Seed Biology and Herbicide Management of Amur …...•Lonicera spp. are known as honeysuckles and...
Transcript of Seed Biology and Herbicide Management of Amur …...•Lonicera spp. are known as honeysuckles and...
Biology and Management of Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii)
R.J. Smeda,
S.A. Riley
• Lonicera spp. are known as honeysuckles and are comprised of vining perennials and shrubs
• Grape honeysuckle (Lonicera reticulata) is an example of a native vining honeysuckle
• This vine can grow up to 4.5 meters and prefers to grow up existing vegetation
MDC (2013)
INTRODUCTION
• Invasive bush honeysuckles are a group composed of 4 species– Amur
– Morrow’s
– Tartarian
– Belle’s(Vermont 1998)
• Stems of invasive shrubs are hollow which is distinguishable from native solid-stemmed honeysuckles
• Amur honeysuckle was introduced to the
U.S. in the late 1800s(Dirr 1983)
• Its invasion has been widespread
because seeds are vectored by birds
(Luken 1988)
www.invasive.org
• Amur honeysuckle is
common throughout
Missouri
• Prefers partially shaded
habitats:
– treelines,
– fencerows
– other undisturbed areas
• Reproduction is by seed only
• Berries contain from 3 to 8 seeds
• Shrubs produce thousands of berries each season
• Berries are eaten by birds and seeds dispersed
www.hiltonpond.org
www.ohionatureblog.com
• Shrubs form a
dense thicket that
may displace
desirable understory
species due to light
inhibition and
allelopathic effects
• Amur honeysuckle
can reach 6 m in
height
• Plants in MO initiate
growth in April and
retain leaves into
December
Infestated areas are quite visible following first snow events
December 8
Amur honeysuckle is an urban and rural problem Columbia Missourian
September 16, 2011
The St. Louis Audubon Society currently supports efforts to eradicateinfestations
Outline
• Study 1: Seed Biology
– Seed viability through time
– Berry counts
– Bird predation through time
• Study 2: Herbicide Trial
– Herbicides for brush control
– Response of Amur honeysuckle to herbicides
M.S. research of S.A. Riley
jimmccormac.blogspot.com
forestrenewal.blogspot.com
Objective: Seed Biology• Assess timing for maturity of Amur honeysuckle
seeds
• Estimate seed production capacity
• Determine reduction in berry population on shrubs as seeds reached maturity
Tetrazolium Assay
• Exposure of seeds to a tetrazolium solution is an accepted way to assess viability
• Actively respiring tissues are stained red by the TZ solution
• Non-respiring tissues are not stained
• For Amur honeysuckle all internal tissues of seeds must be stained for positive viability assessment
Methodology - tetrazolium
• Berries (20) dissected for seed harvest at different times for 2 MO locations (2011 and 2012)
• Seeds immersed in water overnight to facilitate dissection
• Seeds were dissected and distal end was place in 1% TZ solution overnight at 35 C in a temperature controlled chamber
• Seeds were dissected and viability assessed Distal
Basal
1st Cut
2nd Cut
Staining pattern
Nonviable
Viable
40X
Harvest Timing Viability (%)
Early-September 0 da
Mid-September 22 c
Late-September 61 b
Mid-October 83 ab
Late-October 86 a
Early-November 90 a
a Means within each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different using Fisher’sProtected LSD at P=0.05
• No seed viability detected until mid-September• Maximum viability reached in early-November
Results:
Methodology for seed production:
• 50 random berries harvested and seeds extracted and counted
• Over 4 site years, bird netting placed over shrubs and weed block placed beneath shrubs
• All berries counted in October on 5 random shrubs per site year (4)
Amur honeysuckle seed production per shrub in Missouri
Location Total berry # Seeds per berry
Total seed production
Ashland, 2011 1,554 (+ 366)ab 2.8 (+ 0.1) a 4,477 (+ 1174)
Columbia, 2011 2,067 (+ 633) 3.3 (+ 0.1) a 7,161 (+ 2378)
Ashland, 2012 3,172 (+ 637) 1.0 (+ 0.2) b 3,150 (+ 1034)
Columbia, 2012 4,173 (+ 1927) 0.7 (+ 0.1) b 2,844 (+ 1031)
aNumber in parentheses indicates the standard error of the mean.bMeans within each column followed by the same letter or without letters not significantly different using Fisher’s Protected LSD at P=0.05.
• Netting and weed mat was placed beneath shrubs to prevent predation of fallen fruits
• Initial berry counts were taken in late September each year until all berries disappeared
• Additional counts of 4 shrubs at 2 locations were taken every 15 days
• Experiment was a randomized complete block with 4 replications; data generated for 4 site years
Methodology for berry predation
Means not followed by the same letter for each curve not significantly different using Fisher’s Protected LSD at P=0.05.
