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KATEDRA ENERGOELEKTRONIKI I AUTOMATYKI SYSTEMÓW PRZETWARZANIA ENERGII

DEPARTMENT OF POWER ELECTRONICS AND ENERGY CONTROL SYSTEMS

PART 2

dr inż. Andrzej Firlit

SELECTED ISSUES

OF SMART POWER GRIDS

SIEĆ EE PRZYSZŁOŚCI – JAKA POWINNA BYĆ?

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY DoE – WWW.ENERGY.GOV

Source:U.S. Department of Energy

www.energy.gov

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PROSUMENT - DG RSE

Supplier's guarantees

regarding the quality of

energy supply

voltage valuevoltage fluctuationsvoltage distortionvoltage symmetryvoltage dips / swellspower supply

continuity (poweroutages / failure)

……

The impact of the

consumers (in

generall, there are no

formal requirements

for consumers’

guarantees to reduce

emissions of

electromagnetic

disturbances)

current harmonics and interharmonics

current asymmetryreactive power,

tg (φ)surge / inrush

currents…

MEASUREMENTS BY

AN POWER QUALITY

ANALYZER

Power Quality – Quality of electricity supplyPower conditions

Property boundary between the partiesPCC connection pointAGREEMENT between

the parties

What is the purpose of the measurements?

Energy meter

15 minutes

legal regulationsstandards, norms

THE IMPORTANCE OF

CONTINUOUS

MONITORING SYSTEM

Who is measuring?

10 minutes

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SOURCE OF ENERGY

LOAD ORGROUPS OF LOADS

Supplier's guarantees

regarding the quality of

energy supply

voltage valuevoltage fluctuationsvoltage distortionvoltage symmetryvoltage dips / swellspower supply


……

The impact of the

consumers (in

generall, there are no

formal requirements

for consumers’

guarantees to reduce

emissions of

electromagnetic

disturbances)


current asymmetryreactive power,

tg (φ)surge / inrush

currents…

MEASUREMENTS BY

AN POWER QUALITY

ANALYZER


no contractPCC

What is the purpose of the measurements?

no energymeter

legal regulationsstandards, norms

THE IMPORTANCE OF

CONTINUOUS

MONITORING SYSTEM

Who is measuring?

10 minutes

the laws of physicsand electrotechnics

distributed generations DGrenewable sources of energy RES,

energy storage systems ESSPROSUMENTs

Gwarancje

OPERATORA I PRODUCENTA

w zakresie jakości

dostawy energii w PWP

voltage value voltage fluctuations voltage distortion voltage symmetry voltage dips / swells power supply


… …

CONSUMERS

& DG/RES

may have a negative

effect on the power

system


current asymmetry reactive power,

tg (φ) surge / inrush

currents voltage value DG security of service „variability" of

genration…

Property boundary between the partiesconnection pointAGREEMENT between the parties

?variable state of the power

systemDG, RSE

consumers consumers

conventionalenergy sources


electricity must be supplied continuously

?MEASUREMENTS BY

AN POWER QUALITY ANALYZER

THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTINUOUS

MONITORING SYSTEM

Who is measuring?

10 minutes

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Koncepcja SMART GRIDS

MICROGRIDsisland supply

ENERGY CLUSTERs

ENERGY BALANCE !!!

CRITICAL CONDITION !!!

PS

DSO

The way the power systems

work are changing

Power Quality is important (+/-)

Power supply continuity is critical

Koncepcja SMART GRIDS

MICROGRIDsisland supply

ENERGY CLUSTERs

ENERGY BALANCE !!!

CRITICAL CONDITION !!!

PS

DSO

The way the power systems

work are changing

Power Quality is important (+/-)

Power supply continuity is critical

Electricity must be delivered continuously

To manage / control a micro grids, you need to knowthe values of the relevant parameters

measurement and recording and monitoring (continuous)

executive devices

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Title of project:

Development of distributed energy in energy clusters

KlastER

Rozwój energetyki rozproszonej w klastrach energii

Project duration: 2019 – 2021 r.

