Selection of Minimum Cost Inputs for Boro Rice Cultivation in Bangladesh

7/31/2019 Selection of Minimum Cost Inputs for Boro Rice Cultivation in Bangladesh

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WELLCOMEWELLCOME

TOTO

THE PRESENTATI ONTHE PRESENTATI ON


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PRESENTED BY

Anisur RahmanAnisur Rahman

Assistant ProfessorAssistant Professor

Department Of Farm Power and MachineryDepartment Of Farm Power and Machinery

Bangladesh Agricultural UniversityBangladesh Agricultural University

MymensinghMymensingh--2202, Bangladesh2202, Bangladesh

Email:Email: [email protected]@gmail.com

Prof. Dr. Md. Monjurul AlamSupervisor

SELECTION OF MINIMUM COSTINPUTS FOR BORO RICE CULTIVATION


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INTRODUCTION

More than 77 percent of population in Bangladesh live inMore than 77 percent of population in Bangladesh live inrural areas and agriculture is the major occupation of therural areas and agriculture is the major occupation of thepeople.people.

At present Bangladesh is thriving as selfAt present Bangladesh is thriving as self--sufficientsufficientcountry in cereal production.country in cereal production.

Appropriate mechanization strategy formulation is anAppropriate mechanization strategy formulation is anurge of the time for efficient use of agricultural inputsurge of the time for efficient use of agricultural inputsavailable atavailable at farmers level.farmers level.

This study would be helpful for the farmers involved inThis study would be helpful for the farmers involved inBoroBoro rice production to select appropriate inputs,rice production to select appropriate inputs,thereby speedthereby speed up the agricultural mechanization inup the agricultural mechanization in

Bangladesh.Bangladesh.


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Why Input Minimization?? Traditional land preparation requires 4Traditional land preparation requires 4--5 passes by Country plough5 passes by Country plough

but using Tractor mounted implements require 1but using Tractor mounted implements require 1--2 number of2 number of

ploughing for Rice cultivation.ploughing for Rice cultivation.

In minimum or zero tillage require less machinery & labour, saveIn minimum or zero tillage require less machinery & labour, save

water about 25 to 35%, improve soil fertility by conserving soilwater about 25 to 35%, improve soil fertility by conserving soil

organic matter & natural ploughing by Earthworm.organic matter & natural ploughing by Earthworm.

Some Rice variety require less fertilizer, less crop duration, hSome Rice variety require less fertilizer, less crop duration, highigh

yield.yield.

High dose of NHigh dose of N--fertilizer (Urea) increase production cost of BOROfertilizer (Urea) increase production cost of BORO

Rice. Use of Leaf Color Chart (LCC) can reduce the extra cost ofRice. Use of Leaf Color Chart (LCC) can reduce the extra cost of NN--

fertilizer (Urea).fertilizer (Urea).

Input optimization can play an important role in harnessing finaInput optimization can play an important role in harnessing financialncial

benefits to the farmers.benefits to the farmers.


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Objec t i vesConsidering the problems stated above the following

specific objectives were formulated to give properdirection of the study.

1. To identify the most important inputs of Boro rice

cultivation.

2. To determine the minimum cost input options for Boro

rice cultivation.

3. To develop a computer simulation model for determining

the minimum cost input options for Boro rice cultivation.


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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Alam et al(1996) appraised financial suitability of four on farm tillage systemnamely owned CP (Country plough), owned PT (Power tiller), hired CP, hiredPT in view to select appropriate tilling system for small farm holding of

Bangladesh. The study suggested that, the ownership of PT for tilling waseconomical viable for farm sizes over 3 hectares at a cropping intensity of171 percent and farmers having farm holding sizes less than 3 hectares werelikely to be benefited by custom hire service of PT.

Sarker (1997) observed that owing of power tiller was financially beneficialover owned or hired DAP for farm over 5 hectares. Where timeliness of fieldoperation was critical hiring of power tiller for farm less than 5 hectares couldbe beneficial and save yield losses due to timeliness.

Talukder et al, (1995) conducted a study in Noagaon site under Mymensinghdistrict on problems associated with DTW and STW irrigation. The studyrevealed that cost of irrigation was 3356 Tk/ha and 3263 Tk/ha for DTW andSTW respectively while, the average command area for each set was foundto be 11.60 ha and 7.82 ha respectively.


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Data collectionSecondary data collected from various sources:

1. Scientific Journal papers.

2. Published and unpublished reports and theses.

3. Booklets, Leaflets.4. Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh.5. National Minor Irrigation Census.6. Internet etc.