• 83% viability was observed by mid-October
• 250 berries per week were lost due to predation from October through December
• Large numbers of viable seed are dispersed through the winter months
Objective: Herbicide Study
• Determine herbicide efficacy on Amur
honeysuckle using foliar (summer)
applications
newyorkinvasivespecies.info
Materials and Methods
Foliar Applications
• Two locations: Columbia and Moberly, MO in 2011; Ashland and Columbia, MO in 2012
• Amur honeysuckle was mowed in fall of 2010 and 2011 with shrubs allowed to re-grow to 1 meter before treating
• Applications were made on June 27 and July 8, 2011 and July 9 and 18, 2012
TreatmentsChemical Rate (g ae/ha) Surfactant
Glyphosate 1577 3.36 kg/ha AMS
2,4-D 1317.6 0.25% V/V NIS
2,4-D + Dicamba + Fluroxypyr 785 + 98.1 + 98.1 -
Triclopyr + Imazapyr 3 %v/v + 0.125%v/v 1% V/V MSO
Picloram + Fluroxypyr 375.3 + 302.8 0.5% V/V NIS
Sulfometuron + Metsulfuron 69 + 18.4* 0.25% V/V NIS
Triclopyr + Fluroxypyr 578.2 + 192.7 1% V/V NIS
Aminocyclopyrachlor +
Metsulfuron131.5 + 41.9* 0.5% V/V MSO
Aminocyclopyrachlor +
Metsulfuron + Imazapyr271.4 + 87 + 376.8* 0.5% V/V MSO
*g ai/ha
• Applications made with
a CO2 pressurized
backpack sprayer at 374
L ha-1 using TeeJet XR
8002 nozzle tips
• Plots were 2 by 7.6 m
• Visual ratings of
honeysuckle injury (0 =
no control, 100 = plant
death) at 28, 90, and
120 days after treatment
(DAT)
• Experimental design
was a randomized
complete block with 5
replications at each
location
Visual Control Examples
100%50%0%
Results Foliar applications
28 DAT; % Visual control
2011
Glyphosa
te2,4
-D
2,4-D
+ D
icam
ba + F
luroxy
pyr
Triclopyr
+ Im
azapyr
Piclora
m +
FLuro
xypyr
Sufom
eturo
n + M
etsulfu
ron
Triclopyr
+ F
luroxy
pyr
Aminopch
lor + M
etsulfu
ron
Aminopch
lor + M
etsulfu
ron +
Imaza
pyr0
20
40
60
80
100
Moberly LSD=17
Columbia LSD=17
2012
Glyphosa
te2,4
-D
2,4-D
+ D
icam
ba + F
luroxy
pyr
Triclopyr
+ Im
azapyr
Piclora
m +
FLuro
xypyr
Sufom
eturo
n + M
etsulfu
ron
Triclopyr
+ F
luroxy
pyr
Aminopch
lor + M
etsulfu
ron
Aminopch
lor + M
etsulfu
ron +
Imaza
pyr0
20
40
60
80
100
Moberly LSD=17
Ashland LSD=13
• Acceptable control by industry standards is 90% or greater
• Several herbicides exhibited >80% control by 28 DAT:
– aminocyclopyrachlor + metsulfuron + imazapyr
– aminocyclopyrachlor + metsulfuron
– glyphosate
90 DAT; % Visual control
2011
Glyphosa
te2,4
-D
2,4-D
+ D
icam
ba + F
luroxy
pyr
Triclopyr
+ Im
azapyr
Piclora
m +
FLuro
xypyr
Sufom
eturo
n + M
etsulfu
ron
Triclopyr
+ F
luroxy
pyr
Aminopch
lor + M
etsulfu
ron
Aminopch
lor + M
etsulfu
ron +
Imaza
pyr0
20
40
60
80
100
Moberly LSD=20
Columbia LSD=17
2012
Glyphosa
te2,4
-D
2,4-D
+ D
icam
ba + F
luroxy
pyr
Triclopyr
+ Im
azapyr
Piclora
m +
FLuro
xypyr
Sufom
eturo
n + M
etsulfu
ron
Triclopyr
+ F
luroxy
pyr
Aminopch
lor + M
etsulfu
ron
Aminopch
lor + M
etsulfu
ron +
Imaza
pyr0
20
40
60
80
100
Moberly LSD=21
Ashland LSD=17
120 DAT; % Visual control
2011
Glyphosa
te2,4
-D
2,4-D
+ D
icam
ba + F
luroxy
pyr
Triclopyr
+ Im
azapyr
Piclora
m +
FLuro
xypyr
Sufom
eturo
n + M
etsulfu
ron
Triclopyr
+ F
luroxy
pyr
Aminopch
lor + M
etsulfu
ron
Aminopch
lor + M
etsulfu
ron +
Imaza
pyr0
20
40
60
80
100
Moberly LSD=18
Columbia LSD=14
2012
Glyphosa
te2,4
-D
2,4-D
+ D
icam
ba + F
luroxy
pyr
Triclopyr
+ Im
azapyr
Piclora
m +
FLuro
xypyr
Sufom
eturo
n + M
etsulfu
ron
Triclopyr
+ F
luroxy
pyr
Aminopch
lor + M
etsulfu
ron
Aminopch
lor + M
etsulfu
ron +
Imaza
pyr0
20
40
60
80
100
Moberly LSD=18
Ashland LSD=13
120 DAT
Untreated Glyphosate
120 DAT
2,4-DAminocyclopyrachlor + Metsulfuron
+ Imazapyr
• Control of Amur honeysuckle had greatly improved by 90 and 120 DAT from 28 DAT.
• Best treatments across site years were:
– aminocyclopyrachlor + metsulfuron + imazapyr
– aminocyclopyrachlor + metsulfuron
– glyphosate
Conclusions
• Amur honeysuckle seeds are viable by mid-October
• Large numbers of viable seeds are dispersed every winter through bird predation
• Control of this shrub can be achieved with a summer application of an aminocyclopyrachlor containing herbicide or glyphosate.
• We can only stop the spread of infestations by preventing berry production
Questions?