Seismic Upscaling2

Upscaling Petrophysical Properties to the Seismic Scale

Greg A. Partyka, Jack B. Thomas, and Kevin P. Turco, bp

Dan J. Hartmann, DJH Energy Consulting

Seismic Reservoir Imaging

8hz Spectral Amplitude Map

WELL #1

Zone 1Zone 1

1 mile


• Sensitivity Issues:– Do acoustic properties respond to variability in petrophysical

properties?• Scale Issues:

– How much seismic resolution is required?

StratigraphyStratigraphy

StructureStructure

SEISMICSEISMICPetrophysicsPetrophysics ?

Uncertainty and Errors

are embedded at all measurement scales.

SEISMIC SCALE

WELL-LOG SCALE

CORE SCALE

Measurement Scale Uncertainty/Error Examples

microns-to-centimetres

centimetres-to-metres

metres-to-decimetres

sampling bias; damaged plugs

washouts; tool problems

acquisition & processing artifacts

Upscaling

• Three Steps:

1. Scoping at the well-log scale.

2. Determining upscaling sensitivity.

3. Predicting petrophysical properties from seismic impedance.

Scoping at the Well-Log Scale

• Cross-plot well-log-scale acoustic properties versus petrophysical properties.

Are acoustic measurements sensitiveAre acoustic measurements sensitiveto petrophysical propertiesto petrophysical properties

at the well-log scale?at the well-log scale?

Hope for seismic Hope for seismic detection/resolutiondetection/resolution

Game Continues to Next StepGame Over

Seismic will provide Seismic will provide little valuelittle value

NO YES


8hz Spectral Amplitude Map

WELL #1

Zone 1Zone 1

1 mile


Vp=7445 ft/sVs=3115 ft/sDen=2.23 gm/cc



overlying shaleoverlying shale

underlying shaleunderlying shale

reservoirreservoirZone 1Zone 1

Backus AveragedAcoustic Properties


• Zone 1 Thickness = 57 feet• Backus Filter = None

Effective Porosity vs Acoustic Impedance

WELL: OCSG-7944ZONE: 12600.000 - 12800.000 FTDATE: 17 Nov 1998 @ 21:15

Effective Porosity

0 0.40.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

Aco

ustic

Im

peda

nce

1200

024

000

1300

014

000

1500

016

000

1700

018

000

1900

020

000

2100

022

000

2300

0

Wat

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atur

atio

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01

0.16

6667

0.33

3333

0.5

0.66

6667

0.83

3333

Effective Porosity

Aco

ust

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mp

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an

ce

Wat

er S

atur

atio

n

Upscaling

• Three Steps:




Upscaling Sensitivity

VELOCITYVELOCITY

THICKNESSTHICKNESS

BANDWIDTHBANDWIDTH

RESOLUTIONRESOLUTION FLOW-UNITFLOW-UNITSTACKINGSTACKING

Upscaling Sensitivity Analysis

• As we scale-up the acoustic data (e.g. bandlimit or decrease thickness):– acoustic resolution of petrophysical properties degrades.



Effective Porosity

0 0.40.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

Aco

ustic

Im

peda

nce

1200

024

000

1300

014

000

1500

016

000

1700

018

000

1900

020

000

2100

022

000

2300

0

Wat

er S

atur

atio

n

01

0.16

6667

0.33

3333

0.5

0.66

6667

0.83

3333

Zone 1 Thickness = 057 ftBackus Filter = None

Effective Porosity

Aco

ust

ic I

mp

edan

ce

Wat

er S

atu

rati

on

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

24,000

23,000

22,000

21,000

20,000

19,000

18,000

17,000

16,000

15,000

14,000

13,000

12,000

1.00

0.83

0.67

0.50

0.33

0.17

0.00

20406080

100 20 40 60 80100

Gross Reservoir Thickness (ft)

Bac

ku

s F

ilte

r (H

z)



Effective Porosity

0 0.40.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

Aco

ustic

Im

peda

nce

1200

024

000

1300

014

000

1500

016

000

1700

018

000

1900

020

000

2100

022

000

2300

0

Wat

er S

atur

atio

n

01

0.16

6667

0.33

3333

0.5

0.66

6667

0.83

3333

Zone 1 Thickness = 050 ftBackus Filter = 100 Hz

Effective Porosity

Aco

ust

ic I

mp

edan

ce

Wat

er S

atu

rati

on

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

24,000

23,000

22,000

21,000

20,000

19,000

18,000

17,000

16,000

15,000

14,000

13,000

12,000

1.00

0.83

0.67

0.50

0.33

0.17

0.00

20406080

100 20 40 60 80100


Bac

ku

s F

ilte

r (H

z)