Some essential data will be collected from primary sources

though interview of key informants from BAU, BARI, BRRI, BADC,

DAE, Farmers, Seed-Fertilizer & insecticide Dealer, Machine

manufactures and Extension personnel etc.

METHODOLOGY


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Rice Variety Selection:

The selection of rice variety is based on-

Popularity of variety,Minimum crop duration.

Production per unit area.

METHODOLOGY


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METHODOLOGY

Leaf Color is generally used as a visual and subjectiveindicator of the rice crops need for nitrogen (N) fertilizer.

Leaf color intensity is directly related to leaf chlorophyllcontent and leaf N status.

Figure: Leaf Colour Chart (LCC)


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# Machinery cost:

(a) Fixed cost :depreciation, interest, taxes,insurance, shelter.

Annual depreciation,

L

SPD

=

Where,D=Depreciation, Tk/yrP=Purchase price of machine or implement, TkS=Salvage value, Tk

L=Life of machine or implement, yr

METHODOLOGY


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i

SP

I +

= 2Where,

i = Interest rate, %

(b) Variable cost:Variable cost elements are hourly labour cost, fuel,oil, repair

and maintenance cost and the required working hours for each fieldoperations.

Primary data of variable cost will be collected thoughinterview of key informants.

Interest on investment,

METHODOLOGY


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# Gross output:

Gross output or gross revenue is one, which farmer earnthrough the renting of machine to users.

For estimating gross outputs of tilling, irrigation, sprayingactivities hiring rates were considered but for threshingactivities gross outputs were estimated differently

# Benefit-cost ratio:Benefit-cost ratio (B/C) may be defined as the ratio of

benefits to costs.

METHODOLOGY

)/(

)/(

haTkCosts

haTkBenefitsratioCB =


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# Methods of Economics Analysis :

In this study two major on farm financial measurementtechniques have been considered. They are

i) Gross Margin (GM) and Net Margin (NM) analysis

ii) Break-even analysis

Gross Margin (Tk/ha) = [Gross output] - [Total variable costs] Net Margin (Tk/ha) = [Gross Margin] - [Fixed costs]

METHODOLOGY


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# Break-even analysis:

The following formula was used to estimate the appropriatebreak-even point between respective machine and other machines.

METHODOLOGY

( )haTkmachinesotheroftOperatingyrTkmachinesfortannualTotalyrha/cos

)/(cos/ =


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The rice variety was selected BRRI dhan 28 and BRRI dhan 29 in

terms of their crop duration, production per unit area andpopularity in the country.

The fertilizer could be applied by two techniques namely Leaf

Color Chart (LCC) and traditionally. The fertilizer cost by using Leaf Color Chart (LCC) for BRRI dhan

28 and BRRI dhan 29 were found 5795 Tk/ha and 7000 Tk/ha,respectively.

The cost of fertilizer by traditionally for BRRI dhan 28 and BRRIdhan 29 were found 6370 Tk/ha and 7585 Tk/ha, respectively.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS


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1 2 3=2+1 4 5=4-2 6=5-1 7=4/3

Total

Fixed

Cost

(Tk/ha)

Total

Variable

Cost

(Tk/ha)

Operating

cost

(Tk/ha)

Gross

Revenue

(Tk/ha)

Gross

Margin

(Tk/ha)

Net

Margin

(Tk/ha)

Benefit-

cost

ratio

(Tk/ha)

Country

Plough

379.35 3500 3879.35 5930 2430 2050.65 1.53

Power

tiller

117.09 1811.69 1928.78 4000 2188.31 2071.22 2.07

Tractor 44.91 951.19 996.1 3700 2748.81 2703.9 3.71

Tilling

methods

Table: Operating cost, Gross Revenue, Gross Margin (GM) and NetMargin (NM) of different tilling methods


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Fig. Comparative cost of different tilling methods

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Farm size, ha

Costoftilling,

Tk/ha

Hired CP

Hired PT

Hired Tractor

Owned Tractor

Owned CP

Owned PT


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1 2 3=2+1 4 5=4-2 6=5-1 7=4/3

Total

Fixed

cost(Tk/ha)

Total

Variable

cost(Tk/ha)

Operating

cost

(Tk/ha)

Gross

Revenue

(Tk/ha)

Gross

Margin

(Tk/ha)

Net

Margin

(Tk/ha)

Benefit-

cost

ratio(Tk/ha)

STW 59.34 921.75 981.09 5200 4278.25 4218.91 5.30

DTW 86.41 535.04 621.45 5000 4464.96 4378.55 8.05

Irrigation

methods


Table: Operating cost, Gross Revenue, Gross Margin (GM) and NetMargin (NM) of different irrigation methods


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Fig. Comparative cost of irrigation methods

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Farm size, ha

Costofirrigation,

Tk/ha.

