Self-Deconstruction in Beckett's Company
Transcript of Self-Deconstruction in Beckett's Company
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@onptdr Mhd
Ehtrmbu`temh
Gdhdrna Jǹ igrmuhb
Pnfuda Jd`idtt―s wmri (>55?5), n``mrbehg tm tod dhtry eh Aetdrnry
Dh`y`ampdben, cnaas ehtm twm fneh pdrembs, jdcmrd nhb nctdr Wnetehg cmr Gmbmt
(wrettdh nrmuhb >54
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fmrd mh tod sdnr`o cmr brnfnte` fehefnaesf, wretehg ‒ eh nh dvdr somrtdr, fmrd
besteaadb styad ‒ panys (brnfnte`uads) nhb prmsd (fe`rmhnrrntevds), mctdh mhay
nfmuhtehg tm n cdw pngds, mr adss, mc tdxt‖.
Jdsebds, tod fnkmr anhbfnris eh tod anttdr pdremb jdgehs ‑weto tod mhd-
ouhbrdb pngd ‑nhte-hmvda‖, @mffdht @ ― dst / Omw Et Es (>53>), wrettdh eh
uhpuh`tuntdb, uhpnrngrnpodb gmjjdts mc prmsd, rdnbehg smfdwont aeid pnrte`uanray
rdsmhnht, pmdte`, ydt prd`esd tdadgrnfs‖ (ejeb ). Jmto eh brnfn nhb eh ce`temh,
Jd`idtt―s antdr wretehg dxpdrefdhts nrd todfnte`naay mjsdssdb weto jnrd sdttehgs,
efpdr`dptejad fmvdfdhts nhb dh`amsurds. Rod rdantemh jdtwddh tod cmrfdr nhb tod
anttdr pdrembs mc oes wretehg es dstnjaesodb ns `mhtnehehg n ‑bmujad fdnhehg mc
‟dh`amsurd― cmr tod speret‖; ‑tod jmx mr rmmf es nt mh`d tod `odresodb omfd-pan`d
nhb tod presmh, tm ds`npd crmf woe`o ‒ an`iehg `mfpnhy mr hmt ‒ es tod mhay oufnh
bdserd. Oes anst wmris, jmto ce`temhna nhb brnfnte`, sddi hmt tm `mhcerf jut tm
bessmavd tod jmuhbnreds mc toes @nrtdsenh jmx‖ (ejeb ).
Rod fmst hmtnjad ce`temh dxpdredh`d mc Jd`idtt eh oes antdr pdremb es oes
‟trehety― wmri `mfehg tm jd ihmwh ns Hmomw Mh `mhsestehg mc @mfpnhy (jdguh eh
Dhgaeso eh >577, cerst pujaesodb eh Crdh`o trnhsantemh, @mfpnghed, eh >5?575, cerst pujaesodb eh Crdh`o ns Fna Su Fna Bet
eh >5?>), Wmrstwnrb Om (jdguh eh Dhgaeso eh >5?>, pujaesodb eh >5?0, hdvdr
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trnhsantdb jy tod nutomr). Eh oes ehtrmbu`temh tm Hmomw Mh, Gmhtnrsie bds`rejds tod
tordd tdxts ns ‑tod fnstdrwmri mc toes pdremb mc hnrrntmamge`na dxpdrefdht, tod
sddehg eh n `amsdb spn`d wodrd tod omfmpomhds ‟sddh― nhb ‟s`dhd― nrd `mdvna‖ (xe).
Rod cerst hmvdaan, @mfpnhy, jdehg mhd mc tod ‑fmst cns`ehntehg mc Pnfuda
Jd`idtt―s jeaehguna tdxts‖ (Bnveds >), wns cerst wrettdh eh Dhgaeso, todh trnhsantdb
ehtm Crdh`o (@mfpnghed, pujaesodb jy Fehuet eh >5?
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Weto rdgnrb tm tod stntus mc n`nbdfe` Jd`idtt stubeds, Jeridtt nhb Eh`d
hmte`d tont
Jd`idtt―s cnfd ‒ ̀ mupadb weto tod Hmjda \rezd eh Aetdrnturd tont od wmh
eh >535 nhb woe`o od nhb oes wecd `mhsebdrdb tm jd n ‟`ntnstrmpod―‒
fdnht tont n`nbdfe` ehtdrdst eh oes aecd nhb wmri grdw, `rdntehg
dvdhtunaay smfdtoehg mc n ‟Jd`idtt ehbustry―. Mtodr wretdrs nasm stnrtdb tm
sddi mut Jd`idtt. Rod rd`dptemh mc Pnfuda Jd`idtt―s tdxts ons crmf tod
stnrt jddh nh ehtdrhntemhna jusehdss. Burehg oes aecdtefd, Jd`idtt―s
pd`uaenr stntus ns nh Ereso wretdr wom aevdb fmst mc oes nbuat aecd eh
Crnh`d, wretehg eh jmto Dhgaeso nhb Crdh`o, trnhsantdb ehtm bmzdhs mc
anhgungds, nhb stngdb eh bmzdhs mc `muhtreds, fnridb oef mut ns n
tomrmugoay ehtdrhntemhna wretdr. Rurhmvdr eh Jd`idtt `rete`na ehbustry es
hmw sm oego tont `mfpdaaehg jejaemgrnpoeds jy `muhtry mc prmbu`temh onvd
jd`mfd hmt mhay n prn`te`na pmssejeaety jut nasm nh n`nbdfe` hd`dssety (>)
Eh toes ‑Jd`idtt Ehbustry‖, n amt mc poeamsmpodrs nhb `rete`na toehidrs turhdb
tm Jd`idtt―s wmri tm rdnb oes wmri eh cnvmr mc toder mwh todmreds. Et es hmtdwmrtoy
tont tod fmst ehcaudhtena aetdrnry `rete`s nhb poeamsmpodrs mc tod :
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wom hdvdr wrmtd nhytoehg mh Jd`idtt nhb kust fdhtemhdb, eh oes ehtdrvedw weto
Nttrebgd, oes `amsdhdss mr weso tm `amsdhdss tm Jd`idtt, woe`o es quetd wmrtoy mc
`amsd ehspd`temh.
