Self Perception & Self Presentation
Transcript of Self Perception & Self Presentation
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Self Perception & Self
Presentation
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To become a healthy person , u
must understand your own self
y Find true happiness by becoming the Real you.
y Use self-analysis to unleash your creative energies, and be
the person you really are.
yActualize ourselves, get in touch with ourselves
y Love ourselves.
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Self-awarenessy Pros: Become aware of your ideals and morals
y Con: When we are reminded of ourshortcomings and become self-aware, we
escape the situation (alcohol, binge eating, tv,etc.)
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The unique human capacity of being able
to see ourselves from the outside; the
picture we gain how others see us
Definingthe Self
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Parts of Self
y Me ( the self is an object of Experience}
y I {the self as an active agent in the environment}.
y The spiritual self,which is the inner core of identity,
including the persons goals, ambitions & beliefs
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yThe material Self, which is the person
physical attributes.yThe social Self, which is the personal
identity as it is known by others.
yThe self extends beyond the physical body andincludes a persons possessions, reputation, and
family and social ties.
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Self is a Social Creationy Looking-glass selfa term coined by Charles
Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self
develops through internalizing others reactions to us.
y Who we are & alter the way we see ourselves- in thecourse of interacting with others.
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Self development is an Ongoing Lifelong
Process
yAs we do whatever we do in life,
yWe monitor how others react to us,
yThe result is the we continually modify the
self.
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Self is an Active Constituent In Social
Life
y The self influences us in the following manners:
1. The way we view other people
2. The impressions we try to create in others eyes.
3. Our actions when we socialize with other people.4. The task we set ourselves etc
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Multiple Selvesy A man has as many social selves as there are individuals who
recognize him and carry an image of him in their mind.
y The self we present to the outside world changes, dependingon who inhabits the world.
y We manage impressions of ourselves at all times, presentingthe Self we think others want to see.
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It does summarize & organize our
assumptions about our qualities
Self-Concept: answer to the
question Who Am I
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Types of concepts about the self (Higgins)
SelfSelf--conceptconcept DefinitionDefinition ExampleExample
ActualActual The beliefsThe beliefsabout theabout the
attributes oneattributes oneactually hasactually has
I am a caringI am a caringand sensitiveand sensitive
person; I amperson; I amathleticathletic
IdealIdeal The beliefsThe beliefsabout theabout theattributes oneattributes one
would like towould like tohave ideallyhave ideally
I would love toI would love tobe successfulbe successfuland popularand popular
OughtOught The beliefsThe beliefsabout theabout theattributes oneattributes oneis obligated tois obligated tohavehave
I should beI should bemore ambitiousmore ambitiousand toughand tough
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Illustrative Self-Discrepancies
Types of SelfTypes of Self--DiscrepanciesDiscrepancies
Induced FeelingsInduced Feelings ExampleExample
Actual/OwnActual/Own --Ideal/OwnIdeal/Own
Disappointment andDisappointment anddissatisfactiondissatisfaction
I am dejected because I amI am dejected because I amnot as attractive as I wouldnot as attractive as I wouldlike to belike to be
Actual/OwnActual/Own Ideal/OtherIdeal/Other
Shame andShame andembarrassmentembarrassment
I am ashamed because I failI am ashamed because I failto be as kind a person as myto be as kind a person as myparents wished me to beparents wished me to be
Actual/OwnActual/Own Ought/OwnOught/Own Guilt and selfGuilt and self--contemptcontempt I hate myself because II hate myself because Ishould have more willshould have more will--powerpower
Actual/OwnActual/Own Ought/OtherOught/Other
Fear or feelingFear or feelingthreatenedthreatened
I am afraid my father will beI am afraid my father will beangry with me because I didangry with me because I didnot work as hard he believes Inot work as hard he believes I
shouldshould
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Evaluation of various self qualities and
attributes.
The evaluative component of self concept is
known as Self-Esteem
General acceptance of yourself.
Self-Esteem
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Generalization &Evaluation of
Self Attributes
Self-Concept
1. A student
2. Have a face
3. Posses a self
Self-Esteem
1. A good student or a bad
student.
2. An attractive face or nonattractive face.
3. A positive self or a
negative self
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Self-Esteem: the degree to which you
feel you are a person of worth
High Self-Esteem:
you respect, accept
and positively
evaluate your selflike you feel
yourself as good ,
decent andreasonable etc
y Low self-Esteem
You tend to reject, derogate
and negatively evaluate
your self like feelinferior, discouraged, or
even worthless
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Consequences of High self-
Esteem
y Self-esteem affects our behavior and the way we present
ourselves to others.
y Individuals with high self-esteem are more optimistic & less
depressed.y They get involved in life activities with more enthusiastically.
y Have leadership qualities
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Effects of low self-Esteem
y Individuals with low self-esteem are more likely to victim of
anxiety, depression, drug abuse, alcoholism, ulcers,
insomnia.
y
Students with low self-esteem are less likely to be involved inclass discussion & in formal groups.
y People with low self-esteem are unhappy & see themselves as
failures.
