He has turned against his political opponents many times.

22.

1. Many valuable acquisitions were shown at the exhibition. 2. You haven’t said much, Jane. What is your opinion? 3. One day I hope I’ll be able to do as much for as you have done for me. 4. And you had to work till eight? – That’s too much. 5. I’ve been working for a year, but I feel as if I’ve achieved nothing. 6. I’m trying to arrange my work so that I can have a couple of days-off next week. 7. He has attained the highest grade in his music exam. 8. We need to identify the best ways of attaining our objectives. 9. India was able to attain independence in 1947. 10. There is no point even in attempting an explanation. He never listens to anybody. 11. He made a few attempts to join in their conversation. 12. He made no attempt to be sociable. 13. She can be really irritating but I try to ignore her. 14. How can the government ignore the wishes of the majority? 15. She has been involved in the problems of environment for many years. 16. So few people stood by him when he got into trouble. 17. I received less money than I expected. 18. He didn’t express his opinion on any matters. 19. Who, in your opinion, is the best football player in the world today? 20. Eventually, the government will have to take notice of public opinion.

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21. I realize how difficult it’s going to be, but we must try. 22. Ten years later his worst fears were realized. 23. He had to realize all his assets to pay off his debts. 24. Make sure you are given a receipt for everything you bought. 25. Did you receive any letters yesterday? 26. His second book got the same warm reception from the critics as the first one. 27. Please telephone this number if you require any further information. 28. A good degree is a minimum requirement for many jobs. 29. Do you recognize any songs? 30. You must recognize the seriousness of the problems we are facing. 31. As a sign of politeness you should stand up when she comes in. 32. Please stand back – then all of you will be able to see what I’m doing. 33. The lecturer didn’t turn up, so we had to find a stand-in. 34. He might not spend enough time on his studies. 35. Spain cannot afford to turn its back on tourism. 36. We got as far as the school, and there we had to make a right turn. 37. The situation took a nasty turn and the police were called. 38. It must be your turn to do the washing up. 39. The truth turned out to be stranger than we had expected.

65

Unit 4

Content

Infinitive / -ing form -ing form Infinitive

Clauses

Time Clauses Clauses of Result Object Clauses Clauses of Purpose

Neither, Either, Both Prepositions Key

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Infinitive / -ing form

Forms of the Infinitive

Active voice Passive voice Present (to) offer (to) be offered Present Continuous (to) be offering ----------- Perfect (to) have offered (to) have been offered Perfect Continuous (to) have been offering -----------

Forms of the -ing form

Active voice Passive voice Present offering being offered Perfect having offered having been offered 23. Write what each word is followed by: full inf., bare inf., or –ing (form).

1. mind _________________ 2. make _________________ 3. what _________________ 4. used _________________ 5. decide ________________ 6. suggest ________________ 7. refuse ________________ 8. would love ________________

9. be seen ________________ 10. it’s no use ________________ 11. would ________________ 12. risk ________________ 13. can ________________ 14. be used to ________________ 15. object to ________________ 16. it’s worth ________________

-ing form

24. Translate from Russian into English using Active Vocabulary and –ing forms. admit, admission

1. Она призналась, что совершила ошибку 2. Сначала он отрицал (to deny), что украл деньги, но позднее признал

это 3. Мы не можем не признать (can’t help) достоверность его рассказа 4. Он не возражал против принятия этой гипотезы 5. Он настаивал на том, чтобы получить доступ ко всем материалам 6. Нельзя не (one cannot help) признать, что старость не самый

приятный возраст 7. Она возражала против того, чтобы вы сделали такое допущение.

attend, attendance

8. Я ценю, что вы так внимательны к нашим нуждам 9. Наконец, им удалось (to succeed in) добиться отличной

посещаемости лекций. 10. Он всегда испытывал удовольствие, когда присутствовал на

лекциях этого блестящего писателя. 11. Мальчика похвалили за то, что он регулярно посещал школу. 12. Это не помешало ему предоставить пострадавшим (the injured)

необходимый врачебный уход. 13. Ваше присутствие необходимо. Не откладывайте вашу поездку

туда.

believe, belief 14. Он не мог поверить, что ее обвинили в краже денег.. 15. Это давало ему надежду в трудные времена. 16. Насколько мне известно, тучным людям (fat people) следует

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избегать переедания, особенно в вечернее время. 17. Мы не смогли избежать обсуждения его политических и

религиозных убеждений. 18. Мы с нетерпением ждем встречи с ней. Она приедет завтра, я

полагаю. 19. Это мое твердое убеждение, что вы больше не можете откладывать

рассмотрение этой проблемы.

