Select Bibliography of Secondary Works

In few fields are there as rapid developments as there are in modern crusade studies. H. E. Mayer, in his Bibliographie zur Geschichte der Kreuzzuge (Hanover, 1960), compiled a first-class bibliography of books and articles published before 1958-9, containing over 5,000 titles. Professor Mayer issued supplements for the years 1958-67 as 'Literaturbericht tiber die Geschichte der Kreuzztige', Historische Zeitschrijt, Sonderheft I II (1969) and for the years 1967-82, with]. McLellan, as 'Select Bibliography of the Crusades', in K. M. Setton (editor-in-chief), A History oj the Crusades VI (see below); his regular short reviews for Deutsches Archiv for Erforschung des Mittelalters are a good guide to what is being brought out year by year, as are the lists of recent publications in the Bulletin oj the Society Jor the Study oj the Crusades and the Latin East.

Up-to-date short histories of the crusades are H. E. Mayer, The Crusades (2nd edn, Oxford, 1988), which treats the crusades to the East, and J. S. C. Riley-Smith, The Crusades. A Short History (London, 1987), which also covers the other theatres of war. For the general reader, the best of the large-scale works is still S. Runciman, A History oj the Crusades, 3 vols (Cambridge, 1951-4), which, although now dated, has the inner unity and interest which comes from the work of a single author and for this reason is to be preferred to K. M. Setton (editor-in-chief), A History oj the Crusades, 6 vols (2nd edn, Madison, 1969-89), which suffers from the usual failings of collaborative projects, although some individual chapters are very good and others are on topics not easily read about elsewhere. An atlas covering all

81

What Were the Crusades?

theatres of war is ]. S. C. Riley-Smith (ed.), The Atlas of the Crusades (London, 1991).

The later crusades have been treated, and much new material exposed, by K. M. Setton, The Papacy and the Levant (1204-1571), 4 vols (Philadelphia, 1976-84). A good book on the fourteenth century is N. J. Housley, The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades, 1305-1378 (Oxford, 1986); and Dr Housley's forth­coming From Lyons to Alcazar promises to be the best intro­duction to crusading from the late thirteenth to late sixteenth centuries.

Surveys of crusading thought have generally fallen into two categories. First, there are those which base their approach on canon law: M. Villey, La croisade: essai sur la formation d'une tMorie juridique (Paris, 1942);]. A. Brundage, Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader (Madison, 1969); F. H. Russell, The Just War in the Middle Ages (Carpbridge, 1975); M. Purcell, Papal Crusading Policy 1244-1291 (Leiden, 1975); J. Muldoon, Popes, Lawyers and Infidels (Liverpool, 1979). See also ]. Brundage, 'The Crusader's Wife: A Canonistic Quandary', Studia Gratiana, XII (1967) and 'The Crusader's Wife Revisited', Studia Gratiana, XIV (1967); R. H. Schmandt, 'The Fourth Crusade and the Just-War Theory', Catholic Historical Review, LXI (1975). Secondly, there are studies which, in addition to the canon law, view the crusades against a wider theological background. The seminal work was C. Erdmann, The Origin of the Idea of the Crusade (1935; English trans. Princeton, 1977), although Erdmann's views are now being challenged (see especially J. Gilchrist, 'The Erdmann Thesis and the Canon Law, 1083-1141', in Crusade and Settlement, ed. P. W. Edbury (Cardiff, 1985) ). See also E. Delaruelle, L'idee de croisade au moyen age (Turin, 1980); E. D. Hehl, Kirche und Krieg im 12. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart, 1980);]. S. C. Riley-Smith, 'Crusading as an Act of Love', History LXV (1980); B. Z. Kedar, Crusade and Mission (Princeton, 1984). For critics of crusading in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, see E. Siberry, Criticism of Crusading 1095-1274 (Oxford, 1985).

Two good books on England and the crusading movement are C.]. Tyerman, England and the Crusades 1095-1588 (Chicago, 1988) and S. Lloyd, English Sociery and the Crusade 1216-1307 (Oxford, 1988). See also M. Keen, 'Chaucer's Knight, the English Aristocracy and the Crusade', in English

82

Select Bibliography of Secondary Works

Court Culture in the Middle Ages, ed. V.J. Scattergood and J. W. Sherborne (London, 1983).

The crusade was an instrument of the Papal Monarchy. Useful studies are A. Becker, Papst Urban II (1088-1099), 2 vo1s (Stuttgart, 1964-88); H. Roscher, Papst Innocenz III. und die Kreuzzuge (Gottingen, 1969); M. Maccarone, 'Studi su Innocenzo III. Orvieto e la predicazione della crociata', Italia sacra, XVII (1972); C. R. Cheney, Pope Innocent III and Eng­land (Stuttgart, 1976); L. Thier, Kreuzzugsbemuhungen unter Papst Clemens V, 1305-1314 (Dusseldorf, 1973). See also S. Schein, Fideles Crucis. The Papacy) the West and the Recovery of the Holy Land 1274-1314 (Oxford, 1991) and N.J. Housley, The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades (referred to above). For the financing of the crusades and developments in papal taxation, see especially W. E. Lunt, Papal Revenues in the Middle Ages, 2 vols (New York, 1934) and the same author's Financial Relations of the Papacy with England, 2 vols (Cambridge, Mass., 1939-62); and P. Guidi (ed.), 'Rationes decimarum Italiae nei secoli XIII e XIV. Tuscia. I. La Decima degli anni 1274-80', Studi e Testi, LVIII (1932).