Effective Porosity

0 0.40.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

Aco

ustic

Im

peda

nce

1200

024

000

1300

014

000

1500

016

000

1700

018

000

1900

020

000

2100

022

000

2300

0

Wat

er S

atur

atio

n

01

0.16

6667

0.33

3333

0.5

0.66

6667

0.83

3333


Effective Porosity

Aco

ust

ic I

mp

edan

ce

Wat

er S

atu

rati

on

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

24,000

23,000

22,000

21,000

20,000

19,000

18,000

17,000

16,000

15,000

14,000

13,000

12,000

1.00

0.83

0.67

0.50

0.33

0.17

0.00

20406080

100 20 40 60 80100


Bac

ku

s F

ilte

r (H

z)



Effective Porosity

0 0.40.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

Aco

ust

ic I

mpe

dan

ce

1200

024

000

1300

014

000

1500

016

000

1700

018

000

1900

020

000

2100

022

000

2300

0

Wat

er S

atur

atio

n

01

0.16

666

70.

3333

33

0.5

0.66

666

70.

8333

33


Effective Porosity

Aco

ust

ic I

mp

edan

ce

Wat

er S

atu

rati

on

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

24,000

23,000

22,000

21,000

20,000

19,000

18,000

17,000

16,000

15,000

14,000

13,000

12,000

1.00

0.83

0.67

0.50

0.33

0.17

0.00

20406080

100 20 40 60 80100


Bac

ku

s F

ilte

r (H

z)



Effective Porosity

0 0.40.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

Aco

ustic

Im

peda

nce

1200

024

000

1300

014

000

1500

016

000

1700

018

000

1900

020

000

2100

022

000

2300

0

Wat

er S

atur

atio

n

01

0.16

6667

0.33

3333

0.5

0.66

6667

0.83

3333


Effective Porosity

Aco

ust

ic I

mp

edan

ce

Wat

er S

atu

rati

on

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

24,000

23,000

22,000

21,000

20,000

19,000

18,000

17,000

16,000

15,000

14,000

13,000

12,000

1.00

0.83

0.67

0.50

0.33

0.17

0.00

20406080

100 20 40 60 80100


Bac

ku

s F

ilte

r (H

z)



Effective Porosity

0 0.40.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

Aco

ust

ic I

mpe

danc

e

1200

024

000

1300

014

000

1500

016

000

1700

018

000

1900

020

000

2100

022

000

2300

0

Wat

er S

atur

atio

n

01

0.16

6667

0.33

3333

0.5

0.66

6667

0.83

3333


Effective Porosity

Aco

ust

ic I

mp

edan

ce

Wat

er S

atu

rati

on

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

24,000

23,000

22,000

21,000

20,000

19,000

18,000

17,000

16,000

15,000

14,000

13,000

12,000

1.00

0.83

0.67

0.50

0.33

0.17

0.00

20406080

100 20 40 60 80100


Bac

ku

s F

ilte

r (H

z)



Effective Porosity

0 0.40.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

Aco

ustic

Im

peda

nce

1200

024

000

1300

014

000

1500

016

000

1700

018

000

1900

020

000

2100

022

000

2300

0

Wat

er S

atur

atio

n

01

0.16

6667

0.33

3333

0.5

0.66

6667

0.83

3333


Effective Porosity

Aco

ust

ic I

mp

edan

ce

Wat

er S

atu

rati

on

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

24,000

23,000

22,000

21,000

20,000

19,000

18,000

17,000

16,000

15,000

14,000

13,000

12,000

1.00

0.83

0.67

0.50

0.33

0.17

0.00

20406080

100 20 40 60 80100


Bac

ku

s F

ilte

r (H

z)



Effective Porosity

0 0.40.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

Aco

ust

ic I

mpe

dan

ce

1200

024

000

1300

014

000

1500

016

000

1700

018

000

1900

020

000

2100

022

000

2300

0

Wat

er S

atur

atio

n

01

0.16

666

70.

3333

33

0.5

0.66

666

70.