MENAG consortium: Ministerstwo Energii (lider), Akademia

Górniczo-Hutnicza, Narodowe Centrum Badań Jądrowych

1st competition for open projects under the Strategic Program of Scientific Research

and Development Works "Social and economic development of Poland in the

conditions of globalizing markets" GOSPOSTRATEG - National Center for Research

and Development NCBiR

KlastER project – NCBiR

The purpose of the KlastER project

Elaboration strategies to develop energy clusters in Poland,

based on a number of analyzes and pilot launches of

technological and organizational solutions developed in

clusters

... building a network of distributed energy competences ...

KlastER project – NCBiR

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You can measure and measure, good or bad.

Measurements taken correctly do not have to be

identical.

The method of data processing is very important.

Comment

The appropriate measurements are one

of an important aspects of the smart grids (power

quality).

At this point, we can formulate a series of questions.

What will measure the meter in the socket?

What measurements did you take previously?

What is the PQ analyzer?

Do you know what I am asking?Do you know what's going on?

1) -311 V

2) 236 V

3) 58 V

4) 0 V

5) 289 V

Which value

is correct?

Is it good

or bad?

What are the technical and legal requirements?

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I want to have knowledge about the operating parameters of the power system.

What should he measure?What instruments should I measure?

Load 1

Load 2

Load 3DG/RES

SEE

L1

L2

L3

N

PE

"Cross-section„

of the supply line

source of energy load

U

I1

I2

I3

IΣ

IN

one U (UNPE)

(voltage bus)

several I (1,2,3)

total IΣ

DG / RESdistributed generation

renewable energy source

I want to have knowledge about the operating parameters of the power system.

What should he measure?What instruments should I measure?

nine voltages

UL1, UL2, UL3

UL12, UL23, UL31

UN-PE

four currents

IL1, IL2, IL3, IN

voltmeters, ammeters, frequency meters, wattmeters, varometers, oscilloscopes,

spectrum analyzers, energy meters, and more ...

- a lot of technical aspects: memory size, communication method, time synchronization,

mobility, fieldwork in real conditions, IP class and others ...

(3 phases + N + PE, U phase, U phase-to-phase voltage)

L1

L2

L3

N

PE

"Cross-section„

of the supply line

source of energy load

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Power Quality – desired state

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3-phase, 3/4-wire system (neutral IN = 0)

3-phase symmetrical resistive linear load (PF = DPF = 1)

voltage and current waveforms are sinusoidal and in-phase - no phase

shift

ϕ = 0°, cos(ϕ) = 1

URMS, IRMS, f – const.

p(t) = u(t)∙i(t) – const.

THDU, KU, WHU = 0%

THDI, KI, WHI = 0%

PF / DPFPower Factor

Displacement Power Factor

obiekt.def:10.03.200415:54:14

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obiekt.def:10.03.200415:54:14

obiekt.def:10.03.200415:54:14

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Examples of current waveforms of different converters

THREE MEASUREMENT POINTSMINING PLANT

winding machine

cage drive

passive filter

5. harmonic

power line – source of energy

– voltages measurement

– currents measurement

6,0 kV

PQ ANALYSER

no. 1

PQ ANALYSER

no. 2, 3, …

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winding machine

cage drive

passive filter

5. harmonic




6,0 kV

PQ ANALYSER


winding machine

cage drive

passive filter

5. harmonic




6,0 kV

PQ ANALYSER

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winding machine

cage drive

passive filter

5. harmonic




6,0 kV

PQ ANALYSER

Recommended literature and teaching resourcesfor the SIofSPG – according to the syllabus

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1. Dugan R.C., McGranaghan M.F., Santoso S.: Electrical Power Quality Systems, Second Edition, The

McGraw-Hill Companies, 2003.

2. Handbook of power quality edited by A. Bagginii (co-authors, among others: Z. Hanzelka, A. Firlit), Wiley,

2008

3. Bolen M., Gu I.: Signal processing of power quality disturbances. Wiley, 2006

4. Bollen M.: Understanding power quality problems, IEEE Press, 2000

5. Materials by Leonardo ENERGY www.leonardo-energy.org

6. Benchmarking Report on Quality of Electricity Supply, CEER, Reports: 2001, 2nd 2003, 3rd 2005, 4th

2008, 5th 2011, 6th 2016/6.1-20182000-2018

7. Bollen M.H.J., Milanović J.V., Čukalevski N.: CIGRE/CIRED JWG C4.112 – Power Quality Monitoring,

International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ’14), Cordoba (Spain), 8th

to 10th April, 2014, Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal (RE&PQJ), 12, April 2014.

