Self healing polymer technology
Transcript of Self healing polymer technology
8/10/2019 Self healing polymer technology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/self-healing-polymer-technology 1/23
1 | P a g e
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To put an effort like this requires the determination and help of many people around me
and I would not be doing justice to their efforts by not mentioning each helping hand in
person.
I express my heartful gratitude to Prof. H G. Phakatkar, Head of Department and other
staff members of the Mechanical Engineering Department for their kind co-operation.
I feel privileged to acknowledge with deep sense of gratitude to my guide PROF. M.V.
Walame for his valuable suggestion and guidance throughout my course of studies and
help render to me for the completion of the report.
I would like to give sincere thanks to the Central Library Cell and Reference Library Cell
and Information Access Centre for their kind co-operation throughout my work.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my parents and my friends. It would have not
been possible to complete the report without their moral support, valuable comments and
suggestions which motivated me towards work.
Shinde Atul K.
TE-V_01
8/10/2019 Self healing polymer technology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/self-healing-polymer-technology 2/23
2 | P a g e
List of Figures
Figure 1 Multiple versus one-time self-healing. (a) Capsule-
based, (b) vascular, and (c) intrinsic self-healing
principles.
8
Figure 2 Schematic diagram of repair concept for polymer
matrix composites using pre-embedded hollow
tubes
11
Figure 3 Microencapsulated Healing Agent and Ruptured
Microcapsule
11
Figure 4 Schematic diagram of repair concept using 3D
network
12
Figure 5 Self-Healing Coating 12
Figure 6 Schematic drawing of the principle of self-healing
epoxy based microcapsules
13
8/10/2019 Self healing polymer technology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/self-healing-polymer-technology 3/23
3 | P a g e
Table of Contents
Sr. No. Name of Topic Page No.
Abstract 4
1 Introduction 5
2 Fracture Mechanics 6
3 Classification of Self-Healing Processes and
Methodology
8
4 Types of self-healing materials and the healing
mechanisms
14
5 Research in Self-Healing Materials 17
6 Applications 18
7 Benefits 20
8 Challenges 21
Conclusion 22
References 23
8/10/2019 Self healing polymer technology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/self-healing-polymer-technology 4/23
4 | P a g e
SELF-HEALING POLYMER TECHNOLOGY
ABSTRACT
Initiation of cracks and other types of damage on microscopic level is a critical problem
in polymers during their service in structural applications and has been shown to change
thermal, electrical, and acoustical properties, and eventually leading to whole scale
failure of the material. Therefore, early sensing, diagnosis and repair of microcracks
become necessary for removing the latent perils. In this context, the materials possessing
self-healing function are ideal for long-term operation. Self-healing polymers are based
on the concept of human body's natural response to damage and its ability to recover with
minimal external help.
The advances in this field show that selection and optimization of proper repair
mechanisms are prerequisites for high healing efficiency. It is a challenging job to either
invent new polymers with inherent crack repair capability (intrinsic self-healing) or
integrate existing materials with novel healing system (extrinsic self-healing).
Comparatively, extrinsic self-healing techniques might be easier for large-scale usage for
the moment. The works and outcomes in this aspect have broadened the application
possibility of polymeric materials. Also, the extended service life of components made
from these intelligent materials would contribute to reduce waste disposal. It is
undoubtedly important for building up a sustainable society.
8/10/2019 Self healing polymer technology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/self-healing-polymer-technology 5/23
5 | P a g e
INTRODUCTION
Polymers and polymer composites have been widely used in tremendous engineering
fields because of their advantages including light weight, good processibility, chemical
stability in any atmospheric conditions, etc. However, long-term durability and reliability
of polymeric materials are still problematic when they serve for structural application.
Exposure to harsh environment would easily lead to degradations of polymeric
components. Comparatively, micro cracking is one of the fatal deteriorations generated in
service, which would bring about catastrophic failure of the materials and hence
significantly shorten lifetimes of the structures. Since the damages deep inside materials
are difficult to be perceived and to repair in particular, the materials had better to have the
ability of self-healing.
In fact, many naturally occurring portions in animals and plants are provided with such
function. For healing of a broken bone, similar processes are conducted, including
internal bleeding forming a fibrin clot, development of unorganized fiber mesh,
calcification of fibrous cartilage, conversion of calcification into fibrous bone and
lamellar bone. Clearly, the natural healing in living bodies depends on rapid
transportation of repair substance to the injured part and reconstruction of the tissues.