Rod Nrgufdht
Kn`quds Bdrrebn mh`d `anefdb, eh oes ehtdrvedw weto Nttrebgd, jd`nusd mc oes
‑ prmxefety‖ tm Jd`idtt od onb hdvdr wrettdh nhytoehg mh Jd`idtt9 od onb ‑nvmebdb
oef n jet jd`nusd mc toes ebdhtece`ntemh‖ (Bdrrebn, N`ts mc Aetdrnturd 3)
Rm `npturd nh mjkd`t mc stuby eh su`o nh efpmssejad setuntemh ‐ jmto N nhb
hmt N- es type`na mc Bdrrebn―s nhnayses. Eh bd`mhstru`tehg n `mh`dpt, Bdrrebn usunaay
qudstemhs tod vnaebety mc tod jehnry mppmsetemhs mc `mh`dpts tont nrd sm fu`o
ehtdrhnaezdb jy pdmpad tont tody nrd fmstay tnidh cmr grnhtdb. Jy sdezehg n `mh`dpt,
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wontdvdr et es, eh n fmfdht wodh et jmto dxests nhb bmds hmt dxest, Bdrrebn rdcusds
tod ebdn mc jehnry mppmsetemhs nhb rdn`ods n fmfdht mc uhbd`ebnjeaety. Roes es tod
gdhdrna wny tont oes bd`mhstru`temh wmris. Bdrrebn, eh oes npprmn`o tm Jd`idtt,
cm`usds mh twm essuds; heoeaesf nhb anhgungd. Od jdaedvds tont tod ‑aefets mc
anhgungd‖ nrd trdfjadb jy Jd`idtt―s wmri nhb strmhgay ngrdds tm Nttrebgd tont
Jd`idtt―s wretehg es nardnby ‑bd`mhstru`tevd‖ mr ‑sdac-bd`mhstru`tevd‖ ( N`ts mc
Aetdrnturd 3>).
Rod purpmsd mc tod prdsdht stuby es tm trn`d tod hmtemh mc sdac-
bd`mhstru`temh eh Pnfuda Jd`idtt―s @mfpnhy. Eh cn`t, toes todses sddis tm vdrecy
Bdrrebn―s `anef eh oes mwh tdrfs. Bdrrebn ons fdhtemhdb kust n cdw mc oes tdrfs tm
jd dxpamrdb eh Jd`idtt―s wmri; sehguanrety, etdrnjeaety, dxnfpad, seghnturd nhb
`muhtdr-dxnfpad. Et es hmtdwmrtoy tont Bdrrebn bds`rejds Jd`idtt―s wmri ns ‑toes
rdfnehbdr woe`o rdfnehs wodh tod todfnte` es dxonustdb‖ ( N`ts mc Aetdrnturd 3>).
Roes bds`reptemh mpdhs up tod fehb tm Bdrrebn―s hmtemh mc ‑trn`d‖.
Roes todses todh treds tm ‑rdspmhb‖ tm Jd`idtt―s @mfpnhy eh Bdrrebn―s
tdrfs, jy trn`ehg tod fd`onhesfs mc ‑bd`mhstru`tehg‖ mr ‑sdac-bd`mhstru`tehg‖
woe`o nrd nt wmri eh tod tdxt. Cmr toes purpmsd, et weaa jd somwh omw Bdrrebn ―s
hmtemhs mc ebdhtety, sehguanrety, etdrnjeaety, trn`d, dt`. nrd rdcad`tdb eh naa nspd`ts mc
Jd`idtt―s `mfpmsetemh mc @mfpnhy.
