sedra - cap1 - ece326ch01

40
© 2000 Prentice Hall Inc. Figure 1.1Block diagram of a simple electronic system: an AM radio.

description

sedra

Transcript of sedra - cap1 - ece326ch01

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.1 Block diagram of a simple electronic system: an AM radio.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.2 Analog signals take a continuum of amplitude values. Digital signals take a few discrete amplitudes.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.3 An analog signal is converted to an approximate digital equivalent by sampling. Each sample value is represented by a 3-bit code word. (Practical converters use longer code words.)

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.4 Quantization error occurs when an analog signal is reconstructed from its digital form.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.5 After noise is added, the original amplitudes of a digital signal can be determined. This is not true for an analog signal.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.6 Typical flowchart for design of electronic systems.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.7 Flowchart of the circuit-design process.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.8 The npn BJT.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.9 A metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.10 In photolithography the photoresist-coated wafer is exposed to a light pattern defining the regions to become specific elements of circuit components.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.15 Electronic amplifier.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.16 Input waveform and corresponding output waveforms.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.17 Model of an electronic amplifier, including input resistance Ri and output resistance Ro.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.18 Source, amplifier model, and load for Example 1.1.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.22 The power supply delivers power to the amplifier from several constant voltage sources.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.23 Illustration of power flow.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.24 Amplifier of Example 1.4.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.25 Current-amplifier model.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.26 Voltage amplifier of Examples 1.5, 1.6, and 1.7.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.27 Current-amplifier model equivalent to the voltage-amplifier model of Figure 1.26. See Example 1.5.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.28 Transconductance-amplifier model.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.29 Transconductance amplifier equivalent of the voltage amplifier of Figure 1.26. See Example 1.6.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.30 Transresistance-amplifier model.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.31 Transresistance amplifier that is equivalent to the voltage amplifier of Figure 1.26. See Example 1.7.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.32 If we want to sense the open-circuit voltage of a source, the amplifier should have a high input resistance,as in (a). To sense short-circuit current, low input resistance is called for, as in (b).

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.33 If the amplifier output impedance Ro is much less than the (lowest) load resistance, the load voltage is nearly independent of the number of switches closed.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.34 To avoid reflections, the amplifier input resistance Ri should equal the characteristic resistance Zo of the transmission line.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.35 Periodic square wave and the sum of the first five terms of its Fourier series.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.36 Gain versus frequency.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.37 Capacitive coupling prevents a dc input component from affecting the first stage, dc voltages in the first stage from reaching the second stage, and dc voltages in the second stage from reaching the load.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.38 Capacitance in parallel with the signal path and inductance in series with the signal path reduce gainin the high-frequency region.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.39 Gain versus frequency for a typical amplifier showing the upper and lower half-power (3-dB) frequencies(fH and fL ) and the half-power bandwidth B.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.40 Gain magnitude versus frequency for a typical bandpass amplifier.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.41 Input pulse and typical ac-coupled broadband amplifier output.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.42 Rise time of the output pulse.(Note: No tilt is shown. When tilt is present, some judgement is necessary to estimate the amplitude Vf.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.43 Differential amplifier with input sources.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.44 The input sources vi1 and vi2 can be replaced by the equivalent sources vicm and vid.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.45 Electrocardiographs encounter large 60-Hz common-mode signals.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.46 Setup for measurement of common-mode gain.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.

  • 2000 Prentice Hall Inc.Figure 1.47 Setup for measuring differential gain. Ad = vo/vid.

    2000 Prentice Hall Inc.