Selected Topics in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Danny Porath 2002

Administrative issues:Papers reading and presentationResearch proposal – as a final workLecture notes – in my homepage:

http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~porath/

References – on the web

Danny PorathTel: 65-86948,

il.ac.huji.ch@chem.porathmail: -EMonday, 12:00-14:00

Course Syllabus1. General survey of NST (1)2. Selected experimental techniques

a. Scanning electron/transmission microscopy (SEM/TEM) (1)b. Lithography techniques (optical, e-beam, direct) (2)c. Scanning probe microscopy (STM/STS, AFM, EFM …) (2)d. Self – Assembly and chemical synthesis ??? (1)

3. Single electron tunneling – short theory and examples (1)4. Leading directions in NST:

a. Nanoelectronics (2)b. Nanomechanics (1)c. Nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine (1)

5. Summary and future directions (1)6. Presentation of research proposals….

Links to NSThttp://www.foresight.org/

http://itri.loyola.edu/nanobase/http://www.zyvex.com/nano/

http://www.nano.gov/http://www.aeiveos.com/nanotech/

http://www.the21century.com/nano.htmhttp://www.nanozine.com/

http://seemanlab4.chem.nyu.edu/http://www.matar.ac.il/eureka/newspaper15/dreams.asp

....

With the help of…….1. Jim Heath - UCLA2. Jim Hutchbi - SRC3. Yosi Shacam – TAU4. Cees Dekker – Delft5. Yossi Rosenwacks6. Julio Gomez7. Joshua Jortner

Outline Survey NST:1. Definition and description of the term “Nano”2. Why now? Why interdisciplinary? What is new here?3. NST in Israel and in the world4. Top-bottom vs. Bottom-up approaches5. Some of the “tools” for NST

1. SEM/TEM/SPM – The “eyes” to the nano world2. Lithography – The “hands” in the nano world3. Self-assembly and chemical manipulations

6. Examples of “nano” activitya. Nanoelectronicsb. Nanomechanicsc. Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine

7. Future ….. In the end of the course…Maybe

Homework 11. Read the lecture on nanotechnology by R.P. Feynmann, "There's Plenty of

Room at the Bottom": http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.htmlWrite a half page synopsis on what this lecture means to you. Does it promise too much; is it unphysical by today's technology (2002) compared to the 1959 date when it was delivered? Is Nanotechnology just a continuation of the trend toward miniaturization that began decades ago, or is it something qualitatively different?

2. Read the US Government report: "Nanotechnology: Shaping The World Atom By Atom": http://itri.loyola.edu/nano/IWGN.Public.Brochure/Write a half page synopsis on this report, and comment in the same spirit as assignment 1 above.

Here I am looking for the clever insights that a graduate level student can glean from these articles.

3. Be prepared to present each one of them to the class in 10 minutes.

The visionThe classic talk: “There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom”Richard Feynman, December 29, 1959. The annual meeting of the American Physical Society at Caltech

• “Why cannot we write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin?”

• “Biology is not simply writing information; it is doing something about it. A biological system can be exceedingly small.”

• “I want to build a billion tiny factories, models of each other, which are manufacturing simultaneously, drilling holes, stamping parts, and so on.”

Vision….(a)1. Nanostructures:

a. Contain a countable number of atoms

b. Suites for atomic level detailed engineering

c. Provide access to realms of quantum behaviorthat is not observed in larger (even 0.1 µm) structures

d. Combine small size, complex organizational patterns, potential for very high packingdensities and strong lateral interactions, and high ratios of surface area to volume.

Vision….(b)1. Small => …means not only x1000 smaller but also….

a. High packing density

b. Potential to bring higher speed to information processing

c. Higher areal and volumetric capacity to information storage.

d. Dense packing is also the cause of complex electronic and magnetic interactions between adjacent (and sometimes nonadjacent) structures.

e. The small energetic differences between the various possible nanostructures configurations may be significantly shaped by those interactions.

These complexities also promise access to complex non-linear systems that may exhibit classes of behavior fundamentally different from those of both molecular and micro-scale structures.

Vision….(c)New established disciplines:

a. Electronics: nanostructures represent the limiting extension of Moore’s law and classical devices to small devices, and they represent the step into quantum devices and fundamentally new processor architectures.

b. Molecular biology: nanostructures are the fundamental machines that drive the cell — histones and proteosomes — and they are components of the mitochondrion, the chloroplast, the ribosome, and the replication and transcription complexes. In catalysis, nanostructures are the templates and pores of zeolites and other vitally important structures.

c. Materials science: the nanometer length scale is the largest one over which a crystal can be made essentially perfect. The ability to precisely control the arrangements of impurities and defects with respect to each other, and the ability to integrate perfect inorganic and organic nanostructures, holds forth the promise of a completely new generation of advanced composites.

…and beyond the nice definitions …What it really is….

So….What are Nanoscience and Nanotechnology?

The ability to observe, measure, predict and construct — on the scale of atoms and molecules and exploit the novel properties found at that scale.Traditionally, the nanotechnology realm is defined as being between 0.1 and 100 nanometers.

1 nm = 1/1000 µm = 1/1000000 mm.

Some Observations:Nanoscience and nanotechnology pertain to the synthesis, characterization, exploration, interrogation, exploitation and utilization of nanostructured materials, which are characterizedby at least one dimension in the nanometer range.

Such nanostructured systems constitute a bridge between single molecules and infinite bulk systems.

Individual nanostructures involve: clusters, nanoparticles, nanocrystals, quantum dots, nanowires, nanotubes…..

Additional Observations:Collections of nanostructures involve: arrays, assemblies and superlattices of individual nanostructures.

The chemical and physical properties of nanomaterials can significantly differ from those of the atomic-molecular or the bulk materials of the same chemical composition.

The uniqueness of the structural characteristics, energetics, response, dynamics and chemistry of nanostructures is novel and constitutes the experimental and conceptual background for the novel field of nanoscience.

Suitable control of the properties and response of nanostructures can lead to new devices and technologies.