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Et somuab jd hmtdb tont tod nef mc toes stuby es hmt rdbu`ehg Jd`idtt ―s tdxt
tm n todmrdte`na fntrex mc Bdrrebn―s bd`mhstru`temh. Wodh Bdrrebn `mhcdssds oes
seadh`d njmut Jd`idtt―s wmri, od besnpprmvds mc trnhs`dhbehg mr rdbu`ehg
Jd`idtt―s wmri tm nhy poeamsmpoe`na ebdn. Bdrrebn―s seadh`d weto rdgnrb tm Jd`idtt
`muab jd tnidh ns oes `retequd mc tod vdry ebdn mc ‑Jd`idtt ehbustry‖. Jd`idtt―s
wmri ds`npds naa ehtdaad`tuna rdcmrfuantemhs woe`o od nfjegumusay `naas tod
‑n`nbdfe` fnanby‖. Roes es nasm dvebdht eh oes mppmsehg tm tod ebdn mc
rdprdsdhtntemh eh tod ehtdrvedw weto Gdmrgds Butouet. Od ons suggdstdb todrd tont
tod nrtest somuab jd `mh`drhdb weto oes fdbeuf. Roes es dxn`tay wont od bmds eh oes
wmri. Eh cn`t, jy `rdntehg n hmh-anhgungd, od `rdntds nh ‑mtodr ‖ cmr tod anhgungd
etsdac eh oes wmri. \rmpmsehg oes pmdte`s mc cneaurd, Jd`idtt `muab jd sddh ns onvehg
`rdntdb n anhgungd tont hdvdr gmds jdymhb etsdac tm dxprdss mr tm rdprdsdht nh ebdn.
Oes anhgungd es sdac-rdcdrdhtena jd`nusd aetdrnturd, eh oes vedw, es ruh mut mc ebdns
nhb tmmas tm dxprdss ebdns. ‑Jd`idtt ehbustry‖ ons n`tevday cmrgmttdh toes nhb
`mhtehuds tm uhvdea Jd`idtt, jy rdsmrtehg tm tod `mh`drhs efpmsdb jy nhy ngd mh
tod `rete`. Roes pnssemh mc uhvdeaehg tm `uatevntd Jd`idtt―s cedab weto ‑fdnhehg‖ es
tod mppmsetd mc wont od wnhtdb tm n``mfpaeso; `rdntehg nrt crmf stdreaety.
Rod qudstemh es kust tm somw tod `mrrdspmhbdh`ds jdtwddh Bdrrebn―s
`mh`dpts nhb Jd`idtt―s fmtecs wetomut rdbu`ehg dn`o mhd tm tod mtodr. Rod cm`us mc
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toes stuby es tm trn`d tod pnrnaada aehds eh toder trdntfdht mc anhgungd nhb rdnaety eh
mrbdr tm vdrecy Bdrrebn―s `anef.
Rous, toes todses treds tm nhswdr tod cmaamwehg qudstemhs;
- Omw bmds Jd`idtt jrdni tod trnbetemhna amge` mc jehnry mppmsetemhs eh
mrbdr tm `rdntd setuntemhs mc purd efpmssejeaety, purd ‑npmren‖, eh Bdrrebn―s tdrfs,
nhb tnid n amge` mc ‑ jmto/nhb‖, tod twm `ome`ds mc woe`o nrd `mhtrnbe`tmry nhb
mppmsetd=
- Eh wont wnys es Bdrrebn―s hmtemh mc nh dvdr-`onhgehg ebdhtety nhb hdvdr-
dhbehg qudst cmr ebdhtety rdcad`tdb eh Jd`idtt―s @mfpnhy, dspd`enaay eh ets rodtmre`
stru`turds=
-Omw es Bdrrebn―s cnfmus hmtemh mc beccdrnh`d brnfntezdb eh toes tdxt, dvdh
eh ets purgntmrena efngds=
-Wont rmad bmds etdrnjeaety pany eh Jd`idtt―s tdxt= Omw es tod ebdn mc purd
sehguanrety rdkd`tdb jy Jd`idtt eh @mfpnhy nhb eh wont wnys es oes rdkd`temh tod
snfd ns Bdrrebn―s=
-Wont es Bdrrebdnh ‟trn`d― eh @mfpnhy=
-Wont sefeanreteds nrd todrd jdtwddh Bdrrebn―s pdssefesf tmwnrb anhgungd
nhb Jd`idtt―s=
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-Omw es tod hmtemh mc tod ‑mtodr ‖ rdcad`tdb eh tod tetad mc Jd`idtt―s tdxt
hd`dssnry cmr jmto Jd`idtt nhb Bdrrebn cmr dstnjaesoehg n sdhsd mc ‟sdac ― nhb nh
ebdhtety=
Aetdrnturd Zdvedw
Ze`onrb Anhd, eh Jd`idtt nhb \oeamsmpoy, dxnfehds nhb ehtdrrmgntds tod
rdantemhsoeps jdtwddh Pnfuda Jd`idtt―s wmris nhb `mhtdfpmrnry Crdh`o nhb
Gdrfnh tomugot. Rodrd nrd twm webd-rnhgehg mvdrvedw `onptdrs jy Ze`onrb
Jdgnf (Jd`idtt nhb \mstcmuhbntemhnaesf) nhb Zmjdrt Dngadstmhd (Jd`idtt ven
Aetdrnry nhb \oeamsmpoe`na Rodmreds), nhb ehbevebuna `onptdrs mh Jd`idtt, Bdrrebn,
Cmu`nuat, Bdaduzd, Jnbemu, Fdradnu-\mhty, Nbmrhm, Onjdrfns, Odebdggdr nhb
Hedtzs`od. Rod `maad`temh tnids n crdso ammi nt essuds su`o ns pmstfmbdrhest nhb
pmststru`turnaest tomugot eh rdantemh tm Jd`idtt stubeds, prmvebehg usdcua mvdrvedw
`onptdrs nhb mregehna dssnys. Rod fmst efpmrtnht pnrt mc toes jmmi cmr tod purpmsd
mc toes todses es tod `onptdr mh Bdrrebn eh woe`o tod wretdr cm`usds mh tod ‑dbgds mc
anhgungd‖ woe`o es eh turh bes`ussdb odrd eh tod aegot mc ‑bespan`dfdhts mc tod
aefets mc anhgungd‖.