Contributions to the study of individual crusades to the East are: R.J. Lilie, Byzanz und die Kreuifahrerstaaten (Munich, 1981); R. Somerville, The Councils of Urban II: 1. Decreta Claromontensia (Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum. Supple men­tum I (1972)); J. S. C. Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (London, 1986); R. Chazan, European Jewry and the First Crusade (Berkeley, 1987); J. H. and L. L. Hill, Raymond IV de Saint-Gilles) 1041 (ou 1042)-1105 (Toulouse, 1959); H. E. Mayer, 'Melanges sur l'histoire du royaume de Jerusalem', Memoires de I)Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, NS V (1984) (for studies of Godfrey of Bouillon and Baldwin of Boulogne); J. Prawer, 'The Jerusalem the Crusaders Captured: a Contribution to the Medieval Topography of the City', in Crusade and Settlement, ed. P. W. Edbury; J. S. C. Riley­Smith, 'The Venetian Crusade of 1122-1124', in I communi italiani nel regno latina di Gerusalemme, ed. B. Z. Kedar and G. Airaldi (Genoa, 1986); G. Constable, 'The Second Crusade as seen by Contemporaries', Traditio, IX (1953); D. E. Queller, The Fourth Crusade (Leicester, 1978); J. Longnon, Les compag­nons de Villehardouin (Geneva, 1978); J. M. Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade) 1213-1221 (Philadelphia, 1986); W. C. Jordan, Louis

83

What Were the Crusades?

IX and the Challenge of the Crusade (Princeton, 1979); S. Schein, 'Gesta Dei per Mongolos 1300', English Historical Review, XCIV (1979); C.]. Tyerman, 'Philip V of France, the Assemb­lies of 1319-20 and the Crusade', Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, LVII (1984); M. Barber, 'The pastoureaux of 1320', Journal of Ecclesiastical History, XXXII (1981).

In addition to the general works consult, for the Spanish crusades, D. W. Lomax, The Reconquest of Spain (London, 1978); R. A. Fletcher, 'Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., XXXVII (1987); P. Linehan. The Spanish Church and the Papacy in the Thirteenth Century (Cambridge, 1971); R. I. Burns, The Crusader Kingdom of Valencia, 2 vols (Cambridge, Mass., 1967); for the Baltic crusades, H. Beumann, Heidenmission und Kreuzzugsgedanke in der deutschen Ostpolitik des Mittelalters (2nd edn, Darmstadt, 1973); E. Christiansen, The Northern Crusades (London, 1986); for a crusade against Mongols, P.]ackson, 'The Crusade Against the Mongols', Journal of Ecclesiastical History, XLIII (1991); and for crusades against heretics and opponents of the Church, N.]. Housley, 'Crusades against Christians: their Origins and Early Development, c.1000-l2l6', in Crusade and Settlement, ed. P. W. Edbury; M. Roquebert, L'Epopie Cathare, 3 vols (Toulouse, 1970-86), which is the best treatment of the Albigensian Crusade; S. Lloyd, '''Political Crusades" in England, c.1215-l7 and c.1263-5', in Crusade and Settlement, ed. P. W. Edbury; N.]. Housley, The Italian Crusades (Oxford, 1982) (the best study of the politir:al crusades in Italy); N.]. Housley, 'The Mercenary Companies, the Papacy and the Crusades, 1356-1378', Traditio, XXXVIII (1982).

R. C. Smail's magisterial study, Crusading Waifare (1097-1193) (Cambridge, 1956) is on twelfth-century warfare. C. Marshall's book on thirteenth-century warfare is in press.

The best general his tory of the Military Orders before 1312 is still H. Prutz, Die geistlichen Ritterorden (Berlin, 1908), but a new study by A.]. Forey is forthcoming. For individual orders, see: M. L. Buist-Thiele, Sacrae Domus Militiae Templi Hierosoly­mitani Magistri (Gottingen, 1974); A.J. Forey, The Templars in the Corona de Aragon (London, 1973); M. Barber, The Trial of the Templars (Cambridge, 1978) (Dr Barber is now writing a full­scale history of the Templars);]. S. C. Riley-Smith, The Knights of St John in Jerusalem and Cyprus, c.1050-1310 (London,

84

Select Bibliography of Secondary Works

1967); T. S. Miller, 'The Knights of StJohn and the Hospitals of the Latin West', Speculum, LIII (1978); M. Gervers, The Hospitaller Cartulary in the British Library (Cotton MS Nero E VI) (Toronto, 1981); A.-M. Legras, Les Commanderies des Templiers et des Hospitaliers de Saint-Jean de Jerusalem en Saintonge et en Aunis (Paris, 1983); A. T. Luttrell, The Hospitallers in Cyprus, Rhodes, Greece and the West (1291-1440) (London, 1978); A. T. Luttrell, Latin Greece, the Hospitallers and the Crusades, 1291-1400 (London, 1982); R. Cavaliero, The Last of the Crusaders. The Knights of St John and Malta in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1960); M.-L. Favreau, Studien zur Friihgeschichte des Deutschen Ordens (Stuttgart, 1974); M. Tumler, Der Deutsche Orden im Werden, Wachsen und Wirken bis 1400 (Vienna, 1955); M. Burleigh, Prussian Society and the German Order (Cambridge, 1984); F. Benninghoven, Der Orden der Schwertbriider (Cologne, 1965); A.J. Forey, 'The Military Orders and the Spanish Re­conquest in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries', Traditio, XL (1984); D. W. Lomax, La Orden de Santiago, 1170-1275 (Madrid, 1965): J. F. O'Callaghan, The Spanish Military Order of Calatrava and its Affiliates (London, 1975); L. P. Wright, 'The Military Orders in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Spanish Society', Past and Present, XLIII (1969); A.J. Forey, 'The military order of St Thomas of Acre', English Historical Review, XCII (1977).