Infinitive 25. Translate from Russian into English using Active Vocabulary and Infinitives.

1. Люди когда-то (used to) верили, что Земля плоская. 2. Они отказались платить вступительный взнос. 3. Он притворился, что верит ее выдумке. 4. Ему не удалось подать заявления о приеме в несколько университетов, так как у

него было мало времени. 5. Они согласились присутствовать на церемонии. 6. Они поверили ему на слово и пообещали помочь. 7. Наконец, мне удалось получить доступ к фондам этой библиотеки. 8. Насколько мне известно, экономика этой страны имеет тенденцию к интенсивному

развитию. 26. Translate from Russian into English using Active Vocabulary and the model to want to expect would like to prefer to know

somebody to do something

Claim 1. Когда вы ожидаете, что они потребуют возмещения убытков?

2. Я хочу, чтобы он потребовал возместить транспортные расходы 3. Мы ожидаем, что иск будет отозван в ближайшем будущем 4. Рабочие хотели, чтобы профсоюз поддержал их требования 5. Правительство не ожидало, что количество людей, требующих пособие по

безработице, резко возрастет 6. Компания утверждает, что она не несет ответственности за загрязнение

реки. Мы бы хотели, чтобы эти заявления были тщательно расследованы. 7. Вы хотите отказаться от иска? – Нет, я хочу, чтобы вы признали его. 8. Никто не ожидал, что ребенок будет требовать столько внимания 9. Мне бы хотелось, чтобы все иски о защите окружающей среды были

удовлетворены. 27. Translate from Russian into English using Active Vocabulary and the model to let to make to have

somebody do something

Compare comparison

1. Дайте мне знать о результатах сравнения этих двух подходов 2. Что заставило его сравнивать цены на дома в двух районах? 3. Движение транспорта довольно интенсивное на этой дороге по

сравнению с нашей. Не разрешайте детям играть здесь

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4. Он распорядился, чтобы они провели сравнительный анализ здоровья людей в городах и сельской местности

5. Мы заставили их прекратить этот спор. Он хороший писатель, но не выдерживает сравнения с Шекспиром

6. Не позволяйте себе сравнивать детей 7. Он заставил нас сравнить величины ВВП (GDP) за последние два года

28. Translate from Russian into English using the model to see to hear to feel to watch to notice

somebody do / doing something

1. Мы слышали, как они спорили 2. Она видела, как мальчик поднимался по лестнице 3. Никто не заметил, как я открыл дверь и вышел 4. Я видел, как какой-то человек показывал ей дорогу на станцию 5. Я никогда не слышала, чтобы он говорил неправду 6. После захода солнца мы почувствовали, как температура воздуха начала быстро

падать 7. Я почувствовал, как кто-то коснулся моего плеча 8. Мы наблюдали, как ремонтировали дорогу 9. Я слышал, как кто-то окликнул меня 10. Он заметил, как она побледнела

29. Translate from Russian into English using Active Vocabulary and the model somebody

is was will be

said known supposed believed considered

to do to be done to have done

contribute contribution

1. Говорят, что ее семья пожертвовала $50000 в фонд 2. Считается, что изобретение светофора во многом способствовало

безопасности на дорогах 3. Ожидают, что они пожертвуют беженцам (refugeеs) еду и одежду 4. Известно, что изобретение колеса способствовало прогрессу 5. Говорят, что он отдает этому делу все свое время и деньги 6. Ожидается, что любое содействие будет оценено по достоинству (to

appreciate). 7. Полагают, что она пишет статьи для нескольких журналов

30. Translate from Russian into English using Active Vocabulary and the models somebody

is was will be

sure certain bound likely unlikely

to do to be done to have done

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somebody something

seems seemed happens happened proved turned out

to do to be done to have done

escape 1. Маловероятно, что лев убежит из клетки.