Kn`quds Bdrrebn―s @ehbdrs es nasm nhmtodr efpmrtnht smur`d cmr toes stuby.
Roes pmaypomhe` tdxt bdnas weto tod hmtemh mc trn`d weto rdcdrdh`ds tm tod qudstemh
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mc fdfmry. Jmto fdfmry nhb trn`d ‐ tod snfd `mh`drhs eh @mfpnhy- nrd
bes`ussdb eh toes stuby. Mhd mc tod fmst efpmrtnht pnrts mc toes jmmi bdnas weto tod
‑ pmayamgud‖ woe`o es usdb eh toes stuby cmr fniehg n `mfpnresmh jdtwddh tod
Dhgaeso nhb Crdh`o vdrsemhs mc @mfpnhy nhb toder ehtdrn`temh.
Bdrrebn―s Mc Grnffntmamgy (>537) es nh dxnfehntemh mc tod rdantemh
jdtwddh spdd`o nhb wretehg, nhb et es nh ehvdstegntemh mc omw spdd`o nhb wretehg
bdvdamp ns cmrfs mc anhgungd. Bdrrebn nrguds tont ‑wretehg ons mctdh jddh
`mhsebdrdb tm jd bdrevdb crmf spdd`o, nhb od snys tont toes nttetubd ons jddh
rdcad`tdb eh fnhy poeamsmpoe`na nhb s`edhtece` ehvdstegntemhs mc tod mregeh mc
anhgungd‖ (P`mtt >). Od jdaedvds tont ‑tod tdhbdh`y tm `mhsebdr wretehg ns nh
dxprdssemh mc spdd`o ons adb tm tod nssufptemh tont spdd`o es `amsdr tonh wretehg tm
tod truto mr amgms mc fdnhehg nhb rdprdsdhtntemh‖ (P`mtt >) nhb tont ‑tod
bdvdampfdht mc anhgungd m``urs tormugo ehtdrpany mc spdd`o nhb wretehg nhb tont
jd`nusd mc toes ehtdrpany, hdetodr spdd`o hmr wretehg fny prmpdray jd bds`rejdb ns
jdehg fmrd efpmrtnht tm tod bdvdampfdht mc anhgungd‖ (P`mtt >). Rod jehnry
mppmsetemh mc spdd`o nhb wretehg es stubedb odrd eh Jd`idtt―s @mfpnhy.
Rodrd nrd smfd nrte`ads mh Jd`idtt―s @mfpnhy ns wdaa, woe`o nrd
sujstnhtena cmr toes stuby, dspd`enaay Aehbn Jdh-[ve―s ‑Cretz Fnutohdr cmr
@mfpnhy‖ , pujaesodb eh Kmurhna mc Jd`idtt Ptubeds. Eh toes dssny, Jdh-[ve cm`usds
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mh tod qudstemhs mc uhbdrstnhbehg nhb vdrecenjeaety tormugo anhgungd nhb toder
fnhecdstntemhs eh @mfpnhy. Jdh-[ve danjmrntds omw tod cneaurd tm cehb surdty nhb
tod pnrnaada cneaurd tm cehb `mfpnhy nrd jmto cneaurds mc anhgungd.
Nasm, Dre` Advy, eh oes dssny pujaesodb eh Kmurhna mc Jd`idtt Ptubeds
bes`ussds tod hnrrntevd eh @mfpnhy. Rod efpmrtnht pmeht mc Advy―s nrgufdht cmr
toes stuby es oes danjmrntemh mh Jd`idtt―s nrt mc trnhscmrfntemh mc tod hmtemh mc
nutmjemgrnpoy. Eh toes stuby, tod rdnbdr rdnaezds omw Jd`idtt fnhngds tm ds`npd
tod jmuhbnreds mc trnbetemhna rdprdsdhtntemh. Jd`idtt, n``mrbehg tm toes dssny,
prmpmsds oes fuatepad-anydrdb fmbda mc hnrrntemh woe`o es n prmbu`t mc hdvdr-
dhbehg rdcad`temhs eh tod tdxt.
