Self-built housing as an alternative for post-disaster ... · 1 Self-built housing as an...
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1 Self-built housing as an alternative for post-disaster recovery Ir. Eefje Hendriks 1 , Matteo Basso 2 , Dario Sposini 3 , Lex van Ewijk 4 , Hanna Jurkowska 5 . 12345 Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands Phone: +31629129801, email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Purpose: This study evaluates cases where self-built housing is applied by NGO’s as a strategy for post-disaster recovery of low-income groups and indicates opportunities for further research. Methodology: Three post-disaster recovery case studies; (1) Sri Lanka tsunami 2004, (2) Pakistan floods 2010, (3) Philippines typhoon 2013, are examined from three points of view, namely cost and time reduction, maintenance of local tradition and increased hazard resistance, and concentrate on expected long-term effects the approach can have on community resilience. Findings: The research reveals that self-built as a strategy for post-disaster recovery, could enable cost and time reduction and maintenance of local traditions. Community resilience is achieved by creating a greater understanding of hazard resistant construction principles which decreases the vulnerability of those hit by a disaster. However, tools are lacking to exchange building related knowledge so that it lasts. Research limitations: Due to a lack of examples, the case-studies available are not so suitable for a detailed comparison, but can nevertheless be used to give an initial evaluation to the application of self-built housing. Originality value: Better insight is provided into community resilience, with a focus on self-built housing as an approach for post-disaster recovery, giving direction for future research into knowledge exchange tools which could support NGO’s in applying them. KEYWORDS community resilience, post-disaster recovery, disaster risk reduction, self-built housing AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY: Eefje Hendriks is a doctoral researcher and lecturer at the University of Technology in Eindhoven and the Avans University of Applied Science, focussing on post-disaster sheltering and community resilience. She investigates tools to exchange knowledge about hazard resistant construction with self-builders. The tools are to be applied by NGO’s to guide basically educated low-income groups of disaster survivors in their recovery process. For this paper she collaborates with a group of four master students. 1 Introduction Worldwide, almost 60 million people are currently displaced by conflict, climate change, disasters and development, having lost their shelter and settlements (Stephanie Nebehay 2015; Gaynor 2015; Section 2015). From these displaced people 30% are sheltered by humanitarian aid organisations, in planned and managed areas, leaving the remaining to improvise their own shelters (Saunders 2016). From last year’s estimated shelter demand of 1.8 billion dollars, only a quarter was covered (Initiatives 2015). Currently, most NGO’s provide temporary readymade shelters which do not catalyse the self-recovery process, creating instead an undesirable dependence on external aid (Shelter Centre 2010; SPHERE Project 2011; Baquero 2013). Over time, camps transform into permanent settlements on illegal land, informal cities, when affordable alternatives are lacking and NGO’s, governments and landowners miss a long-term vision involving low-income survivors’ active participation (Setchell 2006; Brickman Raredon 2016). UN-Habitat emphasizes the need to generate knowledge which gives answers to problems of informality, and indicate what works and what does not (Acioly 2016). In order to innovate the aid process, decision makers need to see practical examples of the positive impact of alternative approaches, such as self-built housing (Hayles 2010; Thrippugazh 2014; Saunders 2016).
Transcript of Self-built housing as an alternative for post-disaster ... · 1 Self-built housing as an...