Having been inspired by these findings, continuous efforts are now being made to mimic
natural materials and to integrate self-healing capability into polymers and polymer
composites. The progress has opened an era of new intelligent materials. On the whole,
researches in this field are still in the infancy. Innovative measures and new knowledge
of the related mechanisms are constantly emerging.
8/10/2019 Self healing polymer technology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/self-healing-polymer-technology 6/23
6 | P a g e
FRACTURE MECHANICS
The failure of engineering materials is almost always an undesirable event for several
reasons; these include human lives that are put in jeopardy, economic losses, and
interference with the availability of products and services. Even though the causes of
failure and the behavior of materials may be known, prevention of failures is difficult to
guarantee. The usual causes are improper materials selection and processing and
inadequate design of the component or its misuse. Also, damage can occur to structural
parts during service, and regular inspection and repair or replacement are critical to safe
design. It is the responsibility of the engineer to anticipate and plan for possible failure
and, in the event that failure does occur, to assess its cause and then take appropriate
preventive measures against future incidents.
Simple fracture is the separation of a body into two or more pieces in response to an
imposed stress that is static (i.e., constant or slowly changing with time) and at
temperatures that are low relative to the melting temperature of the material. Fracture can
also occur from fatigue (when cyclic stresses are imposed) and creep (time dependent
deformation, normally at elevated temperatures).
For uniaxial tensile loads acting on metals two fracture modes are possible:
(i) Ductile and (ii) Brittle
Any fracture process involves two steps - crack formation and propagation - in response
to an imposed stress. The mode of fracture is highly dependent on the mechanism of
crack propagation. Ductile fracture is characterized by extensive plastic deformation in
the vicinity of an advancing crack. Furthermore, the process proceeds relatively slowly as
the crack length is extended. Such a crack is often said to be stable. That is, it resists any
further extension unless there is an increase in the applied stress. In addition, there will
ordinarily be evidence of appreciable gross deformation at the fracture surfaces (e.g.,
twisting and tearing). On the other hand, for brittle fracture, cracks may spread extremely
rapidly, with very little accompanying plastic deformation. Such cracks may be said to be
8/10/2019 Self healing polymer technology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/self-healing-polymer-technology 7/23
7 | P a g e
unstable, and crack propagation, once started, will continue spontaneously without an
increase in magnitude of the applied stress.
Ductile fracture is almost always preferred to brittle for two reasons. First, brittle fracture
occurs suddenly and catastrophically without any warning; this is a consequence of the
spontaneous and rapid crack propagation. On the other hand, for ductile fracture, the
presence of plastic deformation gives warning that failure is imminent, allowing
preventive measures to be taken. Second, more strain energy is required to induce ductile
fracture inasmuch as these materials are generally tougher. Under the action of an applied
tensile stress, many metal alloys are ductile, whereas ceramics are typically brittle, and
polymers may exhibit a range of behaviors.
Brittle fracture in crystalline metals can be classified into two broad groups, intergranular
and transgranular. The crack of intergranular failure moves along grain boundaries.
Transgranular fracture occurs through fracture within grains. Within a grain, cleavage
failure occurs along a weak crystallographic plane. In fact cleavage fracture is the most
brittle form of fracture and it hardly damages the fractured surfaces. Once the cleavage
crack reaches the grain boundary, it finds another favorable orientation in the next grain.
Ductile fracture growth occurs due to substantial plastic deformation and creation of
microvoids. The material deforms plastically due to the micromechanisms such as
nucleation and motion of dislocations, formation of twins, etc.
8/10/2019 Self healing polymer technology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/self-healing-polymer-technology 8/23
8 | P a g e
CLASSIFICATION OF SELF-HEALING PROCESSES AND
METHODOLOGY
Classification based on way of healing
(i) Intrinsic ones that are able to heal cracks by the polymers themselves
(ii) Extrinsic in which healing agent has to be pre-embedded.
1. Intrinsic self-healing
The so-called intrinsic self-healing polymers and polymer composites are based on
specific performance of the polymers and polymeric matrices that enables crack healing
under certain stimulation (mostly heating). Autonomic healing without external
Intervention is not available in these materials for the time being. As viewed from the
predominant molecular mechanisms involved in the healing processes, the reported
achievements consist of two modes:
(i) Physical Interactions
(ii) Chemical Interactions
Figure 1. Multiple versus one-time self-healing. (a) Capsule-based, (b) vascular, and (c)
intrinsic self-healing principles.