2. Вероятно, он избежал штрафа (a fine). 3. Маловероятно, что что-то важное ускользнет от его внимания. 4. Когда ее машина попала в аварию, ей удалось избежать серьезных травм. 5. Он, казалось, не понял, что был на волосок от гибели. 6. Так случилось, что он избежал наказания. 7. Романтические новеллы оказались для нее средством ухода от

действительности.

exhibit 8. Оказалось, что в молодости он часто выставлял свои работы в художественной галерее.

9. Кажется, он не проявил большого самообладания (self control) в дискуссии. 10. Это, несомненно, наиболее ценный экспонат. 11. Эти товары непременно будут выставлены на следующей неделе.

face 12. Это, по-видимому, одна из самых важных проблем, с которыми сталкиваются работающие матери.

13. Так случилось, что они оказались перед угрозой банкротства. 14. Казалось, мы там столкнулись с очень трудным выбором.

31. Translate from Russian into English using Active Vocabulary and the –ing form or the infinitive

1. Это сравнение кажется интересным. 2. Он кривлялся, чтобы заставить ребенка смеяться. 3. Дэвид надеялся использовать все свое влияние, чтобы заставить их изменить свое

решение. 4. Если бы он признал, что совершил ошибку, пострадала бы его репутация. 5. Она попыталась спасти репутацию, придумав историю о поездке за границу. 6. Целое племя, кажется, исчезло с лица земли. 7. Я не могу представить, чтобы робкий Том требовал того, что принадлежит ему по

праву. 8. Ей повезло (to be lucky), что она избежала серьезных травм (injury). 9. Я верю, что она самая лучшая в мире пианистка. 10. Он утверждает, что встречал президента, но я ему не верю. 11. Он объявил о том, что может вылечить рак (to cure cancer). 12. Он предложил подать заявление о приеме в эту организацию. 13. Дети, кажется, учат сейчас больше интересного по сравнению с тем, что учили мы. 14. Он пообещал внести денежный вклад в этот фонд.

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Clauses Time Clauses

32. Translate from Russian into English using Active Vocabulary and Time clauses increase 1. Увеличение производства не будет значительным до тех пор, пока вы не

будете использовать новые технологии. 2. Постепенно увеличивайте температуру, пока вода не достигнет точки

кипения 3. Потребление газа увеличится в два раза, когда наступит зима 4. Когда население вырастет, городу придется построить больше дорог и

домов 5. Когда условия движения транспорта улучшатся, количество несчастных

случаев уменьшится 6. Прежде, чем увеличить штат, вашей компании придется создать для

людей хорошие условия труда. 7. Как только он значительно увеличит эффективность своей работы, ему

повысят оклад . 8. Прежде, чем вы уйдете, нам бы хотелось обсудить проблему резкого

роста преступности за последние два года

Clauses of Result 33. Fill in: so, such or such a(n).

1. I am………….tired of the long journey to work every day that I wish I could stay at home.

2. I had…………awful headache that I spent the day in bed. 3. It’s……………lovely day! We should go for a picnic. 4. You are……….rude to all my friends that none of them want to see you. 5. The book was…… …. exciting that he couldn’t put it down. 6. She has………..pretty eyes that everyone admires them. 7. It was …………big party that I couldn’t speak to half the people there. 8. You talk……….fast that I can’t understand you. 9. He eats…………lot of food, I’m not surprised he is fat. 10. You shouldn’t spend………..much. You’ll end up without any money one day.

34. Translate from Russian into English using Active Vocabulary and so or such Influence influential

1. В то время она находилась под влиянием своего отца. Оно было так велико, что это повлияло на выбор ее профессии.

2. Елена имела на него такое сильное влияние, что он бросил свою давнюю привычку курить.

3. У нее так хорошо получается влиять на людей, что я не могу не (can't help) восхищаться ей.

4. Что повлияло на ваш выбор такой трудной профессии, как пожарный? 5. Она всегда хотела работать на такую влиятельную газету. 6. Он использовал все свое влияние, чтобы заставить их передумать. Но

это оказалось не так легко.