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Self-builthousingasanalternativeforpost-disasterrecovery
Ir.EefjeHendriks1,MatteoBasso2,DarioSposini3,LexvanEwijk4,HannaJurkowska5.12345EindhovenUniversityofTechnology,TheNetherlands
Phone:+31629129801,email:[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Purpose:Thisstudyevaluatescaseswhereself-builthousingisappliedbyNGO’sasastrategyforpost-disasterrecoveryoflow-incomegroupsandindicatesopportunitiesforfurtherresearch.Methodology:Threepost-disasterrecoverycasestudies;(1)SriLankatsunami2004,(2)Pakistanfloods2010,(3)Philippinestyphoon2013,areexaminedfromthreepointsofview,namelycostandtimereduction,maintenanceoflocaltraditionandincreasedhazardresistance,andconcentrateonexpectedlong-termeffectstheapproachcanhaveoncommunityresilience.Findings:Theresearchrevealsthatself-builtasastrategyforpost-disasterrecovery,couldenablecostandtimereductionandmaintenanceoflocaltraditions.Communityresilienceisachievedbycreatingagreaterunderstandingofhazardresistantconstructionprincipleswhichdecreasesthevulnerabilityofthosehitbyadisaster.However,toolsarelackingtoexchangebuildingrelatedknowledgesothatitlasts.Researchlimitations:Duetoalackofexamples,thecase-studiesavailablearenotsosuitableforadetailedcomparison,butcanneverthelessbeusedtogiveaninitialevaluationtotheapplicationofself-builthousing.Originalityvalue:Betterinsightisprovidedintocommunityresilience,withafocusonself-builthousingasanapproachforpost-disasterrecovery,givingdirectionforfutureresearchintoknowledgeexchangetoolswhichcouldsupportNGO’sinapplyingthem.KEYWORDScommunityresilience,post-disasterrecovery,disasterriskreduction,self-builthousingAUTHORBIOGRAPHY:EefjeHendriksisadoctoralresearcherandlecturerattheUniversityofTechnologyinEindhovenandtheAvansUniversityofAppliedScience,focussingonpost-disastershelteringandcommunityresilience.Sheinvestigatestoolstoexchangeknowledgeabouthazardresistantconstructionwithself-builders.ThetoolsaretobeappliedbyNGO’stoguidebasicallyeducatedlow-incomegroupsofdisastersurvivorsintheirrecoveryprocess.Forthispapershecollaborateswithagroupoffourmasterstudents.
1IntroductionWorldwide,almost60millionpeoplearecurrentlydisplacedbyconflict,climatechange,disastersanddevelopment,havinglosttheirshelterandsettlements(StephanieNebehay2015;Gaynor2015;Section2015).Fromthesedisplacedpeople30%areshelteredbyhumanitarianaidorganisations,inplannedandmanagedareas,leavingtheremainingtoimprovisetheirownshelters(Saunders2016).Fromlastyear’sestimatedshelterdemandof1.8billiondollars,onlyaquarterwascovered(Initiatives2015).
Currently,mostNGO’sprovidetemporaryreadymadeshelterswhichdonotcatalysetheself-recoveryprocess,creatinginsteadanundesirabledependenceonexternalaid(ShelterCentre2010;SPHEREProject2011;Baquero2013).Overtime,campstransformintopermanentsettlementsonillegalland,informalcities,whenaffordablealternativesarelackingandNGO’s,governmentsandlandownersmissalong-termvisioninvolvinglow-incomesurvivors’activeparticipation(Setchell2006;BrickmanRaredon2016).UN-Habitatemphasizestheneedtogenerateknowledgewhichgivesanswerstoproblemsofinformality,andindicatewhatworksandwhatdoesnot(Acioly2016).Inordertoinnovatetheaidprocess,decisionmakersneedtoseepracticalexamplesofthepositiveimpactofalternativeapproaches,suchasself-builthousing(Hayles2010;Thrippugazh2014;Saunders2016).
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Whilethereissubstantialliteratureonpost-disasterreconstruction,thereis,bycomparison,insufficientonself-builtreconstruction.Itisremarkablethatparticipationisastandardforurbandevelopment,asalsopresentedontheNo-costhousingconference,butnotyetforpost-disasterrecovery.ThecasesofthetsunamiinSriLanka(2004),thefloodsinPakistan(2010)andthetyphooninthePhilippines(2013),foundinliterature,exemplifydifferentdisastersituationswhereself-builthousingisappliedasapproachforpost-disasterrecoveryoflow-incomegroups.Thegoalistoevaluatethepotentialoftheseapproachesandstimulateawiderapplication,basingconclusionsonsuccessesandshortcomingsandgivingrecommendationsforfurtherresearch.