8/10/2019 Self healing polymer technology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/self-healing-polymer-technology 9/23
9 | P a g e
1.1. Self-healing based on Physical Interactions
Heating induced healing of polymers depends on inter diffusion of chains and formation
of entanglements. Crack healing happens only at or above the glass transition
temperature. In order to reduce the effective glass transition temperature polymer is
treated external agent for e.g. PMMA is treated with methanol and ethanol reducing the
glass transition temperature to a range of 40~60°C, and found that there were two
distinctive stages for crack healing: the first one corresponding to the progressive healing
due to wetting, while the second related to diffusion enhancement of the quality of
healing behavior.
Healing of epoxy, for instance, has to proceed above the glass transition temperature.
Then, the molecules at the cracking surfaces would interdiffuse and the residualfunctional groups react with each other. A 50% recovery of impact strength can thus be
obtained.
1.2. Self-healing based on Chemical Interactions
Cracks and strength decay might be caused by structural changes of atoms or molecules,
like chain scission. Therefore, inverse reaction, i.e. recombination of the broken
molecules, should be one of the repairing strategies. Such method does not focus on
cracks healing but on „nanoscopic‟ deterioration. Examples are polycarbonate (PC)
synthesized by ester exchange method and poly-phenylene ether (PPE) in which the
repairing agent was regenerated by oxygen. The above example shows that PPE might be
probably designed as a self-repairing material by means of the reversible reaction. The
deterioration is expected to be minimized if the recovery rate is the same as the
deterioration rate.
Another method is using thermally reversible crosslinking behavior has been known for
quite a while. Wudl et al . combined this with the concept of „self -healing‟ in making
healable polymers. They synthesized highly cross-linked polymeric materials with
multifuran and multi-maleimide via Diels-Alder (DA) reaction. At temperatures above
120°C, the „intermonomer‟ linkages disconnect but then reconnect upon cooling (i.e. DA
reaction). This process is fully reversible and can be used to restore fractured parts of the
8/10/2019 Self healing polymer technology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/self-healing-polymer-technology 10/23
10 | P a g e
polymers. In principle, an infinite number of crack healing is available without the aid of
additional catalysts, monomers and special surface treatment.
2. Extrinsic self-healing
In the case of extrinsic self-healing, the matrix resin itself is not a healable one. Healing
agent has to be encapsulated and embedded into the materials in advance. As soon as the
cracks destroy the fragile capsules, the healing agent would be released into the crack
planes due to capillary effect and heals the cracks. Taking the advantages of crack
triggered delivery of healing agent, manual intervention (e.g. heating that used to be
applied for intrinsic self-healing) might be no longer necessary. In accordance with types
of the containers, there are two modes of the repair activity:
(i) Self-healing in terms of healant loaded pipelines
(ii) Self-healing in terms of healant loaded microcapsules
2.1. Self-healing in terms of healant loaded pipelines
2.1.1. Hollow glass tubes and glass fibers
The core issue of this technique lies in filling the brittle-walled vessels with
polymerizable medium, which should be fluid at least at the healing temperature.
Subsequent polymerization of the chemicals flowing to the damage area plays the role of
crack elimination. Property matching is important for hollow glass fibers/matrix polymer
pairs, which decides breakage of the hollow fibers and release of healing agent. Zhao et
al . showed that for the epoxy/polyamide compounds with healing agent loaded hollow
plastic fiber, the plastic tubes did not fracture even when the matrix was completely
broken. No healing effect could be observed as a result. One of the possible solutions of
this problem lies in covering the hollow repair fiber with a thin polymeric layer.
Flowability of the released healing agent inside materials to be healed is another problem
that might be encountered in practice.
8/10/2019 Self healing polymer technology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/self-healing-polymer-technology 11/23
11 | P a g e
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of repair concept for polymer matrix composites using pre-
embedded hollow tubes
2.1.2. Three-dimensional microvascular networks
Figure 3. Microencapsulated Healing Agent and Ruptured Microcapsule
In conventional extrinsic self-healing composites it is hard to perform repeated healing,
because rupture of the embedded healant-loaded containers would lead to depletion of the
healing agent after the first damage. To overcome this difficulty, Toohey et al . proposed
a self-healing system consisting of a three-dimensional microvascular network capable of
autonomously repairing repeated damage events. Their work mimicked architecture of
human skin. When a cut in the skin triggers blood flow from the capillary network in the
dermal layer to the wound site, a clot would rapidly form, which serves as a matrix
8/10/2019 Self healing polymer technology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/self-healing-polymer-technology 12/23
12 | P a g e
through which cells and growth factors migrate as healing ensues. Owing to the vascular
nature of this supply system, minor damage to the same area can be healed repeatedly.