On the Latin confraternities in the East, seeJ. S. C. Riley-Smith, 'A Note on Confraternities in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem', Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, XLIV (1971).

On Islamic history, works of especial interest are: P. M. Holt, The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517 (London, 1986); C. Cahen, Pre-Ottoman Turkey (Lon­don, 1968); E. Sivan, L'Islam et la croisade (Paris, 1968); M. G. S. Hodgson, The Order of the Assassins (The Hague, 1955); R. S. Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260 (Albany, 1977); R. Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages: The Early Mamluk Sultanate 1250-1382 (London, 1986); D. O. Morgan, The Mongols (Oxford, 1986); H. Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire (New York, 1973). There have been some good biographies of sultans, in particular N. Elisseeff, Nur­ad-Din, 3 vols (Damascus, 1967); M. C. Lyons and D. E. P. Jackson, Saladin (Cambridge, 1982) and H. L. Gottschalk, Al­Malik al-Kamil von Egypten und seine Zeit (Wiesbaden, 1958).

85

List of Original Sources

The following are original sources to which reference is made directly or indirectly in the text.

A.O.L. M.G.H.

M.G.H.S.

P.L.

R.H.C. arm.

R.H.C.Oc.

R.H.G.F.

Abbreviations

Archives de I'Orient latin Monumenta Germaniae Historica, ed. G. H. Pertz et al. (Hanover IW eimar IBerlin/Stu ttgart/Cologne, 1826 fr.) M.G.H. Scriptores (in Folio et Quarto) 32 vols ( 1826-1934) Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina, publ. ]. P. Migne, 217 vols and 4 vols of indexes (Paris, 1844-64) Recueil des historiens des croisades. Documents armeniens, 2 vols (Paris, 1869-1906) Recueil des historiens des croisades. Historiens occi­dentaux, 5 vols (Paris, 1844-95) Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, ed. M. Bouquet et al., 24 vols (Paris, 1737-1904)

Acta imperii selecta, ed.]. H. Bohmer (Innsbruck, 1870) Acta Pontificum Romanorum inedita, ed. J. von Pflugk-Harttung

(Stuttgart, 1888) Adrian IV, Pope, 'Epistolae', R.H.G.F., XV Alexander III, Pope, 'Opera Omnia', P.L., CC 'Annales Colonienses maximi', M.G.H.S., XVII

86

List of Original Sources

'Annales de Terre Sainte', ed. R. Rohricht and G. Raynaud, A.O.L., II (1884)

Annales ecciesiastici, ed. C. Baronius, O. Raynaldus, A. Pagi and A. Theiner, 37 vols (Bar-Ie-Duc/Paris, 1864-82)

'Annales Stadenses', M.G.H.S., XVI Aquinas: see Thomas Aquinas Baudri of Dol, 'HistoriaJerosolimitana', R.H.C. Oc., IV Bernard of Clairvaux, 'De laude novae militiae ad milites

Templi liber', Sancti Bernardi Opera, ed. J. Leclerq, C. H. Talbot and H. M. Rochais (Rome, 1957-75) vol. III

__ , 'Epistolae', Sancti Bernardi Opera, vols VII-VIII; note also the translation of St Bernard's letters by B. S. James (London, 1953)

Bernold, 'Chronicon', M. G.H.S., V Boniface VIII, Pope, Registre, ed. G. Digard, M. Faucon, A.

Thomas and R. Fawtier, 4 vols (Paris, 1884-1939) Calixtus II, Pope, Bullaire, ed. U. Robert, 2 vols (Paris, 1891) Cartulaire general de l'ordre des Hospitaliers de St-Jean de Jerusa­

lem (1100-1310), ed. J. Delaville Le Roulx, 4 vols (Paris, 1894-1906)

Chroniques des eglises d'AnJou, ed. P. Marchegay and E. Mabille (Paris, 1869)

Clement IV, Pope, Registre, ed. E. Jordan (Paris, 1893-1945) Codex diplomaticus et epistolaris Moraviae, ed. A. Bocek et al., 15

vols (Olmiitz, 1836-1903) 'Continuation de Guillaume de Tyr de 1229 a 1261, dite du

manuscrit de Rothelin', R.H.C. Oc., II Corpus Juris Canonici, ed. A. Friedberg, 2 vols (Leipzig, 1879-

81) Diplomatarium Norvegicum, ed. C. R. Unger et al., still in pro­

gress (Christiana [Oslo], 1847- ) 'Documents et memoires servant de preuves a I'histoire de l'ile

de Chypre sous les Lusignans', ed. L. de Mas-Latrie, Histoire de l'ile de Chypre (Paris, 1852-5) vols II and III

'Documents relatifs aux Plaisanc;ais d'Orient', ed. A. G. Tononi, A.O.L., II (1884)

'Emprunts de Saint Louis en Palestine et en Afrique', ed. G. Servois, Bibliotheque de l'Ecole des Chartes, 4th ser., IV (1858)

Epistolae Pontificum Romanorum ineditae, ed. S. Lowenfeld (Leipzig, 1885)

Epistolae saeculi XIII e regestis pontificum Romanorum selectae per

87

What Were the Crusades?