Disaster Area Realization Projectname
2004Tsunami,SriLanka Jaffnadistrict Government,UN-Habitat IndiaHousingproject
2010Flood,Pakistan Swatregion HeritageFoundation,GlasgowUniversity
GreenKaravanGhar
2013Typhoon,Philippines East-Samarprovince Cordaid,BuildChange,CAFOD
Resilientcommunities
Figure1.Keyaspectsofthecasestudies
2Self-builthousingstrategyThispaperevaluatesqualitiesoftheapproachesthatpositivelyinfluencelong-termcommunityresilience.Thiscanbedefinedas“thecapacityofacommunity…potentiallyexposedtohazardstoadapt,byresistingorchanginginordertoreachandmaintainanacceptableleveloffunctioningandstructure”(UN-ISDR2004).Communityresilienceisindispensabletoenableindependencefromexternalaid.Here,onlyqualitiesrelatedtotheapproachofself-builthousingwhichsupportcommunityresilienceareevaluated(IFRC2014).Firstofall,self-builthousinghasthepotentialforcostandtimereduction.Usersprovidetheneededlabourandthroughparticipation,futureadaptationcostsarepreventedsincethehousesdirectlycomplywiththeuser’sneedsandprinciplesofhazardresistance.Savingcostsandtimeacceleratesthecommunitytocreateeconomyopportunitiesandtakecareoftheirownneeds(IFRC2014).Throughtheuseoflocalmaterials,incrementalprocesses,self-built,andinformal,affordabilityisgainedforlow-incomegroups(Majale,Tipple,andFrench2004).Incaseofrecurringdisasters,basicunderstandingofhazardresistantconstructionprinciplescanempoweralocalcommunityreducetheirvulnerability,meettheirownneedsandthuscontributetolong-termimprovedresilience(Berke,Kartez,andWenger1993;deHaas,Cox,andGijsbers2013;Shaw2014;Renaud,Sudmeier-Rieux,andEstrella2013;IFRC2014;JenniferDuyneBarenstein2006).Besidesthat,theautonomyoftheend-userinthedesignandbuildingprocessleadstolibertyofexpressionoflocalidentityandanimportantpreservationoflocaltraditions(Alexander1989;Harris2003).Ingeneral,anowner-drivendesignandconstructionprocess,enablesthemaintenanceofthelocalarchitectureandculturalidentity(Alexander1989).Thecommonlyusedimportedemergencyshelterslackuniqueness,whichimpedesownerstorecognizetheirhome.Feelingathomeandhavingafutureperspectivearebothcrucialformentalrecoveryafteradisaster(Leonetal.2009;Kennedyetal.2008).Therefore,anacceptablemaintenanceoflocalstructuresisimportantforcommunityresilience(IFRC2014).Inaddition,community-basedconstructionactivitiescontributetothepsychologicalrecoveryofdisastersurvivorsand,iforganisedwell,thesenseofcommunity(Leonetal.2009;Kennedyetal.2008).
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Thesequalitiespresenttheimportanceofinvolvingtheaffectedpopulationinreconstruction.Inthisarticle,forallcases,thesethreequalitiesareevaluated:(1)costandtimereduction,(2)increasedhazardresistance,(3)maintenanceoflocalidentity.
3Casestudyevaluation
3.1CostandtimereductionInSriLanka,duetotheuniquenessofthephenomenonandoverwhelmingmediaattention,thefundingreceivedwasexceptional,evenmorethanthelosstobecovered.Therefore,disastersurvivorswithcompletelydestroyedhousesweregrantedrelativelylargefunds,Rs.550.000,atthattimeequalto4300USD,foreachhouse(UN-Habitat2012).However,theinitiallackofcoordinationbetweenstakeholdersandthemisevaluationofrisksledtoanextendedrecoveryperiod(Ingrametal.2006).Theexactextensionishardtomeasureduetotheincomparabilityofeachdisastersituation.However,timeandmoneyweresavedbecauselocalsweretrainedtobuildtheirownhouses.
ThesituationinPakistan,startedwithpoorpolicymaking,leavingalotoffreedomtothevariousorganisationsinvolved(Ward2012).Theclosecollaborationwiththecommunityischaracterizedbyfreelabourandtheextensiveuseoflowcarbonfootprintlocalmaterials,suchasbamboo,mudandlime,andvernacularbuildingtechniques(HeritageFoundationofPakistan2011b).Thisresultedin266decentandremarkablylow-costhousesinIslamapurforapproximatelyRs.50.000perdwelling,around500USD(HeritageFoundationofPakistan2011b).
InthePhilippines,thegovernmentandNGO’shadarelativelygoodcollaborationduetorecurringdisastersinthearea,whichenabletheimplementationofparticipatoryapproachesandspeededuprecovery.Remarkableisthecompleteauthoritygiventothecommunitytodefineandprioritizetheirobjectivesandmanagealargepartoftheavailablebudget(Cordaid2015).Intotal537.127Euro,668.562USDatthetime,wasavailablefortherecoveryofonelocalcommunitywitharound200families(Cordaid2014).AlthoughtheinvestmentisnotaslowasforexampleinPakistan,onthelong-termtheimpactmightbebiggersinceitrespondstolocalneedsofrecovery.Participantscouldpurchasebuildingmaterialsandhirelocalconstructionworkers,providingalocalcashflowandenablinglocalbusinessestorecoverfaster.TheNGOonlyguidedandtrainedtheinhabitants,enablingforexampleasensitivecostreductionbysupportingcommunitylabour,whichincreasedtheproject’simpact(Cordaid2014).