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of repair concept using 3D network
2.2. Self-healing in terms of healant loaded microcapsules
Figure 5. Self-Healing Coating
The principle of this approach resembles the aforesaid pipelines but the containers forstoring healing agent are replaced by fragile microcapsules. As soon as cracks destroys
the capsules, the healing agent would be released into the crack planes due to capillary
effect and cure crack under initiation of the latent hardener.
8/10/2019 Self healing polymer technology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/self-healing-polymer-technology 13/23
13 | P a g e
Figure 6. Schematic drawing of the principle of self-healing epoxy based
microcapsules
8/10/2019 Self healing polymer technology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/self-healing-polymer-technology 14/23
14 | P a g e
TYPES OF SELF-HEALING MATERIALS AND THE HEALING
MECHANISMS:
Although all types of these materials have their own self-healing mechanism, we start
from describing some common features. Virtually all materials with long degradation
time deteriorate through development of microcracks (fatigue). A sharp apex of each
crack works as a knife cutting the materials with ease. This results in larger cracks, and
consequently, mechanical degradation. Example of such material would be plastics used
for construction, artificial bones, dental cement, etc. To heal such materials, one needs to
seal those microcracks before their further growing. The other type of degradation and
the healing mechanism is important for materials that can degrade sufficiently fast.
Example of such materials can be various coatings, armor, all surfaces that can suffer
sudden impact or collision with a projectile. In such a case, not only cracks, but even
holes should be sealed and healed. Definitely there are materials of dual purposes, which
would degrade through both of the above mechanisms.
To classify self-healing materials, one can consider four different classes:
plastics/polymers, paints/coatings, metals, and ceramics/concrete. We will discuss each
of these classes below.
1. Plastics/polymers
Polymers/plastics are attractive from mechanical and chemical points of view. Many
plastic materials are strong and resistant to breaking. However, once fractured, the
material deteriorates irreversibly. Even under normal wearing, plastics used to developsmall cracks that also grow irreversibly. This leads to degradation of their mechanical
properties and decreasing life time of such materials. This is where self-healing is needed
the most. The working principle of self-healing mechanism is based on having small
capsules filled with healing glue. These capsules are mixed within the polymer body. The
8/10/2019 Self healing polymer technology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/self-healing-polymer-technology 15/23
15 | P a g e
glue activator (needed to rigidify the glue inside the cracks) is also added to the polymer
body.
When microcracks are developed in the polymer body, these also rapture the capsules.
The glue leaks in the cracks and heals them before cracks can get any bigger.
Another approach is based on using hollow fibers instead of microcapsules.
Hollow fibers based on glass tubes are filled with either resin or hardener, which are
released into the damaged area when the fibers are fractured. When the resin and the
hardener are mixed in the crack plane, the resin hardens, repairing the crack.
It is worth noting that thermoplastic materials demonstrate interesting natural healing
property. Being heated, they can recover their mechanical integrity and properties. This
can be used to fix some impact damage even autonomically. For example, after collision
with such a plastic, there can be a dent/hole/scratch. However, as a part of the collision
energy transfers into heat. So the area of the damage can be melted and heal itself. By
manipulating thermally reversible Diels-Alder reactions, a transparent polymer material
with self-repairing functionality at ~120°C is developed.
2.Paint
Apart from cosmetic reason, paint is typically serves to protect surfaces. Self-healing
protection coating for cars from Nissan is one of such examples. In principle, the
mechanism of healing here can be similar to the described previously. However, main
cause of wearing of paint coating is due to scratches, abrasion, and mechanical damage
(collisions). It implies a specific restriction to a possible healing mechanism. Specifically,
recover of mechanical recovery is not as important as recovery of protective property.
This means, for example, that the healing agent can seal or inhibit corrosion of the
surface underneath the crack rather than seal the crack itself. To fix scratches
cosmetically, and up to some extend protect coated surface, a rather viscous polymer can
be used instead of glue.
8/10/2019 Self healing polymer technology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/self-healing-polymer-technology 16/23
16 | P a g e
3. Metals
Metals being superior materials in many respects, suffer from cracks, dents and
corrosion. Presently, the issue of corrosion is addressed by various coating. Self-healing
of metals is not as developed as that for plastics. Electroconductivity of metals can be
used in self-healing of both metals and ceramics. New methods involving electric-field
induced colloidal aggregation are being explored. When a defect occurs in the insulating
coating, metal is exposed and creates high current density at the damaged site. This leads
to fluid flow though the crack, causing colloidal particles to coagulate around the defect,
and consequently, seal it.