G. H. Pertz, ed. C. Rodenberg, M.G.H., 3 vo1s (Berlin, 1883-94)

Epistulae et chartae ad historiam primi belli sacri spectantes, ed. H. Hagenmeyer (Inns bruck, 1901)

'L'estoire de Eracles empereur et 1a conqueste de 1a Terre d'Outremer', R.H.C. Oc., I-II

Eugenius III Pope, 'Episto1ae et Privi1egia', P.L.., CLXXX 'Fragmentum Historiae ex veteri membrana de tributo F10r­

iacensibus imposito', R.H.G.F ., XII Fulcher of Chartres, Historia Hierosolymitana, ed. H. Hagen­

meyer (Heidelberg, 1913) Geoffrey of Villehardouin, La conquete de Constantinople, ed. E.

Fara1, 2 vo1s (Paris, 1961) Gerald of Wales (Gira1dus Cambrensis), Opera, ed.]. S. Brewer

(Rolls Ser., 21) 8 vo1s (London, 1861-91) Gervase of Canterbury, The Historical Works, ed. W. Stubbs

(Rolls Ser., 73) 2 vo1s (London, 1879-80) Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum, ed. R. Hill

(London, 1962) Gesta regis Henrici secundi et Ricardi primi, ed. W. Stubbs (Rolls

Ser., 49) 2 vo1s (London, 1867) 'Les Gestes des Chiprois', R.H.C. arm., II Gregory VII, Pope, Epistolae vagantes ed. H. E.]. Cowdrey

(Oxford, 1972) __ , Registrum, ed. E. Caspar, M.G.H. (Epistolae selectae, 2) 2

vo1s (Berlin, 1920-3) Gregory IX, Pope, Registre, ed. L. Auvray, 3 vo1s and tables

(Paris, 1896-1955) Gregory X, Pope, 'Constitutiones pro zelo fidei', ed. H. Finke,

Konzilienstudien zur Geschichte des 13 Jahrhunderts (Miinster, 1891) pp. 113-17

Guibert of Nogent, 'Historia quae dicitur Gesta Dei per Fran­cos', R.H.C. Oc., IV

Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch, ed. ]. M. Lappenberg et al., 4 vo1s so far (Hamburg, 1907-67)

Helmo1d of Bosau, 'Chronica Slavorum', M.C.H.S., XXI Henry of Livonia, 'Chronicon Lyvoniae', M.C.H.S., XXIII 'Historia Compostellana', Espana Sagrada, ed. H. Florez et al.

(Madrid, 1765) vol. XX 'Historia de expeditione Friderici imperatoris', ed. A. Chroust,

M.C.H.S., nova series, V

88

List of Original Sources

Historical Manuscripts Commission, Fifth Report (London, 1876)

__ , Report on Manuscripts in Various Collections (London, 1901) vol. I

Honorius III, Pope, Regesta, ed. P. Pressutti, 2 vols (Rome, 1888-95)

Hostiensis, Summa Aurea (Basel, 1573) Humbert of Romans, 'Opus Tripartitum', ed. E. Brown,

Fasciculus rerum expetandarum et fugiendarum (London, 1690) vol. II

Innocent III, Pope, 'Opera Omnia', P.L., CCXIV -CCXVI __ , 'Quia major', ed. G. Tangl, Studien zum Register Innocenz

III (Weimar, 1929) pp.88-97 __ , Register, ed. O. Hageneder and A. Haidacher (Graz, 1964)

vol. I Innocent IV, Pope, Commentaria in Quinque Libros Decretalium

(Turin, 1581) __ , Registre, ed. E. Berger, 4 vols (Paris, 1884-1921) James I, King of Aragon, Chronica, ed. M. Aguil6 y Fuster

(Barcelona, 1873) James of Vi try, Lettres, ed. R. B. C. Huygens (Leiden, 1960) __ , 'Sermones vulgares', ed. J. B. Pitra, Analecta novissima

(Paris, 1888) vol. II John of Joinville, Histoire de Saint Louis ed. N. de Wailly (Paris,

1874) John of Salisbury, Historia pontijicalis, ed. M. Chibna!1 (London,

1956) Layettes du TrCsor des Chartes, ed. A. Teulet et al., 5 vols (Paris,

1863-1909) Martin IV, Pope, Registre, ed. Ecole franc;aise de Rome (Paris,

1901-35) 'A New Eyewitness Account of the Fourth Lateran Council', ed.

S. Kuttner and A. Garda y Garda, in Traditio, XX (1964) Odo of Chateauroux, 'Epistola', ed. L. d' Achery, Spicilegium

(Paris, 1723) vol. III, pp. 624-8 __ , 'Sermones de tempore et sanctis' ed. J. B. Pitra, Analecta

novissima (Paris, 1888) vol. II Odo of Deuil, De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem, ed. V. G.