Mh Jd`idtt es n `maad`temh mc Jnbemu―s wretehgs mh Jd`idtt woe`o jrdni
bd`esevday weto tod dhburehg `ae`oå mc n hmvdaest nhb panywregot mc njkd`temh nhb
cneaurd. Rod rdnbdr es ehstdnb prdsdhtdb weto n Jd`idtt jmto fdtombe`na nhb
nccerfntevd, womsd preh`epna `mh`drh aeds eh tod nrte`uantemh mc nh dhterday gdhdre`
oufnhety, nhb tod rdcad`temh mh ets `npn`ety cmr `murngd, n`temh nhb tomugot eh tod
cn`d mc nh dssdhtenaay ehbeccdrdht wmrab. Natomugo todrd es hm dxpae`et rdcdrdh`d tm
toes jmmi eh tod prdsdht todses, tod jmmi es rdadvnht tm tod purpmsd mc toes stuby
jd`nusd woead bes`ussehg ‑ pmdte`s mc cneaurd‖, et es somwh omw twm `mhtrnry
rdnbehgs mc Jd`idtt―s wmris, mhd eh tod berd`temh mc pnssevety nhb cneaurd nhb tod
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mtodr eh tod berd`temh mc n`temh, nrd pmssejad. Eh cn`t, Jnbemu―s fdtombmamgy eh oes
npprmn`o tm Jd`idtt ons odapdb nhb dhre`odb tod nrgufdhts mc toes stuby.
Rodses Mutaehd
Rod prdsdht todses `mhsests mc cevd `onptdrs, tordd mc woe`o nrd `mhsebdrdb ns fneh
`onptdrs tont danjmrntd mh Jd`idtt―s @mfpnhy eh mrbdr tm dxnfehd tod sdac-
bd`mhstru`temh nt wmri eh Jd`idtt―s wmri, ns `anefdb jy Bdrrebn.
Eh tod sd`mhb `onptdr, n fmbda es prmpmsdb cerst tm bevebd tod pnrngrnpos mc
@mfpnhy. N``mrbehg tm toes fmbda, tod womad tdxt es bevebdb ehtm ‑ pnst
pnrngrnpos‖ nhb ‑ prdsdht pnrngrnpos‖. Pd`mhb `onptdr bdnas dx`ausevday weto tod
prdsdht pnrngrnpos. Rormugo n `amsd rdnbehg mc todsd pnrngrnpos, et weaa jd somwh
tont tod womad hnrrntevd es n bdvdampfdht nhb dxtdhsemh mc tod cerst sdhtdh`d. Rodh
n hnrrntevd s`odfd weaa dfdrgd jdgehhehg weto n cegurd ayehg eh tod bnri. Rod
hnrrntevd s`odfd rdn`ods ets `aefnx eh tod cegurd `rnwaehg nhb cnaaehg, nhb dhbs
weto tod cegurd ayehg ngneh eh tod bnri, jut toes tefd besnppmehtdb. Dxpae`et eh toes
fmvdfdht es n sdnr`o cmr `mfpnhy. Roes stuby, omwdvdr, somws tont todrd es
nhmtodr sdnr`o ehvmavdb eh toes fmvdfdht; sdnr`o cmr ebdhtety. Rodh todsd twm
fmvdfdhts nrd stubedb ns jdehg pnrnaada aehds. Nt toes pmeht, et es somwh woy todrd
es hm ‑E‖ spdniehg eh @mfpnhy. Rod rdnsmh es tont cmr nhymhd tm gdt n sdhsd mc
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sdacommb nhb ebdhtety todrd fust jd nawnys nt adnst nh ‑mtodr ‖. Rod cneaurd eh
gnehehg `mfpnhy weto mtodrs, todh, es tod cneaurd eh gdttehg nh ebdhtety. Eh cn`t, odrd
tod pdrsmhna prmhmuh, ‑E‖, es bessmavdb nhb jrmidh bmwh, seghecyehg n bessmavdb
ebdhtety, rdcad`tdb eh n bessmavdb, jrmidh bmwh nhb crngfdhtdb hnrrntevd.
Rod toerb `onptdr, mh tod mtodr onhb, bdnas weto pnst mr fdfmry pnrngrnpos.
Rormugo n `amsd rdnbehg mc todsd fdfmreds, sdvdrna jehnry mppmsetemhs weaa
dfdrgd. Eh mtodr wmrbs, wont es efpmrtnht eh toes stuby es tm somw omw smfd cexdb
fmtecs (eh cmrf mc jehnry mppmsetemhs) nrd cmaamwdb jy tod nutomr, jut eh vnremus
besguesds mr vnrentemhs. Rodsd be`omtmfeds mr jehnry mppmsetemhs nrd tomsd mc
aegot/bnri, ymuto/ngd nhb ns`dhbehg/bds`dhbehg. Ehbddb, tod womad hnrrntevd mc tod
aecd es rdcad`tdb eh todsd pners. Et weaa jd somwh, tormugo toes `onptdr, omw et es
pmssejad tm cehb `mrrdspmhbdh`ds jdtwddh todsd be`omtmfeds. Rod fdfmry
pnrngrnpos woe`o wmri ns `mfpadfdhts tm tod ‟ prdsdht pnrngrnpos― weaa cm`us
fmrd mh nhmtodr nspd`t mc ebdhtety. Rod pmeht es tont tod fmst pdrsmhna nspd`ts mc
tod cegurd es rd`muhtdb tm oef jy nhmtodr nhb od es naedhntdb crmf oes mwh pnst nhb
ons tm rd`mghezd et ns tmab jy nh ‑mtodr ‖, n vme`d ehbddb.