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Object Clauses 35. Translate from Russian into English using Active Vocabulary paying attention to Clauses participate participation

1. Интересно, будет ли он участвовать в дискуссии. 2. Мы не знаем, охотно ли он участвовал в общественной жизни. 3. Мне бы хотелось знать, повлияло ли его участие на посещаемость

лекции. 4. Интересно, сможет ли он стать постоянным участником этой гонки.

relate related relation relationship

5. Исследователи пытаются узнать, связаны ли низкие результаты экзаменов с большим количеством учащихся в классах.

6. Я не знаю, когда они будут обсуждать безработицу и связанные с ней проблемы.

7. Она спросила, только ли родственники присутствовали на похоронах. 8. Вы не могли бы сказать мне, хорошие ли у него отношения с дядей. 9. Судья (judge) спросил свидетеля (witness), каковы были

взаимоотношения между ним и потерпевшим. 10. Преподаватель спросил нас, поддерживает ли Великобритания

дружеские отношения с этой страной. 11. Я бы хотел знать, каковы самые лучшие способы создания хороших

деловых отношений. 12. Что мы будем делать, если их родственники не придут? 13. Если он подведет меня (to let somebody down), я разорву с ним все

взаимоотношения. 14. Ему было интересно, имеет ли она родственные связи с королевской

семьей (the royal family). 15. Мы сможем продолжить наши отношения, как только вы признаете

свою ошибку. 16. Я не знаю, приедут ли мои дальние родственники сегодня, но если

приедут, я вам дам знать об этом. 17. Интересно, установят ли они деловые отношения с этой фирмой в

Лондоне.

Clauses of Purpose 36. Underline the correct item.

1. He arrived at the office before the others so that / in case he could start early. 2. These tools are for / to mending my car. 3. She went shopping not to / so as not to be short of food. 4. He took a sandwich so that / in case he got hungry. 5. I’ll give you my phone number in order that / in case you need any information. 6. He speaks French so that / in case they can understand him. 7. She worked hard so that / for she could go to university. 8. She’s saving money to / so that she can go on holiday. 9. Shall we book a table if / in case the restaurant is busy? 10. My mother gives me piano lessons so that / in case I can become a musician. 11. My father works hard not to / in order not to loose his job. 12. I’ll take my gloves so that / in case my hands get cold.

37. Translate from Russian into English using Active Vocabulary paying attention to Clauses of Purpose. search 1. Полиция провела тщательный обыск в помещении, чтобы найти наркотики.

2. Он задал еще несколько наводящих вопросов на случай, если фирме

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понадобится эта информация. 3. Вы не могли бы изучить этот вопрос тщательно на случай, если он будет

обсуждаться на совещании у министра. 4. Было проведено тщательное исследование, чтобы мы могли давать

исчерпывающие рекомендации. 5. Я выяснил все факты, чтобы никто не мог обвинить меня в

некомпетентности. 6. Она расследует причины этого явления на тот случай, если оно повторится.

Neither, Either, Both

38. Translate from Russian into English using Active Vocabulary and neither… nor, either… or, both… and. survey 1. И мой друг, и я выбрались из машины, чтобы осмотреть повреждение.

2. Его новая книга – это краткий обзор как английского, так и французского театров в девятнадцатом веке.

3. Ни он, ни его помощник не смогут сделать обзор ситуации. Они оба в отъезде.

4. Последний опрос показал, что большинство людей предпочитают проводить свои отпуска либо в Турции, либо в Египте.

5. Вы можете провести опрос либо сейчас, либо после собрания. Это – на ваше усмотрение.

6. Как мужчины, так и женщины приняли участие в опросе.

Prepositions 39. Fill in prepositions where necessary.

1. Any increase _______ production would be helpful. 2. The population has increased_______ 200,000 people. 3. There were 39,000 new cases last year – an increase________ 7 percent. 4. Can the planets influence _______ human character, as astrologers claim? 5. She never participates_______ any of our discussions, does she? 6. Experts believe that the large number______ cancer cases _______ the area are directly

related _______ the new nuclear power station. 7. She claims she is related _______ royalty. 8. Jim and I are related ________ marriage. 9. The relation ________ the original book and this new film is very faint. 10. Scientists have established the relationships _________ lung cancer and smoking. 11. Anything relating _______ math’s is a complete mystery ___________ me. 12. The police searched the woods ___________ the missing boy. 13. The detectives searched the house _________ top _________ bottom, but they found no

sign ________ the stolen goods. 14. We are doing a computer search _________ all words beginning _________ “high”. 15. She was shot ________ a sniper when she went out ________ search ________

firewood. 16. Many of the listeners surveyed said that they were not satisfied _________ the station’s

programs.