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y They foresee failure in future as well.
y They are unlikely to attempt difficult task, & quickly abandon
undertaking that present obstacles.y People with low self-esteem assume that other people will not like
them.
y They are awkward & fearful in social situations due toanticipatory rejection at every encounter.
y People with low self-esteem experience an abiding sense of regret,as though their very existence was an offense
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A negative sense of self-esteem can
initiate a vicious cycle of poor performance
Failure
Low Self-esteem
Expectation of
failure
Reduced Effort,
Increased Anxiety
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Is it possible to change people so that they do
not habitually attribute responsibility for
failure to themselves & do not blame
themselves all the time?
Tackling the negative impact of
self-Esteem
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Self-Efficacy
ySelf-efficacy is the belief that you can
personally produce & regulate your
outcomes,
y Individual sense of competency and
effectiveness ,
y
U can achieve your personal goals, nomatter how great the odds against u
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Impact of self-Efficacy
y Feelings of self-efficacy influence many
aspects of social life like
1. The careers we pick.2. The goals we seek in our personal lives.
3. Our tolerance of pain etc
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Express excuse for failures and accept
credit for success
These self-enhancing perceptions enable
most people to enjoy the bright side of
high self-esteem and avoid the dark side.
Self Serving bias
a tendency to perceive oneself favorably
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Ways of expressing self-serving bias
y Explaining positive and negative events such as situations
that combine skill and chance ( games, exams, job
applications)
Explaining marital discord.y Claim that we are better than average.
we are rating ourselves as superior in moral goodness than in
intelligence .
Construction own definitions of success
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Giving importance to those things in which we are good.
y Unrealistic optimism:
This illusory optimism increases our vulnerability as we started
to believe ourselves that we are immune to misfortune ,examples of real-estate and stock market business
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y We can conclude that success in academics and
beyond requires enough optimism to sustain hope
and enough pessimism to motivate concern
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False consensus effect
yThe tendency to overestimate the
commonality of ones opinion and ones
undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors
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False uniqueness effect
yThe tendency to underestimate the
commonality of ones abilities and ones
desirable and successful behavior
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Self Presentation & Impression
Management
y The display of social behaviors that establish, maintain, or
refine the impression that others have of us.
y We change our behavior to play various kinds of roles &
present various selves, through impression management
we try to make ourselves likeable & attempt to fit the
perceived notions of others
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False modesty
Self-handicapping
Tactics of self-presentation
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Impression management
y The act of expressing oneself and behaving in a way
designed to create a favorable impression or a impression that
corresponds to ones ideals
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1. Self-monitoring refers to our awareness of hoe we
appear to others.
2. People differ in their awareness of how their behavior
appears to others
Self-Monitoring
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High Self-Monitors:y Have concerned what is socially appropriate.y Are particularly sensitive to the ways in which they are viewed by
others & watch others closely for clues to appropriate behavior.
y Are skillful at expressing their emotions.
y Behave more in accord with what is appropriate to the situationthan with their true feelings
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Low Self-Monitors
y Act more impulsively.
y Are not skilled at altering their behavior to suite varied
occasions.
y
Are less concerned about the impressions they make on otherpeople.
y Finally, tend to act out their feelings & ignore situational cues
that indicate other behavior might be more appropriate.
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Development of social self
y A set of positions and role performance.
y Social identity.
y Success and failures.
yOther people's judgment.
y Self and culture
individualism vs. collectivism.
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Social Comparison Theory(Festinger 1954)y Social comparison.
When do we engage in social comparison?
Who do we compare ourselves to?
Similar others : self-assessment
Upward social comparison: self-improvement
Downward social comparison: self-enhancement
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Social Adjustment is resulted from process of
Socialization while as Social Deviation is out
come of negative role of agents of Socialization;
Discuss.
Assignment
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Reference books:
y Lamberth, John.1980 Social Psychology.London:Collier
Macmillan publishers.
y Papalia,Diane & Sally Wendkos Olds.
1990.A Childs Worlds. NewYork:y Mc GRAW-HILL PUBLISHING COMPANY.
y Feldman,Robert S.1990. Psychology. NewYork: Mc
GRAW-HILL PUBLISHING COMPANY.
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Express excuse for failures and accept credit for success
These self-enhancing perceptions enable most people toenjoy the bright side of high self-esteem and avoid the darkside.
Self Serving bias
a tendency to perceive oneself favorably
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Ways of expressing self-serving bias
y Explaining positive and negative events such as situations
that combine skill and chance ( games, exams, job
applications)
y Explaining marital discord.
y Claim that we are better than average.
we are rating ourselves as superior in moral goodness than in
intelligence .
Construction own definitions of success
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Giving importance to those things in which we are good.
y Unrealistic optimism:
This illusory optimism increases our vulnerability as we started
to believe ourselves that we are immune to misfortune ,examples of real-estate and stock market business
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y We can conclude that success in academics and beyond
requires enough optimism to sustain hope and enough
pessimism to motivate concern
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False consensus effect
y The tendency to overestimate the commonality of ones
opinion and ones undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors
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False uniqueness effect
y The tendency to underestimate the commonality of ones
abilities and ones desirable and successful behavior
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False modesty
Self-handicapping
Tactics of self-presentation
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Impression management
y The act of expressing oneself and behaving in a way
designed to create a favorable impression or a impression that
corresponds to ones ideals