“Seeing” the Invisible Making the EMS Concrete Christine Anne Royce, Ed.D. Shippensburg...
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Transcript of “Seeing” the Invisible Making the EMS Concrete Christine Anne Royce, Ed.D. Shippensburg...
“Seeing” the InvisibleMaking the EMS Concrete
Christine Anne Royce, Ed.D.Shippensburg University
Shippensburg, PA
All materials are available at:http://webspace.ship.edu/caroyc/SeeingtheInvisible.htm
Electromagnetic Spectrum
• The full range of frequencies, from radio waves to gamma rays, that characterizes light
• The electromagnetic spectrum can be expressed in terms of energy, wavelength, or frequency. Each way of thinking about the EM spectrum is related to the others in a precise mathematical way.
• The wavelength equals the speed of light divided by the frequency or lambda = c / nu
Electromagnetic Radiation
• Electromagnetic radiation can be described in terms of a stream of photons, each traveling in a wave-like pattern, moving at the speed of light and carrying some amount of energy.
• The only difference between radio waves, visible light, and gamma-rays is the energy of the photons. Radio waves have photons with low energies, microwaves have a little more energy than radio waves, infrared has still more, then visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma-rays.
Modeling the Spectrum Activity
• Helps to explain the electromagnetic spectrum and dispels some of the common misconceptions.
• Paper and pencil project that requires the use of math skills as well.
Wavelength and Frequency
• For any kind of wave there exists a simple relationship between wavelength and frequency.
• The wavelength is measured as the distance between two successive crests in a wave. The frequency is the number of wave crests that pass a given point in space each second.
Understanding Waves
• The traditional “slinky lab” as well as other activities to help understand waves.
• An activity that allows students to experiment with waves-longitudinal and transverse.
• Found in “Waves Light Up the Universe” Booklet http://swift.sonoma.edu/education/waves_universe.html
Radio(Low Frequency & Very High Frequency)
• Emitted by– Astronomical Objects– Radio Station
transmitters
• Detected by– Ground based radio
telescopes– Radios
Microwave
• Emitted by:– Gas clouds collapsing
into stars– Microwave Ovens– Radar Stations– Cell Phones
• Detected by– Microwave Telescopes– Food (heated)– Cell phones– Radar systems)
Infrared(Near and Thermal)
• Emitted by– Sun and stars (Near)– TV Remote Controls– Food Warming Lights
(Thermal)– Everything at room
temp or above
• Detected by– Infrared Cameras– TVs, VCRs,– Your skin
Herschel’s Experiment
• Herschel’s Experiment– Discovered Invisible
Light– In 1800, Herschel
places his control thermometer just outside the red end of the spectrum
– Result: The outside thermometer registered the highest temperature
Conducting Herschel’s Experiment
• Set up of Box Design for Conducting the Herschel Experiment.
Conducting Hershel’s Experiment• Place a sheet of white paper
inside a cardboard box• Tape three thermometers
together and place inside box
• Cut a small notch in the top of the box and position a glass prism so that the spectrum is projected inside the box
• Arrange the thermometers so that one is just outside the red end of the spectrum, with no visible light falling on it
Visible
• Emitted by– The sun and other
astronomical objects– Laser pointers– Light bulbs
• Detected by– Cameras (film or
digital)– Human eyes– Plants (red light)– Telescopes
Ultraviolet
• Emitted by– Tanning booths (A)– The sun (A)– Black light bulbs (B)– UV lamps
• Detected by– Space based UV
detectors– UV Cameras– Flying insects (flies)
X-ray
• Emitted by– Astronomical objects – X-ray machines– CAT scan machines– Older televisions– Radioactive minerals– Airport luggage scanners
• Detected by– Space based X-ray
detectors– X-ray film– CCD detectors
Chandra X-ray Observatory
• Chandra is designed to observe X-rays from high energy regions of the universe, such as the remnants of exploded stars.
• The most sophisticated observatory built to date.
• Deployed by the Space Shuttle Columbia on July 23, 1999,
Chandra X-ray Observatory
XMM Newton
• Its name derives from its three X-ray telescopes, each containing 58 high-precision concentric mirrors.
• This 'tri-clops' with its golden eyes is more than 10 meters long, just able to fit into the payload bay of the Ariane-5 rocket. XMM-Newton receives power through its pair of solar panels, giving it a 16 meter "wing" span.
XMM Newton
Gamma Ray
• Emitted by– Radioactive materials– Exploding nuclear
weapons– Gamma-ray bursts– Solar flares
• Detected by– Gamma detectors and
astronomical satellites– Medical imaging detectors
Source/Detector Activity
• Students identify sources (emitters) and detectors of the various wavelengths of the EMS.
• Students also have the opportunity to experiment with shields –or types of materials that prevent the transmission of wavelengths.
Exploring the EMS withNASA Missions
ASTRO-E2
Chandra
CHIPS Con-X
GALEXFermi
HETE-2
INTEGRAL
MAP
RXTE
SWAS
XMM-Newton
Swift
Energy (eV)
Radio Infrared Visible UV X-ray Gamma ray
And the universe for that matter!
Contact Information
• Presenters can be contacted at:
– Christine Royce [email protected]
• Presentation materials can be found at:http://webspace.ship.edu/caroyc/
SeeingtheInvisible.htm
– Materials are available for 30 days following the convention.