8. Bollen M.H.J., Zhong J., Zavoda F., Meyer J., McEachern A., López F.C.: Power quality aspects of Smart

Grids, International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ’10), Granada

(Spain), 23th to 25th March, 2010.

9. Energy Community Regulatory Board ECRB, Guidelines of good practice on the implementation and use

of voltage quality monitoring systems for regulatory purposes, Council of European Energy Regulators

CEER, December 2012.

10. Kilter J., Meyer J., Howe B., Zavada F., Tenti L., Milanović J.V., Bollen M., Ribeiro P.F., Doyle P., Gordon

J.M.R.: Current practice and future challenges for power quality monitoring, ClGRE WG C4.112

Perspective, 2012 IEEE.

11. Meyer J., Kilter J., Howe B., Zavoda F., Tenti L., Gordon J.M.R., Milanović J.V.: Contemporary and future

aspects of cost effective power quality monitoring, Position Paper of CIGRE WG C4.112, 2012 IEEE.

12. Neumann R.: The importance of IEC 61000-4-30 Class A for the coordination of power quality levels, 9th

International Conference Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation, Barcelona, 09–11.10.2007.

Recommended literature and teaching resourcesfor the SIofSPG – according to the syllabusLiterature is very numerous – books and articles.

1. Saboori H., Mohammadi M., Taghe R.: Virtual power plant (VPP), definition, concept, components and

types, 2011 IEEE.

2. Van Gerwen R.: Generacja rozproszona i odnawialne źródła energii. Wprowadzenie do zagadnień GR i

odnawialnych źródeł energii, „Jakość zasilania – poradnik”, tom 8.1, Polskie Centrum Promocji Miedzi

2006.

3. Firlit A.: Power theory with non-sinusoidal waveforms – Annex 3, Handbook of Power Quality edited by

Angelo Baggini, Willey 2008.

4. I Krajowy raport benchmarkingowy nt. jakości dostaw energii elektrycznej do odbiorców przyłączonych do

sieci przesyłowych i dystrybucyjnych, Urząd Regulacji Energetyki, 2009.

5. Hanzelka Z.: Jakość dostawy energii elektrycznej – zaburzenia wartości skutecznej napięcia, ISBN: 978-

83-7464-566-9, Wydawnictwa AGH, Kraków 2013

6. Hanzelka Z. (redaktor naukowy), Firlit A. (redaktor naukowy) i inni: Elektrownie ze źródłami

odnawialnymi. Zagadnienia wybrane., ISBN 978-83-7464-817-2, Wydawnictwo AGH, Kraków 2015

7. Hanzelka Z., Firlit A., Błajszczak G.: Syntetyczne miary jakości napięcia, Automatyka, elektryka,

zakłócenia, red. Z. R. Kwiatkowski, Gdańsk, INFOTECH, ISBN 978-83-921711-8-8, str.118-126, 2011 r.

8. Błajszczak G., Firlit A.: Narzędzia do oceny i analizy jakości energii elektrycznej, Energetyka, 12, 2009,

787–793.

9. Firlit A.: Ciągły monitoring i analiza jakości energii elektrycznej, Elektroenergetyka – spółczesność i

Rozwój, nr 4(10)/2011, grudzień 2011

10. Hanzelka Z., Firlit A., Chmielowiec K., Świątek B.: New Challenges for Voltage Quality Studies, Przegląd

Elektrotechniczny, ISSN 0033-2097, r. 89, nr 6/2013

11. Raport z Piknik Jakości Energii Elektrycznej 2014 – Eksperymentalne badania porównawcze

analizatorów, www.piknikjee.pl, AGH – TAURON Dystrybucja, 23 października 2014

12. Raport z Piknik AMI 2015 – Badania porównawcze inteligentnych liczników energii elektrycznej AMI,

www.piknikami.pl, AGH – TAURON Dystrybucja – Politechnika Wrocławska, 19 listopada 2015

Recommended literature and teaching resourcesfor the SIofSPG – according to the syllabusLiterature is very numerous – books and articles.