8333

33


Effective Porosity

Aco

ust

ic I

mp

edan

ce

Wat

er S

atu

rati

on

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

24,000

23,000

22,000

21,000

20,000

19,000

18,000

17,000

16,000

15,000

14,000

13,000

12,000

1.00

0.83

0.67

0.50

0.33

0.17

0.00

20406080

100 20 40 60 80100


Bac

ku

s F

ilte

r (H

z)




Effective Porosity

0 0.40.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

Aco

ust

ic I

mpe

danc

e

1200

024

000

1300

014

000

1500

016

000

1700

018

000

1900

020

000

2100

022

000

2300

0

Wat

er S

atur

atio

n

01

0.16

6667

0.33

3333

0.5

0.66

6667

0.83

3333

Effective Porosity

Aco

ust

ic I

mp

edan

ce

Wat

er S

atu

rati

on

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

24,000

23,000

22,000

21,000

20,000

19,000

18,000

17,000

16,000

15,000

14,000

13,000

12,000

1.00

0.83

0.67

0.50

0.33

0.17

0.00

20406080

100 20 40 60 80100


Bac

ku

s F

ilte

r (H

z)



Effective Porosity

0 0.40.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

Aco

ust

ic I

mpe

danc

e

1200

024

000

1300

014

000

1500

016

000

1700

018

000

1900

020

000

2100

022

000

2300

0

Wat

er S

atur

atio

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01

0.16

6667

0.33

3333

0.5

0.66

6667

0.83

3333


Effective Porosity

Aco

ust

ic I

mp

edan

ce

Wat

er S

atu

rati

on

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

24,000

23,000

22,000

21,000

20,000

19,000

18,000

17,000

16,000

15,000

14,000

13,000

12,000

1.00

0.83

0.67

0.50

0.33

0.17

0.00

20406080

100 20 40 60 80100


Bac

ku

s F

ilte

r (H

z)



Effective Porosity

0 0.40.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

Aco

ustic

Im

peda

nce

1200

024

000

1300

014

000

1500

016

000

1700

018

000

1900

020

000

2100

022

000

2300

0

Wat

er S

atur

atio

n

01

0.16

6667

0.33

3333

0.5

0.66

6667

0.83

3333


Effective Porosity

Aco

ust

ic I

mp

edan

ce

Wat

er S

atu

rati

on

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

24,000

23,000

22,000

21,000

20,000

19,000

18,000

17,000

16,000

15,000

14,000

13,000

12,000

1.00

0.83

0.67

0.50

0.33

0.17

0.00

20406080

100 20 40 60 80100


Bac

ku

s F

ilte

r (H

z)



Effective Porosity

0 0.40.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

Aco

ust

ic I

mpe

danc

e

1200

024

000

1300

014

000

1500

016

000

1700

018

000

1900

020

000

2100

022

000

2300

0

Wat

er S

atur

atio

n

01

0.16

6667

0.33

3333

0.5

0.66

6667

0.83

3333


Effective Porosity

Aco

ust

ic I

mp

edan

ce

Wat

er S

atu

rati

on

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

24,000

23,000

22,000

21,000

20,000

19,000

18,000

17,000

16,000

15,000

14,000

13,000

12,000

1.00

0.83

0.67

0.50

0.33

0.17

0.00

20406080

100 20 40 60 80100


Bac

ku

s F

ilte

r (H

z)




Effective Porosity

0 0.40.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

Aco

ustic

Im

peda

nce

1200

024

000

1300

014

000

1500

016

000

1700

018

000

1900

020

000

2100

022

000

2300

0

Wat

er S

atur

atio

n

01

0.16

6667

0.33

3333

0.5

0.66

6667

0.83

3333

Effective Porosity

Aco

ust

ic I

mp

edan

ce

Wat

er S

atu

rati

on

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

24,000

23,000

22,000

21,000

20,000

19,000

18,000

17,000

16,000

15,000

14,000

13,000

12,000

1.00

0.83

0.67

0.50

0.33

0.17

0.00

20406080

100 20 40 60 80100


Bac

ku

s F

ilte

r (H

z)

Upscaling

• Three Steps:




x

y

depth

x

y

depth

SEISMICIMPEDANCE

PETROPHYSICALPROPERTY

RESERVOIRASSESSMENT

To Predict Petrophysical Properties from Seismic

• Requires:– seismic wavelet,– seismic-derived impedance,– upscaling sensitivity relationships, and– gross thickness.