4. Ceramics/concrete
There are different directions in autonomic healing of structural materials. The
first one is the “classical” use of healing capsules. The second one is inhibiting
corrosion of inner reinforcement frame (like the frame in concrete). Studies have
demonstrated these materials to have the potential for increasing the life of reinforced
concrete structures.
The other interesting approach suggest to use chalk as a part of concrete materials that
have direct contact with water. If a crack appears the water the material is standing in
gets inside. While for modern concrete that leads to irreversible deterioration, in the chalk
concrete, the water dissolves the chalk in the mortar. That suspension of chalk penetrates
into the cracks and settles there calcifying, sealing the crack. This approach is rather
promising because chalk is relatively cheap.
8/10/2019 Self healing polymer technology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/self-healing-polymer-technology 17/23
17 | P a g e
RESEARCH IN SELF-HEALING MATERIALS
Efforts to create autonomic, or self-healing, materials have become a fast-growing line of
research, in large part due to advancements made by Beckman Institute researchers.
In 2001, Beckman faculty members Nancy Sottos, Jeff Moore, and ScottWhite published
a paper in Nature magazine detailing their breakthrough work that demonstrated for the
first time self-healing in an engineered materials system. The paper drew worldwide
attention in newspapers, journals, and websites and earned a front page story in the
Washington Post.
Inspired by biological processes in which damage triggers an autonomic healing
response, their work has used encapsulated microcapsules and microvascular networks as
methods for generating self-healing in a polymer material and, in a recent research line,
in electrical energy storage systems, including batteries. Since the Nature paper first
appeared in 2001, numerous advances have been made by Beckman researchers,
including developing methods that are more practical and cost-effective than the original
approach, developing systems that are able to repair multiple cracks, and the introduction
of mechanochemical approaches to self-healing. Potential applications could includematerials that self-repair damage on coatings such as those applied to airplane fuselages
or bridges, and batteries for electrical vehicles.
Nancy Sottos, JeffMoore, and ScottWhite have developed microvascular composites that
improved the microcapsule concept (in which the healing agent was consumed) through
an interconnected delivery network of microchannels that provide for multiple self-
healing reactions.
8/10/2019 Self healing polymer technology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/self-healing-polymer-technology 18/23
18 | P a g e
APPLICATIONS
The uses for these self-healing polymer composites are virtually endless. This technology
can be used in nearly any plastic or composite part that is subject to microcracking.
Below are just a few examples.
I. Transportation
Cracks in the structure or components of automobiles, airplanes, and spacecraft
shorten vehicle life and can compromise passenger safety. This self-healing
technology would repair these cracks before they grow to dangerous levels.
II.
Sporting Goods
Many consumers are willing to pay top dollar for high-quality fishing equipment,
tennis rackets, helmets and other protective gear, boats and surfboards, skis, and
other sports equipment. This self-healing technology would improve the quality
of these products.
III. Military
Having armor, body protection that could heal itself even during the battle will be
beneficial for the Army. Air force and Navy can additionally benefit from fast self
disappearing holes in the skin of a jet or ship. A prototype of such material
alr eady exists. Dupont‟s Surlyn® show good properties to heal after ballistic
damage.
IV. Medicine
Once implanted in the body, prosthetics and other medical devices are difficult to
monitor and access for repair. This self-healing technology could prevent
problems caused by damaged pacemakers, hip and knee replacements, dental
materials, and other medical devices.
8/10/2019 Self healing polymer technology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/self-healing-polymer-technology 19/23
19 | P a g e
V. Electronics
Polymer composite circuit boards and electronic components can suffer frommechanical and electrical failures if microcracks progress unabated. This self-
healing technology would help to prevent such failures.
VI. Civil construction
Calcium for self-healing concrete is cheap. Self-healing coatings on structural
steel components in, for example, bridges can be very popular. Again, here the
healing mechanism is not in recovery mechanics of the coating but rather in protection against rust. This helps sustaining mechanical integrity of the coated
steel constructions.
VII. Paints, Coatings, and Adhesives
Used in a wide variety of products, paints, coatings, and adhesives are subject to
scratches, cracks, and deterioration. This self-healing technology would repair this
damage, maintaining protection from environmental conditions and/or a longerlasting seal.