3.2IncreasedhazardresistanceIntheirfirstresponse,theunpreparedgovernmentofSriLankaoverestimatedthelikelinessofarepetitionofsuchaneventwhendefiningano-constructionbufferzone.Thisresultedinrelocationofcommunitiestotheinland,destroyingtheirlivelihoodandpartofthesocialstructure.However,hazardresistantbuildingswereensuredandtheneededknowledgeandskillswereshared.Thehighmulti-hazardriskassociatedwithmajorfloodsinthemonsoonseasonrequiredsafeconstructionsiteswithadequatedrainageandsafetyforfloods(Zubairetal.2006;DisasterManagementCentre2005;UN-Habitat2012).
InPakistan,allcommunityactorsweretrainedindisasterpreparedness,whichincludedconstructionskillsandknowledgeaboutfloodresistanttypologies(Lari2011;MalikandRasul2011).Especiallywomenwereempowered(MalikandRasul2011).Theintroductionofearlywarningsystemsenabledfasterresponsesinthefuture(HeritageFoundationofPakistan2013).Besidesthat,alldesignsweretestedfordurabilityandhazardresistancebeforebeingintroducedtocommunities(HeritageFoundationofPakistan2011b).
InthePhilippines,therepetitivenatureoftyphoonshadenabledtheGovernmenttoconsolidaterelationshipswithNGO’s.Throughcollaborationbetweenthegovernment,theNGO’sandthecommunitiesfutureriskswerediagnosed,gapsinresiliencewereidentifiedanddisasterpreparednessandriskreductionplansweresuccessfullyimplemented(JanseandVanDerFlier2014).TheNGOaimedtoreducestructuralrisksbystressingprinciplesanddetailstocopewithhighwindloads,presentedinFigure2(ShelterClusterPhilippines2014b).Duringtyphoonsinhabitantshadcleverlysoughtshelterintheirrigidoutsidetoilet.Thisprinciplewas
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reusedintheprogramforimmediatesheltering,sincereinforcinghousestowithstandstrongtyphoonsisextremelycostlycomparedtotheriskandrebuildingcosts(Cordaid2015).Throughparticipationitisexpectedthatfuturehazardswillhavelessimpactonthecommunityandthattheywillbeabletotakemeasurementsmoreindependently.
Figure2.Jointsforself-builthousesinthePhilippines(ShelterClusterPhilippines2014a).
3.3MaintenanceoflocaltraditionsInSriLanka,throughcollaborationwithinhabitants,fivebuildingtypologiesweredeveloped(UN-Habitat2010).Althoughtraditionalinform,theywerestronglyinfluencedbyinternationalhousingtypologieswithlittlevariationsandlackingreferencetoculturalheritage(UN-Habitat2012).AspresentedinFigure3,theyonlydifferedinthechimneypositionandthepresenceorabsenceofaverandaandonlygableventswererecognizedfromtraditionalconstructions.However,theuseofcosteffectivegreenbuildingmaterialsandmethodswasencouraged:enablingthecommunitiestoexecutetheworkthemselvesandmanagetheirownnaturalassets(UN-Habitat2009).Localclay,earthandsandweremixedwithcementtoconsolidatethestructure.
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Figure3.HousingmodelsforSriLanka,drawingsbyHannaJurkowskabasedon(UN-Habitat2012).InPakistan,theuseoflocalbuildingtraditionsandindigenousmaterialssimplifiedtheparticipationofthecommunityandmadenewhousingblendwitholderones(HeritageFoundationofPakistan2011b).Bamboostructuresacceleratedtheconstructionandthewallsofmatsresultedinacomfortableindoorclimate(Lari2011;HeritageFoundationofPakistan2011b).Thispreventedenvironmentaldegradationandsupportedtheregionaleconomy.Withimprovedconstructiontechniques,confidencewasrestoredinlocalmethodswhichcorrespondedtolifestyle,incomeandpersonalneeds(HeritageFoundationofPakistan2011b).Althoughthedesignsofthehouseswerebasedonlocalneeds,tomaximizeparticipationandreinforcethesenseofownership,only8designsweredevelopedwithsmallvariationsinrooftypesandbaseplinths,presentedinFigure4(HeritageFoundationofPakistan2011b).