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Key Unit 4

23. 1. doing 2. somebody do 3. to do 4. to do 5. to do 6. doing

7. to do 8. to do 9. doing 10.doing 11.do 12. doing

13. do 14.doing 15.doing 16. doing

24.

1. She admitted making a mistake. 2. At first he denied stealing the money but he later admitted it. 3. We can’t help admitting the truth of his story. 4. He didn’t mind admitting this hypothesis. 5. He insisted on gaining admission to all materials. 6. One cannot help admitting that old age is not the most pleasant one. 7. She objected to your admitting such assumption.

8. I appreciate your attending to our needs. 9. At last they succeeded in achieving high attendance of the lectures. 10. He has always enjoyed attending lectures of this brilliant writer. 11. The boy was praised for attending school regularly. 12. It didn’t prevent him from providing the injured the necessary medical attendance. 13. Your attendance is requested. Don’t delay your going there.

14. He couldn’t believe that she was accused of stealing money. 15. It gave him hope in difficulties. 16. To the best of my belief, fat people should avoid overeating, especially in the evening. 17. We weren’t able to avoid discussing his political and religious beliefs. 18. We look forward to meeting her. She is arriving tomorrow, I believe. 19. It’s my firm belief that you can’t delay considering this problem any more.

25.

1. People used to believe that the world was flat 2. They refused to pay admission fee. 3. He pretended to believe her lie. 4. He failed to apply for admission to several universities, as he had very little time. 5. They agreed to attend the ceremony. 6. The believed his word and promised to help him. 7. I finally managed to gain admission to the funds of this library. 8. To the best of my belief the economy of this country tends to expand.

26.

When do you expect them to claim damages? I want him to claim transport expenses. We expect the claim to be withdrawn in the nearest features. The workers wanted the Trade Union to support their claims.

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The government didn’t expect the number of people claiming unemployment benefits to rise so sharply.

The company claims that it is not responsible for the pollution of the river. We’d like these claims to be thoroughly investigated.

Do you want to withdraw the claim? – No, I want you to admit it. Nobody expected the child to claim so much attention I’d like all the environmental claims to be admitted.

27.

1. Let me know about the results of the comparison between two approaches. 2. What made him compare house prices in the two areas? 3. This road is quite busy compared to/with ours. Don’t let children play here. 4. He had them carry out a comparative study of health in cities and rural areas. 5. We made them stop this argument. He is a good writer but he doesn’t stand comparison

with Shakespeare. 6. Don’t let yourself compare the children. 7. He made us compare the values of GDP for the last two years.

28.

1. We heard them arguing. 2. She saw the boy climbing up. 3. Nobody noticed me open the door and go out. 4. I saw the man showing her the way to the station. 5. I have never heard him tell a lie. 6. After the sunset we felt the temperature begin falling down. 7. I felt somebody touch my shoulder. 8. We watched the road being repaired. 9. I heard somebody call me. 10. He noticed her turn pale.

29.

1. Her family are said to have contributed $50,000 to the fund. 2. The invention of traffic light is considered to have made a major contribution to road

safety. 3. They are expected to contribute food and clothing for the refugees. 4. The invention of a wheel is known to have contributed to the progress. 5. He is said to contribute all his time and money to this business. 6. Any contributions are expected to be appreciated. 7. She is supposed to contribute to several magazines.

30.

1. The lion is unlikely to escape from its cage. 2. He is likely to have escaped a fine. 3. Something important is unlikely to escape his attention. 4. When her car crashed she happened to escape serious injury. 5. He didn’t seem to realize that he had a narrow escape. 6. He happened to escape punishment. 7. Romantic novels proved to be a means of escape from reality for her. 8. He turned out to exhibit frequently at the art gallery in his youth. 9. He didn’t seem to exhibit great self control in the discussion. 10. This exhibit is certain to be the most valuable. 11. These goods are certain to be exhibited next week.