Berry (New York, 1948) Oliver of Paderborn, Schriften, ed. H. Hoogeweg (Tiibingen,

1894)

89

What Were the Crusades?

Orderic Vitalis, Historia ecclesiastica, ed. M. Chibnall, 6 vols. (Oxford, 1969-79)

Oto of Freising, Gesta Friderici IImperatoris, ed. B. von Simson, M.G.H.S. in usum scholarum (Hanover/Leipzig, 1912)

Papsturkunden for Templer und Johanniter, ed. R. Hiestand (Gottingen, 1972)

'Papsturkunden in Florenz', ed. W. Wiederhold, Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften z;u Gottingen, Phil.-hist. Kl. (Gottingen, 1901)

Papsturkunden in Spanien. I. Katalonien, ed. P. Kehr (Berlin, 1926)

Peter of Blois, 'De Hierosolymitana peregrinatione acceleranda', P.L., CCVII

Peter the Venerable, Letters, ed. G. Constable, 2 vols (Cam-bridge, Mass., 1967)

Quinque compilationes antiquae, ed. A. Friedberg (Leipzig, 1882) Quinti belli sacri sciptores minores, ed. R. Rohricht (Geneva, 1879) Ralph of Diceto, Opera historica, ed. W. Stubbs (Rolls Ser., 68) 2

vols (London, 1876) Ralph Niger, De re militari et triplici via peregrinationis Jerosoli­

mitanae, ed. L. Schmugge (Berlin, 1977) 'Rationes decimarum Italiae nei secoli XIII e XIV. Tuscia. I.

La Decima degli anni 1274-1280', ed. P. Guidi, in Studi e Testi, LVII (1932)

Regesta pontificum Romanorum, compo A. Potthast, 2 vols (Ber­lin, 1874-5)

La RegIe du Temple, ed. H. de Curzon (Paris, 1886) Robert of Clari, La conquete de Constantinople, ed. P. Lauer

(Paris, 1956) Robert the Monk, 'Historia Iherosolimitana', R.H.C. Dc., III Roger of Howden, Chronica, ed. W. Stubbs (Rolls Ser., 51) 4 vols

(London, 1868-71) Rutebeuf, Onz;e poems concernant la croisade, ed. j. Bastin and E.

Faral (Paris, 1946) Sacrae antiquitatis monumenta historica, dogmatica, diplomatica,

ed. C. L. Hugo, 2 vols (Estival, 1725-31) Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, ed. G. D.

Mansi, 31 vols (Florence/Venice, 1759-98) Suger of St Denis, 'Epistolae', R.H.G.F., XV __ , Vie de Louis Ie Gros. Suivie de l'histoire du roi Louis VII, ed. A. Molinier (Paris, 1887)

90

List of Original Sources

Testimonia minora de quinto bello sacro, ed. R. Rohricht (Geneva, 1882)

Thesaurus novus anecdotorum, ed. E. Martene and U. Durand, 5 vols (Paris, 1717)

Thomas Aquinas, Opera Omnia, 25 vols (Parma, 1852-73) Urban IV, Pope, Registre, ed. ]. Guiraud, 4 vols (Paris, 1901-

58) Vetera monumenta historica Hungariam sacram illustrantia, ed. A.

Theiner, 2 vols (Rome, 1859-60) William of Malmesbury, De gestis regum Anglorum libri quinque,

ed. W. Stubbs (Rolls Ser., 90) 2 vols (London, 1887-9) William of Tyre, Chronicon, ed. R. B. C. Huygens (Corpus

Christianorum. Continuatio Medievalis, LXIII, LXIIIA), 2 vols (Turnhout, 1986)

91

Index

The following abbreviations are used:

A Abbot (of) Archbp Archbishop (of) B Bishop (of) C Count (of)

Acre, 48, 69-70 Bishops of, 42, 70; see also James

of Vitry Adhemar of Monteil, B Le Puy, 14,

29,50 Adolph, C. Berg, 64-5 Africa, North, 16 Albigensians, 18, 23, 46

Crusade, 4, 19-20, 23, 46, 54, 65; see also heretics

Alcantara, Order of, 75 Alexander II, Pope, 59 Alexander III, Pope, 45 Alexandria, 15, 48 Alexius I Comnenus, Byzantine

E, 13-14,53 Alfonso I, K Aragon, 30 Alfonso VIII, K Castile, 17 Alfonso XI, K Castile, 17 alms for the Holy Land, 40-1,

43-4, 47 Ancona, March of, 20, 44 Angers, 13 Antioch, 10 Aquinas see Thomas Aquinas Armada, Spanish, 80 Arnulf, B Lisieux, 50 Asia Minor, 13, 39, 79 Asti, 65 auctoritas principis see authority of

prince Audita tremendi, 60-1 Augustine, St, B Hippo, 7,9,28,37 Austria, 80 authority of prince (auctoritas

principis) , 7-8, 28-52, 78

92

E Emperor K King (of) p. leg. Papal Legate Q Queen (of)