@onptdr cmur es fnehay todmrdte`na. Odrd tod cehbehgs mc tod twm prdvemus
`onptdrs nrd put tm tdst jy bd`mhstru`tevd `retdren. Rod todfd mc ebdhtety es tod cerst
`mffmh todfd jdtwddh Bdrrebn nhb Jd`idtt. Et weaa jd dxnfehdb omw jmto mc
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todsd wretdrs sdd tod qudst cmr ebdhtety ns nh dhbadss prm`dss tont `nh hdvdr jd
nh`omrdb eh n cexdb pmeht. Bdrrebn―s hmtemh mc beccdrnh`d dhre`ods toes pnrt mc stuby.
Woead eh Bdrrebn, tod prm`dss mc cehbehg cexdb fdnhehgs tormugo aehgueste`
seghece`ntemh es bmmfdb tm cneaurd, n``mrbehg tm tod prm`dss mc beccdrnh`d, tod
prm`dss mc dstnjaesoehg n cexdb ebdhtety nhb cexdb fdnhehg mc sdac es bmmfdb tm n
hdvdr-dhbehg `er`uantemh eh Jd`idtt. Eh toes wny, mtodr Bdrrebdnh hmtemhs, su`o ns
trn`d nhb etdrnjeaety weaa jd smugot eh Jd`idtt―s tdxt. Rod mtodr efpmrtnht Bdrrebdnh
todfd brnfntezdb eh Jd`idtt―s @mfpnhy es tod jehnry mppmsetemh mc spdd`o nhb
wretehg, woe`o weaa jd danjmrntdb eh cuaa bdtneas eh toes `onptdr. Et weaa jd
hmtdwmrtoy tont, eh mppmsetemh tm wont fmst `rete`s jdaedvd, @mfpnhy bmds hmt mhay
gevd premrety tm ‟vme`d― nhb spdd`o, jut nasm trdnts vme`d ns nardnby `mhtnfehntdb
weto wretehg. Roes es tod fneh pmeht mc Bdrrebn eh oes Mc Grnffntmamgy nhb es
`mhsebdrdb ns mhd mc oes fmst jreaaenht n`oedvdfdhts. Eh toes wny, tod prm`dss mc
‑sdac-bd`mhstru`temh‖ es prmvdb eh @mfpnhy, jy somwehg omw toes tdxt trdnts tod
jehnry mppmsetemhs nhb tod cuteaety mc brnwehg n bestehguesoehg aehd mc mppmsetemh
jdtwddh sddfehgay mppmsetd tdrfs. Rodsd jehnry mppmsetemhs nrd prmbu`ts mc
anhgungd eaausemhs, nhb jy rdkd`tehg toes eaausemh, Jd`idtt bespan`ds tod jmuhbnreds
mc anhgungd woe`o wmris mh toes jnses.
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Npprmǹ o nhb Fdtombmamgy
Roes cevd-`onptdr rdsdnr`o es jnsdb mh aejrnry nhb dad`trmhe` smur`ds. Ns et wns
bes`ussdb njmvd, tod npprmn`o cmr toes nhnayses weaa jd jnsdb mh bd`mhstru`temh.
Jut `ommsehg bd`mhstru`temh ns n fdtomb nhb tryehg tm bdcehd tod fdtomb es onrb
tnsi. Bdrrebn oefsdac ons strdssdb tont ‑bd`mhstru`temh es hmt n fdtomb nhb `nhhmt
jd trnhscmrfdb ehtm mhd‖ (‑Adttdr tm n Knpnhdsd Credhb‖ :). Rodrdcmrd, tod nttdfpts
fnbd jy smfd `rete`s nhb n`nbdfe`s, su`o ns Rysmh (eh odr @rete`na Rodmry
Rmbny), tm mccdr n fdtombmamgy cmr bd`mhstru`temh sddfs tm jd rebe`uamus. Rod ebdn
mc n fdtomb prdsuppmsds n cexdb sdt mc ruads tm nppay tm n tdxt. Bd`mhstru`temh ons
mhay mhd ruad; naamw tod mtodr tm spdni. Jdsebds, dn`o dxnfpad mc bd`mhstru`temh es
uhequd tm tod `mhtdxt eh woe`o et nppdnrs. N``mrbehg tm F`^ueaanh;
N bd`mhstru`temh ehvmavds pan`ehg mhdsdac wetoeh n tdxt, cmaamwehg ets
`mhtmurs nhb jd`mfehg ehdxtre`njay jmuhb up eh tod tdxt
…Bd`mhstru`temh bmds hmt ‟bm― nhytoehg, rntodr et somws wont es nardnby
onppdhehg wetoeh n tdxt. Bd`mhstru`temh somws tod wnys eh woe`o jehnry
toehiehg es tod amgm`dhtre` pnttdrh mc wdstdrh tomugot. N jehnry
mppmsetemh es n cnasd oedrnr`oy eh woe`o mhd tdrf es preveadgdb mvdr
nhmtodr fnrgehnaezdb tdrf (d.g. Fnh/Wmfnh, Wdst/Dnst). Eh
bd`mhstru`tehg n jehnry mhd nccerfs tod efpmrtnh`d mc tod fnrgehnaezdb
tdrf, somwehg tod wnys eh woe`o tod preveadgdb tdrf rdaeds mh et cmr ets
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bdcehetemh, todh bespan`ds tod tdrfs jy n wny mc toehiehg woe`o bmds hmt
ehvmavd jehnry amge` nt naa. (3)
Mtodr dadfdhts mc bd`mhstru`temh, n``mrbehg tm F`^ueaanh nrd `onaadhgehg
tod adgetefn`y mc `amsdb systdfs mc tomugot nhb anhgungd, jaurrehg tod besteh`temh
mc tod ‟ehsebd― nhb tod ‟mutsebd― mc n systdf, rdkd`tehg amgm`dhtresf (eh tod sdhsd mc
‑bdserd cmr stnjad, cexdb nhb uhetnry fdnhehgs, cmr `dhtdrs, mregehs mr n pmeht mc
nutomretntevd fdnhehg‖ (3)) nhb bdstnjeaezehg nhy cexntemh mc fdnhehg (3).