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Figure4.HousingdesignsforPakistan,drawingsbyHannaJurkowskabasedon(HeritageFoundationofPakistan2016).InthePhilippines,thecommunityparticipationledtomaintenanceoflocalbuildingtraditionssinceallhousesweredesignedbytheownersthemselvesandcorrespondedtothesurroundings.Theuseoflocallyavailablematerialssuchastimber,coconutlumber,bambooandorganicmatswasstimulated(Howe,Chris;Himberg2014;ShelterClusterPhilippines2014b).Especiallyremarkableisthereuseofwastematerialsintheenvironmentsuchasthelargeamountofyoungcoconutthreesthatweredestroyedbythetyphoon.
4ConclusionsSelf-builthousinghasbeenappliedbyNGO’sinseveralpost-disastersituationsasanalternativetoreadymadeorpredesignedsolutions.Fromthesecasestudiescanbeconcludedthat,ifappliedwell,self-buildhousingcanhaveapositiveimpactoncommunityresilience,whichcouldsupportNGO’sandgovernmentstoconsideranalternativeapproach.Currently,long-termmeasurementsarelackingtosupportthisstatement.Thispaperhighlightscostandtimereduction,hazardresistanceandthemaintenanceoflocaltraditions.Forabetterunderstandingoftheimpactofself-builthousingoncommunityresilience,morecases,andmorequalitiesandshortcomingsneedtobeevaluatedandrelated.
ThecaseinPakistanrevealsthemostremarkablecost-reduction,wherethepermanenthouseshadapricecompetitivewithready-madetemporaryfamilytents.Ifself-builthousingwouldbemoreacceptedasarecoveryapproach,itwouldprovideanaffordableandthereforemorerealisticanswertotheshortageinshelterrelief.Keytothelow-costsinPakistanwasthestrongcommunityinvolvementandthecollaborationwithlocalNGO’s,enabledbylackinginfluenceofthegovernment.ThestronggovernmentinvolvementinSriLankasloweddownrecoverybyinitiatinganunnecessarybufferzone.InthePhilippines,thegovernmentwasexperiencedindisasterrecoveryandthissupportedasuccessfulimplementationoffastparticipatoryprocesses.Inallthreecasestheroleofthegovernmenthasinfluenceonthespeedofrecovery.Basedon
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thesecasescanbeconcludedthatrecoveryisbestguidedbythosewithexperienceinrecoverybasedinthearea,suchaslocalNGO’sorexperiencedlocalgovernments.InfurtherresearchtheexactinfluenceofdecisionmakersandlocalNGO’scouldbemeasured.
Allthreecasesrevealthatempowermentwastargetedtoreducedisasterriskswithtrainingsandguidance.Itwouldbeinterestingtomeasurelong-termeffectswhenadisasterrecursandcomparetherecoveryofthesecommunitieswithcommunitiesthathadalessparticipatoryrecoveryprogram.Besidesthat,itwouldberelevanttocomparethewayknowledgeisexchangedinthesecasesandmeasureiftheyhavealastingimpact.NGO’sneedbetterappliedtoolstosupportself-builtinitiatives.
Alldiscussedapproachesintendtorespectlocaltraditions.AremarkablemaintenanceoflocaltraditionsisfoundinthemostrecentcaseinthePhilippines.Noreadymadeorpredesignedsolutionsweregiven.TheparticipatoryapproachinthePhilippinescanbeseenasabest-practicetoexchangelabour,materials,knowledgeandfunding.InSriLanka,largefundingorganisationswereinvolvedintherecovery,andtheirinfluenceontheconstructionprocessandhousingtypologieswaslarger,whichmightindirectlyhavecausedagreaterlossoflocaltraditions.Furtherresearchisneededtodefinehowfundsinfluencethelossoflocaltraditions.
Although,fewNGO’suseself-builthousingasastrategyforresilientrecovery,inthefuturehopefullymorewillrecognizeitsbenefits.Moredetailedcasestudies,whichevaluateself-builthousingareneededtosupportacceptancebygovernmentsandNGO’s.
AcknowledgementTheauthorthanks;theAvansUniversityofAppliedScienceforfundingthisresearch,ProfessorAndréJorissenforco-interpretationofthecases,andDr.JacobVoorthuisforhissharpcomments.
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