Baits, 17 Bernard, St, A Clairvaux, 10, 17,

23-~ 26-7, 30, 38, 39, 40-1, 50, 61, 74; see also De laude novae militiae

Bologna, 14, 44 Boniface, Marquess of

Montferrat, 64 Boniface VIII, Pope, 20 Bourges, 30 Britain, 40, 42; see also England bulls, papal, 28, 30-2, 38; see also

individual bulls burgess crusaders, 63-4, 65 Byzantine Empire, 13, 18,23,29,

34,51-2 Church of, 14,51-2 emperors of, 18; see also

individual emperors

Calatrava, Order of, 75 Calixtus II, Pope, 4, 28, 30, 32 canon law, 7, 11,35,50-1

canon lawyers, 2-3, 5-9, 31, 34, 44-5, 53-5, 57-8; see also individual lawyers

Canterbury, clergy of, 46 causa justa, see Just Cause Charlemagne, western E, 10

coronation of, 33 Charles I of Anjou, K Sicily, 73 Chateaudun, confraternity of, 65 Childeric III, K Franks, 34 Children's Crusade, 39 Christian Republic, concept of,

23-5, 29, 33-4, 37, 49

Index

Clement III, anti-Pope, 34 Clement III, Pope, 46-7 Clement IV, Pope, 71 clerics on crusade, 44, 50-I, 55, 63,

70; see also legates Clermont, 10, 13, 39, 40, 44, 53, 56;

see also councils of church Cluny, monastery of, 15 collectors of crusade taxes, 42, 47-8,

71 Cologne, see of, 41 Colonnas, 20 Comania, 74 commutation, see vows complainte de Monseigneur GeoJfrei

de Sergines, La, 72 Compostela, Archbp, 16 confraternities, 65 Conrad, Cardinal-B Porto, 42 Conrad, son of Henry IV of

Germany, 34 Conrad III, K Germany, 39 conservatores crucesignatorum, 57 Constantinople, 13, 18-19,38,51 conversion, wars of, 10, II, 17 Cornwall, crusaders in, 63 councils of church:

Clermont, 13,39,40,44,53,56,60 First Lateran, 16, 30,,56 Third Lateran, 18 Fourth Lateran, 19-21,31,40,

46, ,51; Ad Liberandum constitution, 21, 32, 45, 46

Second Lyons, 40, 46, 49 Piacenza, 13, 29, 34, 53 Pisa, 20 Poi tiers, 40

courts Christian, 36, 44, 54-6 Cremona, 14, 34 criminals as crusaders, 63 crusade Christ's own enterprise, 2 crusade defined, 3-6, 27, 29, 52,

73-4, 78 crusade leagues, 49, 80 crusaders defined, 3-4, 36, 53-77 crusading expeditions:

First, 10, 13-16,23-4,28-9,30, 31, 34, 39, 50, 56, 58-9, 64, 65

Second, 10, 16, 17, 23-4, 30, 39, 40-1,43,50,61-2

Third, 44,46,60-1,64

93

Fourth, 18-19,21,38,41,46, 51-2, 62, 64

Fifth, 15, 49, 64-5 to East, 2, 5-6, 12-17, 18, 19,

20-3, 24, 25, 30, 37, 38, 40, 43, 48-9, 52, 54, 58, 61, 63, 65, 67-73, 78

against heretics and schismatics, 4-5, 13, 18-20, 23, 31,46, 54, 65, 74, 78

later crusades, 49 in north-eastern Europe, 4-5, 10-

13, 17-18,23-4,31, 74, 78 popular crusades, 39-40 in Spain, 4-5, 12, 16-17, 23-4,

30, 39, 65, 74, 78 against western lay powers, 5, 13,

20-3, 78; see also Calixtus II; Louis IX; Thibaut IV and individual crusades

Cyprus, 48 bishop from, 69

Damietta, 15, 48, 67 De laude novae militiae, 74 denarius Dei, 71 Denmark, kingdom of, 42; see also

Waldemar II dispensation, see vows Divina dispensatione, 10, 17 Dominicans, 42, 75

ecclesiastical jurisdiction see courts Christian

Edessa, 30 Edward, the Lord (later K

England), 43, 64 Egypt, 15-16, 18,43,48,64,67-8,

72 Elbe, river, 17 emperors, western, 28, 33

functions of, 28, 33-4 encyclicals, papal, see bulls England, 21,37,46,50,57,63,65;

see also individual kings; Bri tain parliament of, 43

Erard of Valery, 69-70,73 essoin, 56-7 Eugenius III, Pope, 4, 10, 15, 17,

28, 30, 39, 40-1, 50, 61 executors, 41

Index

family traditions, 66 Ferdinand III, K Castile, 17 Ferdinand V, K Castile, II K

Aragon, 17 finance for crusades, 3, 37, 42-8,

50, 52, 55, 56, 65-6 Flanders, 14, 42 France, 13-14,23,25,29,30,34,

37, 39, 40, 41-2, 43, 45-6, 5~ 54,63,64,65,69-70, 71, 72, 73; see also individual kings

Church in, 13, 43, 45 French regiment in Holy

Land, 68-73 Franciscans, 42, 75 Frederick II, western E, 5, 20-3, 35 Fulk of Neuilly, 41

Galilee, 71 Gascony, 42 Gaza, Battle of, 67 Genoa, clergy of, 46 Geoffrey of Sergines, 64, 67-73 Geoffrey of Villehardouin, 19, 62 George, C. Wied, 64-5 Germany, 10, 13, 17,20,22,23-4,.