8/10/2019 Self healing polymer technology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/self-healing-polymer-technology 20/23
20 | P a g e
BENEFITS
Self-healing
Polymeric and composite materials are subject to weakening due to fatigue cracking. A
self-healing composite has the potential to defend against material failure due to fatigue
and to greatly improve product safety and reliability and to extend product lifetimes.
Improved toughness
Adding the microcapsules to the resin and later initiating the self-healing process
increases the toughness of the resin over what it would have been without the
microcapsules. Improving the toughness of a previously brittle material makes it more
durable and less likely to suffer brittle fracture.
Reduced waste disposal
Also, the extended service life of components made from these intelligent materials
would contribute to reduce waste disposal
Sustainable society
It is undoubtedly important for building up a sustainable society.
8/10/2019 Self healing polymer technology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/self-healing-polymer-technology 21/23
21 | P a g e
CHALLENGES
Apart from problems and challenges related to high-cost, there are many technological
problems. It would be far beyond the scope of the present overview to discuss these
problems in detail. We will outline just main issues that are common. Virtually any self-
healing mechanism has the following steps. The healing agent has to be delivered to the
damaged region, after that the healing should be initiated, and finally, the result of
healing should be compatible with the surrounding materials. Therefore, technical
challenges can be ordered as follows:
1. Storage of healing agent inside the material for a long period of time. This is especially
difficult inside of polymeric materials, which intrinsically permeable on molecular level.
2. Initiation of healing. The healing agent should start react either with the surrounding
material or with a special initiator. Such an initiator can be impregnated in the
surrounding material or should be mixed with the healing agent. All these create
additional problems of storage of the initiator, and mixing the initiator and the healing
agent.
3. Finally, the healing agent should be strongly bound to the material, and be stable with
respect to the surrounding environment. This indeed is typically the simplest problem,
which is however, restrictive to the type of the healing agent. The main challenge of
course is to find the solution of the above problems in the way that can be scaled up to
the mass production.
8/10/2019 Self healing polymer technology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/self-healing-polymer-technology 22/23
22 | P a g e
CONCLUSION
Achievements in the field of self-healing polymers and polymer composites are far fromsatisfactory, but the new opportunities that were found during research and development
have demonstrated it is a challenging job to either invent new polymers with inherent
crack repair capability or integrate existing materials with novel healing system. But this
provide aspect for future development and application possibility of polymeric materials.
Also, the extended service life of components made from these intelligent materials
would contribute to reduce waste disposal. It is undoubtedly important for building up a
sustainable society.
Comparatively extrinsic self-healing techniques might be easier for large-scale usage for
the moment but from a long-term point of view, synthesis of brand new polymers
accompanied by intrinsic self-healing function through molecular design and automatic
trigger would be a reasonable solution.
8/10/2019 Self healing polymer technology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/self-healing-polymer-technology 23/23
23 | P a g e
References
Books
[1] David Broek , “Elementary Engineering Fracture Mechanics”, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, Bosten, 1984, pp. 3-62
[2] Prashant Kumar, “ Elements of Fracture Mechanics ”, Wheeler Publishing, 1999,
pp. 1-9
[3] Victor E. Saouma, “Lecture Notes in: Fracture Mechanics”, University of
Colorado, Boulder, 2000, pp. II1-II8
[4] William D. Callister, Jr., “Materials Science And Engineering” 8E, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., pp. 235-271
Research Papers
[1] B. Aissa, D. Therriault, E. Haddad and W. Jamroz, “Self -HealingMaterials
Systems: Overview of Major Approaches and Recent Developed Technologies ”,
November 2011
[2]
Jay A. Syrett, C. Remzi Becer and David M. Haddleton , “Self -healing and self-
mendable polymers”, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010
[3] Klaas van Breugel, “Self -Healing Material Concepts As Solution For Aging
Infrastructure”, 37th Conference on Our World in Concrete & Structures 29-31
August 2012, Singapore
[4] K. Gordon, R. Penner, P. Bogert, W.T. Yost and E. Siochi, “Puncture Self-healing
Polymers for Aerospace Applications”, NASA Langley Research Center
Hampton,2012
[5] R S Trask, H R Williams and I P Bond, “ Self-healing polymer composites:
mimicking nature to enhance performance”, 2014
[6] Y. C. Yuan, T. Yin, M. Z. Rong, M. Q. Zhang, “Self healing in polymers and
polymer composites. Concepts, realization and outlook: A review”,Express
Polymer Letters, 2010