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1. PN-EN 50160 – Parametry napięcia zasilającego w publicznych sieciach

elektroenergetycznych

2. Rozporządzenie ministra gospodarki z dnia 4 maja 2007 r. w sprawie

szczegółowych warunków funkcjonowania systemu elektroenergetycznego, Dz.U.

z 29 maja 2007 r. (na podstawie art. 9 ust. 3 i 4 ustawy z dnia 10 kwietnia 1997 r.

– Prawo energetyczne – Dz.U. 2006 nr 89, poz. 625, z późn. zm.)

3. PN-EN 61000-4-30 – Metody badań i pomiarów — Metody pomiaru jakości

energii

4. PN-EN 61000-4-15 – Metody badań i pomiarów — Miernik migotania światła —

Specyfikacja funkcjonalna i projektowa

5. PN-EN 61000-4-7 – Metody badań i pomiarów — Ogólny przewodnik dotyczący

pomiarów harmonicznych i interharmonicznych oraz przyrządów pomiarowych,

dla sieci zasilających i przyłączonych do nich urządzeń

6. PN-EN 62586-1,-2 – Pomiar jakości energii elektrycznej w sieciach zasilających

7. PN-EN 61000-2-2 – Kompatybilność elektromagnetyczna (EMC) — Część 2-2:

Środowisko — Poziomy kompatybilności zaburzeń przewodzonych małej

częstotliwości i sygnałów przesyłanych w publicznych sieciach zasilających

niskiego napięcia

Recommended literature and teaching resourcesfor the SIofSPG – according to the syllabusLiterature is very numerous – norms and standards.

1. PN-EN 61000-2-4 – Kompatybilność elektromagnetyczna (EMC) — Część 2-4: Środowisko — Poziomy

kompatybilności dotyczące zaburzeń przewodzonych małej częstotliwości w sieciach zakładów

przemysłowych

2. PN-EN 61000-3-2 – Poziomy dopuszczalne emisji harmonicznych prądu (fazowy prąd zasilający

odbiornika ≤ 16 A)

3. PN-EN 61000-3-12 – Poziomy dopuszczalne emisji harmonicznych prądu dla odbiorników o

znamionowym prądzie fazowym > 16 A i lub = 75 A przyłączonych do publicznej sieci zasilającej niskiego

napięcia – wersja angielska

4. IEC TR 61000-3-6 – Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3-6: Limits – Assessment of emission

limits for the connection of distorting installations to MV, HV and EHV power systems (Kompatybilność

elektromagnetyczna (EMC). Wartości dopuszczalne. Wyznaczanie dopuszczalnych poziomów emisji dla

instalacji wprowadzających odkształcenia przyłączanych do sieci elektroenergetycznych SN, WN i NN.)


limits for the connection of fluctuating installations to MV, HV and EHV power systems (Kompatybilność


zmiennych instalacji przyłączanych do sieci elektroenergetycznych SN, WN i NN.)


limits for the connection of unbalanced installations to MV, HV and EHV power systems (Kompatybilność


niezrównoważonych (niesymetrycznych) instalacji przyłączanych do sieci elektroenergetycznych SN, WN i NN.)

7. IEC TR 61000-3-14 – Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3-14: Assessment of emission limits for

harmonics, interharmonics, voltage fluctuations and unbalance for the connection of disturbing

installations to LV power systems

Recommended literature and teaching resourcesfor the SIofSPG – according to the syllabusLiterature is very numerous – norms and standards.

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Normative acts, formal and legal documents

1. Prawo energetyczne – ustawa z dnia 10 kwietnia 1997 r. Dz. U. 1997 Nr

54 poz. 348 – Opracowano na podstawie: t.j. Dz. U. z 2018 r. poz. 755,

650, 685, 771, 1000, 1356, 1629, 1637, 2348.

2. Ustawa o kompatybilności elektromagnetycznej (Dz.U. Nr 82 z dn. 13

kwietnia 2007 r.)