34, 41, 42, 64; see also individual rulers

Gil Albornoz p. leg., 51 Godfrey, B Langres, 50 Gratian, canonist, 18, 59 Greece, see Byzantine Empire; Latin

settlements Greek Church, see Byzantine

Empire Gregory VII, St, Pope, 28, 33-4,

79,80 Gregory VIII, Pope, 57,60-1 Gregory IX, Pope, 21-2,44,48 Gregory X, Pope, 11-12,40,43,44,

49 Guy, p. leg., 50

Hattin, Battle of, 37 Henry II, K England, 43-4 Henry IV, K Germany, 33-4, 79 Henry VI, western E, 20 heretics, 10, 18-20, 35, 54, 74; see

also crusading expeditions Albigensians, 18-20 Stedingers, 20

Hinco of Serotin, 57 Holy Land consecrated by Christ's

presence, 12, 15, 67 Holy League, 80 Holy War, concept of, 6-8, 12, 23,

24-5, 27, 28, 29, 48, 53, 78, 79 Honorius III, Pope, 47 Hospitallers see St John of

Jerusalem, Order of Hostiensis, canonist, 5, 9, 20, 22 Hugh, C Blois, 67 Hugh, Duke of Burgundy, 67 Hugh of St Victor, 59 Humbert of Romans, 12 Hungary, 22, 42

Master of, crusade preacher, 39

Indulgences, 4-6, 8, 10, 16, 18, 19, 20-2, 25, 28, 31, 39, 43, 55, 57-63,71,78,80

Innocent II, Pope, 20 Innocent III, Pope, 4,6,10-11,17,

19,20-1,24,32,35,37-9,40, 41-2, 44, 45-8, 51, 55, 62

Innocent IV, Pope, 5, 11-12,31,35 Innocent XI, Pope, 11 intentio recta see Right Intention Investiture Contest, 33-4, 79 Ireland, 42 Isabella Q Castile and Aragon, 17 Isidore of Seville, St, 7 Italy, 13,20,34,40,41,42,46,69,

73

James I, K Aragon, 17, 49 James of Vi try, B Acre, 25,42,

62-3, 74-5 Jerusalem, city of, 5, 14-15, 16, 29,

37-8,40,49,60,61,72,74,79 Holy Sepulchre, Church of, 17,

18, 54, 79 Patriarch of, 69-71

Jerusalem, kingdom of, 5, 15, 23, 29-30, 43, 45, 47-9, 63, 65, 67-73,74; see also Frederick II; John of Brienne; Latin settlement in Greece, Palestine and Syria

94

feudal nobility of, 68, 71 High Court of, 68 regency of, 68-9, 71

Index

secrete of, 68 seneschalcy of, 68, 71

Jews, II John, K England, 43 John XXII, Pope, 5 John of Brienne, K Jerusalem, 15 John of Grailly, 68, 73 John of Joinville, 67, 72 Just Cause (causa justa), 7-8,9-27,

76, 78 Just War, theory of, 6-8, 19,25,27,

28,48

Languedoc, 54 Latin settlement in Greece, Palestine

and Syria, 29-30, 42, 49, 52, 65, 74; see also Jerusalem, kingdom of

Le Mans, 13-14 Le Puy, 14 legacies for the Holy Land, 43, 47 legates, papal, 18, 22, 29, 40-2, 45,

50-2; see also individual legates Legitimate authority, see authority of

the prince Liberation, concept of, 14, 60 Liege, diocese of, 41 Limassol, 48 Limoges, 13 Lincolnshire, crusaders in, 63 Lithuania, 31 Livonia, 17, 74

Crusade, 6, 17-18 Lombardy, 22,41,44,65 Louis I (the Pious), western E, 10 Louis VII, K France, 23, 30, 43, 64 Louis IX, St, K France, 31, 42-3,

45,48,67-71,72 love, crusade as, 25 Low Countries, 64 Lund, Archbishop of, 42

Malta, 75, 77, 80 Mansurah, retreat from, 68, 72 Manzikert, Battle of, 79 Margaret of Sergines, Abbess of

Montivilliers, 67 Maritain, Jacques, 8 Markward of Anweiler, 20-1,38 Marmoutier, 13 martyrdom, concept of, 25-7, 63

9S

memoranda, 49 mercenaries, 3, 75-6 merit, 24-6, 59 Michael VII, Byzantine E, 79 Milan, 22 miles Christi, see soldier of Christ military leaders, choice of, 64-5 Military Orders, 49, 73-7; see also

individual Orders brothers-at-arms, 75-6

missions, 12, 17 Morocco, 80 motives of crusaders, 8, 22, 65-7 Muslims, 11-12,14,15,16-17,

20-1,23-4,30,68,71-2,74-5

Napoleon, 80 Ne nos ejus, 32 new knight, concept of, 25-7, 74 Nicholas of Cologne, boy

preacher, 39 Nimes, 13 Normandy, 50 Normans in S. Italy, 20 Norway, 42 Novit, 35-6