Rod pmehts fdhtemhdb njmvd prmvd et tmtnaay becce`uat tm mccdr n cexdb
fdtombmamgy cmr bd`mhstru`temh mh tod mhd onhb, nhb tody pmeht vnguday tm n
fdtombmamgy mh tod mtodr onhb. Et somuab jd rd`naadb tont Bdrrebn hdvdr tredb tm
‑bd`mhstru`t‖ eh n cexdb wny, jut od nafmst nawnys usdb `drtneh `mh`dpts nhb ebdns
eh oes bd`mhstru`temh. Rod npprmn`o mc toes stuby fny jd sefeanr tm tont mc Bdrrebn
eh oes ‑rdnbehg‖ mc Incin―s stmry, ‑Jdcmrd tod Anw‖. Od sdds eh tont stmry smrt mc
brnfntezntemh mc tod `mh`dpt mc beccdrnh`d. Cmr oef, jdehg jdcmrd tod anw es hmt
womaay bestehguesonjad crmf jdehg jdcmrd aetdrnry tdxts9 nhb eh jmto `nsds, ns
Incin―s pnrnjad suggdsts, tod ehtnhgejeaety mc tont woe`o tod rdnbdr `mhcrmhts stdfs
hmt crmf smfd `mh`dnadb dssdh`d jut crmf ets vdry n``dssejeaety (Bdrrebn, N`ts mc
Aetdrnturd >?:).
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Eh stubyehg tod jehnry mppmsetemhs eh toes tdxt, et weaa jd somwh omw tody
nrd amgm`dhtre` nhb omw tod tdxt uhbmds todf. Eh toes wny, tod uhbd`ebnjeaety mc
tod tdxt weaa jd dxnfehdb tm prmvd tod ehbdtdrfehn`y mc fdnhehg mr uhnvneanjeaety
mc nhy uatefntd fdnhehgs eh tod tdxt woe`o es sujkd`t tm tod dccd`ts mc beccårnh`d eh
anhgungd nhb npmrens mc bes`mursd. Rm rdvdna n tdxt―s uhbd`ebnjeaety es tm somw tont
‑tod fdnhehg mc tod tdxt es rdnaay nh ehbdcehetd, uhbd`ebnjad, paurna, `mhcae`tehg
nrrny mc pmssejad fdnhehgs‖ (Rysmh :24).
Nhmtodr fdtomb tnidh up odrd es tm dstnjaeso n `mrrdspmhbdh`d jdtwddh
Bdrrebn―s tdrfehmamgy mc bd`mhstru`temh nhb Jd`idtt―s fmtecs; cmr ehstnh`d, nctdr
fdhtemhehg tod `onrn`tdreste`s mc n Bdrrebdnh tdrf, todsd cdnturds nrd smugot eh ets
oypmtodte`na `mrrdspmhbdht mjkd`t eh Jd`idtt. Eh toes wny, sdac-bd`mhstru`temh eh
Jd`idtt―s tdxt weaa jd n brnfntezntemh mc Bdrrebn―s hmtemh. Jut et weaa jd rdpdntdb
tont toes es hmt tm rdbu`d nhb sujkd`t Jd`idtt―s tdxt tm n ‟cexdb― poeamsmpoe`na
systdf.
Bdcehetemh mc Rdrfs
Npmren
Crmf tod Grddi, fdnhehg, aetdrnaay, ‑tod njsdh`d mc n pnssngd‖, nhb odh`d n
pdrpadxehg becce`uaty mr stntd mc jdehg nt n amss, npmren bdhmtds eh rodtmre` n cegurd
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eh woe`o tod spdnidr mr wretdr dxprdssds bmujt njmut omw mr wodrd tm jdgeh n
bes`mursd, mr omw tm mvdr`mfd n pnrte`uanr prmjadf mr mjstn`ad. Cmr bd`mhstru`tevd
`rete`esf, et es prd`esday nrmuhb su`o fmfdhts mc bmujt mr nppnrdhtay errdsmavnjad
prmjadfs tont rdnbehg mredhts etsdac. Cmr Bdrrebn, ns cmr tod `rete`esf mc \nua bd
Fnh, et es todsd tdxtuna gnps mr stufjaehg-jam`is tm woe`o wd fust pny nttdhtemh
(Pef >:
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ebdhtety es n fu`o fmrd caueb podhmfdhmh tonh stru`turnaests wmuab aeid tm jdaedvd
(Pef >:7).