Owned DTW

Owned STW

Hired DTW

Hired STW


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Fig. Comparative cost of seeding/transplanting methods

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

0 2 4 6 8 10 12Farm size, ha

Costofseeding,

Tk

/ha.

Drum seeder

Manual Transplanting


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Fig. Comparative cost of weeding methods

0

6 0 0

12 0 0

18 0 0

2 4 0 0

3 0 0 0

3 6 0 0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Farm size, ha

Japanese rice weeder

Manual weeding



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Fig. Comparative cost of fertilizer distribution methods

0

2 0 0

4 0 0

6 0 0

8 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 2 0 0

1 4 0 0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 2 0

Farm s ize , ha

BAUzia Fertilizer Distributor

Manual Distribution


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1 2 3=2+1 4 5=4-2 6=5-1 7=4/3

Total

Fixedcost

(Tk/ha)

Total

Variablecost

(Tk/ha)

Operating

cost(Tk/ha)

Gross

Revenue(Tk/ha)

Gross

Margin(Tk/ha)

Net

Margin(Tk/ha)

Benefit-

costratio

(Tk/ha)

Hand

sprayer

22.36 583.33 605.69 645 61.67 39.31 1.06

Compression

sprayer

54.38 437.5 491.88 630 192.5 138.12 1.28

Knapsack

sprayer

105.75 291.67 397.42 560 268.33 162.58 1.41

Spraying

methods

Table: Operating cost, Gross Revenue, Gross Margin (GM) and NetMargin (NM) of different spraying methods


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Fig.Comparative cost of different spraying methods

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

0 2 4 6 8 10 12Farm size, ha

Costofspraying,

Tk

/ha.

Knapsack sprayer

Compression sprayer

Hand sprayer


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Fig. Comparative cost of harvesting methods

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Farm size, ha

Costofharvesting,

Tk/ha.

Reaper

Manually harvesting


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1 2 3=2+1 4 5=4+3 6 7=6-(4+

2)

8=7-1 9=6/5

Total

Fixed

cost(Tk/ha)

Total

Variable

cost(Tk/ha)

Total

Operating

cost(Tk/ha)

Threshing

loss cost

(Tk/ha)

Threshing

cost

(Tk/ha)

Gross

Revenue

(Tk/ha)

Gross

Margin

(Tk/ha)

Net

Margin

(Tk/ha)

Benefit

-

costratio

(Tk/ha)

Traditional

Threshing 1357.5 1682.69 3039.74 6381.00 9420.74 5543.75 -2519.94 -3876.99 0.59

Pedal

Threshing 86.81 2512.25 2598.96 1881.00 4479.96 11700.0 7306.85 7220.04 2.61

Open drum

Threshing 48.60 1774.09 1822.69 1881.00 3703.69 11700.0 8044.91 7996.31 3.16

Closed drum

Threshing 88.17 468.37 556.54 2413.00 2969.54 11295.0 8413.63 8325.46 3.80

Threshing

Methods


Table: Operating cost, Gross Revenue, Gross Margin (GM) and NetMargin (NM) of different Threshing methods


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Fig.4.8 Comparative cost of different threshing methods

3000

4500

6000

7500

9000

10500

12000

13500

15000

0 3 6 9 12 15Farm size, ha

Costofthreshing,T

k/ha.

Paddle Thresher

Closed Drum Thresher

Open Drum Thresher

Traditional Threshing


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BRRI dhan 29 was found profitable among Boro rice variety.

Leaf Colour Chart (LCC) appeared as best option for determiningthe amount of fertilizer requirement for Boro rice cultivation.

For tilling operation, custom hire service of Tractor appeared

profitable for a yearly operational farm holding of 8.29 hectaresand above 8.29 hectares ownership of Tractor is profitable.

For irrigation options, Hire DTW was found profitable for the farm

size less than 2 hectares and own STW was found profitable forthe farm size from 2 to 3 hectares.

CONCLUSIONS


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CONCLUSIONS

Drum seeder and Japanese Rice Weeder were found significantlysuperior for all farm holdings.

BAUzia fertilizer distributor was found profitable to the farmers whenthe annual use exceeded 1.12 hectares.

For spraying options, compression sprayer and knapsack sprayercould be beneficial to the farmers when the annual use exceed 2.05hectares and 5.71 hectares, respectively.

Reaper was found profitable to the farmers when the annual use

exceeded 2.88 hectares.

For threshing options, closed drum power thresher was foundprofitable to the farmers when the annual use exceed 7.32 hectares.


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THANKS ALL

Selection of Minimum Cost Inputs for Boro Rice Cultivation in Bangladesh

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