Seismic Risk for Data Centers -...
Transcript of Seismic Risk for Data Centers -...
Critical Facility Round TableOctober 16, 2003 San Francisco
Seismic Risk for Data Centers
David BonnevilleSenior Principal Degenkolb EngineersSan Francisco, California
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Presentation Outline
Seismic Risk
Code Requirements
Data Center Components
Issues and Solutions
Data Center Buildings
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Seismic Risk
A Function of:
Seismic Hazard and Building Performance
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Bay Area 30-year Probabilities
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
USGS Seismic Hazard Map
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Seismic Performance – Buildings
Northridge Earthquake
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
ST – RISK % Damage vs. MMI
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Intensity vs. Peak Ground Acceleration
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Seismic Performance – Data Centers
Seattle Earthquake
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Equipment Damage vs. MMI FROM ATC – 13
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
VI VII VIII IX X XI XIIMMI
Loss
to N
onst
ruct
ural
Item
s (%
)
Electrical Equip. Mechanical Equip. Hi-Tech & Lab Equip. Office Equip.
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Equipment Anchorage
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Code Requirements 1. Pre – 1997 UBC
Including all editions of BOCA and SBC
2. Post 1997
2a. 1997 UBC
2b. 2000 IBC, 2003 IBC
2003 NFPA 5000
2002 ASCE - 7
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Code Requirements – 1994 UBC
Lateral Force On Nonstructural Components
Where:Fp = Equivalent static horizontal design forceZ = Seismic Zone CoefficientCp = Coefficient (Generally 0.75 for equipment)Ip = Importance Factor (1.0, 1.25 or 1.5)Wp = Weight of the Item
pppp WIZCF =
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Code Requirements – 1997 UBCLateral Force On Nonstructural Components
Where:ap = Component Amplification Factor (rigid or flexible structure)
(varies from 1.0 to 2.5)Ca = Seismic Coefficient (dep. on Zone and Soil Type)Ip = Importance FactorRp = Component Response Modification Factor
(ductility of support anchorage)hx/hr = height in building where equipment is located divided
by total height of building
pr
x
p
pap Whh
RICa
Fp )31( +=
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Code Related Issues
Lateral Forces on Nonstructural Components1994 UBC vs. 1997 UBC
Near FaultShallow Anchors
1997 UBC
1994 UBC
Roof Level
Grade Level
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Shallow Anchors
Shallow Anchors are those with and embedment length to diameter ratio of less than 8.
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Installation Related Issues
No Anchorage
Inadequate Anchorage
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Data Center Components
Server Racks
Other Equipment – AC and UPS
Access Floors
Ceiling and Fire Sprinklers
Emergency Generators
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Servers
Seattle Earthquake
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Seismic Anchorage of Servers
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Anchorage Solution
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Anchorage SolutionAnchor servers
to prevent sliding and overturning
Brace access floor to prevent lateral collapse
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Rack Design Issues
Seismic
RackStandard
Rack
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Rack DesignIssues
Anchorage of seismic rack to floor.
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Alternative Solution – Rack Isolation
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Alternative Solution - Rack Isolation
Single isolator
Isolator allows floor to move underneath equipment. Forces on equipment above are greatly reduced WORKSAFE TECHNOLOGIES
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Alternative Solution - Rack Isolation
100%
Amplitude
WORKSAFE TECHNOLOGIES
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Alternative Solution - Rack Isolation
141%
Amplitude
WORKSAFE TECHNOLOGIES
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Other Equipment on Raised Floor
UPS Equipment
Approach is similar to server racks.
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Heavy Equipment
AC Units
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Heavy Equipment Anchorage
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Emergency Power
Anchorage of emergency generator
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Access Floors
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Access Floors
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Bracing of Access Floors
Access floors must be braced or pedestals designed to cantilever.
Mass to include floor system and weight of equipment (normally 25% of floor LL.)
Need mechanical attachment to base slab, glue alone IS NOT acceptable.
Access floors must be braced or pedestals designed to cantilever.
Mass to include floor system and weight of equipment (normally 25% of floor LL.)
Need mechanical attachment to base slab, glue alone IS NOT acceptable.
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Bracing of Access Floors
Standard pedestals are notadequate for high seismic areas
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Heavy Duty Pedestals and Stringers
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Design Anchorage Detail: Access Floor
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Access Floor Bracing – Installation Problems
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Access Floor Bracing – Installation Problems
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Ceilings and Fire Sprinklers Northridge Earthquake 1994
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Ceilings and Fire Sprinklers
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Pipe Bracing
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Pipe Bracing NOTE: NFPA 13 editions prior to
1999 may not be adequate in high seismic areas.
NFPA-13 Detail
Acceptable Bracing
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Building
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Seismic Design Forces with Time
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25La
tera
l For
ce (%
g)
.08.10
.14
.21
1949-76 1976-97Pre 1949 1997-Present
Low-Rise
Shear Wall
Building in Zone 4
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Relative Costs – Bricks and Mortar
$0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
Office Hospital DataCenter
PharmMfg.
Chip FabBuilding Type
Cos
t / S
quar
e Fo
ot
Structural Exterior Arch. Interiors MEP
22%15%
7%
6%
5%Relative Structural Cost
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
$0
$2,000
$4,000
$6,000
$8,000
$10,000
Office Hospital DataCenter
PharmMfg.
Chip FabBuilding Type
Cos
t / S
quar
e Fo
ot
Structural Exterior Arch. Interiors MEP Soft Costs FF&E
3%
Relative Structural Cost
15%
1%
3%
7%
1%
Relative Costs – Fully Equipped
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Seismic Performance Levels
OperationalOperational
Life SafeLife Safe
Immediate Immediate OccupancyOccupancy
1997 UBC1997 UBC
Near CollapseNear Collapse
CollapseCollapse
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Seismic UpgradeSolution with BRBF’s
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Seismic Upgrade – BRBF’s
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Seismic UpgradeSolution with BRBF’s
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Damper Solution
4-5 Link StructureViscous Dampers
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Damper Solution 4-5 Link Structure Viscous Dampers
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Base Isolation Seismic Isolation provides major economic advantages:
Protection of occupants, contents, structure
Dramatic reduction in damage
minimal business disruption
mn
Lead-RubberSeismic Isolator
Seismically Isolated Structure
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Base Isolation
Base Isolator During Testing USGS
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Base Isolation AboveNet Building
New Isolator Under Existing Building
Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003
Conclusions 1. Data Centers are subject to severe damage and loss
of operations in moderate (frequent) earthquakes.
2. Code requirements related to equipment anchorage have recently changed significantly.
3. Equipment bracing (even for critical equipment) is often nonexistent or second-rate.
4. Access floors are critical to data center performance and most are not intended for use in high seismic areas.
5. Seismic upgrades can generally be undertaken without severe disruption of the data center.
David Bonneville - Senior [email protected]
Degenkolb Engineers225 Bush Street, Suite 1000San Francisco, CA 94104Phone: 415.392.6952Fax: 415.981.3157www.degenkolb.com
San Francisco . Los Angeles . Portland . Oakland . San Diego . Seattle
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