SECOND PART OF THE GUIDE ON CHAPTER 1

ACTORS AND INFLUENCES

7. What is a state?

A state is a territorial entity controlled by a government and inhabited by a population.

8. What is the civil society?

The population inhabiting a state forms the civil society to the extent that it has developed institutions to participate in political or social live.

9. What is the GDP? What does it tell us about a countries power and capabilities?

GDP is the total of goods and services produced by a nation; it is very similar to the gross national product (GNP). Such data are difficult to compare across nations with different currencies, economic systems, and levels of development. In particular, comparisons of GDP in capitalist and socialist economies, or in rich and poor countries, should be treated cautiously.

A few of these large states possess especially great military and economic strength and influence, and are called great powers. Because they apply the principle of dominance in the international system, where all the other players must play according to their rules

10. What are IGO’s and NGO’s? Why are they important in the international arena?

IGO’s: Intergovernmental organizations, this is the first kind of nonstate actors, whose members are national governments. IGOs fulfill a variety of functions and vary in size from just a few states to virtually the whole UN membership. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the World Trade Organization (WTO), military alliances such as NATO, and political groupings such as the African Union (AU) are all IGOs.

NGO’s: Nongovernmental organizations. Those ones are private organizations, some of considerable size and resources. Increasingly NGOs are being recognized, in the UN and other forums, as legitimate actors along with states, though not equal to them. Some of these groups have a political purpose, some a humanitarian one, some an economic or technical one.

11. Which are the levels of analysis in IR? Explain them.

Individual level Concerns the perceptions, choices, and actions of individual human beings. Great leaders who influenced the course of history is concerned; are key people; and that without them it would have been different, as Hitler in Nazi Germany, Napoleon Bonaparte in France

Domestic (or state or societal) level Concerns the aggregations of individuals within states that influence state actions in the international arena, such as interest groups, political organizations, and government agencies.

Interstate (or international or systemic) level

Concerns the influence of the international system upon outcomes. This level pays attention to states’ relative power positions in the international system and the interactions among them.

Global level Which seeks to explain international outcomes in terms of global trends and forces that transcend the interactions of states. The evolution of human technology, of certain worldwide beliefs, and of humans’ relationship to the natural environment is all processes at the global level that influence international relations.

12. How do you define globalization? Why is it argued that it reduces the state powers?

Globalization is a process that unifies the world in one global village, where every human beings on earth we are connected with all different aspects and areas of our lives, sponsored by a capitalist economic system within a showing global market as a result: expanded international trade, telecommunications, monetary coordination, multinational corporations, technical and scientific cooperation, cultural exchanges of new types and scales, migration and refugee flows, and relations between the world’s rich and poor countries.

The argued that why reduces the state powers It is because a global marketplace has brought growth and prosperity (not to all countries but to those most integrated with the global market). This economic process has made traditional states obsolete as economic units. States are thus losing authority to supranational institutions such as the

International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the European Union (EU), and to transnational actors such as MNCs and NGOs.

13. Why is it said that widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary social life is a popular conception of globalization?

14. Define the International System

The International System is the set of relationships among the world’s states, structured according to certain rules and patterns of interaction. Some such rules are explicit, some implicit. They include who is considered a member of the system, what rights and responsibilities the members have, and what kinds of actions and responses normally occur between states.

GLOBAL GEOGRAPHY

15. Look at the table 1.5 on page 26 consider the total north and the total south figures. What conclusions can you draw regarding wealth, equality an development?

The global population is concentrated in the southern countries that have the lowest economic levels of percapita income; are the places where no food, work, education and education is not optimal; despite having vast mineral riquesas that can not be removed by the lack of technology.

On the other hand known as the northern countries have only 20% of world population l, compared with southern countries is very low population levels; but have all the technological tools to exploit the resources they need in their companies and southern countries want to sell, leaving them to these pollution and only 1% of the profits.

The principle that applies is that 20% of the world population owns 80% of the wealth and 20% of the wealth is in the 80% of the population

16. Why is it important the north-south gap when analyzing foreign affairs?

Because from this formulation was made a division of rich countries that possess all the necessary elements such as technology, food, shelter, education and work. While in poor countries (south) are the countries with low income economy opposite the north. A through which the countries of the North have always tried to impose their ideology, development ideas and how to be happy to live. Likewise it's like these countries (north) provide "solidarity" assistance programs.

THE TWO WORLD WARS.

17. How did the two world wars benefit the economy, which is the one of the most important aspects, and others such: ideologies: political and religious?

18. What was the containment policy? How did it work?

The policy of containment was a mechanism which he defined and use US in its foreign policy formulated to block Soviet threat around their peripheries or allied countries; through different levels: military, political, ideological, economic. From foreign aid and technology transfer to military intervention and diplomacy.

19. Mention some peripheral wars derived from the containment policy

Korean War. It was an agreement among the leaders of the USSR and the USA to divide Korea through the 38th parallel; but North Korea attempted to unify under a socialist vision that I did not allow USA The war in Vietnam

Cuban Revolution. It was an uprising by the strong derived from Spanish oppression control US helped liberate; changing business Island, the ideals for which they had fought had been forgotten; Fidel Castro but the regenerated and produced a radical ideological movement that the US did not like and try to dethrone.

Vietnam War. It was similar to the Korean War with the only variant that in this war, Vietnam achievement that the US lost the fighting spirit mainly by the nature and strength of the Vietnamese fighters with public opinion that they did not consider logical that American troops fought

20. What has the peculiar concern of the United States when launching the bay of pigs counterrevolution?

Because the US realized that if a country of its "backyard" took the Soviet ideology and political and economic system, quickly spread throughout Latin America. It would be like a rotten apple to infect others. Jonh F. Kennedy with his group of advisers had clearly debian remove Castro from power; but without them touched because it would cause direct contact between the two superpowers for which I seek to train Cuban exiles in Guatemala and base themselves do the dirty work. After unsuccessful invasion of the island of Pigs, the US adopted applying an economic embargo on the whole island until they are changed political system

21. (Research on line) How was the 1962 missile crisis in Cuba solved?

US short-range missiles placed in Turkey as a precaution against the USSR; however the USSR hiso the same in Cuba and was a strong tension. The missile crisis was resolved through diplomacy that both countries implemented, they realized that placing missiles short range between the two sides (USA-USSR) would cause a possible atomic war would produce the extinction of the human race. They signed the Limited Test Ban Treaty in 1963, prohibiting atmospheric nuclear tests, and began to cooperate in cultural exchanges, space exploration, aviation, and other areas.