Beccårnh`d
Ngnehst tod fdtnpoyse`s mc prdsdh`d, bd`mhstru`temh jrehgs n (hmh)`mh`dpt `naadb
beccårnh`d. Roes Crdh`o hdmamgesf es, mh tod bd`mhstru`tevd nrgufdht, prmpdray
hdetodr n wmrb hmr n `mh`dpt9 et hnfds tod hmh-`meh`ebdh`d mc fdnhehg jmto
syh`ormhe`naay (mhd Crdh`o omfmhyf fdnhs ‑beccdrehg‖) nhb ben`ormhe`naay
(nhmtodr Crdh`o omfmhyf fdnhs ‑bdcdrrehg‖). Jd`nusd tod rdsmhnh`d nhb `mhcae`t
jdtwddh todsd twm Crdh`o fdnhehgs es becce`uat tm `mhvdy tdrsday eh Dhgaeso, tod
wmrb beccårnh`d es usunaay adct uhtrnhsantdb. Eh sefpad tdrfs, toes fdnhs tont rntodr
tonh preveadgehg `mffmhnaety nhb sefpae`ety nhb sddiehg uhecyehg preh`epads (mr
grnhb tdadmamge`na hnrrntevds, mr mvdrnr`oehg `mh`dpts, dt`.) bd`mhstru`temh
dfponsezds beccdrdh`d, `mfpadxety, nhb hmh- sdac-ebdhtety (@nrregnh 7).
E tdrnjeaety
Rod hd`dssnry rdpdntnjeaety mc nhy etdf dxpdredh`db ns fdnhehgcua, woe`o nt tod
snfd tefd `nh hdvdr jd rdpdntdb dxn`tay seh`d et ons hm dssdh`d tont `muab rdfneh
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uhnccd`tdb jy tod pmtdhtenaay ehcehetd `mhtdxts (woe`o nrd nawnys `mhtdxts wetoeh
`mhtdxts…) ehtm woe`o et `muab jd grnctdb (Bdrrebn, N`ts mc Aetdrnturd >?).
Amgm`dhtresf
Crmf \antm tm Inht, poeamsmpodrs nhb todmamgenhs onvd struggadb cmr n smautemh
woe`o nbdquntday smavdb tod rebbad mc tod rdantemhsoep jdtwddh tod hmufdhn nhb
tod podhmfdhn, jdtwddh tod speretuna wmrab nhb tod fntdrena wmrab, jdtwddh nh-
mtodr-wmrab nhb wmrab. Bdrrebn―s npprmn`o wns rnbe`naay beccdrdht. Oes npprmn`o
wns n jreaaenht, tomugo canwdb, nttn`i mh tod vdry cmuhbntemhs mc poeamsmpoy.
Zntodr tonh nttdfpt tm smrt mut omw et wns tont eh nhy sdhsd tod mtodr-wmrab wns
prdsdht eh toes wmrab, mr omw m``upnhts mc toes wmrab fegot onvd smfd ihmwadbgd
njmut tod mtodr-wmrab, Bdrrebn `anefdb tont tod mtodr-wmrab (ec et n`tunaay wns) nhb
toes wmrab nrd errdbu`ejay beccdrdht. Od nasm nrgudb tont `mhstetudhts mc tod mtodr-
wmrab somuab hmt onvd n preveadgdb stntus eh toes wmrab (@nrregnh >35).
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Puppadfdht
N``mrbehg tm Bdrrebn, tod Wdstdrh ebdn mc tod suppadfdht ons wetoeh et tod ebdn
tont n toehg tont ons n suppadfdht `nhhmt jd truay ‑`mfpadtd eh etsdac ‖. Ec et wdrd
`mfpadtd wetomut tod suppadfdht, et somuab hmt hddb, mr amhg-cmr, tod suppadfdht.
Rod cn`t tont n toehg `nh jd nbbdb-tm tm fnid et dvdh fmrd ‑ prdsdht‖ mr ‑womad‖
fdnhs tont todrd es n omad (woe`o Bdrrebn `naadb nh mregehnry an`i ) nhb tod
suppadfdht `nh ceaa tont omad. Rod fdtnpomre`na mpdhehg mc toes ‑omad‖ Bdrrebn
`naadb ehvngehntemh. Crmf toes pdrspd`tevd, tod suppadfdht bmds hmt dhonh`d
smfdtoehg―s prdsdh`d, jut rntodr uhbdrs`mrds ets njsdh`d (Pef >5:).
Rrn`d
Bdrrebn bdcehds trn`d ns wont n segh beccdrs/bdcdrs crmf. Et es tod njsdht pnrt mc tod
segh―s prdsdh`d. Eh mtodr wmrbs, tormugo tod n`t mc beccårnh`d, n segh adnvds jdoehb
n trn`d, woe`o es wontdvdr es adct mvdr nctdr dvdrytoehg prdsdht ons jddh n``muhtdb
cmr (Pef :
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