Thickness Estimation

• Spectral Decomposition– to compute a Tuning Cube for the zone-of-interest.

• Thickness Modeling– to derive amplitude vs thickness vs frequency relationships.

• Thickness Calibration– to determine gross reservoir thickness.

Spectral Decomposition

xy

z

xy

z

xy

z

xy

freq

xy

freq

Interpret

3-D Seismic Volume

Subset

Compute

Animate

Interpreted3-D Seismic Volume

Zone-of-InterestSubvolume

Zone-of-InterestTuning Cube

(cross-section view)

Frequency Slicesthrough Tuning Cube

(plan view)

1

0Well # 1Well # 1

1 mile

Zone 1 08hz spectral amplitude

1

0Well # 1Well # 1

1 mile


Thickness Modeling

Gross Pay Thickness (ft)0 4020 8060 100

Fre

qu

enc

y (h

z)0

40

60

2010

30

50

70

amplitude1

0

Spectral SignaturesSpectral Signatures

Well-Log Interpretation(Zone 1)

shaleshale

Seismic Modeling(Zone 1)

Tw

o-W

ay T

rave

ltim

e (m

s)

0

200

100

150

50 amplitude1

-1

0

dep

th (

feet

)

01

sandsand oiloil

Temporal Wedge ModelTemporal Wedge Model

6hz6hz

8hz8hz

Thickness Calibration

6hz amplitude

8hz amplitude

Am

pli

tud

e

08hz Spectral Amplitude

Zone 1Zone 1

Gross Reservoir Thicknessfrom 6hz and 8hz energy

WELL #1

06hz Spectral Amplitude

Zone 1Zone 1

Modeled Spectral Signatures vs Thickness

Zone 1Zone 1

Fre

qu

ency

(h

z)

Modeled 6hz Spectral Amplitude vs ThicknessAriel - Zone A1

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


En

erg

y 8hz

6hz

0.008

0.007

0.006

0.005

0.004

0.003

WELL #1

0

100

50

WELL #1

1

0

1 mile

1 mile

1 mile

0

40

2010

30

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Gross Reservoir Thickness (ft)

6hz6hz

8hz8hz

To Predict Petrophysical Properties from Seismic

• Requires:– seismic wavelet,– seismic-derived impedance,– upscaling sensitivity relationships, and– gross thickness.

Gross Thickness

Well #1

0

100

50

Thi

ckne

ss (

ft)Zone 1Zone 1

PPetrophysicaletrophysicalPropertyProperty

atatthethe S Seismiceismic S Scalecale

For Example:

If: frequencyupper = 50 hz Then: effective porosity = 0.2

thickness = 80 ftimpedance = 15,000

Impedance

1 mile

Zone 1Zone 1

Note: Scale-induced uncertainty manifests itself along the axis that represents the smallest scale of measurement.

Up

scaling

Cro

ss-Plo

ts

Zone 1 Thickness = Zone 1 Thickness = 40 ft40 ft;;Backus Filter = Backus Filter = 50 Hz50 Hz



Effective Porosity

0 0.40.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

Aco

ustic

Impe

danc

e12

000

2400

013

000

1400

015

000

1600

017

000

1800

019

000

2000

021

000

2200

023

000

Wat

er S

atur

atio

n0

10.

1666

670.

3333

330.

50.

6666

670.

8333

33

Effective Porosity

Aco

ust

ic I

mp

ed

an

ce

Zone 1 Zone 1 Thickness = Thickness = 80 ft80 ft;;Backus Filter = Backus Filter = 50 Hz50 Hz



Effective Porosity

0 0.40.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

Aco

ustic

Impe

danc

e12

000

2400

013

000

1400

015

000

1600

017

000

1800

019

000

2000

021

000

2200

023

000

Wat

er S

atur

atio

n0

10.

1666

670.

3333

330.

50.

6666

670.

8333

33

Aco

ust

ic I

mp

ed

an

ce

Effective Porosity

1 mile

Summary

• By example we have shown that with proper upscaling, it is possible to merge:– seismic data,– well-log data,– petrophysical data, and– geologic data,

into a better calibrated model.

Summary

• This interdisciplinary approach can be adjusted for specific fields by calibrating the flow-units.

• Uncertainty and errors are embedded at all measurement scales.• Quality of upscaling is dependent on the degree to which

petrophysical cross-plots are representative of reservoir flow-units.

Seismic Upscaling2

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