3. …

Technical documentation from the manufacturer of measuring

equipment

1. AEberle, www.a-eberle.de

2. Sonel, www.sonel.pl

3. Fluke, www.fluke.com

4. Elspec, www.elspec-ltd.com

5. and others

Recommended literature and teaching resourcesfor the SIofSPG – according to the syllabusLiterature is very numerous.

Disturbances

voltage distortionflicker severityvoltage fluctuation

voltagedips

slowvoltagechanges

fast voltagechanges

short/long -time

interruptions

flickerseverities

temporary / transient

overvoltages

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Continuous power quality

phenomena

Supply voltage variations

Power frequency

Rapid voltage changes

Flickers (voltage fluctuations)

(temporary power frequency

overvoltages)

Voltage unbalance

Harmonic distortions

Interharmonic, subharmonic

voltages

Mains signalling on the supply

voltage

Current measurements

Power quality events

Interruption

Supply voltage dips

Supply voltage swells

Supply voltage unbalance

Transient overvoltages

Rapid voltage changes

Emissions in the 2 kHz

to 150 kHz range (as

information)

What to do?Power quality disturbances

jee – zmiany i zdarzenia

change220 V – 231 V

event

Ur = 100 V

120 ms

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jee – zmiany i zdarzenia

high daily THD variability of the supply voltage- from 2.5% to 7.5%

change

event

920 ms

Power Quality – Overview – Disturbances

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Power Quality – Overview – Disturbances

Is it good ??? !!!Awareness of restrictions on inference

What the questioner has in mind?

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Czy jestdobrze ??? !!!

Świadomość ograniczeń

co do wnioskowania

Co pytającyma na myśli?

Is it good ??? !!!Awareness of restrictions on inference

What the questioner has in mind?

When does the power supply system work well

and when does it work badly?

How to evaluate it?

How to analyze this matter?

What do we need to do?

What do we need to measure?

What standards and norms are important?

Technical standards are needed - definitely.

It is necessary to specify (define) indicators for

assessing the operation of the power supply

network (power system).

Some questions

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Normative acts, formal and legal documents, technicalstandards, operating instructions for distribution and transmission systems

PN-EN 50160the newest version – www.pkn.pl

Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public electricity networks

Parametry napięcia zasilającego w publicznych sieciach elektroenergetycznych

wersje:1999, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2015, 2019

Rozporządzenie Ministra Gospodarki

w sprawie szczegółowych warunków funkcjonowania systemu elektroenergetycznego

z dnia 04 maja 2007 r. (+późniejsze zmiany)

Dz. Ust. z 2007 Nr 93, poz. 623(poprzednia wersja 2004 r.)

Normative acts, formal and legal documents, technical standards, operating instructions for distribution and transmission systemsRegulation of the Economy Minister (Power System Regulations)

Instrukcja Ruchu i EksploatacjiSieci Dystrybucyjnej (IRIESD)

Zatwierdzenie:PGE, ENEA, ENERGA, TAURON,

inogy Poland (RWE Stoen)

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OVERVIEW – OTHER POWER QUALITY STANDARDS

Norms – The following represents a basis for and future-proof

power quality devices and systems.

IEC 61000-4-30 defines the measurement processes,

accuracy and interpretation of network quality parameters

for Class A and Class S devices.

IEC 62586-2 defines functional testing and uncertainty

requirements for Power Quality Instruments (PQI).

EN 50160 sets forth how the measured variables must be

evaluated.

IEC 61850 sets forth how data and information must be

forwarded.

The data formats are standardized for fault records in the

form of IEEE 1159 (PQDIF) and COMTRADE.


OVERVIEW – OTHER POWER QUALITY STANDARDS

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dr inż. Andrzej Firlit

Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza

Katedra Energoelektronikii Automatyki Systemów Przetwarzania Energii

Centrum Energetyki AGH

30-059 Kraków, Al. Mickiewicza 30

tel.: 12 617 35 93, 603 877 809, fax. 12 633 22 84

[email protected]

„ to pewien stopień

doskonałości” –

Centrum Energetyki AGH

www.cjee.agh.edu.pl

SELECTED ISSUES OF SMART POWER GRIDS - home.agh.edu.plhome.agh.edu.pl/~afirlit/SIofSPG/03...

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