Octavian, Cardinal-B Ostia, p. leg., 43

Odo of Chateauroux, Cardinal-B Tusculum, p. leg., 24, 42

Oliver, scholasticus of Cologne, 41-2 Oliver of Termes, 69-70, 73 Orderic Vitalis, 60 Orvieto, 40 Ottobuono Fieschi, p. leg., 42 Ottomans, 49, 80

papacy, 4-6, 12, 19, 22-3, 24, 25, 28, 52, 54, 55, 62, 63, 72, 75, 76, 78, 79; see also individual popes

papal Curia, 5, II, 13, 35, 40 Papal Monarchy, theory of, 34-6,

49 Paris, 67 Paschal II, Pope, 16, 40 Pavia, 14 peace in West, desirability of,

37-8 peace movement, 25, 29, 37, 56

Index

Pelagius, Cardinal-B Albano, p. leg., 51

penance, 58-61, 63 perpetual crusade, 31 Peter III, K Aragon, 22 Peter Capuano, p. leg., 52 Peter of Blois, 61 Peter of Caste In au, p. leg., 19 Peter of Sergines, Achbp Tyre, 67 Peter the Hermit, 39 Peter Thomas, p. leg., 51 Philip II (Augustus), K France, 19,

43, 64 Piacenza, 13, 29; see also councils of

church pilgrimages, pilgrims, 2, 6, 14, 29, 36, 44, 54-5, 56, 60, 70, 74, 78, 80 Pisa, 20, 65, 69

Pisan quarter in Acre, 69 Poi tiers, 14 Post miserabile, 32, 38, 62 preaching, 13-14,26-7,38-42,52,

60 priests, see clerics on crusade; legates privileges, 4, 6, 32, 54-63, 78; see

also essoin; Indulgences; protection

protection, 4, 56-7, 78, 80 Prussia, 31, 74-5

Quantum predecessores, 30-2, 56-7 , 61-2

Quia major, 32, 46

Radulf, cistercian preacher, 39, 41 Ralph Niger, 44 Ratisbon, Bishop of, 41 recruitment see response redemption see vows reform, 33, 37-8 response, 36-7,38-9,48 Rheims, Archbishops of, 40 Rhineland, 39, 64 Rhodes, 75, 77 Richard I, K England, 64 Right Intention (intentio recta), 7-8 Robert of Clari, 19 Robert of Cour<;on, p. leg., 42, 45 Robert of Cn~seques, 68-9 Robert the Monk, 10 Roman Empire, 9, 12, 16

96

Rome, 21,34,47 Rutebeuf, 69, 72; see also complainte

de Monseigneur Geoffrei de Sergines

St Gilles, 14 St Jacques-de-Provins, Abbot of,

67 St John of Jerusalem, Order of, 41,

46, 74, 75, 76-7, 80 Master of, 69-70

St Lazarus, Order of, 75 St Mary of the Germans, Order

of, 31,75,76-7 St Thomas:Order of, 75 St Victor, 63-4 Saladin, Sultan of Egypt and

Syria, 15 Saladin Tithe, 43 Santiago, Order of, 75 schismatics, 18-20, 74; see also

crusading expeditions Sebastian, K Portugal, 80 Sens, 67 Shepherds, Crusade of the, 39 Sicily, kingdom of, 20; see also

Charles I; Frederick II Siena, 65 Simon, Archbp Tyre, 42, 45 Slavs, 17, 23-4; see also crusading

expeditions soldier of Christ, concept of, 16,

24-5 Spain, 16-17, 23, 30, 39, 59, 65, 74,

80; see also crusading expeditions

Stedingers see heretics strategy, 28, 48-9 subsidies, 42-3, 46, 66 substitution see vows Suger, A St Denis, 30 sumptuary clauses, 26-7 Sweden, 42

taxation for crusades ecclesiastical, 45-8, 70, 71 secular, 43

Templars (Order of Knights Templar), 41, 46, 74-5

Commander of in France, 70 Master of, 69-70

Index

terms used of crusades and crusaders, 2

Teutonic Knights see St Mary of the Germans, Order of

Theodwin, Cardinal-B Porto, p. leg., 50

theologians, 1-2,7-8,60 Thibaut IV, K Navarre, C

Champagne, 48, 64, 67 Thibaut V, K Navarre, C

Champagne, 71 Thomas Aquinas, St, 58, 76 Toulouse, 65 Tours, 13-14 Treasury of the Church, concept

of, 59 Truces of God see peace

movement Turks, 10, 13, 39, 49, 79; see also

Ottomans Tuscany, 65 Tyre, 30 Tyre, Archbishop of, 71; see also

Peter of Sergines; Simon

union of Churches, 14,37-8; 51-2, 79

Uppsala, Archbishop of, 42

97

Urban II, Pope, 4, 10, 13-16, 24-5, 28-9,31,34,36,37,39,40,44, 50,53,56,58-60,62,79,80

Urban IV, Pope, 70-1 useless discouraged, 44

Vallombrosa, monastery, 14, 44 Venice, 52, 80 Vicariate of Christ, 34-5 Victor III, Pope, 34 vows, 3, 4, 6, 22, 29, 36, 41, 44-5,

52, 53-5, 56, 63, 78, 80 commutation, 5, 22, 45, 54 deferment, 45 dispensation, 44-5, 54 hereditability, 45, 54, 55 redemption, 3,22,44-5,47,64 rites for taking Cross, 54 substitution, 3, 44-5

Waldemar II, K Denmark, 10-11 William, C Holland, 64 wives of crusaders, II, 44 women on crusading

expeditions, 44, 63-4 as carriers of ideal, 66

Zacharias, Pope, 33