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12. This appears to be one of the most important problems faced by working mothers. 13. They happened to be faced with bankruptcy. 14. We seemed to face a very difficult choice there.

31.

1. It seems to be an interesting comparison. 2. He was making silly faces to make the baby laugh. 3. David hoped to exert all his influence to make them change their minds. 4. If he admitted making the mistake he would lose face. 5. She tried to save face by inventing a story about being overseas at the time. 6. The whole tribe seems to have disappeared off the face of the earth. 7. I can’t imagine shy Tom claiming his right. 8. She was lucky to escape serious injury. 9. I believe her to be the finest pianist in the world. 10. He claims to have met the president, but I don’t believe him. 11. He made claims about being able to cure the cancer. 12. He suggested applying for admission to this organization. 13. Children seem to learn more interesting things compared to when we were at school. 14. He promised to make monetary contribution to this organization.

32.

1. Increase in production won’t be significant until you use new technology. 2. Gradually increase the temperature until it reaches the boiling point. 3. Gas consumption will increase two times when winter comes. 4. When the population increases, the city will have to build more roads. 5. When the traffic conditions get better, the number of accidents will decrease. 6. Before you increase the staff, your company will have to create good labour conditions. 7. As soon as he increases his productivity considerably, his payment will be increased. 8. Before you leave, we’d like to discuss the problem of sharp increase in crime for the last

two years. 33.

1. so 2. such an 3. such a 4. so

5. so 6. such 7. such a 8. so

9. such a 10. so

34.

1. At the time she was under the influence of her father. It was so great that it influenced the choice of her profession.

2. Helen had such a powerful influence on him that he broke a smoking habit of many years.

3. She is so good at influencing people that I can’t help admiring her. 4. What influenced you to choose such a difficult career as of a fireman? 5. She has always wanted to work for such an influential newspaper. 6. He exerted all his influence to make them change their minds. But it turned out not so

easy. 35.

1. I wonder if he will participate in the discussion. 2. We don’t know if he participated in the social life willingly.

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3. I’d like to know if his participation influenced the attendance of the lectures. 4. I wonder if he will be able to become a constant participant of the race. 5. The researchers are trying to know if low exam results are related to large class sizes. 6. I don’t know when they will discuss unemployment and related issues. 7. She asked if the funeral had been attended only by relations. 8. Could you tell me if he has a good relationship with his uncle? 9. The judge asked the witness what the relationship was between him and the victim. 10. The teacher asked us if Britain has friendly relations with this country. 11. I’d like to know what the best ways of building good business relationships are. 12. What shall we do if their relations don’t come? 13. If he lets me down, I’ll break off all relationships with him. 14. He wondered if she was related to the royal family. 15. We’ll be able to continue our relationships as soon as you admit your mistake. 16. I don’t know if my distant relations will come today, but if they come, I’ll let you know

about it. 17. I wonder if they will establish business relationships with this firm in London.

36.

1. so that 2. for 3. so as not to 4. in case

5. in case 6. so that 7. so that 8. so that

9. in case 10. so that 11. in order not to 12. in case

37.

1. The police carried out / conducted / made a thorough search of the premises to find drugs. 2. He asked some more searching questions in case the firm needed this information. 3. Will you search into this matter carefully in case it is discussed at the meeting with the

minister? 4. An exhaustive search was carried out so that we could give recommendations. 5. I searched out all the facts so that nobody would blame me for incompetence. 6. She‘ll search the causes of this phenomenon in case it happens again.

38.

1. Both my friend and I got out of the car to survey the damage. 2. His new book is brief survey of both English and French theatres in the nineteenth

century. 3. Neither he nor his assistant will be able to do a survey of the situation. They are both

away. 4. A recent survey showed that most people prefer to spend their holidays either in Turkey

or in Egypt. 5. You can carry out the survey either now or after the meeting – it’s up to you. 6. Both men and women have taken part in the survey.

39.

1. in 2. by 3. of 4. – 5. in

6. of, in, to 7. to 8. by 9. between 10. between

11. to, to 12. for 13. from, to,

of 14. for, with

15. by, in. of 16. with